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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Johns Hopkins University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Johns Hopkins University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional normalization of 450k methylation array data improves replication in large cancer studies 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose an extension to quantile normalization which removes unwanted technical variation using control probes. We adapt our algorithm, functional normalization, to the Illumina 450k methylation array and address the open problem of normalizing methylation data with global epigenetic changes, such as human cancers. Using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and a large case-control study, we show that our algorithm outperforms all existing normalization methods with respect to replication of results between experiments, and yields robust results even in the presence of batch effects. Functional normalization can be applied to any microarray platform, provided suitable control probes are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurelie Labbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu Lemire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent W. Zanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J. Hudson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elana J. Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celia M.T. Greenwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D. Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional normalization of 450k methylation array data improves replication in large cancer studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible analysis of transcriptome assemblies with Ballgown 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Negative control experiment Positive control experiment Confirmation of statistical... Analysis of RNA-seq experiments... Analysis of quantitative... Expression quantitative trait... Computational Efficiency Summary References A key advantage of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) over hybridization-based technologies such as microarrays is that RNA-seq makes it possible to reconstruct complete gene structures, including multiple splice variants, from raw RNA-seq reads without relying on previously-established annotations [20, 32, 9]. But with this added flexibility, there are increased computational demands on upstream processing tasks such as alignment and ass ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geo Pertea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible analysis of transcriptome assemblies with Ballgown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolution of Power and the Divergence of Cooperative Norms 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider a model of multilevel selection and the evolution of institutions that distribute power in the form of influence in a groups collective interactions with other groups. In the absence of direct group-level interactions, groups with the most cooperative members will outcompete less cooperative groups, while within any group the least cooperative members will be the most successful. Introducing group-level interactions, however, such as raiding or warfare, changes the selective landscape for groups. Our model suggests that as the global population becomes more integrated and the rate of intergroup conflict increases, selection increasingly favors unequally distributed power structures, where individual influence is weighted by acquired resources. The advantage to less democratic groups rests in their ability to facilitate selection for cooperative strategies - involving cooperation both among themselves and with outsiders - in order to produce the resources necessary to fuel their success in inter-group conflicts, while simultaneously selecting for leaders (and corresponding collective behavior) who are unburdened with those same prosocial norms. The coevolution of cooperative social norms and institutions of power facilitates the emergence of a leadership class of the selfish and has implications for theories of inequality, structures of governance, non-cooperative personality traits, and hierarchy. Our findings suggest an amendment to the well-known doctrine of multilevel selection that "Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups." In an interconnected world, altruistic groups led by selfish individuals can beat them both.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael D Makowsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul E Smaldino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolution of Power and the Divergence of Cooperative Norms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lighter: fast and memory-efficient error correction without counting 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lighter is a fast, memory-efficient tool for correcting sequencing errors. Lighter avoids counting k-mers. Instead, it uses a pair of Bloom filters, one holding a sample of the input k-mers and the other holding k-mers likely to be correct. As long as the sampling fraction is adjusted in inverse proportion to the depth of sequencing, Bloom filter size can be held constant while maintaining near-constant accuracy. Lighter is parallelized, uses no secondary storage, and is both faster and more memory-efficient than competing approaches while achieving comparable accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliana Florea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lighter: fast and memory-efficient error correction without counting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyester: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStatistical methods development for differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) requires software tools to assess accuracy and error rate control. Since true differential expression status is often unknown in experimental datasets, artificially-constructed datasets must be utilized, either by generating costly spike-in experiments or by simulating RNA-seq data.nnResultsPolyester is an R package designed to simulate RNA-seq data, beginning with an experimental design and ending with collections of RNA-seq reads. Its main advantage is the ability to simulate reads indicating isoform-level differential expression across biological replicates for a variety of experimental designs. Data generated by Polyester is a reasonable approximation to real RNA-seq data and standard differential expression workflows can recover differential expression set in the simulation by the user.nnAvailability and ImplementationPolyester is freely available from Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/).nnContactjtleek@gmail.comnnSupplementary InformationSupplementary figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyester: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faster sequence alignment through GPU-accelerated restriction of the seed-and-extend search space 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn computing pairwise alignments of biological sequences, software implementations employ a variety of heuristics that decrease the computational effort involved in computing potential alignments. A key element in achieving high processing throughput is to identify and prioritize potential alignments where high-scoring mappings can be expected. These tasks involve listprocessing operations that can be efficiently performed on GPU hardware.nnResultsWe implemented a read aligner called A21 that exploits GPU-based parallel sort and reduction techniques to restrict the number of locations where potential alignments may be found. When compared with other high-throughput aligners, this approach finds more high-scoring mappings without sacrificing speed or accuracy. A21 running on a single GPU is about 10 times faster than comparable CPU-based tools; it is also faster and more sensitive in comparison with other recent GPU-based aligners.nnAvailabilityThe A21 software is open source and available at https://github.com/RWilton/A21.nnContactrwilton@pha.jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary results are available at <<<TBD>>>
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard Wilton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamas Budavari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah J Wheelan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Szalay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faster sequence alignment through GPU-accelerated restriction of the seed-and-extend search space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HiFive: a tool suite for easy and efficient HiC and 5C data analysis 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromatin interaction assays 5C and HiC have advanced our understanding of genomic spatial organization but analysis approaches for these data are limited by usability and flexibility. The HiFive tool suite provides efficient data handling and a variety of normalization approaches for easy, fast analysis and method comparison. Integration of MPI-based parallelization allows scalability and rapid processing time. In addition to single-command analysis of an entire experiment from mapped reads to interaction values, HiFive has been integrated into the open-source, web-based platform Galaxy to connect users with computational resources and a graphical interface. HiFive is open-source software available from http://taylorlab.org/software/hifive/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael EG Sauria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer E Phillips-Cremins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor G Corces</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HiFive: a tool suite for easy and efficient HiC and 5C data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sharing and specificity of co-expression networks across 35 human tissues 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, the GTEx Consortium generated RNA-seq expression data for more than thirty distinct human tissues. This data provides an opportunity for deriving shared and tissue-specific gene regulatory networks on the basis of co-expression between genes. However, a small number of samples are available for a majority of the tissues, and therefore statistical inference of networks in this setting is highly underpowered. To address this problem, we infer tissue-specific gene co-expression networks for 35 tissues in the GTEx dataset using a novel algorithm, GNAT, that uses a hierarchy of tissues to share data between related tissues. We show that this transfer learning approach increases the accuracy with which networks are learned. Analysis of these networks reveals that tissue-specific transcription factors are hubs that preferentially connect to genes with tissue-specific functions. Additionally, we observe that genes with tissue-specific functions lie at the peripheries of our networks. We identify numerous modules enriched for Gene Ontology functions, and show that modules conserved across tissues are especially likely to have functions common to all tissues, while modules that are upregulated in a particular tissue are often instrumental to tissue-specific function. Finally, we provide a web tool, available at mostafavilab.stat.ubc.ca/GNAT, which allows exploration of gene function and regulation in a tissue-specific manner.nnAuthor SummaryCells in different tissues perform very different functions with the same DNA. This requires tissue-specific gene expression and regulation; understanding this tissue-specificity is often instrumental to understanding complex diseases. Here, we use tissue-specific gene expression data to learn tissue-specific gene regulatory networks for 35 human tissues, where two genes are linked if their expression levels are correlated. Learning such networks accurately is difficult because of the large number of possible links between genes and small number of samples. We propose a novel algorithm that combats this problem by sharing data between similar tissues and show that this increases the accuracy with which networks are learned. We provide a web tool for exploring these networks, enabling users to pose diverse queries in a gene-or tissue-centric manner, and facilitating explorations into gene function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emma Pierson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daphne Koller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sharing and specificity of co-expression networks across 35 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterized by RNA-seq the transcriptional profiles of a large and heterogeneous collection of mouse tissues, augmenting the mouse transcriptome with thousands of novel transcript candidates. Comparison with transcriptome profiles obtained in human cell lines reveals substantial conservation of transcriptional programs, and uncovers a distinct class of genes with levels of expression across cell types and species, that have been constrained early in vertebrate evolution. This core set of genes capture a substantial and constant fraction of the transcriptional output of mammalian cells, and participates in basic functional and structural housekeeping processes common to all cell types. Perturbation of these constrained genes is associated with significant phenotypes including embryonic lethality and cancer. Evolutionary constraint in gene expression levels is not reflected in the conservation of the genomic sequences, but is associated with strong and conserved epigenetic marking, as well as to a characteristic post-transcriptional regulatory program in which sub-cellular localization and alternative splicing play comparatively large roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dmitri Pervouchine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Djebali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandra Breschi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrie A Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Prieto Barja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Dobin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Tanzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Lagarde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Zaleski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei-Hoon See</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagan Fastuca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorg Drenkow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huaien Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni Bussotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baikang Pei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suganthi Balasubramanian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Monlong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif Harmanci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Gerstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael A Beer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedric Notredame</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderic Guigo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas R Gingeras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals human- mouse regulatory landscape and evolution 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBecause species-specific gene expression is driven by species-specific regulation, understanding the relationship between sequence and function of the regulatory regions in different species will help elucidate how differences among species arise. Despite active experimental and computational research, the relationships among sequence, conservation, and function are still poorly understood.nnResultsWe compared transcription factor occupied segments (TFos) for 116 human and 35 mouse TFs in 546 human and 125 mouse cell types and tissues from the Human and the Mouse ENCODE projects. We based the map between human and mouse TFos on a one-to-one nucleotide cross-species mapper, bnMapper, that utilizes whole genome alignments (WGA).nnOur analysis shows that TFos are under evolutionary constraint, but a substantial portion (25.1% of mouse and 25.85% of human on average) of the TFos does not have a homologous sequence on the other species; this portion varies among cell types and TFs. Furthermore, 47.67% and 57.01% of the homologous TFos sequence shows binding activity on the other species for human and mouse respectively. However, 79.87% and 69.22% is repurposed such that it binds the same TF in different cells or different TFs in the same cells. Remarkably, within the set of TFos not showing conservation of occupancy, the corresponding genome regions in the other species are preferred locations of novel TFos. These events suggest that a substantial amount of functional regulatory sequences is exapted from other biochemically active genomic material.nnDespite substantial repurposing of TFos, we did not find substantial changes in their predicted target genes, suggesting that CRMs buffer evolutionary events allowing little or no change in the TF - target gene associations. Thus, the small portion of TFos with strictly conserved occupancy underestimates the degree of conservation of regulatory interactions.nnConclusionWe mapped regulatory sequences from an extensive number of TFs and cell types between human and mouse. A comparative analysis of this correspondence unveiled the extent of the shared regulatory sequence across TFs and cell types under study. Importantly, a large part of the shared regulatory sequence repurposed on the other species. This sequence, fueled by turnover events, provides a strong case for exaptation in regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olgert Denas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Sandstrom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Beal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier Herrero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross Hardison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals human- mouse regulatory landscape and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASS: Accurate and Efficient Splice Variant Annotation from RNA-seq Reads 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next generation sequencing of cellular RNA is making it possible to characterize genes and alternative splicing in unprecedented detail. However, designing bioinformatics tools to capture splicing variation accurately has proven difficult. Current programs find major isoforms of a gene but miss finer splicing variations, or are sensitive but highly imprecise. We present CLASS, a novel open source tool for accurate genome-guided transcriptome assembly from RNA-seq reads. CLASS employs a splice graph to represent a gene and its splice variants, combined with a linear program to determine an accurate set of exons and efficient splice graph-based transcript selection algorithms. When compared against reference programs, CLASS had the best overall accuracy and could detect up to twice as many splicing events with precision similar to the best reference program. Notably, it was the only tool that produced consistently reliable transcript models for a wide range of applications and sequencing strategies, including very large data sets and ribosomal RNA-depleted samples. Lightweight and multi-threaded, CLASS required <3GB RAM and less than one day to analyze a 350 million read set, and is an excellent choice for transcriptomics studies, from clinical RNA sequencing, to alternative splicing analyses, and to the annotation of new genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarven Sabunciyan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliana D Florea</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASS: Accurate and Efficient Splice Variant Annotation from RNA-seq Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SubClonal Hierarchy Inference from Somatic Mutations: automatic reconstruction of cancer evolutionary trees from multi-region next generation sequencing 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent improvements in next-generation sequencing of tumor samples and the ability to identify somatic mutations at low allelic fractions have opened the way for new approaches to model the evolution of individual cancers. The power and utility of these models is increased when tumor samples from multiple sites are sequenced. Temporal ordering of the samples may provide insight into the etiology of both primary and metastatic lesions and rationalizations for tumor recurrence and therapeutic failures. Additional insights may be provided by temporal ordering of evolving subclones - cellular subpopulations with unique mutational profiles. Current methods for subclone hierarchy inference tightly couple the problem of temporal ordering with that of estimating the fraction of cancer cells harboring each mutation. We present a new framework that includes a rigorous statistical hypothesis test and a collection of tools that make it possible to decouple these problems, which we believe will enable substantial progress in the field of subclone hierarchy inference. The methods presented here can be flexibly combined with methods developed by others addressing either of these problems. We provide tools to interpret hypothesis test results, which inform phylogenetic tree construction, and we introduce the first genetic algorithm designed for this purpose. The utility of our framework is systematically demonstrated in simulations. For most tested combinations of tumor purity, sequencing coverage, and tree complexity, good power ([&ge;] 0.8) can be achieved and Type 1 error is well controlled when at least three tumor samples are available from a patient. Using data from three published multi-region tumor sequencing studies of (murine) small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which the authors reconstructed subclonal phylogenetic trees by manual expert curation, we show how different configurations of our tools can identify either a single tree in agreement with the authors, or a small set of trees, which include the authors preferred tree. Our results have implications for improved modeling of tumor evolution and the importance of multi-region tumor sequencing.nnAuthor SummaryCancer is a genetic disease, driven by DNA mutations. Each tumor is composed of millions of cells with differing genetic profiles that compete with each other for resources in a process similar to Darwinian evolution. We describe a computational framework to model tumor evolution on the cellular level, using next-generation sequencing. The framework is the first to apply a rigorous statistical hypothesis test designed to inform a new search algorithm. Both the test and the algorithm are based on evolutionary principles. The utility of the framework is shown in computer simulations and by automated reconstruction of the cellular evolution underlying murine small cell lung cancers, acute myeloid leukemias and chronic lymophocytic leukemias, from three recent published studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noushin Niknafs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violeta Beleva Guthrie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Q Naiman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SubClonal Hierarchy Inference from Somatic Mutations: automatic reconstruction of cancer evolutionary trees from multi-region next generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HISAT: Hierarchical Indexing for Spliced Alignment of Transcripts 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HISAT is a new, highly efficient system for alignment of sequences from RNA sequencing experiments that achieves dramatically faster performance than previous methods. HISAT uses a new indexing scheme, hierarchical indexing, which is based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index. Hierarchical indexing employs two types of indexes for alignment: (1) a whole-genome FM index to anchor each alignment, and (2) numerous local FM indexes for very rapid extensions of these alignments. HISATs hierarchical index for the human genome contains 48,000 local FM indexes, each representing a genomic region of ~64,000 bp. The algorithm includes several customized alignment strategies specifically designed for mapping RNA-seq reads across multiple exons. In tests on a variety of real and simulated data sets, we show that HISAT is the fastest system currently available, approximately 50 times faster than TopHat2 and 12 times faster than GSNAP, with equal or better accuracy than any other method. Despite its very large number of indexes, HISAT requires only 4.3 Gigabytes of memory to align reads to the human genome. HISAT supports genomes of any size, including those larger than 4 billion bases. HISAT is available as free, open-source software from http://www.ccb.jhu.edu/software/hisat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daehwan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HISAT: Hierarchical Indexing for Spliced Alignment of Transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different DNA repair pathways are required following excision and integration of the DNA cut &amp;amp; paste transposon piggyBat in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of transposable elements from place to place in a genome requires both element-encoded and host-encoded factors. In DNA cut & paste transposition, the element-encoded transposase performs the DNA breakage and joining reactions that excise the element from the donor site and integrate it into the new insertion site. Host factors can influence many aspects of transposition. Notably, host DNA repair factors mediate the regeneration of intact duplex DNA necessary after transposase action by repairing the double strand break in the broken donor backbone, from which the transposon has excised, and repairing the single strand gaps that flank the newly inserted transposon. We have exploited the ability of the mammalian transposon piggyBat, a member of the piggyBac superfamily, to transpose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used the yeast single gene deletion collection to screen for genes encoding host factors involved in piggyBat transposition. piggyBac transposition is distinguished by the fact that piggyBac elements insert into TTAA target sites and also that the donor backbone is restored to its pre-transposon sequence after transposon excision, that is, excision is precise. We have found that repair of the broken donor backbone requires the non-homologous end-joining repair pathway (NHEJ). By contrast, NHEJ is not required for DNA repair at the new insertion site. Thus multiple DNA repair pathways are required for piggyBac transposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weifeng She</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney Busch Cambouris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy L. Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different DNA repair pathways are required following excision and integration of the DNA cut &amp;amp; paste transposon piggyBat in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible expressed region analysis for RNA-seq with derfinder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDifferential expression analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data typically relies on reconstructing transcripts or counting reads that overlap known gene structures. We previously introduced an intermediate statistical approach called differentially expressed region (DER) finder that seeks to identify contiguous regions of the genome showing differential expression signal at single base resolution without relying on existing annotation or potentially inaccurate transcript assembly.nnResultsWe present the derfinder software that improves our annotation-agnostic approach to RNA-seq analysis by: (1) implementing a computationally efficient bump-hunting approach to identify DERs which permits genome-scale analyses in a large number of samples, (2) introducing a flexible statistical modeling framework, including multi-group and time-course analyses and (3) introducing a new set of data visualizations for expressed region analysis. We apply this approach to public RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and BrainSpan project to show that derfinder permits the analysis of hundreds of samples at base resolution in R, identifies expression outside of known gene boundaries and can be used to visualize expressed regions at base-resolution. In simulations our base resolution approaches enable discovery in the presence of incomplete annotation and is nearly as powerful as feature-level methods when the annotation is complete.nnConclusionsderfinder analysis using expressed region-level and single base-level approaches provides a compromise between full transcript reconstruction and feature-level analysis.nnThe package is available from Bioconductor at www.bioconductor.org/packages/derfinder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyssa C Frazee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Wilks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael I Love</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael A Irizarry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible expressed region analysis for RNA-seq with derfinder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial model predicts dispersal and cell turnover cause reduced intra-tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers in humans are large, measuring centimeters in diameter, composed of many billions of cells. An equivalent mass of normal cells would be highly heterogeneous as a result of the mutations that occur during each cell division. What is remarkable about cancers is their homogeneity - virtually every neoplastic cell within a large cancer contains the same core set of genetic alterations, with heterogeneity confined to mutations that have emerged after the last clonal expansions. How such clones expand within the spatially-constrained three dimensional architecture of a tumor, and come to dominate a large, pre-existing lesion, has never been explained. We here describe a model for tumor evolution that shows how short-range migration and cell turnover can account for rapid cell mixing inside the tumor. With it, we show that even a small selective advantage of a single cell within a large tumor allows the descendants of that cell to replace the precursor mass in a clinically relevant time frame. We also demonstrate that the same mechanisms can be responsible for the rapid onset of resistance to chemotherapy. Our model not only provides novel insights into spatial and temporal aspects of tumor growth but also suggests that targeting short range cellular migratory activity could have dramatic effects on tumor growth rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlomiej Waclaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Bozic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith E Pittman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph H Hruban</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin A Nowak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial model predicts dispersal and cell turnover cause reduced intra-tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choosing subsamples for sequencing studies by minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPCAPBSTRACTC_SCPCAPImputation of genotypes in a study sample can make use of sequenced or densely genotyped external reference panels consisting of individuals that are not from the study sample. It can also employ internal reference panels, incorporating a subset of individuals from the study sample itself. Internal panels offer an advantage over external panels, as they can reduce imputation errors arising from genetic dissimilarity between a population of interest and a second, distinct population from which the external reference panel has been constructed. As the cost of next-generation sequencing decreases, internal reference panel selection is becoming increasingly feasible. However, it is not clear how best to select individuals to include in such panels. We introduce a new method for selecting an internal reference panel--minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf (ADCL)--and compare its performance relative to an earlier algorithm: maximizing phylogenetic diversity (PD). Employing both simulated data and sequences from the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that ADCL provides a significant improvement in imputation accuracy, especially for imputation of sites with low-frequency alleles. This improvement in imputation accuracy is robust to changes in reference panel size, marker density, and length of the imputation target region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan T. L. Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Zöllner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah A. Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choosing subsamples for sequencing studies by minimizing the average distance to the closest leaf]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building Genomic Analysis Pipelines in a Hackathon Setting with Bioinformatician Teams: DNA-seq, Epigenomics, Metagenomics and RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We assembled teams of genomics professionals to assess whether we could rapidly develop pipelines to answer biological questions commonly asked by biologists and others new to bioinformatics by facilitating analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. In January 2015, teams were assembled on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus to address questions in the DNA-seq, epigenomics, metagenomics and RNA-seq subfields of genomics. The only two rules for this hackathon were that either the data used were housed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or would be submitted there by a participant in the next six months, and that all software going into the pipeline was open-source or open-use. Questions proposed by organizers, as well as suggested tools and approaches, were distributed to participants a few days before the event and were refined during the event. Pipelines were published on GitHub, a web service providing publicly available, free-usage tiers for collaborative software development (https://github.com/features/). The code was published at https://github.com/DCGenomics/ with separate repositories for each team, starting with hackathon_v001.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Busby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allissa Dillman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire L. Simpson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian Fingerman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sijung Yun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David M. Kristensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Federer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naisha Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew C. LaFave</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Jimenez-Barron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manusha Pande</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cem Mayden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhruva Chandramohan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipper Fletez-Brant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul W. Bible</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergej Nowoshilow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfred Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric JC Galvez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremy Chignell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph N. Paulson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoj Kandpal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhyeon Yoon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esther Asaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Stine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesse Becker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt Lesko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordechai Abzug</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugene Yaschenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building Genomic Analysis Pipelines in a Hackathon Setting with Bioinformatician Teams: DNA-seq, Epigenomics, Metagenomics and RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Big city, small world: Density, contact rates, and transmission of dengue across Pakistan. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroscopic descriptions of populations commonly assume that encounters between individuals are well mixed; i.e., each individual has an equal chance of coming into contact with any other individual. Relaxing this assumption can be challenging though, due to the difficulty of acquiring detailed knowledge about the non-random nature of encounters. Here, we fitted a mathematical model of dengue virus transmission to spatial time series data from Pakistan and compared maximum-likelihood estimates of "mixing parameters" when disaggregating data across an urban-rural gradient. We show that dynamics across this gradient are subject not only to differing transmission intensities but also to differing strengths of nonlinearity due to differences in mixing. We furthermore show that neglecting spatial variation in mixing can lead to substantial underestimates of the level of effort needed to control a pathogen with vaccines or other control efforts. We complement this analysis with relevant contemporary environmental drivers of dengue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moritz U. G. Kraemer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Alex Perkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek A.T. Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubeena Zakar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon I. Hay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert C. Reiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Big city, small world: Density, contact rates, and transmission of dengue across Pakistan.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteins linked to autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders harbor characteristic rare missense mutation distribution patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of rare missense variants in disease causation remains difficult to interpret. We explore whether the clustering pattern of rare missense variants (MAF<0.01) in a protein is associated with mode of inheritance. Mutations in genes associated with autosomal dominant (AD) conditions are known to result in either loss or gain of function, whereas mutations in genes associated with autosomal recessive (AR) conditions invariably result in loss of function. Loss-of-function mutations tend to be distributed uniformly along protein sequence, while gain-of-function mutations tend to localize to key regions. It has not previously been ascertained whether these patterns hold in general for rare missense mutations. We consider the extent to which rare missense variants are located within annotated protein domains and whether they form clusters, using a new unbiased method called CLUstering by Mutation Position (CLUMP). These approaches quantified a significant difference in clustering between AD and AR diseases. Proteins linked to AD diseases exhibited more clustering of rare missense mutations than those linked to AR diseases (Wilcoxon P=5.7x10-4, permutation P=8.4x10-4). Rare missense mutation in proteins linked to either AD or AR diseases were more clustered than controls (1000G) (Wilcoxon P=2.8x10-15 for AD and P=4.5x10-4 for AR, permutation P=3.1x10-12 for AD and P=0.03 for AR). Differences in clustering patterns persisted even after removal of the most prominent genes. Testing for such non-random patterns may reveal novel aspects of disease etiology in large sample studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tychele Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Douville</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter D Stenson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David N Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravinda Chakravarti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteins linked to autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders harbor characteristic rare missense mutation distribution patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limiting dilution assays are commonly used to measure the extent of infection, and in the context of HIV they represent an essential tool for studying latency and potential curative strategies. To assist investigators using dilution assays, we illustrate the major statistical method for estimating the frequency of infected cells (or other infectious units) from assay results, and we offer an online tool for computing this estimate. We then recommend a procedure for optimizing assay design to achieve any desired set of sensitivity and precision goals, subject to experimental constraints. We discuss challenges involved in interpreting experiments in which no viral growth is observed and explain how using alternative measures for viral outgrowth may make measurement of HIV latency more efficient. Finally, we discuss how biological complications - such as probabilistic growth of a small infection in culture - alter interpretations of experimental results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel I S Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Elliott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janet M Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing and interpreting limiting dilution assays: general principles and applications to the latent reservoir for HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing A/B compartments as revealed by Hi-C using long-range correlations in epigenetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of Hi-C data has shown that the genome can be divided into two compartments called A/B compartments. These compartments are cell-type specific and are associated with open and closed chromatin. We show that A/B compartments can be reliably estimated using epigenetic data from several different platforms, the Illumina 450k DNA methylation microarray, DNase hypersensitivity sequencing, single-cell ATAC sequencing and single-cell whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. We do this by exploiting the fact that the structure of long range correlations differs between open and closed compartments. This work makes A/B compartments readily available in a wide variety of cell types, including many human cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing A/B compartments as revealed by Hi-C using long-range correlations in epigenetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rail-RNA: Scalable analysis of RNA-seq splicing and coverage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments now span hundreds to thousands of samples. Current spliced alignment software is designed to analyze each sample separately. Consequently, no information is gained from analyzing multiple samples together, and it is difficult to reproduce the exact analysis without access to original computing resources. We describe Rail-RNA, a cloud-enabled spliced aligner that analyzes many samples at once. Rail-RNA eliminates redundant work across samples, making it more efficient as samples are added. For many samples, Rail-RNA is more accurate than annotation-assisted aligners. We use Rail-RNA to align 667 RNA-seq samples from the GEUVADIS project on Amazon Web Services in under 16 hours for US$0.91 per sample. Rail-RNA produces alignments and base-resolution bigWig coverage files, ready for use with downstream packages for reproducible statistical analysis. We identify expressed regions in the GEUVADIS samples and show that both annotated and unannotated (novel) expressed regions exhibit consistent patterns of variation across populations and with respect to known confounders. Rail-RNA is open-source software available at http://rail.bio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alquicira-Hernández</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Pritt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Morton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rail-RNA: Scalable analysis of RNA-seq splicing and coverage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIK3CA Mutational Analysis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Archival Tissues of Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUrothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the fourth most common cancer in males in the United States. In addition to mutations in FGFR3, TP53, AKT1, TSC1, and PTEN genes, mutations in PIK3CA have been also described in urothelial carcinomas, preferentially in low-grade tumors. Mutations in PIK3CA also has been shown to have implications for prognosis, surveillance and therapeutic response. Thus, determining the PIK3CA status in urothelial carcinomas could potentially improved the clinical management of patients with bladder cancer. Herein, we evaluated the presence of PIK3CA mutations in exons 1, 9, and 20 in 21 urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder.nnMethodsPatients were treated by radical cystectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Representative tissue blocks (1 for each case) were selected. We used a pinpoint DNA extraction technique from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and mutational analysis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay coupled with sequencing of targeted exons. Patients included 15 men and 6 women, with a median age of 68 years (range, 42 to 76 years), with 3 noninvasive and 18 invasive urothelial carcinomas. Noninvasive carcinomas included 1 case each of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS). Invasive tumors included 3 pT1, 5 pT2, 6 pT3, and 4 pT4 urothelial carcinomas.nnResultsWe did not find mutations in the analyzed exons of the PIK3CA gene, in any of the 21 urothelial carcinomas. The preponderance of invasive high-grade and high-stage tumors could explain the absence of identifiable mutations in our cohort.nnConclusionsPIK3CA mutations as prognosti-cators of outcome or predictors of therapeutic response await further evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alcides Chaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie S. Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciana Schultz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roula Albadine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sana Jadallah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen M. Murphy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana Teheri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark P. Schoenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George J. Netto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIK3CA Mutational Analysis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Archival Tissues of Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCollective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and, little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored if cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David Ellison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Mugler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Brennan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung Hoon Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Huebner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliah Shamir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura A Woo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Amar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilya Nemenman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew J Ewald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre Levchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Main text Methods References The impact of environment on human health is dramatic, with major risk factors including substance use1, diet2 and exercise3. However, identifying interactions between the environment and an individuals genetic background (GxE) has been hampered by statistical and computational challenges4,5. By combining RNA sequencing of whole blood and extensive environmental annotations collected from 922 individuals6, we have evaluated GxE interactions at a cellular level. We have developed EAGLE, a hierarchical Bayesian model for identifying GxE interactions based on association between environment and allele-specific expression (ASE). EAGLE inc ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B Potash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrna M Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Mostafavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific expression reveals interactions between genetic variation and environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polarity and organization of radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as both stem cells and scaffolds for neuronal migration, are crucial for cortical development. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive radial glial outgrowth and maintain RGC polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 complex, the unique actin nucleator that produces branched actin networks, plays essential roles in RGC polarity and morphogenesis. Disruption of the Arp2/3 complex in RGCs retards process outgrowth toward the basal surface and impairs apical polarity and adherens junctions. Whereas the former is correlated with abnormal actin-based leading edge, the latter is consistent with blockage in membrane trafficking. These defects result in altered cell fate, disrupted cortical lamination and abnormal angiogenesis. In addition, we present evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is a cell-autonomous regulator of neuronal migration. Our data suggest that Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly may be particularly important for neuronal cell motility in soft or poorly adhesive matrix environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pei-Shan Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu-Sheng Chou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fengli Guo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praveen Suraneni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sree Ramachandran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong Li</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing detects structural variants in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in sequencing, structural variants (SVs) remain difficult to reliably detect due to the short read length (<300bp) of 2nd generation sequencing. Not only do the reads (or paired-end reads) need to straddle a breakpoint, but repetitive elements often lead to ambiguities in the alignment of short reads. We propose to use the long-reads (up to 20kb) possible with 3rd generation sequencing, specifically nanopore sequencing on the MinION. Nanopore sequencing relies on a similar concept to a Coulter counter, reading the DNA sequence from the change in electrical current resulting from a DNA strand being forced through a nanometer-sized pore embedded in a membrane. Though nanopore sequencing currently has a relatively high mismatch rate that precludes base substitution and small frameshift mutation detection, its accuracy is sufficient for SV detection because of its long reads. In fact, long reads in some cases may improve SV detection efficiency.nnWe have tested nanopore sequencing to detect a series of well-characterized SVs, including large deletions, inversions, and translocations that inactivate the CDKN2A/p16 and SMAD4/DPC4 tumor suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer. Using PCR amplicon mixes, we have demonstrated that nanopore sequencing can detect large deletions, translocations and inversions at dilutions as low as 1:100, with as few as 500 reads per sample. Given the speed, small footprint, and low capital cost, nanopore sequencing could become the ideal tool for the low-level detection of cancer-associated SVs needed for molecular relapse, early detection, or therapeutic monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexis L. Norris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael E. Workman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunfan Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R. Eshleman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston Timp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing detects structural variants in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis of Cortical Tissue Reveals Shared Sets of Down-Regulated Genes in Autism and Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism (AUT), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BPD) are three highly heritable neuropsychiatric conditions. Clinical similarities and genetic overlap between the three disorders have been reported; however, the causes and the downstream effects of this overlap remain elusive. By analyzing transcriptomic RNA-Sequencing data generated from post-mortem cortical brain tissues from AUT, SCZ, BPD and control subjects, we have begun to characterize the extent of gene expression overlap between these disorders. We report that the AUT and SCZ transcriptomes are significantly correlated (p<0.001), while the other two cross disorder comparisons (AUT-BPD, SCZ-BPD) are not. Among AUT and SCZ, we find that the genes differentially expressed across disorders are involved in neurotransmission and synapse regulation. Despite lack of global transcriptomic overlap across all three disorders, we highlight two genes, IQSEC3 and COPS7A, which are significantly down-regulated compared to controls across all three disorders, suggesting either shared etiology or compensatory changes across these neuropsychiatric conditions. Finally, we tested for enrichment of genes differentially expressed across disorders in genetic association signals in AUT, SCZ or BPD, reporting lack of signal in any of the previously published GWAS. Together, these studies highlight the importance of examining gene expression from the primary tissue involved in neuropsychiatric conditions, cortical brain. We identify a shared role for altered neurotransmission and synapse regulation in AUT and SCZ, in addition to two genes that may more generally contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Panitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew West</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan E Arking</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis of Cortical Tissue Reveals Shared Sets of Down-Regulated Genes in Autism and Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of the archaea, bacteria, and viruses from a halite endolithic microbial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Halite endoliths in the Atacama Desert represent one of the most extreme microbial ecosystems on Earth. Here we sequenced and characterized a shotgun metagenome from halite nodules collected in Salar Grande, Chile. The community is dominated by archaea and functional analysis attributed most of the autotrophic CO2 fixation to a unique cyanobacterium. The assembled 1.1 Mbp genome of a novel nanohaloarchaeon, Candidatus Nanopetramus SG9, revealed a photoheterotrophic life style and a low median isoelectric point (pI) for all predicted proteins, suggesting a "salt-in" strategy for osmotic balance. Predicted proteins of the algae identified in the community also had pI distributions similar to "salt-in" strategists. The Nanopetramus genome contained a unique CRISPR/Cas system with a spacer that matched a partial viral genome from the metagenome. A combination of reference-independent methods identified over 30 complete or near complete viral or proviral genomes with diverse genome structure, genome size, gene content, and hosts. Putative hosts included Halobacteriaceae, Nanohaloarchaea, and Cyanobacteria. Despite the dependence of the halite community on deliquescence for liquid water availability, this study exposed an ecosystem spanning three phylogenetic domains, containing a large diversity of viruses, and a predominant "salt-in" strategy to balance the high osmotic pressure of the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Crits-Christoph</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego R Gelsinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Wierzchos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Ravel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso Davila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Cristina Casero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocelyne DiRuggiero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of the archaea, bacteria, and viruses from a halite endolithic microbial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth and division are stochastic processes that exhibit significant amount of cell-to-cell variation and randomness. In order to connect single cell division dynamics with overall cell population, stochastic population models are needed. We summarize the basic concepts, computational approaches and discuss simple applications of this modeling approach to understanding cancer cell population growth as well as population fluctuations in experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sean Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore Sequencing in Microgravity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to perform remote, in situ sequencing and diagnostics has been a long-sought goal for point-of-care medicine and portable DNA/RNA measurements. This technological advancement extends to missions beyond Earth as well, both for crew health and astrobiology applications. However, most commercially available sequencing technologies are ill-suited for space flight for a variety of reasons, including excessive volume and mass, and insufficient ruggedization for spaceflight. Portable and lightweight nanopore-based sequencers, which analyze nucleic acids electrochemically, are inherently much better suited to spaceflight, and could potentially be incorporated into future missions with only minimal modification. As a first step toward evaluating the performance of nanopore sequencers in a microgravity environment, we tested the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION in a parabolic flight simulator to examine the effect of reduced gravity on DNA sequencing. The instrument successfully generated three reads, averaging 2,371 bases. However, the median current was shifted across all reads and the error profiles changed compared with operation of the sequencer on the ground, indicating that distinct computational methods may be needed for such data. We evaluated existing methods and propose two new methods; the first new method is based on a wave-fingerprint method similar to that of the Shazam model for matching periodicity information in music, and the second is based on entropy signal mapping. These tools provide a unique opportunity for nucleic acid sequencing in reduced gravity environments. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned from the parabolic flight as they would apply to performing DNA sequencing with the MinION aboard the International Space Station.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexa B.R. McIntyre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay Rizzardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angela M Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail L. Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas J. Botkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristen K. John</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah L. Castro-Wallace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron S. Burton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher E. Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/032342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore Sequencing in Microgravity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic and functional substrate specificity for endolithic microbial communities in hyper-arid environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under extreme water deficit, endolithic (inside rock) microbial ecosystems are considered environmental refuges for life in cold and hot deserts, yet their diversity and functional adaptations remain vastly unexplored. The metagenomic analyses of the communities from two rock substrates, calcite and ignimbrite, revealed that they were dominated by Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The relative distribution of major phyla was significantly different between the two substrates and biodiversity estimates, from 16S rRNA gene sequences and from the metagenome data, all pointed to a higher taxonomic diversity in the calcite community. While both endolithic communities showed adaptations to extreme aridity and to the rock habitat, their functional capabilities revealed significant differences. ABC transporters and pathways for osmoregulation were more diverse in the calcite chasmoendolithic community. In contrast, the ignimbrite cryptoendolithic community was enriched in pathways for secondary metabolites, such as non-ribosomal peptides (NRPS) and polyketides (PKS). Assemblies of the metagenome data produced population genomes for the major phyla found in both communities and revealed a greater diversity of Cyanobacteria population genomes for the calcite substrate. Draft genomes of the dominant Cyanobacteria in each community were constructed with more than 93% estimated completeness. The two annotated proteomes shared 64% amino acid identity and a significantly higher number of genes involved in iron update, and NRPS gene clusters, were found in the draft genomes from the ignimbrite. Both the community-wide and genome-specific differences may be related to higher water availability and the colonization of large fissures and cracks in the calcite in contrast to a harsh competition for colonization space and nutrient resources in the narrow pores of the ignimbrite. Together, these results indicated that the habitable architecture of both lithic substrates-chasmoendolithic versus cryptoendolithic - might be an essential element in determining the colonization and the diversity of the microbial communities in endolithic substrates at the dry limit for life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Crits-Christoph</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney K Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Ravel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Wierzchos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen Ascaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavio Artieda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virginia Souza-Egipsy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Cristina Casero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jocelyne DiRuggiero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic and functional substrate specificity for endolithic microbial communities in hyper-arid environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Modeling of Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in women, exceeded only by lung cancer. Specifically, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis, as it is more invasive and lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors that can be targeted with therapies. Due to the need for effective therapies for this type of breast cancer, it is critical to develop methods to (1) understand how TNBC progresses and (2) facilitate development of effective therapies. Here, we describe a multiscale model focusing on tumor formation. Our approach uses multiple scales to investigate the progression and possible treatments of tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerri-Ann Norton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meghan M McCabe Pryor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksander S Popel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Modeling of Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Winners curse correction and variable thresholding improve performance of polygenic risk modeling based on summary-level data from genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent heritability analyses have indicated that genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have the potential to improve genetic risk prediction for complex diseases based on polygenic risk score (PRS), a simple modelling technique that can be implemented using summary-level data from the discovery samples. We herein propose modifications to improve the performance of PRS. We introduce threshold-dependent winners-curse adjustments for marginal association coefficients that are used to weight the SNPs in PRS. Further, as a way to incorporate external functional/annotation knowledge that could identify subsets of SNPs highly enriched for associations, we propose variable thresholds for SNPs selection. We applied our methods to GWAS summary-level data of 14 complex diseases. Across all diseases, a simple winners curse correction uniformly led to enhancement of performance of the models, whereas incorporation of functional SNPs was beneficial only for selected diseases. Compared to the standard PRS algorithm, the proposed methods in combination led to notable gain in efficiency (25-50% increase in the prediction R2) for 5 of 14 diseases. As an example, for GWAS of type 2 diabetes, winners curse correction improved prediction R2 from 2.29% based on the standard PRS to 3.10% (P=0.0017) and incorporating functional annotation data further improved R2 to 3.53% (P=2{chi}10-5). Our simulation studies illustrate why differential treatment of certain categories of functional SNPs, even when shown to be highly enriched for GWAS-heritability, does not lead to proportionate improvement in genetic risk-prediction because of non-uniform linkage disequilibrium structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JuHyun Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubao Duan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonja Berndt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton Moy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing Hua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debra Silverman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montserrat Garcia-Closas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao Agnes Hsiung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonine D. Figueroa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria K. Cortessis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuria Malats</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret R. Karagas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolo Vineis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>I-Shou Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongxin Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baosen Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeline Seow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keitaro Matsuo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun-Chul Hong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil E. Caporaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Wolpin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Jacobs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria Petersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donghui Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey Risch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan R. Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Hsu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert E. Schoen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann Brenner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Gejman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing Lan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Rothman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufey T. Amundadottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison P. Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Teresa Landi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas F. Levinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Winners curse correction and variable thresholding improve performance of polygenic risk modeling based on summary-level data from genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protein truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a search for protein truncating variants conferring protection against inflammatory bowel disease exploiting knowledge of common variants associated with the same disease. We found that a protein truncating variant (rs36095412, p.R179X, genotyped in 11,148 ulcerative colitis patients and 295,446 controls, MAF = up to 0.78%) in RNF186, a single-exon ring finger E3 ligase with strong colonic expression, protects against ulcerative colitis (overall P = 6.89x10-7, odds ratio (OR) = 0.30). We further demonstrate that the truncated protein is expressed, suggesting the protective mechanism may reside in the loss of an interaction or function via mislocalization or loss of an essential protein element.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel A Rivas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Graham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Sulem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Stevens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole Desch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Goyette</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Gudbjartsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingileif Jonsdottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frauke Degenhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soren Mucha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja I Kurki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro D'Amato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vito Annese</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severine Vermeire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinse Weersma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas Halfvarsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulina Paavola-Sakki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maarit Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monkol Lek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beryl Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taru Tukianen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talin Haritunians</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leena Halme</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotta Koskinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwin Ananthakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham A Heap</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marijn Visschedijk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK IBD Genetics Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArthur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin M Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq Ahmad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl A Anderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steve</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protein truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rail-dbGaP: analyzing dbGaP-protected data in the cloud with Amazon Elastic MapReduce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: Public archives contain thousands of trillions of bases of valuable sequencing data. More than 40% of the Sequence Read Archive is human data protected by provisions such as dbGaP To analyze dbGaP-protected data, researchers must typically work with IT administrators and signing officials to ensure all levels of security are implemented at their institution. This is a major obstacle, impeding reproducibility and reducing the utility of archived data.nnResults: We present a protocol and software tool for analyzing protected data in a commercial cloud. The protocol, Rail-dbGaP, is applicable to any tool running on Amazon Web Services Elastic MapReduce. The tool, Rail-RNA v0.2, is a spliced aligner for RNA- seq data, which we demonstrate by running on 9,662 samples from the dbGaP-protected GTEx consortium dataset. The Rail-dbGaP protocol makes explicit for the first time the steps an investigator must take to develop Elastic MapReduce pipelines that analyze dbGaP-protected data in a manner compliant with NIH guidelines. Rail-RNA automates implementation of the protocol, making it easy for typical biomedical investigators to study protected RNA-seq data, regardless of their local IT resources or expertise.nnAvailability: Rail-RNA is available from http://rail.bio. Technical details on the Rail-dbGaP protocol as well as an implementation walkthrough are available at https://github.com/nellore/rail-dbgap. Detailed instructions on running Rail-RNA on dbGaP-protected data using Amazon Web Services are available at http://docs.rail.bio/dbgap/.nnContact: anellore@gmail.com, langmea@cs.jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Wilks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rail-dbGaP: analyzing dbGaP-protected data in the cloud with Amazon Elastic MapReduce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Prediction of DNase I Hypersensitivity Using Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We evaluate the feasibility of using a biological samples transcriptome to predict its genome-wide regulatory element activities measured by DNase I hypersensitivity (DH). We develop BIRD, Big Data Regression for predicting DH, to handle this high-dimensional problem. Applying BIRD to the Encyclopedia of DNA Element (ENCODE) data, we found that gene expression to a large extent predicts DH, and information useful for prediction is contained in the whole transcriptome rather than limited to a regulatory elements neighboring genes. We show that the predicted DH predicts transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), prediction models trained using ENCODE data can be applied to gene expression samples in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to predict regulome, and one can use predictions as pseudo-replicates to improve the analysis of high-throughput regulome profiling data. Besides improving our understanding of the regulome-transcriptome relationship, this study suggests that transcriptome-based prediction can provide a useful new approach for regulome mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiqiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Sherwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhicheng Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang Du</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiawei Bai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongkai Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Prediction of DNase I Hypersensitivity Using Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Prediction of Chromatin Accessibility Using RNA-seq from Small Number of Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional high-throughput technologies for mapping regulatory element activities such as ChIP-seq, DNase-seq and FAIRE-seq cannot analyze samples with small number of cells. The recently developed ATAC-seq allows regulome mapping in small-cell-number samples, but its signal in single cell or samples with [&le;]500 cells remains discrete or noisy. Compared to these technologies, measuring transcriptome by RNA-seq in single-cell and small-cell-number samples is more mature. Here we show that one can globally predict chromatin accessibility and infer regulome using RNA-seq. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility predicted by RNA-seq from 30 cells is comparable with ATAC-seq from 500 cells. Predictions based on single-cell RNA-seq can more accurately reconstruct bulk chromatin accessibility than using single-cell ATAC-seq by pooling the same number of cells. Integrating ATAC-seq with predictions from RNA-seq increases power of both methods. Thus, transcriptome-based prediction can provide a new tool for decoding gene regulatory programs in small-cell-number samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiqiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhicheng Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongkai Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Prediction of Chromatin Accessibility Using RNA-seq from Small Number of Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the efficacy of novel reservoir-reducing treatments for HIV is challenging. The limited ability to sample and quantify latent infection means that supervised antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption studies are generally required. Here we introduce a set of mathematical and statistical modeling tools to aid in the design and interpretation of ART-interruption trials. We show how the likely size of the remaining reservoir can be updated in real-time as patients continue off treatment, by combining the output of laboratory assays with insights from models of reservoir dynamics and rebound. We design an optimal schedule for viral load sampling during interruption, whereby the frequency of follow-up can be decreased as patients continue off ART without rebound. While this scheme can minimize costs when the chance of rebound between visits is low, we find that the reservoir will be almost completely reseeded before rebound is detected unless sampling occurs at least every two weeks and the most sensitive viral load assays are used. We use simulated data to predict the clinical trial size needed to estimate treatment effects in the face of highly variable patient outcomes and imperfect reservoir assays. Our findings suggest that large numbers of patients - between 40 and 150 - will be necessary to reliably estimate the reservoir-reducing potential of a new therapy and to compare this across interventions. As an example, we apply these methods to the two "Boston patients", recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants who experienced large reductions in latent infection and underwent ART-interruption. We argue that the timing of viral rebound was not particularly surprising given the information available before treatment cessation. Additionally, we show how other clinical data can be used to estimate the relative contribution that remaining HIV+ cells in the recipient versus newly infected cells from the donor made to the residual reservoir that eventually caused rebound. Together, these tools will aid HIV researchers in the evaluating new potentially-curative strategies that target the latent reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alison L Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Scholes Rosenbloom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Hanhauser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Kuritzkes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert F Siliciano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Henrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time predictions of reservoir size and rebound time during antiretroviral therapy interruption trials for HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human splicing diversity across the Sequence Read Archive 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We aligned 21,504 publicly available Illumina-sequenced human RNA-seq samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) to the human genome and compared detected exon-exon junctions with junctions in several recent gene annotations. 56,865 junctions (18.6%) found in at least 1,000 samples were not annotated, and their expression associated with tissue type. Newer samples contributed few novel well-supported junctions, with 96.1% of junctions detected in at least 20 reads across samples present in samples before 2013. Junction data is compiled into a resource called intropolis available at http://intropolis.rail.bio. We discuss an application of this resource to cancer involving a recently validated isoform of the ALK gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Philippe Fortin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José Alquicira-Hernández</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siruo Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A Phillips</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishika Karbhari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human splicing diversity across the Sequence Read Archive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information-dependent Enrichment Analysis Reveals Time-dependent Transcriptional Regulation of the Estrogen Pathway of Toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The twenty-first century vision for toxicology involves a transition away from high-dose animal studies and into in vitro and computational models. This movement requires mapping pathways of toxicity through an understanding of how in vitro systems respond to chemical perturbation. Uncovering transcription factors responsible for gene expression patterns is essential for defining pathways of toxicity, and ultimately, for determining chemical mode of action, through which a toxicant acts. Traditionally this is achieved via chromatin immunoprecipitation studies and summarized by calculating, which transcription factors are statistically associated with the up-and down-regulated genes. These lists are commonly determined via statistical or fold-change cutoffs, a procedure that is sensitive to statistical power and may not be relevant to determining transcription factor associations. To move away from an arbitrary statistical or fold-change based cutoffs, we have developed in the context of the Mapping the Human Toxome project, a novel enrichment paradigm called Information Dependent Enrichment Analysis (IDEA) to guide identification of the transcription factor network. We used the test case of endocrine disruption of MCF-7 cells activated by 17{beta} estradiol (E2). Using this new approach, we were able to establish a time course for transcriptional and functional responses to E2. ER and ER{beta} are associated with short-term transcriptional changes in response to E2. Sustained exposure leads to the recruitment of an additional ensemble of transcription factors and alteration of cell-cycle machinery. TFAP2C and SOX2 were the transcription factors most highly correlated with dose. E2F7, E2F1 and Foxm1, which are involved in cell proliferation, were enriched only at 24h. IDEA is, therefore, a novel tool to identify candidate pathways of toxicity, clearly outperforming Gene-set Enrichment Analysis but with similar results as Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis, which helps to identify genes not annotated to pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salil N. Pendse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Maertens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipanwita Roy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick A. Fasani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marguerite M. Vantangoli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha J. Madnick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Boekelheide</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert J. Fornace</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James D. Yager</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Hartung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melvin E. Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick D. McMullen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information-dependent Enrichment Analysis Reveals Time-dependent Transcriptional Regulation of the Estrogen Pathway of Toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing in neuropathological diagnosis of infections of the nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) microbiome approaches in the diagnosis of infectious disorders in brain or spinal cord biopsies in patients with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections.nnMethodsIn a prospective-pilot study, we applied NGS in combination with a new computational analysis pipeline to detect the presence of pathogenic microbes in brain or spinal cord biopsies from ten patients with neurological problems indicating possible infection but for whom conventional clinical and microbiology studies yielded negative or inconclusive results.nnResultsDirect DNA and RNA sequencing of brain tissue biopsies generated 8.3 million to 29.1 million sequence reads per sample, which successfully identified with high confidence the infectious agent in three patients, identified possible pathogens in two more, and helped to understand neuropathological processes in three others, demonstrating the power of large-scale unbiased sequencing as a novel diagnostic tool. Validation techniques confirmed the pathogens identified by NGS in each of the three positive cases. Clinical outcomes were consistent with the findings yielded by NGS on the presence or absence of an infectious pathogenic process in eight of ten cases, and were non-contributory in the remaining two.nnConclusionsNGS-guided metagenomic studies of brain, spinal cord or meningeal biopsies offer the possibility for dramatic improvements in our ability to detect (or rule out) a wide range of CNS pathogens, with potential benefits in speed, sensitivity, and cost. NGS-based microbiome approaches present a major new opportunity to investigate the potential role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steven L. Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anupama Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiping Hao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Burger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fausto J. Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Lim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gary L. Gallia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey A. Tornheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael T. Melia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cynthia L. Sears</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos A. Pardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation sequencing in neuropathological diagnosis of infections of the nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Techniques for Performing Cellular Isolation and Preservation during Microgravity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic and epigenomic studies require the precise transfer of small volumes from one container to another. Epigenomic and transcriptional analysis require separation of purified cell types, and long term preservation of cells requires their isolation and transfer into appropriate freezing media. There are currently no protocols for these procedures on the ISS. Currently samples are either frozen as mixed cell populations, with poor yield, or returned under ambient conditions, requiring timing with Soyuz missions. Here, we evaluate the feasibility of translating terrestrial cell purification techniques to the ISS. Our evaluations were performed in microgravity conditions during parabolic atmospheric flight. The pipetting of open liquids in microgravity was evaluated using analog blood fluids and several types of pipette hardware. The best performing pipettes were used to evaluate the pipetting steps required for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation via density gradient centrifugation (DGC). Evaluation of actual blood products was performed for both the overlay of diluted blood, and the extraction of isolated PBMCs. We also validated magnetic purification of cells. We found that positive displacement pipettes avoided air bubbles, and the tips allowed the strong surface tension of water, glycerol and blood to maintain a patent meniscus and withstand robust pipetting in microgravity. These procedures will greatly increase the breadth of research that can be performed onboard the ISS, and allow improvised experimentation on extraterrestrial missions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsay F Rizzardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley Kunz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen Rubins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Chouker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Quiriarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarence Sams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Crucian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Techniques for Performing Cellular Isolation and Preservation during Microgravity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boiler: Lossy compression of RNA-seq alignments using coverage vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe Boiler, a new software tool for compressing and querying large collections of RNA-seq alignments. Boiler discards most per-read data, keeping only a genomic coverage vector plus a few empirical distributions summarizing the alignments. Since most per-read data is discarded, storage footprint is often much smaller than that achieved by other compression tools. Despite this, the most relevant per-read data can be recovered; we show that Boiler compression has only a slight negative impact on results given by downstream tools for isoform assembly and quantification. Boiler also allows the user to pose fast and useful queries without decompressing the entire file. Boiler is free open source software available from github.com/jpritt/boiler.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Pritt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boiler: Lossy compression of RNA-seq alignments using coverage vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Powerful Procedure for Pathway-based Meta-Analysis Using Summary Statistics Identifies 43 Pathways Associated with Type II Diabetes in European Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has become an effective approach for detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with complex traits. However, it is difficult to integrate the readily accessible SNP-level summary statistics from a meta-analysis into more powerful multi-marker testing procedures, which generally require individual-level genetic data. We developed a general procedure called Summary based Adaptive Rank Truncated Product (sARTP) for conducting gene and pathway meta-analysis that uses only SNP-level summary statistics in combination with genotype correlation estimated from a panel of individual-level genetic data. We demonstrated the validity and power advantage of sARTP through empirical and simulated data. We conducted a comprehensive pathway meta-analysis with sARTP on type 2 diabetes (T2D) by integrating SNP-level summary statistics from two large studies consisting of 19,809 T2D cases and 111,181 controls with European ancestry. Among 4,713 candidate pathways from which genes in neighborhoods of 170 GWAS established T2D loci were excluded, we detected 43 T2D globally significant pathways (with Bonferroni corrected p-values < 0.05), which included the insulin signaling pathway and T2D pathway defined by KEGG, as well as the pathways defined according to specific gene expression patterns on various tumor types, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and bladder carcinoma. Using summary data from eight eastern Asian T2D GWAS with 6,952 cases and 11,865 controls, we showed 7 out of the 43 pathways identified in European populations remained to be significant in eastern Asians at the false discovery rate of 0.1. We created a R package and a web-based tool for sARTP with the capability to analyze pathways with thousands of genes and tens of thousands of SNPs.nnAuthor SummaryAs GWAS continue to grow in sample size, it is evident that these studies need to be utilized more effectively for detecting individual susceptibility variants, and more importantly to provide insight into global genetic architecture of complex traits. Towards this goal, identifying association with respect to a collection of variants in biological pathways can be particularly insightful for understanding how networks of genes might be affecting pathophysiology of diseases. Here we present a new pathway analysis procedure that can be conducted using summary-level association statistics, which have become the main vehicle for performing meta-analysis of individual genetic variants across studies in large consortia. Through simulation studies we showed the proposed method was more powerful than the existing state-of-art method. We carried out a comprehensive pathway analysis of 4,713 candidate pathways on their association with T2D using two large studies with European ancestry and identified 43 T2D-associated pathways. Further examinations of those 43 pathways in eight Asian studies showed that some pathways were trans-ethnically associated with T2D. This analysis clearly highlights novel T2D-associated pathways beyond what has been known from single-variant association analysis reported from largest GWAS to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paula L Hyland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifan Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Powerful Procedure for Pathway-based Meta-Analysis Using Summary Statistics Identifies 43 Pathways Associated with Type II Diabetes in European Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulating telomere length from the inside out: The replication fork model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length is regulated around an equilibrium set point. Telomeres shorten during replication and are lengthened by telomerase. Disruption of the length equilibrium leads to disease, thus it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate length at the molecular level. The prevailing protein counting model for regulating telomerase access to elongate the telomere does not explain accumulating evidence of a role of DNA replication in telomere length regulation. Here I present an alternative model: the replication fork model that can explain how passage of a replication fork and regulation of origin firing affect telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carol W Greider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulating telomere length from the inside out: The replication fork model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Times to Key Events in the Course of Zika Infection and their Implications for Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvidence suggests that Zika virus has driven a 10-fold increase in babies born with microcephaly in Brazil, prompting the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, little is known about the natural history of infection. These data are critical for implementing surveillance and control measures such as protecting the blood supply.nnMethodsWe conducted a systematic review and pooled analysis to estimate the distribution of times from Zika infection to symptom onset, seroconversion, and viral clearance, and analyzed their implications for surveillance and blood supply safety.nnResultsBased on 25 cases, we estimate the median incubation period of Zika virus infection is 5.9 days (95% CI: 4.4-7.6), and that 95% of those who do develop symptoms will do so by 11.1 days post-infection (95% CI: 7.6-18.0). On average seroconversion occurs 9.0 days (95% CI, 7.0-11.6) after infection, and virus is detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CI: 6.8-21.4). In 5% of cases detectable virus persists for over 18.9 days (95% CI: 12.6-79.5). The baseline (no screening) risk of a Zika infected blood donation increases by approximately 1 in 10,000 for every 1 per 100,000 person-days increase in Zika incidence. Symptom based screening reduces this by 7% (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-0.99), and antibody screening by 29% (RR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.28-0.88).nnConclusionsSymptom or antibody-based surveillance can do little to reduce the risk of Zika contaminated blood donations. High incidence areas may consider PCR testing to identify lots safe for use in pregnant women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justin Lessler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassandra T. Ott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea C. Carcelen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob M. Konikoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe Williamson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qifang Bi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas G. Reich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek A. T. Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M. Kucirka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelia H. Chaisson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Times to Key Events in the Course of Zika Infection and their Implications for Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for acyl group discrimination by human Gcn5L2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gcn5 is a conserved acetyltransferase that regulates transcription by acetylating the N-terminal tails of histones. Motivated by recent studies identifying a chemically diverse array of lysine acyl modifications in vivo, we examined the acyl chain specificity of the acetyltransferase, human Gcn5 (Gcn5L2). Whereas Gcn5L2 robustly catalyzes lysine acetylation, the acyltransferase activity of Gcn5L2 gets progressively weaker with increasing acyl chain length. To understand how Gcn5 discriminates between different acyl-CoA molecules, we determined structures of the catalytic domain of human Gcn5L2 bound to propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA. Although the active site of Gcn5L2 can accommodate propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA without major structural rearrangements, butyryl-CoA adopts a conformation incompatible with catalysis that obstructs the path of the incoming lysine residue and acts as a competitive inhibitor for Gcn5L2 versus acetyl-CoA. These structures demonstrate how Gcn5L2 discriminates between acyl chain donors and explain why Gcn5L2 has weak activity for acyl moieties that are larger than an acetyl group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alison E. Ringel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cynthia Wolberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for acyl group discrimination by human Gcn5L2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Pan-Genomics: Status, Promises and Challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many disciplines, from human genetics and oncology to plant breeding, microbiology and virology, commonly face the challenge of analyzing rapidly increasing numbers of genomes. In case of Homo sapiens, the number of sequenced genomes will approach hundreds of thousands in the next few years. Simply scaling up established bioinformatics pipelines will not be sufficient for leveraging the full potential of such rich genomic datasets. Instead, novel, qualitatively different computational methods and paradigms are needed. We will witness the rapid extension of computational pan-genomics, a new sub-area of research in computational biology. In this paper, we generalize existing definitions and understand a pan-genome as any collection of genomic sequences to be analyzed jointly or to be used as a reference. We examine already available approaches to construct and use pan-genomes, discuss the potential benefits of future technologies and methodologies, and review open challenges from the vantage point of the above-mentioned biological disciplines. As a prominent example for a computational paradigm shift, we particularly highlight the transition from the representation of reference genomes as strings to representations as graphs. We outline how this and other challenges from different application domains translate into common computational problems, point out relevant bioinformatics techniques and identify open problems in computer science. With this review, we aim to increase awareness that a joint approach to computational pan-genomics can help address many of the problems currently faced in various domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobias Marschall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manja Marz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Abeel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Dijkstra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bas E Dutilh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Ghaffaari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Kersey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigard Kloosterman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veli Makinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Novak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedict Paten</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Porubsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric RIVALS</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Alkan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmijn Baaijens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul I. W. de Bakker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentina Boeva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoul J.P. Bonnal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Chiaromonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayan Chikhi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca D. Ciccarelli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin Cijvat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin Datema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia M. Van Duijn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan E. Eichler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corinna Ernst</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed El-Kebir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnar W. Klau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan O Korbel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric-Wubbo Lameijer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcel Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Medvedev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C. Mu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieter Neerincx</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaasjan Ouwens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre Peterlongo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Pan-Genomics: Status, Promises and Challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assemblytics: a web analytics tool for the detection of assembly-based variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAssemblytics is a web app for detecting and analyzing structural variants from a de novo genome assembly aligned to a reference genome. It incorporates a unique anchor filtering approach to increase robustness to repetitive elements, and identifies six classes of variants based on their distinct alignment signatures. Assemblytics can be applied both to comparing aberrant genomes, such as human cancers, to a reference, or to identify differences between related species. Multiple interactive visualizations enable in-depth explorations of the genomic distributions of variants.nnAvailability and Implementationhttp://qb.cshl.edu/assemblytics, https://github.com/marianattestad/assemblyticsnnContact: mnattest@cshl.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assemblytics: a web analytics tool for the detection of assembly-based variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene cloning and construction of prokaryotic and plant expression vectors of RICIN-A-Chain/PAP-S1 fusion protein and its inhibition of protein synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Design of fusion DNA... DNA Sequencing RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Conclusion References Plants produce toxic proteins known as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) essential to their defense mechanism against outside pathogens. RIPs are RNA N-glycosidases that function by irreversibly inhibiting protein synthesis through the removal of one or more adenine residues from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) [1]. In addition, certain RIPs can remove adenine from DNA and other polynucleotides for which reason they are also known as polynucleotide adenosine glycosidases. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a RIP from Phytolacca americana, can cleave not only adenine, but also guanine from the rRNA of Escherichia coli. RIPs are usually categ ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasser S. Hassan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherry L. Ogg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene cloning and construction of prokaryotic and plant expression vectors of RICIN-A-Chain/PAP-S1 fusion protein and its inhibition of protein synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic miR-16-5p does not act as a reverse transcriptase co-factor to enhance detection of small RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure to detect low-abundance microRNAs (miRNAs), for example, in circulating plasma, may occur for a variety of reasons, including presence of enzyme inhibitors. Recently, we received the unusual but intriguing suggestion that miR-16-5p acts as a co-factor of reverse transcriptases, facilitating more efficient reverse transcription of miRNAs and thus enhanced detection of low-abundance miRNAs. We tested this hypothesis by incubating reverse transcriptase with several concentrations of synthetic miR-16-5p and then performing stem-loop RT-qPCR with serial dilutions of miRNA osa-MIR168a. Our results do not support a role for miR-16 as a co-factor of reverse transcriptase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melissa A McAlexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth W Witwer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic miR-16-5p does not act as a reverse transcriptase co-factor to enhance detection of small RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting DNA Methylation using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing instruments measure the change in electric current caused by DNA transiting through the pore. In experimental and prototype nanopore sequencing devices it has been shown that the electrolytic current signals are sensitive to base modifications, such as 5-methylcytosine. Here we quantify the strength of this effect for the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer. Using synthetically methylated DNA we are able to train a hidden Markov model to distinguish 5-methylcytosine from unmethylated cytosine in DNA. We demonstrate by sequencing natural human DNA, without any special library preparation, that global patterns of methylation can be detected from low-coverage sequencing and that the methylation status of CpG islands can be reliably predicted from single MinION reads. Our trained model and prediction software is open source and freely available to the community under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jared T Simpson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael Workman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip C Zuzarte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis Jonathan Dursi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston Timp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting DNA Methylation using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient structural variations alter gene expression and quantitative traits in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large structural variations (SVs) in the genome are harder to identify than smaller genetic variants but may substantially contribute to phenotypic diversity and evolution. Here we analyze the effects of SVs on gene expression, quantitative traits, and intrinsic reproductive isolation in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We establish a high-quality curated catalog of SVs in the genomes of a worldwide library of S. pombe strains, including duplications, deletions, inversions and translocations. We show that copy number variants (CNVs) frequently segregate within closely related clonal populations, are weakly linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and show other genetic signals consistent with rapid turnover. These transient CNVs produce stoichiometric effects on gene expression both within and outside the duplicated regions. CNVs make substantial contributions to quantitative traits such as cell shape, cell growth under diverse conditions, sugar utilization in winemaking, whereas rearrangements are strongly associated with reproductive isolation. Collectively, these findings have broad implications for evolution and for our understanding of quantitative traits including complex human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Charlton Jeffares</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemency Jolly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimoza Hoti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doug Speed</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charalampos Rallis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liam Shaw</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Balloux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christophe Dessimoz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurg Bahler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient structural variations alter gene expression and quantitative traits in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing phylogenies of metastatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing the evolutionary history of metastases is critical for understanding their basic biological principles and has profound clinical implications1-3. Genome-wide sequencing data has enabled modern phylogenomic methods to accurately dissect subclones and their phylogenies from noisy and impure bulk tumor samples at unprecedented depth4-7. However, existing methods are not designed to infer metastatic seeding patterns. We have developed a tool, called Treeomics, that utilizes Bayesian inference and Integer Linear Programming to reconstruct the phylogeny of metastases. Treeomics allowed us to infer comprehensive seeding patterns for pancreatic8, ovarian9, and prostate cancers10,11. Moreover, Treeomics correctly disambiguated true seeding patterns from sequencing artifacts; 7% of variants were misclassified by conventional statistical methods. These artifacts can skew phylogenies by creating illusory tumor heterogeneity among distinct samples. Last, we performed in silico benchmarking on simulated tumor phylogenies across a wide range of sample purities (30-90%) and sequencing depths (50-800x) to demonstrate the high accuracy of Treeomics compared to existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johannes G Reiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvin P Makohon-Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M Gerold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Bozic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnendu Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin A Nowak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing phylogenies of metastatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Production of Human Erythrocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro production of erythrocytes in physiologic numbers from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds great promise for improved transfusion medicine and novel cell therapies. We report here, for the first time, a strategy for scalable and xeno-free differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from hiPSCs and subsequent erythrocytes specification, by using stepwise cell culture conditions and by integrating spinner flasks and rocker. This system supported robust and reproducible definitive hematopoietic differentiation of multiple hiPSC lines. We demonstrated an ultra-high yield of up to 4x109 CD235a+ erythrocytes at >98% purity when using a 1-litre spinner flask for suspension culture. Erythrocytes generated from our system can reach a mature stage with red blood cell (RBC) characteristics of enucleation, {beta}-globin protein expression and oxygen-binding ability. The entire process is xeno-free and clinically compliant, allowing future mass production of hiPSC-derived RBCs for transfusion medicine purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yongxing Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaoxie He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhaohui Ye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon Gerecht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linzhao Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Production of Human Erythrocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombineering in C. elegans: genome editing using in vivo assembly of linear DNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombineering, the use of endogenous homologous recombination systems to recombine DNA in vivo, is a commonly used technique for genome editing in microbes. Recombineering has not yet been developed for animals, where non-homology-based mechanisms have been thought to dominate DNA repair. Here, we demonstrate that homology-dependent repair (HDR) is robust in C. elegans using linear templates with short homologies (~35 bases). Templates with homology to only one side of a double-strand break initiate repair efficiently, and short overlaps between templates support template switching. We demonstrate the use of single-stranded, bridging oligonucleotides (ssODNs) to target PCR fragments precisely to DSBs induced by CRISPR/Cas9 on chromosomes. Based on these findings, we develop recombineering strategies for genome editing that expand the utility of ssODNs and eliminate in vitro cloning steps for template construction. We apply these methods to the generation of GFP knock-in alleles and gene replacements without co-integrated markers. We conclude that, like microbes, metazoans possess robust homology-dependent repair mechanisms that can be harnessed for recombineering and genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Paix</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helen Schmidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldine Seydoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombineering in C. elegans: genome editing using in vivo assembly of linear DNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bracken: Estimating species abundance in metagenomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a new, highly accurate statistical method that computes the abundance of species in DNA sequences from a metagenomics sample. Bracken (Bayesian Reestimation of Abundance after Classification with KrakEN) uses the taxonomy labels assigned by Kraken, a highly accurate metagenomics classification algorithm, to estimate the number of reads originating from each species present in a sample. Kraken classifies reads to the best matching location in the taxonomic tree, but does not estimate abundances of species. We use the Kraken database itself to derive probabilities that describe how much sequence from each genome is shared with other genomes in the database, and combine this information with the assignments for a particular sample to estimate abundance at the species level, the genus level, or above. Combined with the Kraken classifier, Bracken produces accurate species-and genus-level abundance estimates even when a sample contains multiple near-identical species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian P Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Thielen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bracken: Estimating species abundance in metagenomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Figure-ground organization in visual cortex for natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Figure-ground organization and border-ownership assignment are essential for understanding natural scenes. It has been shown that many neurons in the macaque visual cortex signal border-ownership in displays of simple geometric shapes such as squares, but how well these neurons resolve border-ownership in natural scenes is not known. We studied area V2 neurons in behaving macaques with static images of complex natural scenes. We found that about half of the neurons were border-ownership selective for contours in natural scenes and this selectivity originated from the image context. The border-ownership signals emerged within 70 ms after stimulus onset, only ~30 ms after response onset. A substantial fraction of neurons were highly consistent across scenes. Thus, the cortical mechanisms of figure-ground organization are fast and efficient even in images of complex natural scenes. Understanding how the brain performs this task so fast remains a challenge.nnSignificance StatementHere we show, for the first time, that neurons in primate visual area V2 signal border-ownership for objects in complex natural scenes. Surprisingly, these signals appear as early as the border-ownership signals for simple figure displays. In fact, they emerge well before object selective activity appears in infero-temporal cortex, which rules out feedback from that region as an explanation. Thus, "objectness" is detected by extremely fast mechanisms that do not depend on feedback from the known object-recognition centers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan R. Williford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rüdiger von der Heydt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Figure-ground organization in visual cortex for natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Todays low cost digital data provides unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery from synthesis studies. For example, the medical field is revolutionizing patient care by creating personalized treatment plans based upon mining electronic medical records, imaging, and genomics data. Standardized annotations are essential to subsequent analyses for synthesis studies. However, accurately combining records from diverse studies requires tedious and error-prone human curation, posing a significant barrier to synthesis studies. We propose a novel natural language processing (NLP) algorithm, Synthesize, to merge data annotations automatically. Application to patient characteristics for diverse human cancers and ecological datasets demonstrates the accuracy of Synthesize in diverse scientific disciplines. This NLP approach is implemented in an open-source software package, Synthesizer. Synthesizer is a generalized, user-friendly system for error-free data merging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisa Gandy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Gumm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Kennish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sameer Chavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ann Thessen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi Marchionni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoxan Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shambhavi Shankrit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elana J Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two of the most consistent findings across disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) mouse models are impaired working memory and reduced number or function of parvalbumin interneurons within the prefrontal cortex. While these findings suggest parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in DISC1-related pathophysiology, to date, cortical inhibitory circuit function has not been investigated in depth in DISC1 deficiency mouse models. Here we assessed the function of a feedforward circuit between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice harboring a deletion in one allele of the Disc1 gene. We found that the inhibitory drive onto layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the mPFC was significantly reduced in the Disc1 deficient mice. This reduced inhibition was accompanied by decreased GABA release from local parvalbumin, but not somatostatin, inhibitory interneurons, and by impaired feedforward inhibition in the MD-mPFC circuit. Our results reveal a cellular mechanism by which deficiency in DISC1 causes neural circuit dysfunction frequently implicated in psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kristen Delevich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna Jaaro-Peled</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Penzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akira Sawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parvalbumin interneuron dysfunction in a thalamus - prefrontal cortex circuit in Disc1 deficiency mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centrifuge: rapid and sensitive classification of metagenomic sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrifuge is a novel microbial classification engine that enables rapid, accurate and sensitive labeling of reads and quantification of species on desktop computers. The system uses an indexing scheme based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, optimized specifically for the metagenomic classification problem. Centrifuge requires a relatively small index (4.2 GB for 4,078 bacterial and 200 archaeal genomes) and classifies sequences at very high speed, allowing it to process the millions of reads from a typical high-throughput DNA sequencing run within a few minutes. Together these advances enable timely and accurate analysis of large metagenomics data sets on conventional desktop computers. Because of its space-optimized indexing schemes, Centrifuge also makes it possible to index the entire NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequence database (a total of 109 billion bases) with an index size of 69 GB, in contrast to k-mer based indexing schemes, which require far more extensive space. Centrifuge is available as free, open-source software from www.ccb.jhu.edu/software/centrifuge
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daehwan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian P Breitwieser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven L Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centrifuge: rapid and sensitive classification of metagenomic sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of structural variation on human gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) are an important source of human genetic diversity but their contribution to traits, disease, and gene regulation remains unclear. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project presents an unprecedented opportunity to address this question due to the availability of deep whole genome sequencing (WGS) and multi-tissue RNA-seq data from 147 individuals. We used comprehensive methods to identify 24,157 high confidence SVs, and mapped cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in 13 tissues via joint analysis of SVs, single nucleotide (SNV) and short insertion/deletion (indel) variants. We identified 24,801 eQTLs affecting the expression of 10,101 distinct genes. Based on haplotype structure and heritability partitioning, we estimate that SVs are the causal variant at 3.3-7.0% of eQTLs, which is nearly an order of magnitude higher than prior estimates from low coverage WGS and represents a 26- to 54-fold enrichment relative to their scarcity in the genome. Expression-altering SVs also have significantly larger effect sizes than SNVs and indels. We identified 787 putatively causal SVs predicted to directly alter gene expression, most of which (88.3%) are noncoding variants that show significant enrichment at enhancers and other regulatory elements. By evaluating linkage disequilibrium between SVs, SNVs and indels, we nominate 49 SVs as plausible causal variants at published genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci. Remarkably, 29.9% of the common SV-eQTLs are not well tagged by flanking SNVs, and we observe a notable abundance (relative to SNVs and indels) of rare, high impact SVs associated with aberrant expression of nearby genes. These results suggest that comprehensive WGS-based SV analyses will increase the power of both common and rare variant association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colby Chiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra J Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan N Damani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liron Ganel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald F Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ira M Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of structural variation on human gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phased Diploid Genome Assembly with Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While genome assembly projects have been successful in a number of haploid or inbred species, one of the current main challenges is assembling non-inbred or rearranged heterozygous genomes. To address this critical need, we introduce the open-source FALCON and FALCON-Unzip algorithms (https://github.com/PacificBiosciences/FALCON/) to assemble Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT(R)) Sequencing data into highly accurate, contiguous, and correctly phased diploid genomes. We demonstrate the quality of this approach by assembling new reference sequences for three heterozygous samples, including an F1 hybrid of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the widely cultivated V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, and the coral fungus Clavicorona pyxidata that have challenged short-read assembly approaches. The FALCON-based assemblies were substantially more contiguous and complete than alternate short or long-read approaches. The phased diploid assembly enabled the study of haplotype structures and heterozygosities between the homologous chromosomes, including identifying widespread heterozygous structural variations within the coding sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen-Shan Chin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Peluso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz J. Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory T. Concepcion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicia Clum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Dunn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronan O'Malley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa Figueroa-Balderas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham Morales-Cruz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant R. Cramer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimo Delledonne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chongyuan Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph R. Ecker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dario Cantu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David R. Rank</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C. Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phased Diploid Genome Assembly with Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-selection Inference Following Aggregate Level Hypothesis Testing in Large Scale Genomic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many genomic applications, hypotheses tests are performed by aggregating test-statistics across units within naturally defined classes for powerful identification of signals. Following class-level testing, it is naturally of interest to identify the lower level units which contain true signals. Testing the individual units within a class without taking into account the fact that the class was selected using an aggregate-level test-statistic, will produce biased inference. We develop a hypothesis testing framework that guarantees control for false positive rates conditional on the fact that the class was selected. Specifically, we develop procedures for calculating unit level p-values that allows rejection of null hypotheses controlling for two types of conditional error rates, one relating to family wise rate and the other relating to false discovery rate. We use simulation studies to illustrate validity and power of the proposed procedure in comparison to several possible alternatives. We illustrate the power of the method in a natural application involving whole-genome expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis across 17 tissue types using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruth Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abba Krieger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianxin Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-selection Inference Following Aggregate Level Hypothesis Testing in Large Scale Genomic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
“Gap Hunting” to identify multimodal distributions of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Illumina 450K array has been widely used in epigenetic association studies. Current quality-control (QC) pipelines typically remove certain sets of probes, such as those containing a SNP or with multiple mapping locations. An additional set of potentially problematic probes are those with DNA methylation (DNAm) distributions characterized by two or more distinct clusters separated by gaps. Data-driven identification of such probes may offer additional insights for downstream analyses.nnResultsWe developed a procedure, termed "gap hunting", to identify probes showing clustered distributions. Among 590 peripheral blood samples from the Study to Explore Early Development, we identified 11,007 "gap probes". The vast majority (9,199) are likely attributed to an underlying SNP(s) or other variant in the probe, although SNP-affected probes exist that do not produce a gap signals. Specific factors predict which SNPs lead to gap signals, including type of nucleotide change, probe type, DNA strand, and overall methylation state. These expected effects are demonstrated in paired genotype and 450k data on the same samples. Gap probes can also serve as a surrogate for the local genetic sequence on a haplotype scale and can be used to adjust for population stratification.nnConclusionsThe characteristics of gap probes reflect potentially informative biology. QC pipelines may benefit from an efficient data-driven approach that "flags" gap probes, rather than filtering such probes, followed by careful interpretation of downstream association analyses. Our results should translate directly to the recently released Illumina 850K EPIC array given the similar chemistry and content design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shan V. Andrews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Ladd-Acosta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P. Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D. Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Daniele Fallin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[“Gap Hunting” to identify multimodal distributions of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential energy landscapes reveal the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetics is defined as genomic modifications carrying information independent of DNA sequence heritable through cell division. In 1940, Waddington coined the term "epigenetic landscape" as a metaphor for pluripotency and differentiation, but epigenetic potential energy landscapes have not yet been rigorously defined. Using well-grounded biological assumptions and principles of statistical physics and information theory, we derive potential energy landscapes from whole genome bisulfite sequencing data that allow us to quantify methylation stochasticity genome-wide and discern epigenetic differences using Shannons entropy and the Jensen-Shannon distance. We discover a "developmental wheel" of germ cell lineages and an association between entropy and chromatin structure. Viewing methylation maintenance as a communications system, we introduce methylation channels and show that higher-order chromatin organization can be predicted from their informational properties. Our results provide a fundamental understanding of the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome and a powerful methodology for studying its role in disease and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrett Jenkinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabet Pujadas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Goutsias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential energy landscapes reveal the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Evaluation of Cancer Driver Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing has identified millions of somatic mutations in human cancers, but distinguishing cancer driver genes remains a major challenge. Numerous methods have been developed to identify driver genes, but evaluation of the performance of these methods is hindered by the lack of a gold standard, i.e., bona fide driver gene mutations. Here, we establish an evaluation framework that can be applied when a gold standard is not available. We used this framework to compare the performance of eight driver gene prediction methods. One of these methods, newly described here, incorporated a machine learning-based ratiometric approach. We show that the driver genes predicted by each of these eight methods vary widely. Moreover, the p-values reported by several of the methods were inconsistent with the uniform values expected, thus calling into question the assumptions that were used to generate them. Finally, we evaluated the potential effects of unexplained variability in mutation rates on false positive driver gene predictions. Our analysis points to the strengths and weaknesses of each of the currently available methods and offers guidance for improving them in the future.nnSignificanceModern large-scale sequencing of human cancers seeks to comprehensively discover mutated genes that confer a selective advantage to cancer cells. Key to this effort has been development of computational algorithms to find genes that drive cancer, based on their patterns of mutation in large patient cohorts. However, since there is no generally accepted gold standard of driver genes, it has been difficult to quantitatively compare these methods. We present a new machine learning method for driver gene prediction and a rigorous protocol to evaluate and compare prediction methods. Our results suggest that most current methods do not adequately account for heterogeneity in the number of mutations expected by chance and consequently have many false positive calls. The problem is most acute for cancers with high mutation rates and comprehensive discovery of drivers in these cancers may be more difficult than currently anticipated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collin Tokheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickolas Papadopoulis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth W Kinzler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bert Vogelstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Karchin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Evaluation of Cancer Driver Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using imputed genotype data in the joint score tests for genetic association and gene-environment interactions in case-control studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now routinely imputed for untyped SNPs based on various powerful statistical algorithms for imputation trained on reference datasets. The use of predicted allele count for imputed SNPs as the dosage variable is known to produce valid score test for genetic association.nnMethodsIn this paper, we investigate how to best handle imputed SNPs in various modern complex tests for genetic association incorporating gene-environment interactions. We focus on case-control association studies where inference in an underlying logistic regression model can be performed using alternative methods that rely on varying degree on an assumption of gene-environment independence in the underlying population. As increasingly large scale GWAS are being performed through consortia effort where it is preferable to share only summary-level information across studies, we also describe simple mechanisms for implementing score-tests based on standard meta-analysis of "one-step" maximum-likelihood estimates across studies.nnResultsApplications of the methods in simulation studies and a dataset from genome-wide association study of lung cancer illustrate ability of the proposed methods to maintain type-I error rates for underlying testing procedures. For analysis of imputed SNPs, similar to typed SNPs, retrospective methods can lead to considerable efficiency gain for modeling of gene-environment interactions under the assumption of gene-environment independence.nnConclusionsProposed methods allow valid analysis of imputed SNPs in case-control studies of gene-environment interaction using alternative strategies that had been earlier available only for genotyped SNPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minsun Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil Caporaso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Teressa Landi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using imputed genotype data in the joint score tests for genetic association and gene-environment interactions in case-control studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is highly heritable, although identification of its underlying genetic cause(s) has remained elusive. We examined a European ancestry sample composed of 2,435 TS cases and 4,100 controls for copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarrays and identified two genome-wide significant loci that confer a substantial increase in risk for TS (NRXN1, OR=20.3, 95%CI [2.6-156.2], p=6.0 x 10-6; CNTN6, OR=10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4], p=3.7 x 10-5). Approximately 1% of TS cases carried one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alden Y Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmei Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea K Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae-Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotis Tsetsos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasily Ramensky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivette Zelaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliana Marisa Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Osiecki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason A Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia Illmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sandor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Barr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grados</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey S Singer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus M Noethen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Hebebrand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yves Dion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Rouleau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Budman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christel Depienne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yulia Worbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Hartmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten R Muller-Vahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfred Stuhrmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Aschauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Stamenkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Schloegelhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Konstantinidis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholson L Lyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William M McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csaba Barta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsanett Tarnok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Nagy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R Batterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renata Rizzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle C Cath</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome analysis of the methylome and hydroxymethylome in normal and malignant lung and liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation at the 5-postion of cytosine (5mC) is a well-established epigenetic modification which regulates gene expression and cellular plasticity in development and disease. The ten-eleven translocation (TET) gene family is able to oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (5hmC), providing an active mechanism for DNA demethylation, and may also provide its own regulatory function. Here we applied oxidative bisulfite sequencing to generate whole-genome DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation maps at single-base resolution in paired human liver and lung normal and cancer. We found that 5hmC is significantly enriched in CpG island (CGI) shores while depleted in CGIs themselves, in particular at active genes, resulting in a 5hmC but not 5mC bimodal distribution around CGI corresponding to H3K4me1 marks. Hydroxymethylation on promoters, gene bodies, and transcription termination regions showed strong positive correlation with gene expression within and across tissues, suggesting that 5hmC is a mark of active genes and could play a role gene expression mediated by DNA demethylation. Comparative analysis of methylomes and hydroxymethylomes revealed that 5hmC is significantly enriched in both tissue specific DMRs (t-DMRs) and cancer specific DMRs (c-DMRs), and 5hmC is negatively correlated with methylation changes, particularly in non-CGI associated DMRs. Together these findings indicate that changes in 5mC as well as in 5hmC and coupled to H3K4me1 correspond to differential gene expression in tissues and matching tumors, revealing an intricate gene expression regulation through interplay of methylome, hydroxyl-methylome, and histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Salz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome analysis of the methylome and hydroxymethylome in normal and malignant lung and liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADPriboDB: The Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation refers to the addition of one or more ADP-ribose units onto proteins post-translationally. This protein modification is often added by ADP-ribosyltransferases, commonly known as PARPs, but it can also be added by other enzymes, including sirtuins or bacterial toxins. While past literature has utilized a variety of methods to identify ADP-ribosylated proteins, recent proteomics studies bring the power of mass spectrometry to determine sites of the modification. To appreciate the diverse roles of ADP-ribosylation across the proteome, we have created ADPriboDB--a database of ADP-ribosylated proteins (http://ADPriboDB.leunglab.org). Each entry of ADPriboDB is annotated manually by at least two independent curators from the literature between January 1975 and July 2015. The current database includes over 12,400 protein entries from 459 publications, identifying 2,389 unique proteins. Here we describe the structure and the current state of ADPriboDB as well as the criteria for entry inclusion. Using this aggregate data, we identified a statistically significant enrichment of ADP-ribosylated proteins in non-membranous RNA granules. To our knowledge, ADPriboDB is the first publicly available database encapsulating ADP-ribosylated proteins identified from the past 40 years, with a hope to facilitate the research of both basic scientists and clinicians to better understand ADP-ribosylation at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christina Vivelo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricky Wat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charul Agrawal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui Yi Tee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Leung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADPriboDB: The Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid assembly of the large and highly repetitive genome of Aegilops tauschii, a progenitor of bread wheat, with the mega-reads algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long sequencing reads generated by single-molecule sequencing technology offer the possibility of dramatically improving the contiguity of genome assemblies. The biggest challenge today is that long reads have relatively high error rates, currently around 15%. The high error rates make it difficult to use this data alone, particularly with highly repetitive plant genomes. Errors in the raw data can lead to insertion or deletion errors (indels) in the consensus genome sequence, which in turn create significant problems for downstream analysis; for example, a single indel may shift the reading frame and incorrectly truncate a protein sequence. Here we describe an algorithm that solves the high error rate problem by combining long, high-error reads with shorter but much more accurate Illumina sequencing reads, whose error rates average <1%. Our hybrid assembly algorithm combines these two types of reads to construct mega-reads, which are both long and accurate, and then assembles the mega-reads using the CABOG assembler, which was designed for long reads. We apply this technique to a large data set of Illumina and PacBio sequences from the species Aegilops tauschii, a large and highly repetitive plant genome that has resisted previous attempts at assembly. We show that the resulting assembled contigs are far larger than in any previous assembly, with an N50 contig size of 486,807. We compare the contigs to independently produced optical maps to evaluate their large-scale accuracy, and to a set of high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based assemblies to evaluate base-level accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleksey V Zimin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniela Puiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming-Cheng Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingting Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Koren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James A. Yorke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Dvorak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Salzberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid assembly of the large and highly repetitive genome of Aegilops tauschii, a progenitor of bread wheat, with the mega-reads algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
recount: A large-scale resource of analysis-ready RNA-seq expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
recount is a resource of processed and summarized expression data spanning nearly 60,000 human RNA-seq samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The associated recount Bio-conductor package provides a convenient API for querying, downloading, and analyzing the data. Each processed study consists of meta/phenotype data, the expression levels of genes and their underlying exons and splice junctions, and corresponding genomic annotation. We also provide data summarization types for quantifying novel transcribed sequence including base-resolution coverage and potentially unannotated splice junctions. We present workflows illustrating how to use recount to perform differential expression analysis including meta-analysis, annotation-free base-level analysis, and replication of smaller studies using data from larger studies. recount provides a valuable and user-friendly resource of processed RNA-seq datasets to draw additional biological insights from existing public data. The resource is available at https://jhubiostatistics.shinyapps.io/recount/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonardo Collado-Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Kammers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret A Taub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper D Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[recount: A large-scale resource of analysis-ready RNA-seq expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exaggerated CpH Methylation in the Autism-Affected Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The etiology of autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, remains largely unexplained. Here, we explore the role of CpG and CpH (H=A, C, or T) methylation within autism-affected cortical brain tissue. While no individual site of methylation was significantly associated with autism after multi-test correction, methylated CpH di-nucleotides were markedly enriched in autism-affected brains (~2-fold enrichment at p <0.05 cut-off, p=0.002). These results further implicate epigenetic alterations in pathobiological mechanisms that underlie autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shannon E Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone Gupta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Moes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew B West</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan E Arking</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exaggerated CpH Methylation in the Autism-Affected Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling and docking antibody structures with Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe Rosetta-based computational protocols for predicting the three-dimensional structure of an antibody from sequence and then docking the antibody-protein-antigen complexes. Antibody modeling leverages canonical loop conformations to graft large segments from experimentally-determined structures as well as (1) energetic calculations to minimize loops, (2) docking methodology to refine the VL-VH relative orientation, and (3) de novo prediction of the elusive complementarity determining region (CDR) H3 loop. To alleviate model uncertainty, antibody-antigen docking resamples CDR loop conformations and can use multiple models to represent an ensemble of conformations for the antibody, the antigen or both. These protocols can be run fully-automated via the ROSIE web server or manually on a computer with user control of individual steps. For best results, the protocol requires roughly 2,500 CPU-hours for antibody modeling and 250 CPU-hours for antibody-antigen docking. Tasks can be completed in under a day by using public supercomputers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brian D. Weitzner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazko Jeliazkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Lyskov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas A Marze</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daisuke Kuroda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahel Frick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naireeta Biswas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey J Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling and docking antibody structures with Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes microcephaly and has been linked to other brain abnormalities. How ZIKV impairs brain development and function is unclear. Here we systematically profiled transcriptomes of human neural progenitor cells exposed to Asian ZIKVC, African ZIKVM, and dengue virus (DENV). In contrast to the robust global transcriptome changes induced by DENV, ZIKV has a more selective and larger impact on expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair. While overall expression profiles are similar, ZIKVC, but not ZIKVM, induces upregulation of viral response genes and TP53. P53 inhibitors can block the apoptosis induced by both ZIKVC and ZIKVM in hNPCs, with higher potency against ZIKVC-induced apoptosis. Our analyses reveal virus- and strain-specific molecular signatures associated with ZIKV infection. These datasets will help to investigate ZIKV-host interactions and identify neurovirulence determinants of ZIKV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feiran Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christy Hammack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Ogden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yichen Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhexing Wen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuyu Qian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha Nam Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yujing Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tianlei Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhiqin Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao Feng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei-Kai Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ki-jun Yoon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei-Yong Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxoiu Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhaohui Qin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberly Christian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingjiang Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menghang Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongjun Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengli Tang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo-li Ming</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng Jin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures associated with ZIKV exposure in human cortical neural progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for RNA quality correction in differential expression analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful approach for measuring gene expression levels in cells and tissues, but it relies on high-quality RNA. We demonstrate here that statistical adjustment employing existing quality measures largely fails to remove the effects of RNA degradation when RNA quality associates with the outcome of interest. Using RNA-seq data from a molecular degradation experiment of human brain tissue, we introduce the quality surrogate variable (qSVA) analysis framework for estimating and removing the confounding effect of RNA quality in differential expression analysis. We show this approach results in greatly improved replication rates (>3x) across two large independent postmortem human brain studies of schizophrenia. Finally, we explored public datasets to demonstrate potential RNA quality confounding when comparing expression levels of different brain regions and diagnostic groups beyond schizophrenia. Our approach can therefore improve the interpretation of differential expression analysis of transcriptomic data from the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew E Jaffe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran Tao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Norris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Kealhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhinav Nellore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankai Jia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Hyde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel Kleinman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Straub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Leek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Weinberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for RNA quality correction in differential expression analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetics of gene regulation provides information on the cellular mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits. Expression quantitative trait loci, or eQTLs, are enriched for polymorphisms that have been found to be associated with disease risk. While most analyses of human data has focused on regulation of expression by nearby variants (cis-eQTLs), distal or trans-eQTLs may have broader effects on the transcriptome and important phenotypic consequences, necessitating a comprehensive study of the effects of genetic variants on distal gene transcription levels. In this work, we identify trans-eQTLs in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project data1, consisting of 449 individuals with RNA-sequencing data across 44 tissue types. We find 81 genes with a trans-eQTL in at least one tissue, and we demonstrate that trans-eQTLs are more likely than cis-eQTLs to have effects specific to a single tissue. We evaluate the genomic and functional properties of trans-eQTL variants, identifying strong enrichment in enhancer elements and Piwi-interacting RNA clusters. Finally, we describe three tissue-specific regulatory loci underlying relevant disease associations: 9q22 in thyroid that has a role in thyroid cancer, 5q31 in skeletal muscle, and a previously reported master regulator near KLF14 in adipose. These analyses provide a comprehensive characterization of trans-eQTLs across human tissues, which contribute to an improved understanding of the tissue-specific cellular mechanisms of regulatory genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brian Jo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel Gewirtz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna Gliner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhm Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Z He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Yong Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian C McDowell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashis Saha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristin G Ardlie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher D Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald F Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanouil T Dermitzakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiara Sabatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare genetic variants are abundant in humans yet their functional effects are often unknown and challenging to predict. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project provides a unique opportunity to identify the functional impact of rare variants through combined analyses of whole genomes and multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data. Here, we identify gene expression outliers, or individuals with extreme expression levels, across 44 human tissues, and characterize the contribution of rare variation to these large changes in expression. We find 58% of underexpression and 28% of overexpression outliers have underlying rare variants compared with 9% of non-outliers. Large expression effects are enriched for proximal loss-of-function, splicing, and structural variants, particularly variants near the TSS and at evolutionarily conserved sites. Known disease genes have expression outliers, underscoring that rare variants can contribute to genetic disease risk. To prioritize functional rare regulatory variants, we develop RIVER, a Bayesian approach that integrates RNA and whole genome sequencing data from the same individual. RIVER predicts functional variants significantly better than models using genomic annotations alone, and is an extensible tool for personal genome interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that rare variants contribute to large gene expression changes across tissues with potential health consequences, and provide an integrative method for interpreting rare variants in individual genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K. Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R. Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan N. Damani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colby Chiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J. Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra J. Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Ganna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Merker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ira M. Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B. Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping provides a powerful means to identify functional variants influencing gene expression and disease pathogenesis. We report the identification of cis-eQTLs from 7,051 post-mortem samples representing 44 tissues and 449 individuals as part of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We find a cis-eQTL for 88% of all annotated protein-coding genes, with one-third having multiple independent effects. We identify numerous tissue-specific cis-eQTLs, highlighting the unique functional impact of regulatory variation in diverse tissues. By integrating large-scale functional genomics data and state-of-the-art fine-mapping algorithms, we identify multiple features predictive of tissue-specific and shared regulatory effects. We improve estimates of cis-eQTL sharing and effect sizes using allele specific expression across tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this large compendium of cis-eQTLs for understanding the tissue-specific etiology of complex traits, including coronary artery disease. The GTEx project provides an exceptional resource that has improved our understanding of gene regulation across tissues and the role of regulatory variation in human genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan S Abell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laure Fresard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Gelfand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machael J Gloudemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhad Hormozdiari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxiang Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego Garrido-Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halit Ongen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John J Palowitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YoSon Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey A Shabalin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler C Shimko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole A Teran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailei Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi-Hui Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D Bustamonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-laboratory assessment of reproducibility, qualitative and quantitative performance of SWATH-mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative proteomics employing mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in basic and applied life science research. Methods based on data-dependent acquisition have proved extremely valuable for qualitative proteome analysis but historically have struggled to achieve reproducible quantitative data if large sample cohorts are comparatively analyzed. Targeted proteomics, most commonly implemented as selected reaction monitoring, has emerged as a powerful alternative and succeeded in providing a data independent approach for reproducible quantitative proteomics data but is limited in the number of proteins quantified. SWATH-MS is a recently introduced technique consisting of a data-independent acquisition and a targeted data analysis strategy that aims to maintain the favorable quantitative characteristics (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) achieved in targeted proteomics but on the scale of thousands of proteins. While previous SWATH-MS studies have shown high intra-lab reproducibility, this has not been evaluated on an inter-lab basis. In this multi-laboratory evaluation study using data from 11 sites worldwide, we have demonstrated that using SWATH-MS we can consistently detect and quantify more than 4,000 proteins from HEK293 cells and that the quantitative protein data generated across laboratories is reproducible. Using synthetic peptide dilution series, we have shown that the sensitivity, dynamic range and reproducibility established with SWATH-MS methods are also uniformly achieved across labs. This study demonstrates that SWATH-MS is a reproducible and accurate technique that can be confidently deployed for large-scale protein quantification in life science research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben C Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie L Hunter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yansheng Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgit Schilling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Rosenberger Rosenberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel L Bader</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel W Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford W Gibson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne-Claude Gingras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Held</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mio Hirayama-Kurogi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guixue Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Krisp Krisp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brett Larsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqi Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark P Molloy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert L Moritz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumio Ohtsuki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph Schlapbach</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathalie Selevsek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani N Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin-Cheng Tzeng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruedi Aebersold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-laboratory assessment of reproducibility, qualitative and quantitative performance of SWATH-mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing pre-defined workflows with ad hoc analytics using Galaxy, Docker and Jupyter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What does it take to convert a heap of sequencing data into a publishable result? First, common tools are employed to reduce primary data (sequencing reads) to a form suitable for further analyses (i.e., list of variable sites). The subsequent exploratory stage is much more ad hoc and requires development of custom scripts making it problematic for biomedical researchers. Here we describe a hybrid platform combining common analysis pathways with exploratory environments. It aims at fully encompassing and simplifying the "raw data-to-publication" pathway and making it reproducible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Björn Grüning</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Rasche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boris Rebolledo Jaramillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carl Eberhard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torsten Houwaart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Chilton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Coraor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolf Backofen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Nekrutenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing pre-defined workflows with ad hoc analytics using Galaxy, Docker and Jupyter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GenomeScope: Fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGenomeScope is an open-source web tool to rapidly estimate the overall characteristics of a genome, including genome size, heterozygosity rate, and repeat content from unprocessed short reads. These features are essential for studying genome evolution, and help to choose parameters for downstream analysis. We demonstrate its accuracy on 324 simulated and 16 real datasets with a wide range in genome sizes, heterozygosity levels, and error rates.nnAvailability and Implementationhttp://genomescope.org, https://github.com/schatzlab/genomescope.gitnnContactmschatz@jhu.edu.nnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory W Vurture</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz J Sedlazeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Nattestad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles J. Underwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han Fang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Gurtowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Schatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GenomeScope: Fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data aggregation at the level of molecular pathways improves stability of experimental transcriptomic and proteomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput technologies opened a new era in biomedicine by enabling massive analysis of gene expression at both RNA and protein levels. Unfortunately, expression data obtained in different experiments are often poorly compatible, even for the same biological samples. Here, using experimental and bioinformatic investigation of major experimental platforms, we show that aggregation of gene expression data at the level of molecular pathways helps to diminish cross- and intra-platform bias otherwise clearly seen at the level of individual genes. We created a mathematical model of cumulative suppression of data variation that predicts the ideal parameters and the optimal size of a molecular pathway. We compared the abilities to aggregate experimental molecular data for the five alternative methods, also evaluated by their capacity to retain meaningful features of biological samples. The bioinformatic method OncoFinder showed optimal performance in both tests and should be very useful for future cross-platform data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Borisov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria Suntsova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Garazha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksenia Lezhnina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olga Kovalchuk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Aliper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Ilnitskaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxim Sorokin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihkail Korzinkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyacheslav Saenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yury Saenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitry G. Sokov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurshat M. Gaifullin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirill Kashintsev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valery Shirokorad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irina Shabalina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Zhavoronkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhubaneswar Mishra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles R. Cantor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Buzdin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data aggregation at the level of molecular pathways improves stability of experimental transcriptomic and proteomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice of reference genome can introduce massive bias in bisulfite sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the study of DNA methylation, genetic variation between species, strains, or individuals can result in CpG sites that are exclusive to a subset of samples, and insertions and deletions can rearrange the spatial distribution of CpGs. How to account for this variation in an analysis of the interplay between sequence variation and DNA methylation is not well understood, especially when the number of CpG differences between samples is large. Here we use whole-genome bisulfite sequencint data on two highly divergent inbred mouse strains to study this problem. We find that while the large number of strain-specific CpGs necessitates considerations regarding the reference genomes used during alignment, properties such as CpG density are surprisingly conserved across the genome. We introduce a method for including strain-specific CpGs in differential analysis, and show that accounting for strain-specific CpGs increases the power to find differentially methylated regions between the strains. Our method uses smoothing to impute methylation levels at strain-specific sites, thereby allowing strain-specific CpGs to contribute to the analysis, and also allowing us to account for differences in the spatial occurrences of CpGs. Our results have implications for analysis of genetic variation and DNA methylation using bisulfite-converted DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillip Wulfridge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Langmead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew P Feinberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice of reference genome can introduce massive bias in bisulfite sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the genetic epidemiology of Crohn’s and rare diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of a broader collaborative network of exome sequencing studies, we developed a jointly called data set of 5,685 Ashkenazi Jewish exomes. We make publicly available a resource of site and allele frequencies, which should serve as a reference for medical genetics in the Ashkenazim. We estimate that 30% of protein-coding alleles present in the Ashkenazi Jewish population at frequencies greater than 0.2% are significantly more frequent (mean 7.6-fold) than their maximum frequency observed in other reference populations. Arising via a well-described founder effect, this catalog of enriched alleles can contribute to differences in genetic risk and overall prevalence of diseases between populations. As validation we document 151 AJ enriched protein-altering alleles that overlap with "pathogenic" ClinVar alleles, including those that account for 10-100 fold differences in prevalence between AJ and non-AJ populations of some rare diseases including Gaucher disease (GBA, p.Asn409Ser, 8-fold enrichment); Canavan disease (ASPA, p.Glu285Ala, 12-fold enrichment); and Tay-Sachs disease (HEXA, c.1421+1G>C, 27-fold enrichment; p.Tyr427IlefsTer5, 12-fold enrichment). We next sought to use this catalog, of well-established relevance to Mendelian disease, to explore Crohns disease, a common disease with an estimated two to four-fold excess prevalence in AJ. We specifically evaluate whether strong acting rare alleles, enriched by the same founder-effect, contribute excess genetic risk to Crohns disease in AJ, and find that ten rare genetic risk factors in NOD2 and LRRK2 are strongly enriched in AJ, including several novel contributing alleles, show evidence of association to CD. Independently, we find that genomewide common variant risk defined by GWAS shows a strong difference between AJ and non-AJ European control population samples (0.97 s.d. higher, p<10-16). Taken together, the results suggest coordinated selection in AJ population for higher CD risk alleles in general. The results and approach illustrate the value of exome sequencing data in case-control studies along with reference data sets like ExAC to pinpoint genetic variation that contributes to variable disease predisposition across populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel Antonio Rivas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukka Koskela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailiang Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Stevens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon E Avila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talin Haritunians</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja Kurki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Ganna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Graham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Glaser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inga Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Atzmon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Barzilai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Levine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Schiff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolas Pontikos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Weisburd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad J Karczewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Minikel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt-Sabina Petersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent Beaugerie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Seksik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques Cosnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Schreiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernd Bokemeyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Bethge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIDDK IBD Genetics consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T2D-GENES consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham Heap</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq Ahmad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Plagnol</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony W Segal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Targan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paivi Saavalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martti Farkkila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmo Kontula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the genetic epidemiology of Crohn’s and rare diseases in the Ashkenazi Jewish population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTPase activity-coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell-wall synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ is the central component of the division machinery, coordinating an ensemble of proteins involved in septal cell-wall synthesis to ensure successful constriction. How cells achieve this coordination is unknown. We used a combination of imaging, genetic and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that in Escherichia coli cells FtsZ exhibits dynamic treadmilling predominantly determined by its GTPase activity, and that the treadmilling dynamics directs processive movement of the septal cell-wall synthesis machinery. In FtsZ mutants with severely reduced treadmilling, the spatial distribution of septal synthesis and the molecular composition and ultrastructure of the septal cell wall are substantially altered. Thus, the treadmilling of FtsZ provides a novel and robust mechanism for achieving uniform septal cell-wall synthesis to enable correct new pole morphology.nnOne-sentence summaryThe bacterial tubulin FtsZ uses GTP hydrolysis to power treadmilling, driving processive synthesis of the septal cell wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xinxing Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhixin Lyu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Miguel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan McQuillen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwyn Kerwyn Casey Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Xiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTPase activity-coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell-wall synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing multi- and single-sample variant calls to improve variant call sets from deep coverage whole-genome sequencing data 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationVariant calling from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is susceptible to false positive calls due to sequencing, mapping and other errors. To better distinguish true from false positive calls, we present a method that uses genotype array data from the sequenced samples, rather than public data such as HapMap or dbSNP, to train an accurate classifier using Random Forests. We demonstrate our method on a set of variant calls obtained from 642 African-ancestry genomes from the The Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA), sequenced to high depth (30X).nnResultsWe have applied our classifier to compare call sets generated with different calling methods, including both single-sample and multi-sample callers. At a False Positive Rate of 5%, our method determines true positive rates of 97.5%, 95% and 99% on variant calls obtained using Illuminas single-sample caller CASAVA, Real Time Genomics multisample variant caller, and the GATK Unified Genotyper, respectively. Since most NGS sequencing data is accompanied by genotype data for the same samples, our method can be trained on each dataset to provide a more accurate computational validation of site calls compared to generic methods. Moreover, our method allows for adjustment based on allele frequency (e.g., a different set of criteria to determine quality for rare vs. common variants) and thereby provides insight into sequencing characteristics that indicate data quality for variants of different frequencies.nnAvailabilityCode will be made available prior to publication on Github.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suyash S. Shringarpure</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasika A. Mathias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan D Hernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy D. O'Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary A. Szpiech</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raul Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco M. De La Vega</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D. Bustamante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen C. Barnes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret A. Taub</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>on behalf of the CAAPA consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing multi- and single-sample variant calls to improve variant call sets from deep coverage whole-genome sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene co-expression networks capture biologically important patterns in gene expression data, enabling functional analyses of genes, discovery of biomarkers, and interpretation of regulatory genetic variants. Most network analyses to date have been limited to assessing correlation between total gene expression levels in a single or small sets of tissues. Here, we have reconstructed networks that capture a much more complete set of regulatory relationships, specifically including regulation of relative isoform abundance and splicing, and tissue-specific connections unique to each of a diverse set of tissues. Using the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project v6 RNA-sequencing data across 44 tissues in 449 individuals, we evaluated shared and tissue-specific network relationships. First, we developed a framework called Transcriptome Wide Networks (TWNs) for combining total expression and relative isoform levels into a single sparse network, capturing the complex interplay between the regulation of splicing and transcription. We built TWNs for sixteen tissues, and found that hubs with isoform node neighbors in these networks were strongly enriched for splicing and RNA binding genes, demonstrating their utility in unraveling regulation of splicing in the human transcriptome, and providing a set of candidate shared and tissue-specific regulatory hub genes. Next, we used a Bayesian biclustering model that identifies network edges between genes with co-expression in a single tissue to reconstruct tissue-specific networks (TSNs) for 27 distinct GTEx tissues and for four subsets of related tissues. Using both TWNs and TSNs, we characterized gene co-expression patterns shared across tissues. Finally, we found genetic variants associated with multiple neighboring nodes in our networks, supporting the estimated network structures and identifying 33 genetic variants with distant regulatory impact on transcription and splicing. Our networks provide an improved understanding of the complex relationships between genes in the human transcriptome, including tissue-specificity of gene co-expression, regulation of splicing, and the coordinated impact of genetic variation on transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashis Saha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yungil Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel D. H. Gewirtz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Jo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuan Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian C McDowell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIDS Apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of progress in human neurosciences is limited by the inability to easily apply a wide range of analysis methods to the plethora of different datasets acquired in labs around the world. In this work, we introduce a framework for creating, testing, versioning and archiving portable applications for analyzing neuroimaging data organized and described in compliance with the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS). The portability of these applications (BIDS Apps) is achieved by using container technologies that encapsulate all binary and other dependencies in one convenient package. BIDS Apps run on all three major operating systems with no need for complex setup and configuration and thanks to the comprehensiveness richness of the BIDS standard they require little manual user input. Previous containerized data processing solutions were limited to single user environments and not compatible with most multi-tenant High Performance Computing systems. BIDS Apps overcome this limitation by taking advantage of the Singularity container technology. As a proof of concept, this work is accompanied by 22 ready to use BIDS Apps, packaging a diverse set of commonly used neuroimaging algorithms.nnAuthor SummaryMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive way to measure human brain structure and activity that has been used for over 25 years. There are thousands MRI studies performed every year generating a substantial amount of data. At the same time, many new data analysis methods are being developed every year. The potential of using new analysis methods on the variety of existing and newly acquired data is hindered by difficulties in software deployment and lack of support for standardized input data. Here we propose to use container technology to make deployment of a wide range of data analysis techniques easy. In addition, we adapt the existing data analysis tools to interface with data organized in a standardized way. We hope that this approach will enable researchers to access a wider range of methods when analyzing their data which will lead to accelerated progress in human neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidel Alfaro-Almagro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibor Auer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre Bellec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihai Capota</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallar Chakravarty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan W. Churchill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Devenyi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Eklund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar Esteban</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Flandin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Swaroop Guntupalli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Jenkinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anisha Keshavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Kiar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep Reddy Raamana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Raffelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Steele</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Olivier Quirion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert E. Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen Strother</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gael Varoquaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Yarkoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yida Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIDS Apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of hand function after stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Hand function can be partitioned into strength and independent control of fingers (individuation). Here we developed a novel paradigm, which independently quantifies these two aspects of hand function, to track hand recovery in 54 patients with hemiparesis over the first year after their stroke. Most recovery of both strength and individuation occurred in the first three months after stroke. Improvement in strength and individuation were tightly correlated up to a strength level of approximately 60% of the unaffected side. Beyond this threshold, further gains in strength were not accompanied by improvements in individuation. Any observed improvements in individuation beyond the 60% threshold were attributable instead to a second independent stable factor. Lesion analysis revealed that damage to the hand area in motor cortex and the corticospinal tract (CST) correlated more with individuation than with strength. CST involvement correlated with individuation even after factoring out the strength-individuation correlation. The most parsimonious explanation for these behavioral and lesion-based findings is that most strength recovery, along with some individuation, can be attributed to descending systems other than the CST, whereas further recovery of individuation is CST dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveed Ejaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Hertler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meret Branscheidt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Widmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreia V Faria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Harran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan C Cortes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo A Celnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomoko Kitago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Luft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John W Krakauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jörn Diedrichsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of hand function after stroke: separable systems for finger strength and control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a modular automated system for maintenance and differentiation of adherent human pluripotent stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have tremendous potential for development of regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug discovery. However, the processes of reprogramming, maintenance and differentiation are labour intensive and subject to inter-technician variability. To address these issues, we established and optimised protocols to allow for the automated maintenance of reprogrammed somatic cells into iPSCs to enable the large-scale culture and passaging of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using a customized TECAN Freedom EVO. Generation of iPSCs was performed offline by nucleofection followed by selection of TRA-1-60 positive cells using a Miltenyi MultiMACS24 Separator. Pluripotency markers were assessed to confirm pluripotency of the generated iPSCs. Passaging was performed using an enzyme-free dissociation method. Proof of concept of differentiation was obtained by differentiating human PSCs into cells of the retinal lineage. Key advantages of this automated approach are the ability to increase sample size, reduce variability during reprogramming or differentiation, and enable medium to high-throughput analysis of human PSCs and derivatives. These techniques will become increasingly important with the emergence of clinical trials using stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan E Crombie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciej Daniszewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helena H Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejal Kulkarni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace E Lidgerwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison Conquest</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian Hernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandy S Hung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine P Gill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth De Smit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa S Kearns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda Clarke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin M Sluch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xitiz Chamling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald J Zack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond CB Wong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Hewitt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alice Pebay</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a modular automated system for maintenance and differentiation of adherent human pluripotent stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of Subjective Effort Cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perceived effort level of an action shapes everyday decisions. Despite the importance of these perceptions for decision-making, the behavioral and neural representations of the subjective cost of effort are not well understood. While a number of studies have implicated anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in decisions about effort/reward trade-offs, none have experimentally isolated effort valuation from reward and choice difficulty, a function that is commonly ascribed to this region. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity while human participants engaged in uncertain choices for prospective physical effort. Our task was designed to examine effort-based decision making in the absence of reward and separated from choice difficulty - allowing us to investigate the brains role in effort valuation, independent of these other factors. Participants exhibited subjectivity in their decision-making, displaying increased sensitivity to changes in subjective effort as objective effort levels increased. Analysis of blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activity revealed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encoded the subjective valuation of prospective effort and ACC encoded choice difficulty. These results provide insight into the processes responsible for decision-making regarding effort, dissociating the roles of vmPFC and ACC in prospective valuation of effort and choice difficulty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick S Hogan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary D Frydman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph K Galaro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram S Chib</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of Subjective Effort Cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iCARE: An R Package to Build and Apply Absolute Risk Models 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report describes a R package, called the Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimation (iCARE) tool, that allows researchers to build and evaluate models for absolute risk and apply them to estimate an individuals risk of developing disease during a specified time interval based on a set of user defined input parameters. An attractive feature of the software is that it gives users flexibility to update models rapidly based on new knowledge on risk factors and tailor models to different populations by specifying three input arguments: (1) a model for relative risk, (2) an age-specific disease incidence rate, (3) the distribution of risk factors for the population of interest. The tool can handle missing information on risk factors for individuals for whom risks are to be predicted using a coherent approach where all estimates are derived from a single model after appropriate model averaging. The software allows single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be incorporated into the model using published odds ratios and allele frequencies. The validation component of the software implements the methods for evaluation of model calibration, discrimination and risk-stratification based on independent validation datasets. We provide an illustration of the utility of iCARE for building, validating and applying absolute risk models using breast cancer as an example.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paige Maas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Brook</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Check</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montserrat Garcia-Closas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilanjan Chatterjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iCARE: An R Package to Build and Apply Absolute Risk Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chd1 chromatin remodeler shifts hexasomes unidirectionally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their canonical two-fold symmetry, nucleosomes in biological contexts are often asymmetric: functionalized with post-translational modifications (PTMs), substituted with histone variants, and even lacking H2A/H2B dimers. Here we show that the Widom 601 nucleosome positioning sequence can be used to produce hexasomes in a specific orientation on DNA, which provide a useful tool for interrogating chromatin enzymes and allow for the generation of precisely defined asymmetry in nucleosomes. Using this methodology, we demonstrate that the Chd1 chromatin remodeler requires H2A/H2B on the entry side for sliding, and thus, unlike the back-and-forth sliding observed for nucleosomes, Chd1 shifts hexasomes unidirectionally. Chd1 takes part in chromatin reorganization surrounding transcribing RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and using asymmetric nucleosomes we show that ubiquitin-conjugated H2B on the entry side stimulates nucleosome sliding by Chd1. We speculate that biased nucleosome and hexasome sliding due to asymmetry contributes to the packing of arrays observed in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert F Levendosky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Sabantsev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Deindl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory D Bowman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chd1 chromatin remodeler shifts hexasomes unidirectionally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigation of the temporal trajectories of currently used neuropsychological tests is critical to identifying earliest changing measures on the path to dementia due to Alzheimers disease (AD). We used the Progression Score (PS) method to characterize the temporal trajectories of measures of verbal memory, executive function, attention, processing speed, language, and mental state using data spanning normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD from 1661 participants with a total of 7839 visits (age at last visit 77.6 SD 9.2) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and 1542 participants with a total of 4467 visits (age at last visit 59.9 SD 7.3) in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimers Prevention. This method aligns individuals in time based on the similarity of their longitudinal measurements to reveal temporal trajectories. As a validation of our methodology, we explored the associations between the individualized cognitive progression scores (Cog-PS) computed by our method and clinical diagnosis. Digit span tests were the first to show declines in both data sets, and were detected mainly among cognitively normal individuals. These were followed by tests of verbal memory, which were in turn followed by Trail Making Tests, Boston Naming Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. Differences in Cog-PS across the clinical diagnosis groups were statistically significant, highlighting the potential use of Cog-PS as individualized indicators of disease progression. Identifying cognitive measures that are changing in preclinical AD can lead to the development of novel cognitive tests that are finely tuned to detecting earliest changes.nnABBREVIATIONS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscik, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedynak, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles) are involved in intercellular communication in health and disease and affect processes including immune and antiviral responses. Ultracentrifuged serum is depleted of EVs and, when used in culture media, reduces growth and viability of some cell types. In this study, we examined the effects of serum EV depletion processes on HIV-1 replication in primary cells and cell lines, including two HIV-1 latency models. Increased HIV-1 production was observed in certain EV-depleted conditions, along with cell morphology changes and decreased cell viability. Add-back of ultracentrifuge pellets rescued baseline HIV-1 production. Primary cells appeared to be less sensitive to EV depletion. ACH-2 and U1 latency models produced more HIV-1 under EV-depleted conditions, while virus produced under processed serum conditions was more infectious. Finally, changes in cellular metabolism and gene expression were associated with EV-depleted culture. In conclusion, the EV environment of HIV-1 infected cells has a substantial effect on virus production and infectivity. EV-dependence of cell cultures should be examined carefully along with other experimental variables. However, EVs may not be the only particles depleted by ultracentrifugation or other processes. Effects of EVs may be accompanied by or confused with those of closely associated or physically similar particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribbon: Visualizing complex genome alignments and structural variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To the EditorVisualization has played an extremely important role in the current genomic revolution to inspect and understand variants, expression patterns, evolutionary changes, and a number of other relationships1-3. However, most of the information in read-to-reference or genome-genome alignments is lost for structural variations in the one-dimensional views of most genome browsers showing only reference coordinates. Instead, structural variations captured by long reads or assembled contigs often need more context to understand, including alignments and other genomic information from multiple chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribbon: Visualizing complex genome alignments and structural variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PatternMarkers and Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS) for data-driven detection of novel biomarkers via whole transcriptome Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryNon-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithms associate gene expression with biological processes (e.g., time-course dynamics or disease subtypes). Compared with univariate associations, the relative weights of NMF solutions can obscure biomarkers. Therefore, we developed a novel PatternMarkers statistic to extract genes for biological validation and enhanced visualization of NMF results. Finding novel and unbiased gene markers with PatternMarkers requires whole-genome data. However, NMF algorithms typically do not converge for the tens of thousands of genes in genome-wide profiling. Therefore, we also developed Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS), the first robust whole genome Bayesian NMF using the sparse, MCMC algorithm, CoGAPS. This software contains analytic and visualization tools including a Shiny web application, patternMatcher, which are generalized for any NMF. Using these tools, we find granular brain-region and cell-type specific signatures with corresponding biomarkers in GTex data, illustrating GWCoGAPS and patternMarkers ascertainment of data-driven biomarkers from whole-genome data.nnAvailabilityPatternMarkers & GWCoGAPS are in the CoGAPS Bioconductor package (3.5) under the GPL license.nnContactgsteinobrien@jhmi.edu; ccolantu@jhmi.edu; ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PatternMarkers and Genome-Wide CoGAPS Analysis in Parallel Sets (GWCoGAPS) for data-driven detection of novel biomarkers via whole transcriptome Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual origins of measured phase-amplitude coupling reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory in the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is hypothesized to coordinate neural activity, but its role in successful memory formation in the human cortex is unknown. Measures of PAC are difficult to interpret, however. Both increases and decreases in PAC have been linked to memory encoding, and PAC may arise due to different neural mechanisms. Here, we use a waveform analysis to examine PAC in the human cortex as participants with intracranial electrodes performed a paired associates memory task. We found that successful memory formation exhibited significant decreases in left temporal lobe and prefrontal cortical PAC, and these two regions exhibited changes in PAC within different frequency bands. Two underlying neural mechanisms, nested oscillations and sharp waveforms, were responsible for the changes in these regions. Our data therefore suggest that decreases in measured cortical PAC during episodic memory reflect two distinct underlying mechanisms that are anatomically segregated in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual origins of measured phase-amplitude coupling reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory in the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiomics and pathogen identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPavian is a web application for exploring metagenomics classification results, with a special focus on infectious disease diagnosis. Pinpointing pathogens in metagenomics classification results is often complicated by host and laboratory contaminants as well as many non-pathogenic microbiota. With Pavian, researchers can analyze, display and transform results from the Kraken and Centrifuge classifiers using interactive tables, heatmaps and flow diagrams. Pavian also provides an alignment viewer for validation of matches to a particular genome.nnAvailability and implementationPavian is implemented in the R language and based on the Shiny framework. It can be hosted on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux systems, and used with any contemporary web browser. It is freely available under a GPL-3 license from http://github.com/fbreitwieser/pavian. Furthermore a Docker image is provided at https://hub.docker.com/r/florianbw/pavian.nnContactfbreitw1@jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breitwieser, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiomics and pathogen identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing structure-based lipid accessibility of membrane proteins with mp_lipid_acc in RosettaMP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMembrane proteins are vastly underrepresented in structural databases, which has led to a lack of computational tools and the corresponding inappropriate use of tools designed for soluble proteins. For membrane proteins, lipid accessibility is an essential property. Even though programs are available for sequence-based prediction of lipid accessibility and structure-based identification of solvent-accessible surface area, the latter does not distinguish between water accessible and lipid accessible residues in membrane proteins.nnResultsHere we present mp_lipid_acc, the first method to identify lipid accessible residues from the protein structure, implemented in the RosettaMP framework and available as a webserver. Our method uses protein structures transformed in membrane coordinates, for instance from PDBTM or OPM databases, and a defined membrane thickness to classify lipid accessibility of residues. mp_lipid_acc is applicable to both -helical and {beta}-barrel membrane proteins of diverse architectures with or without water-filled pores and uses a concave hull algorithm for classification. We further provide a manually curated benchmark dataset, on which our method achieves prediction accuracies of 90%.nnConclusionWe present a novel tool to classify lipid accessibility from the protein structure, which is applicable to proteins of diverse architectures and achieves prediction accuracies of 90% on a manually curated database. mp_lipid_acc is part of the Rosetta software suite, available at www.rosettacommons.org. The webserver is available at http://rosie.graylab.jhu.edu/mp_lipid_acc/submit and the benchmark dataset is available at http://tinyurl.com/mp-lipid-acc-dataset.nnSupplementary informationSupplementary information is available at BMC Bioinformatics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing structure-based lipid accessibility of membrane proteins with mp_lipid_acc in RosettaMP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to computationally predict whether a compound treats a disease would improve the economy and success rate of drug approval. This study describes Project Rephetio to systematically model drug efficacy based on 755 existing treatments. First, we constructed Hetionet (neo4j.het.io), an integrative network encoding knowledge from millions of biomedical studies. Hetionet v1.0 consists of 47,031 nodes of 11 types and 2,250,197 relationships of 24 types. Data was integrated from 29 public resources to connect compounds, diseases, genes, anatomies, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, pharmacologic classes, side effects, and symptoms. Next, we identified network patterns that distinguish treatments from non-treatments. Then we predicted the probability of treatment for 209,168 compound-disease pairs (het.io/repurpose). Our predictions validated on two external sets of treatment and provided pharmacological insights on epilepsy, suggesting they will help prioritize drug repurposing candidates. This study was entirely open and received realtime feedback from 40 community members.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himmelstein, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khankhanian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic integration of biomedical knowledge prioritizes drugs for repurposing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SplitThreader: Exploration and analysis of rearrangements in cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic rearrangements and associated copy number changes are important drivers in cancer as they can alter the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, create gene fusions, and misregulate gene expression. Here we present SplitThreader (http://splitthreader.com), an open-source interactive web application for analysis and visualization of genomic rearrangements and copy number variation in cancer genomes. SplitThreader constructs a sequence graph of genomic rearrangements in the sample and uses a priority queue breadth-first search algorithm on the graph to search for novel interactions. This is applied to detect gene fusions and other novel sequences, as well as to evaluate distances in the rearranged genome between any genomic regions of interest, especially the repositioning of regulatory elements and their target genes. SplitThreader also analyzes each variant to categorize it by its relation to other variants and by its copy number concordance. This identifies balanced translocations, identifies simple and complex variants, and suggests likely false positives when copy number is not concordant across a candidate breakpoint. It also provides explanations when multiple variants affect the copy number state and obscure the contribution of a single variant, such as a deletion within a region that is overall amplified. Together, these categories triage the variants into groups and provide a starting point for further systematic analysis and manual curation. To demonstrate its utility, we apply SplitThreader to three cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and A549 with Illumina paired-end sequencing, and SK-BR-3, with long-read PacBio sequencing. Using SplitThreader, we examine the genomic rearrangements responsible for previously observed gene fusions in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7, and discover many of the fusions involved a complex series of multiple genomic rearrangements. We also find notable differences in the types of variants between the three cell lines, in particular a much higher proportion of reciprocal variants in SK-BR-3 and a distinct clustering of interchromosomal variants in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 that is absent in A549.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SplitThreader: Exploration and analysis of rearrangements in cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat-stable preservation of protein expression systems for portable therapeutics production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biotechnology capabilities are limited by stringent storage needs of reagents, largely prohibiting use outside of specialized laboratories. Focusing on a large class of protein-based biotechnology applications, we address this issue by developing a method for preserving cell-free protein expression systems under months of heat stress. Our approach realizes an unprecedented degree of long term heat stability by leveraging the sugar alcohol trehalose, a simple, low-cost, open-air drying step, and strategic separation of sets of reaction components during drying. The resulting preservation capacity opens the door for efficient production of a wide range of on-demand proteins under adverse conditions, for instance during emergency outbreaks or in remote or otherwise inaccessible locations. As such, our preservation method stands to advance a great number of different cell-free technologies, including remediation efforts, point of care therapeutics, and large-scale biosensing. To demonstrate this application potential, we use cell-free reagents subjected to months of heat stress and atmospheric conditions to produce sufficient concentrations of a pyocin protein to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most troublesome pathogens for traumatic and burn wound injuries. Our work makes possible new biotechnology applications that demand both ruggedness and scalability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat-stable preservation of protein expression systems for portable therapeutics production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of chromatin accessibility and gene regulation in T cell activation across human individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 90% of genetic variants associated with complex human traits map to non-coding regions, but little is understood about how they modulate gene regulation in health and disease. One possible mechanism is that genetic variants affect the activity of one or more cis-regulatory elements leading to gene expression variation in specific cell types. To identify such cases, we analyzed Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq profiles from activated CD4+ T cells of up to 105 healthy donors. We found that regions of accessible chromatin (ATAC-peaks) are co-accessible at kilobase and megabase resolution, in patterns consistent with the 3D organization of chromosomes measured by in situ Hi-C in T cells. 15% of genetic variants located within ATAC-peaks affected the accessibility of the corresponding peak through disrupting binding sites for transcription factors important for T cell differentiation and activation. These ATAC quantitative trait nucleotides (ATAC-QTNs) have the largest effects on co-accessible peaks, are associated with gene expression from the same aliquot of cells, are rarely affecting core binding motifs, and are enriched for autoimmune disease variants. Our results provide insights into how natural genetic variants modulate cis- regulatory elements, in isolation or in concert, to influence gene expression in primary immune cells that play a key role in many human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lituiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machol, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shammim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hougen, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wortman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman Aiden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of chromatin accessibility and gene regulation in T cell activation across human individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the course of evolution on the biophysical fitness landscape of an RNA virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting viral evolution remains a major challenge with profound implications for public health. Viral evolutionary pathways are determined by the fitness landscape, which maps viral genotype to fitness. However, a quantitative description of the landscape and the evolutionary forces on it remain elusive. Here, we apply a biophysical fitness model based on capsid folding stability and antibody binding affinity to predict the evolutionary pathway of norovirus escaping a neutralizing antibody. The model is validated by experimental evolution in bulk culture and in a drop-based microfluidics device, the "Evolution Chip", which propagates millions of independent viral sub-populations. We demonstrate that along the axis of binding affinity, selection for escape variants and drift due to random mutations have the same direction. However, along folding stability, selection and drift are opposing forces whose balance is tuned by viral population size. Our results demonstrate that predictable epistatic tradeoffs shape viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serohijos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolawole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacobbi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the course of evolution on the biophysical fitness landscape of an RNA virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exchanging and understanding scientific data and their context represents a significant barrier to advancing research, especially with respect to information siloing. Maintaining information provenance and providing data curation and quality control help overcome common concerns and barriers to the effective sharing of scientific data. To address these problems in and the unique challenges of multicellular systems, we assembled a panel composed of investigators from several disciplines to create the MultiCellular Data Standard (MultiCellDS) with a use-case driven development process. The standard includes (1) digital cell lines, which are analogous to traditional biological cell lines, to record metadata, cellular microenvironment, and cellular phenotype variables of a biological cell line, (2) digital snapshots to consistently record simulation, experimental, and clinical data for multicellular systems, and (3) collections that can logically group digital cell lines and snapshots. We have created a MultiCellular DataBase (MultiCellDB) to store digital snapshots and the 200+ digital cell lines we have generated. MultiCellDS, by having a fixed standard, enables discoverability, extensibility, maintainability, searchability, and sustainability of data, creating biological applicability and clinical utility that permits us to identify upcoming challenges to uplift biology and strategies and therapies for improving human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieboes, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The NCA-1 ion channel functions downstream of Gq and Rho to regulate locomotion in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterotrimeric G protein Gq positively regulates neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. Previously, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio was identified as a direct effector of Gq that acts in parallel to the canonical Gq effector phospholipase C. Here we examine how Trio and Rho act to stimulate neuronal activity downstream of Gq in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Through two forward genetic screens, we identify the cation channels NCA-1 and NCA-2, orthologs of mammalian NALCN, as downstream targets of the Gq/Rho pathway. By performing genetic epistasis analysis using dominant activating mutations and recessive loss-of-function mutations in the members of this pathway, we show that NCA-1 and NCA-2 act downstream of Gq in a linear pathway. Through cell-specific rescue experiments, we show that function of these channels in head acetylcholine neurons is sufficient for normal locomotion in C. elegans. Our results suggest that NCA-1 and NCA-2 are physiologically relevant targets of neuronal Gq-Rho signaling in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Topalidou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The NCA-1 ion channel functions downstream of Gq and Rho to regulate locomotion in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MultiCellDS: a standard and a community for sharing multicellular data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell biology is increasingly focused on cellular heterogeneity and multicellular systems. To make the fullest use of experimental, clinical, and computational efforts, we need standardized data formats, community-curated "public data libraries", and tools to combine and analyze shared data. To address these needs, our multidisciplinary community created MultiCellDS (MultiCellular Data Standard): an extensible standard, a library of digital cell lines and tissue snapshots, and support software. With the help of experimentalists, clinicians, modelers, and data and library scientists, we can grow this seed into a community-owned ecosystem of shared data and tools, to the benefit of basic science, engineering, and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieboes, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Daarud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merks, R. M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumenthaler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockne, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MultiCellDS: a standard and a community for sharing multicellular data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Heteroscedastic GLM with Application to fMRI Data with Motion Spikes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a voxel-wise general linear model with autoregressive noise and heteroscedastic noise innovations (GLMH) for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The model is analyzed from a Bayesian perspective and has the benefit of automatically down-weighting time points close to motion spikes in a data-driven manner. We develop a highly efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that allows for Bayesian variable selection among the regressors to model both the mean (i.e., the design matrix) and variance. This makes it possible to include a broad range of explanatory variables in both the mean and variance (e.g., time trends, activation stimuli, head motion parameters and their temporal derivatives), and to compute the posterior probability of inclusion from the MCMC output. Variable selection is also applied to the lags in the autoregressive noise process, making it possible to infer the lag order from the data simultaneously with all other model parameters. We use both simulated data and real fMRI data from OpenfMRI to illustrate the importance of proper modeling of heteroscedasticity in fMRI data analysis. Our results show that the GLMH tends to detect more brain activity, compared to its homoscedastic counterpart, by allowing the variance to change over time depending on the degree of head motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eklund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Heteroscedastic GLM with Application to fMRI Data with Motion Spikes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-tissue integration of genetic and epigenetic data offers insight into autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetics is an emerging area of investigation for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Integration of epigenetic information with ASD genetic results may elucidate functional insights not possible via either source of information in isolation. We used concurrent genotype and DNA methylation (DNAm) data from cord blood and peripheral blood from preschool-aged children to identify SNPs associated with DNA methylation, or methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), and combined this with publicly available fetal brain and lung meQTL lists to assess enrichment of ASD GWAS results for tissue-specific meQTLs. ASD-associated SNPs were enriched for fetal brain (OR = 3.55; p < 0.001) and peripheral blood meQTLs (OR = 1.58; p < 0.001). The CpG site targets of ASD meQTLs across cord, blood, and brain tissues were enriched for immune-related pathways, consistent with other expression and DNAm results in ASD, and revealing pathways not implicated by genes identified from ASD rare variant work. Further, DNaseI hypersensitive sites and the STAT1 and TAF1 transcription factor binding sites were enriched for meQTL target CpGs of SNPs associated with psychiatric conditions. This joint analysis of genotype and DNAm demonstrates the potential utility of both brain and blood-based DNAm for insights into ASD and psychiatric phenotypes more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-tissue integration of genetic and epigenetic data offers insight into autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCurrent bioinformatics methods to detect changes in gene isoform usage in distinct phenotypes compare the relative expected isoform usage in phenotypes. These statistics model differences in isoform usage in normal tissues, which have stable regulation of gene splicing. Pathological conditions, such as cancer, can have broken regulation of splicing that increases the heterogeneity of the expression of splice variants. Inferring events with such differential heterogeneity in gene isoform usage requires new statistical approaches.nnResultsWe introduce Splice Expression Variability Analysis (SEVA) to model increased heterogeneity of splice variant usage between conditions (e.g., tumor and normal samples). SEVA uses a rank-based multivariate statistic that compares the variability of junction expression profiles within one condition to the variability within another. Simulated data show that SEVA is unique in modeling heterogeneity of gene isoform usage, and benchmark SEVAs performance against EBSeq, DiffSplice, and rMATS that model differential isoform usage instead of heterogeneity. We confirm the accuracy of SEVAin identifying known splice variants in head and neck cancer and perform cross-study validation of novel splice variants. A novel comparison of splice variant heterogeneity between subtypes of head and neck cancer demonstrated unanticipated similarity between the heterogeneity of gene isoform usage in HPV-positive and HPV-negative subtypes and anticipated increased heterogeneity among HPV-negative samples with mutations in genes that regulate the splice variant machinery.nnConclusionThese results show that SEVA accurately models differential heterogeneity of gene isoform usage from RNA-seq data.nnAvailabilitySEVA is implemented in the R/Bioconductor package GSReg.nnContactbahman@jhu.edu, favorov@sensi.org, ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of copy number variants on chromosome 21 in Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One in five people with Down syndrome (DS) are born with an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), an incidence 2,000 times higher than in the euploid population. The genetic loci that contribute to this risk are poorly understood. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: 1) individuals with DS carrying chromosome 21 copy number variants (CNVs) that interrupt exons may be protected from AVSD, because these CNVs return AVSD susceptibility loci back to disomy, and 2) individuals with DS carrying chromosome 21 genes spanned by microduplications are at greater risk for AVSD because these microduplications boost the dosage of AVSD susceptibility loci beyond a tolerable threshold. We tested 198 case individuals with DS+AVSD and 211 control individuals with DS and a normal heart using a custom microarray with dense probes tiled on chromosome 21 for array CGH. We found that neither an individual chromosome 21 CNV nor any individual gene intersected by a CNV was associated with AVSD in DS. Burden analyses revealed that African American controls had more bases covered by rare deletions than did African American cases. Inversely, we found that Caucasian cases had more genes intersected by rare duplications than did Caucasian controls. Pathway analyses indicated copy number perturbations of genes involved in protein heterotrimerization and histone methylating proteins. Finally, we showed that previously DS+AVSD-associated common CNVs on chromosome 21 are likely false positives. This research adds to the swell of evidence indicating that DS-associated AVSD is similarly heterogeneous, as is AVSD in the euploid population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rambo-Martin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, L. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosser, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of copy number variants on chromosome 21 in Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
grID: A CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA Database and Resource for Genome-Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing is a revolutionary technology that is transforming biological research. The explosive growth and advances in CRISPR research over the last few years, coupled with the potential for clinical applications and therapeutics, is heralding a new era for genome engineering. To further support this technology platform and to provide a universal CRISPR annotation system, we introduce the grID database (http://crispr.technology), an extensive compilation of gRNA properties including sequence and variations, thermodynamic parameters, off-target analyses, and alternative PAM sites, among others. To aid in the design of optimal gRNAs, the website is integrated with other prominent databases, providing a wealth of additional resources to guide users from in silico analysis through experimental CRISPR targeting. Here, we make available all the tools, protocols, and plasmids that are needed for successful CRISPR-based genome targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaskula-Ranga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[grID: A CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA Database and Resource for Genome-Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Snaptron: querying and visualizing splicing across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As more and larger genomics studies appear, there is a growing need for comprehensive and queryable cross-study summaries. Snaptron is a search engine for summarized RNA sequencing data with a query planner that leverages R-tree, B-tree and inverted indexing strategies to rapidly execute queries over 146 million exon-exon splice junctions from over 70,000 human RNA-seq samples. Queries can be tailored by constraining which junctions and samples to consider. Snaptron can also rank and score junctions according to tissue specificity or other criteria. Further, Snaptron can rank and score samples according to the relative frequency of different splicing patterns. We outline biological questions that can be explored with Snaptron queries, including a study of novel exons in annotated genes, of exonization of repetitive element loci, and of a recently discovered alternative transcription start site for the ALK gene. Web app and documentation are at http://snaptron.cs.jhu.edu. Source code is at https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddipati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Snaptron: querying and visualizing splicing across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient duplication and horizontal transfer of a toxin gene cluster reveals novel mechanisms in the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species in the genus Cercospora cause economically devastating diseases in sugar beet, maize, rice, soy bean and other major food crops. Here we sequenced the genome of the sugar beet pathogen C. beticola and found it encodes 63 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters, including the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) cluster. We show that the CTB gene cluster has experienced multiple duplications and horizontal transfers across a spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi, including the wide host range Colletotrichum genus as well as the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Although cercosporin biosynthesis has been thought to-date to rely on an eight gene CTB cluster, our phylogenomic analysis revealed gene collinearity adjacent to the established cluster in all CTB cluster-harboring species. We demonstrate that the CTB cluster is larger than previously recognized and includes cercosporin facilitator protein (CFP) previously shown to be involved with cercosporin auto-resistance, and four additional genes required for cercosporin biosynthesis including the final pathway enzymes that install the unusual cercosporin methylenedioxy bridge. Finally, we demonstrate production of cercosporin by Colletotrichum fioriniae, the first known cercosporin producer within this agriculturally important genus. Thus, our results provide new insight into the intricate evolution and biology of a toxin critical to agriculture and broaden the production of cercosporin to another fungal genus containing many plant pathogens of important crops worldwide.nnSignificance StatementSpecies in the fungal genus Cercospora cause diseases in many important crops worldwide. Their success as pathogens is largely due to the secretion of cercosporin during infection. We report that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) cluster is ancient and was horizontally transferred to diverse fungal pathogens on an unprecedented scale. Since these analyses revealed genes adjacent to the established CTB cluster, we evaluated their role in C. beticola to show that four are necessary for cercosporin biosynthesis. Finally, we confirmed that the apple pathogen Colletotrichum fioriniae produces cercosporin, the first case outside the family Mycosphaerellaceae. Other Colletotrichum plant pathogens also harbor the CTB cluster, which points to a wider concern that this toxin may play in virulence and human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huitt-Roehl, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suttle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neubauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurick, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secor, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomma, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Peer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient duplication and horizontal transfer of a toxin gene cluster reveals novel mechanisms in the cercosporin biosynthesis pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simplified Power Calculations for Aggregate-level Association Tests Provide Insights to Challenges for Rare Variant Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies are now shifting focus from analysis of common to uncommon and rare variants with an anticipation to explain additional heritability of complex traits. As power for association testing for individual rare variants may often be low, various aggregate level association tests have been proposed to detect genetic loci that may contain clusters of susceptibility variants. Typically, power calculations for such tests require specification of large number of parameters, including effect sizes and allele frequencies of individual variants, making them difficult to use in practice. In this report, we approximate power to varying degree of accuracy using a smaller number of key parameters, including the total genetic variance explained by multiple variants within a locus. We perform extensive simulation studies to assess the accuracy of the proposed approximations in realistic settings. Using the simplified power calculation methods, we then develop an analytic framework to obtain bounds on genetic architecture of an underlying trait given results from a genome-wide study and observe important implications for the completely lack of or limited number of findings in many currently reported studies. Finally, we provide insights into the required quality of annotation/functional information for identification of likely causal variants to make meaningful improvement in power of subsequent association tests. A shiny application, Power Analysis for GEnetic AssociatioN Tests (PAGEANT), in R implementing the methods is made publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derkach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simplified Power Calculations for Aggregate-level Association Tests Provide Insights to Challenges for Rare Variant Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRSim: a Linked Reads Simulator generating insights for better genome partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLinked reads are a form of DNA sequencing commercialized by 10X Genomics that uses highly multiplexed barcoding within microdroplets to tag short reads to progenitor molecules. The linked reads, spanning tens to hundreds of kilobases, offer an alternative to long-read sequencing for de novo assembly, haplotype phasing and other applications. However, there is no available simulator, making it difficult to measure their capability or develop new informatics tools.nnResultsOur analysis of 13 real linked read datasets revealed their characteristics of barcodes, molecules and partitions. Based on this, we introduce LRSim that simulates linked reads by emulating the library preparation and sequencing process with fine control of 1) the number of simulated variants; 2) the linked-read characteristics; and 3) the Illumina reads profile. We conclude from the phasing and genome assembly of multiple datasets, recommendations on coverage, fragment length, and partitioning when sequencing human and non-human genome.nnAvailabilityLRSIM is under MIT license and is freely available at https://github.com/aquaskyline/LRSIMnnContactrluo5@jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRSim: a Linked Reads Simulator generating insights for better genome partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tandem simulation framework for predicting mapping quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Read alignment is the first step in most sequencing data analyses. Because a reads point of origin can be ambiguous, aligners report a mapping quality: the probability the reported alignment is incorrect. Despite its importance, there is no established and general method for calculating mapping quality. We describe a framework for predicting mapping qualities that works by simulating a set of tandem reads, similar to the input reads in important ways, but for which the true point of origin is known. We implement this in an accurate and low-overhead tool called Qtip, which is compatible with popular aligners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tandem simulation framework for predicting mapping quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rosetta all-atom energy function for macromolecular modeling and design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, the Rosetta biomolecular modeling suite has informed diverse biological questions and engineering challenges ranging from interpretation of low-resolution structural data to design of nanomaterials, protein therapeutics, and vaccines. Central to Rosettas success is the energy function: amodel parameterized from small molecule and X-ray crystal structure data used to approximate the energy associated with each biomolecule conformation. This paper describes the mathematical models and physical concepts that underlie the latest Rosetta energy function, beta_nov15. Applying these concepts,we explain how to use Rosetta energies to identify and analyze the features of biomolecular models.Finally, we discuss the latest advances in the energy function that extend capabilities from soluble proteins to also include membrane proteins, peptides containing non-canonical amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaver-Fay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapovalov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfrew, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacella, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbrack, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rosetta all-atom energy function for macromolecular modeling and design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On November 18-19, 2016, the Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) hosted a meeting of senior managers of key data resources and leaders of several major funding organizations to discuss the challenges associated with sustaining biological and biomedical (i.e., life sciences) data resources and associated infrastructure. A strong consensus emerged from the group that core data resources for the life sciences should be supported through a coordinated international effort(s) that better ensure long-term sustainability and that appropriately align funding with scientific impact. Ideally, funding for such data resources should allow for access at no charge, as is presently the usual (and preferred) mechanism. Below, the rationale for this vision is described, and some important considerations for developing a new international funding model to support core data resources for the life sciences are presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apweiler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Francesco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durinx, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Game, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gojobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanehisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKibbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westhof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasko, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel blood pressure locus and gene discovery using GWAS and expression datasets from blood and the kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has a substantial genetic contribution. Genetic variation influencing blood pressure has the potential to identify new pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension. To discover additional novel blood pressure loci, we used 1000 Genomes Project-based imputation in 150,134 European ancestry individuals and sought significant evidence for independent replication in a further 228,245 individuals. We report 6 new signals of association in or near HSPB7, TNXB, LRP12, LOC283335, SEPT9 and AKT2, and provide new replication evidence for a further 2 signals in EBF2 and NFKBIA. Combining large whole-blood gene expression resources totaling 12,607 individuals, we investigated all novel and previously reported signals and identified 48 genes with evidence for involvement in BP regulation that are significant in multiple resources. Three novel kidney-specific signals were also detected. These robustly implicated genes may provide new leads for therapeutic innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Consortium for Blood Pressure GWAS,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel blood pressure locus and gene discovery using GWAS and expression datasets from blood and the kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the clinical validity of gene-disease associations: an evidence-based framework developed by the Clinical Genome Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With advances in genomic sequencing technology, the number of reported gene-disease relationships has rapidly expanded. However, the evidence supporting these claims varies widely, confounding accurate evaluation of genomic variation in a clinical setting. Despite the critical need to differentiate clinically valid relationships from less well-substantiated relationships, standard guidelines for such evaluation do not currently exist. The NIH-funded Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) has developed a framework to define and evaluate the clinical validity of gene-disease pairs across a variety of Mendelian disorders. In this manuscript we describe a proposed framework to evaluate relevant genetic and experimental evidence supporting or contradicting a gene-disease relationship, and the subsequent validation of this framework using a set of representative gene-disease pairs. The framework provides a semi-quantitative measurement for the strength of evidence of a gene-disease relationship which correlates to a qualitative classification: "Definitive", "Strong", "Moderate", "Limited", "No Reported Evidence" or "Conflicting Evidence." Within the ClinGen structure, classifications derived using this framework are reviewed and confirmed or adjusted based on clinical expertise of appropriate disease experts. Detailed guidance for utilizing this framework and access to the curation interface is available on our website. This evidence-based, systematic method to assess the strength of gene-disease relationships will facilitate more knowledgeable utilization of genomic variants in clinical and research settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strande, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggs, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceyhan-Birsoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwight, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwight, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milko, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Daniel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santani, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plon, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the clinical validity of gene-disease associations: an evidence-based framework developed by the Clinical Genome Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
16GT: a fast and sensitive variant caller using a 16-genotype probabilistic model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary16GT is a variant caller for Illumina WGS and WES germline data. It uses a new 16-genotype probabilistic model to unify SNP and indel calling in a single variant calling algorithm. In benchmark comparisons with five other widely used variant callers on a modern 36-core server, 16GT ran faster and demonstrated improved sensitivity in calling SNPs, and it provided comparable sensitivity and accuracy in calling indels as compared to the GATK HaplotypeCaller.nnAvailability and implementationhttps://github.com/aquaskyline/16GTnnContactrluo5@jhu.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary tables and notes are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[16GT: a fast and sensitive variant caller using a 16-genotype probabilistic model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRD4 inhibitors block telomere elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells maintain telomere length equilibrium to avoid senescence and apoptosis induced by short telomeres, which are triggered by the DNA damage response. Limiting the potential for telomere maintenance in cancer cells has been long been proposed as a therapeutic target. Using an unbiased shRNA screen targeting known kinases, we identified bromodomain 4 (BRD4) as a telomere length regulator. Four independent BRD4 inhibitors blocked telomere elongation, in a dose dependent manner, in mouse cells overexpressing telomerase. Long-term treatment with BRD4 inhibitors caused telomere shortening in both mouse and human cells, suggesting BRD4 plays a role in telomere maintenance in vivo. Telomerase enzymatic activity was not directly affected by BRD4 inhibition. BRD4 is in clinical trials for a number of cancers, but its effects on telomere maintenance have not been previously reported investigated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRD4 inhibitors block telomere elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Varying Effects of Common Tuberculosis Drugs on Enhancing Clofazimine Activity in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clofazimine (CFZ), originally developed as an anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug in the 1950s 1, is commonly used to treat leprosy and also nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. 2 Although CFZ has good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it was not used in the treatment of pulmonary TB mainly because it had the side effect of skin discoloration and there were other more effective drugs like isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PZA) already available for the treatment of TB. 2 However, the increasing emergence of multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) has revived interest in the use of CFZ to treat MDR-TB. 2,3nnAlthough resistance to CFZ has been shown to be mediated by mutations in Rv0678,4,5 Rv1979c, or Rv2535c (PepQ),5 the mode of action of CFZ has remained poorly understood. CFZ appears to hav ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Varying Effects of Common Tuberculosis Drugs on Enhancing Clofazimine Activity in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Sulfa Drugs and Their Combinations against Stationary Phase B. burgdorferi in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is a most common vector borne disease in the US. Although the majority of Lyme patients can be cured with the standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, at least 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from prolonged post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is unclear, one possibility is that persisting organisms are not killed by current Lyme antibiotics. In our previous studies, we screened an FDA drug library and an NCI compound library on B. burgdorferi and found some drug hits including sulfa drugs as having good activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. In this study, we evaluated the relative activity of three commonly used sulfa drugs sulfamethoxazole (Smx), dapsone (Dps), sulfachlorpyridazine (Scp), and also trimethoprim (Tmp), and assessed their combinations with the commonly prescribed Lyme antibiotics for activities against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. Using the same molarity concentration, dapsone, sulfachlorpyridazine and trimethoprim showed very similar activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi enriched in persisters, however, sulfamethoxazole was the least active drug among the three sulfa drugs tested. Interestingly, contrary to other bacterial systems, Tmp did not show synergy in drug combinations with the three sulfa drugs at their clinically relevant serum concentrations against B. burgdorferi. We found that sulfa drugs combined with other antibiotics were more active than their respective single drugs and that four-drug combinations were more active than three-drug combinations. Four drug combinations dapsone+minocycline+cefuroxime+azithromycin and dapsone+minocycline+cefuroxime+rifampin showed best activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi in these sulfa drug combinations. However, these 4-sulfa drug containing combinations still had considerably less activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells than the daptomycin+cefuroxime+doxycycline used as a positive control which completely eradicated B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells. Future studies are needed to evaluate and optimize the sulfa drug combinations in vitro and also in animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Sulfa Drugs and Their Combinations against Stationary Phase B. burgdorferi in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDAsthma is a complex disease with striking disparities across racial and ethnic groups, which may be partly attributable to genetic factors. One of the main goals of the Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA) is to discover genes conferring risk to asthma in populations of African descent.nnMETHODSWe performed a genome-wide meta-analysis of asthma across 11 CAAPA datasets (4,827 asthma cases and 5,397 controls), genotyped on the African Diaspora Power Chip (ADPC) and including existing GWAS array data. The genotype data were imputed up to a whole genome sequence reference panel from n=880 African ancestry individuals for a total of 61,904,576 SNPs. Statistical models appropriate to each study design were used to test for association, and results were combined using the weighted Z-score method. We also used admixture mapping as a complementary approach to identify loci involved in asthma pathogenesis in subjects of African ancestry.nnRESULTSSNPs rs787160 and rs17834780 on chromosome 2q22.3 were significantly associated with asthma (p=6.57 x 10-9 and 2.97 x 10-8, respectively). These SNPs lie in the intergenic region between the Rho GTPase Activating Protein 15 (ARHGAP15) and Glycosyltransferase Like Domain Containing 1 (GTDC1) genes. Four low frequency variants on chromosome 1q21.3, which may be involved in the "atopic march" and which are not polymorphic in Europeans, also showed evidence for association with asthma (1.18 x10-6 [&le;] p [&le;] 3.06 x10-6). SNP rs11264909 on chromosome 1q23.1, close to a region previously identified by the EVE asthma meta-analysis as having a putative African ancestry specific effect, only showed differences in counts in subjects homozygous for alleles of African ancestry. Admixture mapping also identified a significantly associated region on chromosome 6q23.2, which includes the Transcription Factor 21 (TCF21) gene, previously shown to be differentially expressed in bronchial tissues of asthmatics and non-asthmatics.nnCONCLUSIONSWe have identified a number of novel asthma association signals warranting further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafaels, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boorgula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumatey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunston, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Paz, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight-Madden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopad</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of drug candidates that enhance pyrazinamide activity from a clinical drug library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally despite the availability of the TB therapy. 1 The current TB therapy is lengthy and suboptimal, requiring a treatment time of at least 6 months for drug susceptible TB and 9-12 months (shorter Bangladesh regimen) or 18-24 months (regular regimen) for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). 1 The lengthy therapy makes patient compliance difficult, which frequently leads to emergence of drug-resistant strains. The requirement for the prolonged treatment is thought to be due to dormant persister bacteria which are not effectively killed by the current TB drugs, except rifampin and pyrazinamide (PZA) which have higher activity against persisters. 2, 3 Therefore new therapies should address the problem of insufficient efficacy against M. tuberculosis persisters, which could cause relapse of clinical disease. 4 PZA is a critical frontline TB drug that kills persister bacteria 5 and shortens the TB treatment from 9-12 months to 6 months. 6, 7 Although several new TB drugs are showing promise in clinical studies, none can replace PZA as they all have to be used together with PZA. 7 Because of the essentiality of PZA and the high cost of developing new drugs, in this study, we explored the idea of identifying drugs that enhance the anti-persister activity of PZA as an economic alternative approach to developing new drugs for improved treatment by screening an clinical drug library against old M. tuberculosis cultures enriched with persisters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of drug candidates that enhance pyrazinamide activity from a clinical drug library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Sudden Cardiac Death: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsSudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health burden. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and arrhythmias, but it is unknown if it also contributes to SCD risk. We sought to examine the prospective association between mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a surrogate marker of mitochondrial function, and SCD risk.nnMethods and ResultsWe measured baseline mtDNA-CN in 11,093 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. mtDNA-CN was calculated from probe intensities of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. SCD was defined as a sudden pulseless condition presumed due to a ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a previously stable individual without evidence of a non-cardiac cause of cardiac arrest. SCD cases were reviewed and adjudicated by an expert committee. During a median follow-up of 20.4 years, we observed 361 SCD cases. After adjusting for age, race, sex, and center, the hazard ratio (HR) for SCD comparing the 1st to the 5th quintiles of mtDNA-CN was 2.24 (95% CI 1.58 to 3.19; p-trend <0.001). When further adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors, prevalent CHD, heart rate, and QT interval duration, the association remained statistically significant. Spline regression models showed that the association was approximately linear over the range of mtDNA-CN values. No apparent interaction by race or by sex was detected.nnConclusionIn this community-based prospective study, mtDNA-CN in peripheral blood was inversely associated with the risk of SCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkhanoff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Sudden Cardiac Death: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer: Techniques, Resources, and Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is a complex disease, driven by aberrant activity in numerous signaling pathways in even individual malignant cells. Epigenetic changes are critical mediators of these functional changes that drive and maintain the malignant phenotype. Changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, non-coding RNAs, post-translational modifications are all epigenetic drivers in cancer, independent of changes in the DNA sequence. These epigenetic alterations, once thought to be crucial only for the malignant phenotype maintenance, are now recognized as critical also for disrupting essential pathways that protect the cells from uncontrolled growth, longer survival and establishment in distant sites from the original tissue. In this review, we focus on DNA methylation and chromatin structure in cancer. While associated with cancer, the precise functional role of these alterations is an area of active research using emerging high-throughput approaches and bioinformatics analysis tools. Therefore, this review describes these high-throughput measurement technologies, public domain databases for high-throughput epigenetic data in tumors and model systems, and bioinformatics algorithms for their analysis. Advances in bioinformatics data integration techniques that combine these epigenetic data with genomics data are essential to infer the function of specific epigenetic alterations in cancer, and are therefore also a focus of this review. Future studies using these emerging technologies will elucidate how alterations in the cancer epigenome cooperate with genetic aberrations to cause tumorigenesis initiation and progression. This deeper understanding is essential to future studies that will precisely infer patients prognosis and select patients who will be responsive to emerging epigenetic therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easwaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer: Techniques, Resources, and Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel mutations associated with cycloserine resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesD-cycloserine (DCS) is an important second-line drug used to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms of resistance to DCS are not well understood. Here we investigated the molecular basis of DCS resistance using in vitro isolated resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.nnMethodsM. tuberculosis H37Rv was subjected to mutant selection on 7H11 agar plates containing varying concentrations of DCS. A total of 35 DCS-resistant mutants were isolated and 18 mutants were subjected to whole genome sequencing. The identified mutations associated with DCS resistance were confirmed by PCR-Sanger sequencing.nnResultsWe identified mutations in 17 genes that are associated with DCS resistance. Except mutations in alr (rv3423c) which is known to be involved in DCS resistance, 16 new genes rv0059, betP (rv0917), rv0221, rv1403c, rv1683, rv1726, gabD2 (rv1731), rv2749, sugI (rv3331), hisC2 (rv3 772), single mutation in 5 intergenic region of rv3345c and rv1435c, and insertion in 3 region of rv0759c were identified as solo mutations in their respective DCS-resistant mutants. Our findings indicate that the mechanisms of DCS resistance are more complex than previously thought and involve genes participating in different cellular functions such as lipid metabolism, methyltransferase, stress response, and transport proteins.nnConclusionsNew mutations in diverse genes associated with DCS are identified, which shed new light on the mechanisms of action and resistance of DCS. Future studies are needed to verify these findings in clinical strains so that molecular detection of DCS resistance for improved treatment of MDR-TB can be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhnag, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel mutations associated with cycloserine resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ES cell derived neural progenitors improves visual functions in retinal ganglion cells - depleted mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) transplantation is a promising strategy to restore visual function resulting from irreversible RGC degeneration occurring in glaucoma or inherited optic neuropathies. We previously demonstrated FGF2 induced differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to RGC lineage, capable of retinal Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) integration upon transplantation in mice. Here, we evaluated possible improvement of visual function by transplantation of ES cell derived neural progenitors in RGC depleted glaucoma mice models. ESC derived neural progenitors (ES-NP) were transplanted into NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) injected, RGC-ablated mouse models and a pre-clinical glaucoma mouse model (DBA/2J) having sustained higher intra ocular pressure (IOP). Visual acuity and functional integration was evaluated by behavioural experiments and immunohistochemistry, respectively. GFP-expressing ES-NPs transplanted in NMDA-injected RGC-depleted mice differentiated into RGC lineage and possibly integrating into GCL. An improvement in visual acuity was observed after two months of transplantation, when compared to the pre-transplantation values. Expression of c-Fos in the transplanted cells, upon light induction, further suggests functional integration into the host retinal circuitry. However, the transplanted cells did not send axonal projections into optic nerve. Transplantation experiments in DBA/2J mouse showed no significant improvement in visual functions, possibly due to both host and transplanted retinal cell death which could be due to an inherent high IOP. We showed that, transplantation of ES-NPs into the retina of RGC-ablated mouse models could survive, differentiate to RGC lineage, and possibly integrate into GCL to improve visual function. However, for the survival of transplanted cells in glaucoma, strategies to control the IOP are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mundackal Sivaraman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazhanthodi Abdul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundararajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ES cell derived neural progenitors improves visual functions in retinal ganglion cells - depleted mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Novel Gene argJ involved in Arginine Biosynthesis Critical for Persister Formation in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus can cause both acute and recurrent persistent infections such as peritonitis, endocarditis, abscess, osteomyelitis, and chronic wound infections. An effective treatment to eradicate the persistent disease is still lacking as the mechanisms of S. aureus persistence are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive and unbiased high-throughput mutant screen using S. aureus USA300 and identified argJ, encoding an acetyltransferase in the arginine biosynthesis pathway, whose mutation produced a significant defect in persister formation in multiple drugs and stresses. Genetic complementation and arginine supplementation restored persistence in the ArgJ mutant. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the arg genes were over-expressed under drug stressed conditions and in stationary phase cultures. In addition, the ArgJ mutant had attenuated virulence in both C. elegans and mouse models of infection. Our studies identify a novel mechanism of persistence mediated by arginine metabolism in S. aureus. These findings will not only provide new insights about the mechanisms of S. aureus persistence but also offer novel therapeutic targets that may help to develop more effective treatment of persistent S. aureus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Novel Gene argJ involved in Arginine Biosynthesis Critical for Persister Formation in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key component to overcoming the reproducibility crisis in biomedical research is the development of readily available, rigorously validated and renewable protein affinity reagents. As part of the NIH Protein Capture Reagents Program (PCRP), we have generated a collection of 1406 highly validated, immunoprecipitation (IP) and/or immunoblotting (IB) grade, mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to 736 human transcription factors. We used HuProt human protein microarrays to identify mAbs that recognize their cognate targets with exceptional specificity. Using an integrated production and validation pipeline, we validated these mAbs in multiple experimental applications, and have distributed them to the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB) and several commercial suppliers. This study allowed us to perform a meta-analysis that identified critical variables that contribute to the generation of high quality mAbs. We find that using full-length antigens for immunization, in combination with HuProt analysis, provides the highest overall success rates. The efficiencies built into this pipeline ensure substantial cost savings compared to current standard practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irrizary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantonio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli Behn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asencio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almodovar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazario, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Pacheco, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khambadkone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-Docklets: Virtualization Containers for Single-Step Execution of NGS Pipelines. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProcessing of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data requires significant technical skills, involving installation, configuration, and execution of bioinformatics data pipelines, in addition to specialized post-analysis visualization and data mining software. In order to address some of these challenges, developers have leveraged virtualization containers, towards seamless deployment of preconfigured bioinformatics software and pipelines on any computational platform.nnFindingsWe present an approach for abstracting the complex data operations of multi-step, bioinformatics pipelines for NGS data analysis. As examples, we have deployed two pipelines for RNAseq and CHIPseq, pre-configured within Docker virtualization containers we call Bio-Docklets. Each Bio-Docklet exposes a single data input and output endpoint and from a user perspective, running the pipelines is as simple as running a single bioinformatics tool. This is achieved through a "meta-script" that automatically starts the Bio-Docklets, and controls the pipeline execution through the BioBlend software library and the Galaxy Application Programming Interface (API). The pipelne output is post-processed using the Visual Omics Explorer (VOE) framework, providing interactive data visualizations that users can access through a web browser.nnConclusionsThe goal of our approach is to enable easy access to NGS data analysis pipelines for nonbioinformatics experts, on any computing environment whether a laboratory workstation, university computer cluster, or a cloud service provider. Besides end-users, the Bio-Docklets also enables developers to programmatically deploy and run a large number of pipeline instances for concurrent analysis of multiple datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lijeron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krampis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-Docklets: Virtualization Containers for Single-Step Execution of NGS Pipelines.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing provides insight into the extreme metabolism of ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds can support their high metabolic rates exclusively by oxidizing ingested sugars, which is unsurprising given their sugar-rich nectar diet and use of energetically expensive hovering flight. However, they cannot rely on dietary sugars as a fuel during fasting periods, such as during the night, at first light, or when undertaking long-distance migratory flights, and must instead rely exclusively on onboard lipids. This metabolic flexibility is remarkable both in that the birds can switch between exclusive use of each fuel type within minutes and in that de novo lipogenesis from dietary sugar precursors is the principle way in which fat stores are built, sometimes at exceptionally high rates, such as during the few days prior to a migratory flight. The hummingbird hepatopancreas is the principle location of de novo lipogenesis and likely plays a key role in fuel selection, fuel switching, and glucose homeostasis. Yet understanding how this tissue, and the whole organism, achieves and moderates high rates of energy turnover is hampered by a fundamental lack of information regarding how genes coding for relevant enzymes differ in their sequence, expression, and regulation in these unique animals. To address this knowledge gap, we generated a de novo transcriptome of the hummingbird liver using PacBio full-length cDNA sequencing (Iso-Seq), yielding a total of 8.6Gb of sequencing data, or 2.6M reads from 4 different size fractions. We analyzed data using the SMRTAnalysis v3.1 Iso-Seq pipeline, including classification of reads and clustering of isoforms (ICE) followed by error-correction (Arrow). With COGENT, we clustered different isoforms into gene families to generate de novo gene contigs. We performed orthology analysis to identify closely related sequences between our transcriptome and other avian and human gene sets. We also aligned our transcriptome against the Calypte anna genome where possible. Finally, we closely examined homology of critical lipid metabolic genes between our transcriptome data and avian and human genomes. We confirmed high levels of sequence divergence within hummingbird lipogenic enzymes, suggesting a high probability of adaptive divergent function in the hepatic lipogenic pathways. Our results have leveraged cutting-edge technology and a novel bioinformatics pipeline to provide a compelling first direct look at the transcriptome of this incredible organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrka, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing provides insight into the extreme metabolism of ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular production of hydrogels and synthetic RNA granules by multivalent enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-membrane bound, hydrogel-like entities, such as RNA granules, nucleate essential cellular functions through their unique physico-chemical properties. However, these intracellular hydrogels have not been as extensively studied as their extracellular counterparts, primarily due to technical challenges in probing these materials in situ. Here, by taking advantage of a chemically inducible dimerization paradigm, we developed iPOLYMER, a strategy for rapid induction of protein-based hydrogels inside living cells. A series of biochemical and biophysical characterizations, in conjunction with computational modeling, revealed that the polymer network formed in the cytosol resembles a physiological hydrogel-like entity that behaves as a size-dependent molecular sieve. We studied several properties of the gel and functionalized it with RNA binding motifs that sequester polyadenine-containing nucleotides to synthetically mimic RNA granules. Therefore, we here demonstrate that iPOLYMER presents a unique and powerful approach to synthetically reconstitute hydrogel-like structures including RNA granules in intact cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanigawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular production of hydrogels and synthetic RNA granules by multivalent enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonic loss of human females with partial trisomy 19 identifies region critical for the single active X 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To compensate for the sex difference in the number of X chromosomes, human females, like human males have only one active X. The other X chromosomes in cells of both sexes are silenced in utero by XIST, the Inactive X Specific Transcript gene, that is present on all X chromosomes. To investigate the means by which the human active X is protected from silencing by XIST, we updated the search for a key dosage sensitive XIST repressor using new cytogenetic data with more precise resolution. Here, based on a previously unknown sex bias in copy number variations, we identify a unique region in our genome, and propose candidate genes that lie within, as they could inactivate XIST. Unlike males, the females who duplicate this region of chromosome 19 (partial 19 trisomy) do not survive embryogenesis; this preimplantation loss of females may be one reason that more human males are born than females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migeon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonic loss of human females with partial trisomy 19 identifies region critical for the single active X]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal brain region-specific DNA methylation andchromatin accessibility are associated with neuropsychiatric disease heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications confer stable transcriptional patterns in the brain, and both normal and abnormal brain function involve specialized brain regions, yet little is known about brain region-specific epigenetic differences. Here, we compared prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens from 6 individuals, performing whole genome bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation. In addition, we have performed ATAC-seq for chromatin accessibility, and RNA-seq for gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex from 6 additional individuals. We found substantial neuron- and brain region-specific differences in both DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility which were largely non-overlapping, and were greatest between nucleus accumbens and the other regions. In contrast, glial methylation and chromatin were relatively homogeneous across brain regions, although neuron/glia ratios varied greatly, demonstrating the necessity for cellular fractionation. Gene expression was also largely the same across glia from different brain regions and substantially different for neurons. Expression was correlated with methylation and accessibility across promoters and known enhancers. Several classes of transcription factor binding sites were enriched at regions of differential methylation and accessibility, including many that respond to synaptic activity. Finally, both regions of differential methylation and those of differential accessibility showed a surprising >10-fold enrichment of explained heritability associated with addictive behavior, as well as schizophrenia- and neuroticism-associated regions, suggesting that common psychiatric illness is mediated through brain region-specific epigenetic marks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzardi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal brain region-specific DNA methylation andchromatin accessibility are associated with neuropsychiatric disease heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards the human cellular microRNAome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
microRNAs are short RNAs that serve as master regulators of gene expression and are essential components of normal development as well as modulators of disease. MicroRNAs generally act cell autonomously and thus their localization to specific cell types is needed to guide our understanding of microRNA activity. Current tissue-level data has caused considerable confusion and comprehensive cell-level data does not yet exist. Here we establish the landscape of human cell-specific microRNA expression. This project evaluated 8 billion small RNA-seq reads from 46 primary cell types, 42 cancer or immortalized cell lines, and 26 tissues. It identified both specific and ubiquitous patterns of expression that strongly correlate with adjacent super-enhancer activity. Analysis of unaligned RNA reads uncovered 207 unknown minor strand (passenger) microRNAs of known microRNA loci and 2,632 novel putative microRNA loci. Although cancer cell lines generally recapitulated the expression patterns of matched primary cells, their isomiR sequence families exhibited increased disorder suggesting Drosha and Dicer-dependent microRNA processing variability. Cell-specific patterns of microRNA expression were used to deconvolute variable cellular composition of adipose tissue samples highlighting one use of this cell-specific microRNA expression data. Characterization of cellular microRNA expression across a wide variety of cell types provides a new understanding of this critical regulatory RNA species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal-Rojas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards the human cellular microRNAome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative miRNAs: Human Sequences Misidentified As Plant miRNAs In Plant Studies And In Human Plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study reported that "Plant miRNAs found in human circulating system provide evidences of cross kingdom RNAi" 1. Analysis of two human blood plasma sequencing datasets was said to provide evidence for uptake of plant miRNAs into human plasma. The results were also purportedly inconsistent with contamination 1. However, a review of these data suggests that they do not support dietary xenomiR uptake, but instead confirm previous findings that detection of rare plant miRNAs in mammalian sequencing datasets is artifactual. Only one putative plant miRNA ("peu-MIR2910) in this study mapped consistently above background, and this sequence is found in a human rRNA. Several other rarer but consistently mapped plant miRNAs also have 100% or near 100% matches to human transcripts or genomic sequences, and some do not map to plant genomes at all. These misidentified "alternative miRNAs"--including MIR2910 and MIR2911--emphasize the need for rigorous filtering strategies when assessing possible xenomiRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative miRNAs: Human Sequences Misidentified As Plant miRNAs In Plant Studies And In Human Plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome Conformation Paints Reveal The Role Of Lamina Association In Genome Organization And Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-random, dynamic three-dimensional organization of the nucleus is important for regulation of gene expression. Numerous studies using chromosome conformation capture strategies have uncovered ensemble organizational principles of individual chromosomes, including organization into active (A) and inactive (B) compartments. In addition, large inactive regions of the genome appear to be associated with the nuclear lamina, the so-called Lamina Associated Domains (LADs). However, the interrelationship between overall chromosome conformation and association of domains with the nuclear lamina remains unclear. In particular, the 3D organization of LADs within the context of the entire chromosome has not been investigated. In this study, we describe "chromosome conformation paints" to determine the relationship in situ between LAD and non-LAD regions of the genome in single cells. We find that LADs organize into constrained and compact regions at the nuclear lamina, and these findings are supported by an integrated analysis of both DamID and Hi-C data. Using a refined algorithm to identify active (A) and inactive (B) compartments from Hi-C data, we demonstrate that the LADs correspond to the B compartment. We demonstrate that in situ single cell chromosome organization is strikingly predicted by integrating both Hi-C and DamID data into a chromosome conformation model. In addition, using the chromosome conformation paints, we demonstrate that LAD (and B-compartment) organization is dependent upon both chromatin state and Lamin A/C. Finally, we demonstrate that small regions within LADs escape the repressive regime at the peripheral zone to interact with the A-compartment and are enriched for both transcription start sites (TSSs) and active enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekrun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ach, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome Conformation Paints Reveal The Role Of Lamina Association In Genome Organization And Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsEX-Mediated Regulation Of Inner Membrane Fusion And Cell Separation Reveals Morphogenetic Plasticity In Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During its life cycle, Caulobacter crescentus undergoes a series of coordinated shape changes, including generation of a polar stalk and reshaping of the cell envelope to produce new daughter cells through the process of cytokinesis. The mechanisms by which these morphogenetic processes are coordinated in time and space remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the conserved division complex FtsEX controls both the early and late stages of cytokinesis in C. crescentus, namely initiation of constriction and final cell separation. {Delta}ftsE cells display a striking phenotype: cells are chained, with skinny connections between cell bodies resulting from defects in inner membrane fusion and cell separation. Surprisingly, the thin connections in {Delta}ftsE cells share morphological and molecular features with C. crescentus stalks. Our data uncover unanticipated morphogenetic plasticity in C. crescentus, with loss of FtsE causing a stalk-like program to take over at failed division sites and yield novel cell morphology.nnAuthor SummaryBacterial cell shape is genetically hardwired and is critical for fitness and, in certain cases, pathogenesis. In most bacteria, a semi-rigid structure called the cell wall surrounds the inner membrane, offering protection against cell lysis while simultaneously maintaining cell shape. A highly dynamic macromolecular structure, the cell wall undergoes extensive remodeling as bacterial cells grow and divide. We demonstrate that a broadly conserved cell division complex, FtsEX, relays signals from the cytoplasm to the cell wall to regulate key developmental shape changes in the -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Consistent with studies in diverse bacteria, we observe strong synthetic interactions between ftsE and cell wall hydrolytic factors, suggesting that regulation of cell wall remodeling is a conserved function of FtsEX. Loss of FtsE causes morphological defects associated with both the early and late stages of division. Intriguingly, without FtsE, cells frequently fail to separate and instead elaborate a thin, tubular structure between cell bodies, a growth mode observed in other -proteobacteria. Overall, our results highlight the plasticity of bacterial cell shape and demonstrate how altering the activity of one morphogenetic program can produce diverse morphologies resembling those of other bacteria in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsEX-Mediated Regulation Of Inner Membrane Fusion And Cell Separation Reveals Morphogenetic Plasticity In Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multicenter, randomized study of decitabine as epigenetic priming with induction chemotherapy in children with AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDecitabine is a deoxycytidine nucleoside derivative inhibitor of DNA-methyltransferases, which has been studied extensively and is approved for myelodysplastic syndrome in adults but with less focus in children. Accordingly, we conducted a phase 1 multicenter, randomized, open-label study to evaluate decitabine pre-treatment before standard induction therapy in children with newly diagnosed AML to assess safety and tolerability and explore a number of biologic endpoints.nnResultsTwenty-four patients were fully assessable for all study objectives per protocol (10 in Arm A, 14 in Arm B). All patients experienced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The most common grade 3 and 4 non-hematologic adverse events observed were gastrointestinal toxicities and hypophosphatemia. Plasma decitabine PK were similar to previously reported adult data. Overall CR/CRi was similar for the two arms. MRD negativity at end-induction was 85% in Arm A versus 67% in Arm B patients. DNA methylation measured in peripheral blood over the course of treatment tracked with blast clearance and matched marrow aspirates at day 0 and day 21. Unlike end-point marrow analyses, promoter methylation in blood identified an apparent reversal of response in the lone treatment failure, one week prior to the patients marrow aspirate confirming non-response. Decitabine-induced effects of end-induction marrows in Arm A were reflected by changes in DNA methylation and gene expression comparison with matched paired marrow diagnostic aspirates.nnConclusionsThis first-in-pediatrics trial demonstrates that decitabine prior to standard combination chemotherapy is feasible and well tolerated in children with newly diagnosed AML. Pre-treatment with decitabine may represent a newer therapeutic option for pediatric AML, especially as it appears to induce important epigenetic alterations. The novel biological correlates studied in this trial offer a clinically relevant window into disease progression and remission. Additional studies are needed to definitively assess whether decitabine can enhance durability responses in children with AML. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01177540.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narendran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshinchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boklan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arceci, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multicenter, randomized study of decitabine as epigenetic priming with induction chemotherapy in children with AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental And Genetic Regulation Of The Human Cortex Transcriptome In Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GWAS have identified 108 loci that confer risk for schizophrenia, but risk mechanisms for individual loci are largely unknown. Using developmental, genetic, and illness-based RNA sequencing expression analysis, we characterized the human brain transcriptome around these loci and found enrichment for developmentally regulated genes with novel examples of shifting isoform usage across pre- and post-natal life. We found widespread expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), including many with transcript specificity and previously unannotated sequence that were independently replicated. We leveraged this eQTL database to show that 48.1% of risk variants for schizophrenia associated with nearby expression. Within patients and controls, we implemented a novel algorithm for RNA quality adjustment, and identified 237 genes significantly associated with diagnosis that replicated in an independent case-control dataset. These genes implicated synaptic processes and were strongly regulated in early development (p < 10-20). These data offer new targets for modeling schizophrenia risk in cellular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam-Thong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep-Soboslay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The BrainSeq Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental And Genetic Regulation Of The Human Cortex Transcriptome In Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympathetic Nerve Activity Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell-Cycle Arrest And Binucleation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult mammalian hearts typically have little capacity to regenerate after injuries such as myocardial infarction. In contrast, neonatal mice during the first week of life possess an incredible ability to regenerate their hearts, though this capacity is lost shortly after birth. The physiological triggers mediating this transition remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that sympathetic nerve activity promotes cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and binucleation. In mice hearts lacking sympathetic nerve inputs, we observe increased mononucleated cardiomyocyte numbers and elevated cardiomyocyte proliferation. Additionally, increased cardiomyocyte mononucleation and proliferation are observed in mice with genetic and pharmacological inhibition of {beta}-adrenergic receptors ({beta}ARs), which mediate sympathetic nerve signaling. Using in vitro cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate that activation of {beta}-adrenergic receptors results in decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation that is mediated through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that sympathetic nerve activity may play a role in limiting the ability of mammalian hearts to regenerate by restricting cardiomyocyte proliferation and promoting cytokinesis failure leading to multinucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payumo, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigley, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympathetic Nerve Activity Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell-Cycle Arrest And Binucleation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of perineuronal nets increases the frequency of sharp wave ripples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWRs) represent irregularly occurring synchronous neuronal population events that are observed during phases of rest and slow wave sleep. SWR activity that follows learning involves sequential replay of training-associated neuronal assemblies and is critical for systems level memory consolidation. SWRs are initiated by CA2 or CA3 pyramidal cells and require initial excitation of CA1 pyramidal cells as well as subsequent participation of parvalbumin (PV) expressing fast spiking (FS) inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons are relatively unique in that they represent the major neuronal cell type known to be surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNNs), lattice like structures composed of a hyaluronin backbone that surround the cell soma and proximal dendrites. Though the function of the PNN is not completely understood, previous studies suggest it may serve to localize glutamatergic input to synaptic contacts and thus influence the activity of ensheathed cells. Noting that FS PV interneurons impact the activity of pyramidal cells thought to initiate SWRs, and that their activity is critical to ripple expression, we examine the effects of PNN integrity on SWR activity in the hippocampus. Extracellular recordings from the stratum radiatum of 490 micron horizontal murine hippocampal hemisections demonstrate SWRs that occur spontaneously in CA1. As compared to vehicle, pretreatment (120 min) of paired hemislices with hyaluronidase, which cleaves the hyaluronin backbone of the PNN, decreases PNN integrity and increases SWR frequency. Pretreatment with chondroitinase, which cleaves PNN side chains, also increases SWR frequency. Together, these data contribute to an emerging appreciation of extracellular matrix as a regulator of neuronal plasticity and suggest that one function of mature perineuronal nets could be to modulate the frequency of SWR events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozzelli, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccavano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of perineuronal nets increases the frequency of sharp wave ripples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison Of NMR And Crystal Structures Of Membrane Proteins And Computational Refinement To Improve Model Quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane proteins are challenging to study and restraints for structure determination are typically sparse or of low resolution because the membrane environment that surrounds them leads to a variety of experimental challenges. When membrane protein structures are determined by different techniques in different environments, a natural question is "which structure is most biologically relevant?" Towards answering this question, we compiled a dataset of membrane proteins with known structures determined by both solution NMR and X-ray crystallography. By investigating differences between the structures, we found that RMSDs between crystal and NMR structures are below 5 [A] in the membrane region, NMR ensembles have a higher convergence in the membrane region, crystal structures typically have a straighter transmembrane region, have higher stereo-chemical correctness, and are more tightly packed. After quantifying these differences, we used high-resolution refinement of the NMR structures to mitigate them, which paves the way for identifying and improving the structural quality of membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Avino, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatnagar, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison Of NMR And Crystal Structures Of Membrane Proteins And Computational Refinement To Improve Model Quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Autoantibody Signatures To Detect Autoimmune Disease Patient Subsets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by highly specific immune responses against molecules in self-tissues. Different autoimmune diseases are characterized by distinct immune responses, making autoantibodies useful for diagnosis and prediction. In many diseases, the targets of autoantibodies are incompletely defined. Although the technologies for autoantibody discovery have advanced dramatically over the past decade, each of these techniques generates hundreds of possibilities, which are onerous and expensive to validate. We set out to establish a method to greatly simplify autoantibody discovery, using a pre-filtering step to define subgroups with similar specificities based on migration of radiolabeled, immunoprecipitated proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels and autoradiography [Gel Electrophoresis and band detection on Autoradiograms (GEA)]. Human recognition of patterns is not optimal when the patterns are complex or scattered across many samples. Multiple sources of errors - including irrelevant intensity differences and warping of gels - have challenged automation of pattern discovery from autoradiograms.nnIn this paper, we address these limitations using a Bayesian hierarchical model with shrinkage priors for pattern alignment and spatial dewarping. The Bayesian model combines information from multiple gel sets and corrects spatial warping for coherent estimation of autoantibody signatures defined by presence or absence of a grid of landmark proteins. We show the pre-processing creates more clearly separated clusters and improves the accuracy of autoantibody subset detection via hierarchical clustering. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods with GEA data from scleroderma patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casciola-Rosen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Autoantibody Signatures To Detect Autoimmune Disease Patient Subsets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved de novo Genome Assembly: Synthetic long read sequencing combined with optical mapping produce a high quality mammalian genome at relatively low cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current short-read methods have come to dominate genome sequencing because they are cost-effective, rapid, and accurate. However, short reads are most applicable when data can be aligned to a known reference. Two new methods for de novo assembly are linked-reads and restriction-site labeled optical maps. We combined commercial applications of these technologies for genome assembly of an endangered mammal, the Hawaiian Monk seal.nnWe show that the linked-reads produced with 10X Genomics Chromium chemistry and assembled with Supernova v1.1 software produced scaffolds with an N50 of 22.23 Mbp with the longest individual scaffold of 84.06 Mbp. When combined with Bionano Genomics optical maps using Bionano RefAligner, the scaffold N50 increased to 29.65 Mbp for a total of 170 hybrid scaffolds, the longest of which was 84.78 Mbp. These results were 161X and 215X, respectively, improved over DISCOVAR de novo assemblies. The quality of the scaffolds was assessed using conserved synteny analysis of both the DNA sequence and predicted seal proteins relative to the genomes of humans and other species. We found large blocks of conserved synteny suggesting that the hybrid scaffolds were high quality. An inversion in one scaffold complementary to human chromosome 6 was found and confirmed by optical maps.nnThe complementarity of linked-reads and optical maps is likely to make the production of high quality genomes more routine and economical and, by doing so, significantly improve our understanding of comparative genome biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved de novo Genome Assembly: Synthetic long read sequencing combined with optical mapping produce a high quality mammalian genome at relatively low cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of genetic loci driving spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately three quarters of acute HCV infections evolve to a chronic state, while one quarter are spontaneously cleared. Genetic predispositions strongly contribute to the development of chronicity. We have conducted a genome-wide association study to identify genomic variants underlying HCV spontaneous clearance using Immunochip in European and African ancestries. We confirmed two previously reported significant associations, in the IL28B/IFNL41,2 and MHC regions, with spontaneous clearance in the European population. We further fine-mapped the MHC association to a region of about 50 kilo base pairs, down from 1 mega base pairs in the previous study. Additional analyses suggested that the association in the MHC locus might be significantly stronger for virus subtype 1a than 1b, suggesting that viral subtype may have influenced the genetic mechanism underlying the clearance of HCV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latanich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aneja, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alric, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of genetic loci driving spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating behavioural and neurophysiological evidence suggests that upper-limb control relies on contributions from both cortical and subcortical motor circuits, with cortical inputs providing fine-finger function and subcortical inputs providing the ability for gross movements, respectively. During recovery of function after stroke, the relative contributions from these pathways may shift. Here we propose that mirror movements that appear after stroke provide a non-invasive assay through which relative contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways towards hand recovery can be studied. We hypothesized that mirror movements, like hand function, are generated by summed contributions from cortical and subcortical pathways, and suggest that subcortical contributions should be characterized by a broad recruitment of fingers, while cortical contributions primarily recruit the homologous finger in the passive hand. In a longitudinal stroke recovery study (Xu et al., 2016), we quantified mirror movements and paretic hand function in 53 stroke patients in the year following unilateral stroke. Mirror movements in the non-paretic hand were exaggerated early after damage (week 2), with paretic finger presses broadly recruiting multiple fingers in the non-paretic hand. On average, however, mirroring in homologous fingers was 1.76 times larger than in non-homologous fingers. Over the year, mirroring in the non-paretic hand progressively normalized with a time-course that mimicked that for the fine-finger deficits in the paretic hand. In comparison, during non-paretic finger presses, the homologous component of mirroring in the paretic hand was reduced early after stroke (week 2) but progressively normalized. Altogether, we conclude that the pattern of mirror movements across homologous and non-homologous fingers reflect the summed contributions of both cortical and subcortical systems, and we discuss the implications of our results towards hand recovery after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ejaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrichsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finger recruitment patterns during mirror movements suggest two systems for hand recovery after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC1-mediated inhibition of 4EBP1 is essential for Hedgehog (HH) signaling and can be targeted to suppress HH-driven medulloblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) cooperates with Hedgehog (HH) signaling, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we provide genetic, biochemical, and pharmacologic evidence that MTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent translation is a prerequisite for HH signaling. The genetic loss of mTORC1 function inhibited HH signaling- driven growth of the cerebellum and medulloblastoma. Inhibiting translation or mTORC1 blocked HH signaling. Depleting 4EBP1, an mTORC1 target that inhibits translation, alleviated the dependence of HH signaling on mTORC1. Consistent with this, phosphorylated 4EBP1 levels were elevated in HH signaling-driven medulloblastomas in mice and humans. In mice, an mTORC1 inhibitor suppressed medulloblastoma driven by a mutant SMO that is resistant to an SMO inhibitor in the clinic, prolonging the survival of the mice. Our study reveals mTORC1-mediated translation to be a key component of HH signaling and an important target for treating medulloblastoma and other cancers driven by HH signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC1-mediated inhibition of 4EBP1 is essential for Hedgehog (HH) signaling and can be targeted to suppress HH-driven medulloblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Activity Of Selective Essential Oils Against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi As A Persister Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the majority of patients with Lyme disease can be cured with the standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is debated, one possibility is due to persisters not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics. It has been reported that essential oils have antimicrobial activities and some have been used by patients with persisting Lyme disease symptoms. However, the activity of essential oils against the causative agent Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) has not been carefully studied. Here, we evaluated the activity of 34 essential oils against B. burgdorferi stationary phase culture as a model for persisters. We found that many essential oils had varying degrees of activity against B. burgdorferi, with top 5 essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud, citronella, and wintergreen) at a low concentration of 0.25% showing more activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Interestingly, some highly active essential oils were found to have excellent anti-biofilm ability as shown by their ability to dissolve the aggregated biofilm-like structures. The top 3 hits, oregano, cinnamon bark and clove bud, completely eradicated all viable cells without regrowth in subculture. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil showing excellent activity against B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells, while p-cymene and -terpinene had no apparent activity. Future studies are needed to characterize and optimize the active essential oils in drug combinations in vitro and in vivo for improved treatment of persistent Lyme disease.nnIMPORTANCEThere is a huge need for effective treatment of patients with Lyme disease who suffer from PTLDS. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that B. burgdorferi develops persisters that are not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics as a possible contributor to this condition. Although essential oils are used by patients with Lyme disease with variable improvement in symptoms, their anti-borrelia activity has not been carefully studied. Here we found that not all essential oils have adequate anti-borrelia activity and identified some highly potent essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud) that have even higher anti-persister and anti-biofilm activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil and have the potential to serve as a promising oral persister drug. Our findings may have implications for developing improved treatment of persisting Lyme disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubcevik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklossy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Activity Of Selective Essential Oils Against Stationary Phase Borrelia burgdorferi As A Persister Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-Lasting Contribution Of Dopamine In The Nucleus Accumbens Core, But Not Dorsal Lateral Striatum, To Sign-Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues is dependent on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core. These dopamine signals conform to traditional reward-prediction error signals and have been shown to diminish with time. Here we examined if the diminishing dopamine signal in the nucleus accumbens core has functional implications for the expression of sign-tracking, a Pavlovian conditioned response indicative of the attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues. Food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a Pavlovian paradigm in which an insertable lever predicted delivery of food reward in a nearby food cup. After 7 or 14 training sessions, rats received infusions of saline, the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol (100 mM), or the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol (0.5 mM baclofen/0.05 mM muscimol) into the nucleus accumbens core or the dorsal lateral striatum. Dopamine antagonism within the nucleus accumbens core attenuated sign-tracking, whereas reversible inactivation did not affect sign-tracking but increased non-specific food cup checking behaviors. Neither drug in the dorsal lateral striatum affected sign-tracking behavior. Critically, extended training did not alter these effects. Though extended experience with an incentive stimulus may reduce cue-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, this does not alter the function of dopamine in this region to promote Pavlovian cue approach nor result in the recruitment of dorsal lateral striatal systems for this behavior. These data support the notion that dopamine within the mesoaccumbal system, but not the nigrostriatal system, contributes critically to incentive motivational processes independent of the length of training.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-Lasting Contribution Of Dopamine In The Nucleus Accumbens Core, But Not Dorsal Lateral Striatum, To Sign-Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Membrane-tension Gated Ca Flux in Cell Mechanosensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells are sensitive to mechanical forces that they experience from the environment. The process of mechanosensation is complex, and involves elements such as the cytoskeleton and active contraction from myosin motors. Ultimately, mechanosensation is connected to changes in gene expression in the cell, or mechanotransduction. While the involvement of the cytoskeleton in mechanosensation is known, processes upstream to cytoskeletal changes is unclear. In this paper, using a microfluidic device that mechanically compresses live cells, we demonstrate that calcium currents and membrane tension-sensitive ion channels directly signals to the Rho GTPase and myosin contraction. In response to membrane tension changes, cell actively regulates cortical myosin contraction to balance external forces. The process is captured by a mechanochemical model where membrane tension, myosin contraction and the osmotic pressure difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular environment are connected by mechanical force-balance. Finally, to complete the picture of mechanotransduction, we find that the tension-sensitive transcription factor YAP translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to mechanical compression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Membrane-tension Gated Ca Flux in Cell Mechanosensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating the dense meshwork of wires and synapses that form neuronal circuits is possible with the high resolution of serial-section electron microscopy (ssEM)1. However, the imaging scale required to comprehensively reconstruct axons and dendrites is more than 10 orders of magnitude smaller than the spatial extents occupied by networks of interconnected neurons2--some of which span nearly the entire brain. The difficulties in generating and handling data for relatively large volumes at nanoscale resolution has thus restricted all studies in vertebrates to neuron fragments, thereby hindering investigations of complete circuits. These efforts were transformed by recent advances in computing, sample handling, and imaging techniques1, but examining entire brains at high resolution remains a challenge. Here we present ssEM data for a complete 5.5 days post-fertilisation larval zebrafish brain. Our approach utilizes multiple rounds of targeted imaging at different scales to reduce acquisition time and data management. The resulting dataset can be analysed to reconstruct neuronal processes, allowing us to, for example, survey all the myelinated axons (the projectome). Further, our reconstructions enabled us to investigate the precise projections of neurons and their contralateral counterparts. In particular, we observed that myelinated axons of reticulospinal and lateral line afferent neurons exhibit remarkable bilateral symmetry. Additionally, we found that fasciculated reticulospinal axons maintain the same neighbour relations throughout the extent of their projections. Furthermore, we use the dataset to set the stage for whole-brain comparisons of structure and function by co-registering functional reference atlases and in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy data from the same specimen. We provide the complete dataset and reconstructions as an open-access resource for neurobiologists and others interested in the ultrastructure of the larval zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, D. G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicconet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randlett, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugues, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillaney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDTargeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancer in vitro model.nnRESULTSAn unsupervised algorithm, CoGAPS, was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically.nnCONCLUSIONSGenes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize resistance. These genes include FGFR1, which was associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. Our findings provide a relevant towards better understanding of the time course progression of changes resulting in acquired resistance to targeted therapies. This is an important contribution to the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce new drugs before the resistant phenotype develops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionic currents, whether measured as conductance amplitude or as ion channel transcript levels, can vary many-fold within a population of identified neurons. This variability has been observed in multiple invertebrate neuronal types, but they do so in a coordinated manner such that their magnitudes are correlated. These conductance correlations are thought to reflect a tight homeostasis of cellular excitability that enhances the robustness and stability of neuronal activity over long stretches of time. Notably, although such ionic current correlations are well documented in invertebrates, they have not been reported in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate with two examples, identified mouse hippocampal granule cells and cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, that ionic current correlations is a ubiquitous phenomenon expressed by a number of species across phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborszky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golowasch, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanisms Of Human Papillomavirus-Related Carcinogenesis In Head And Neck Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This review examines the general cellular and molecular underpinnings of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis in the context of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and focuses on HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in areas for which specific data is available. It covers the major pathways dysregulated in HPV- positive HNSCC and the genome-wide changes associated with this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faraji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakhry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanisms Of Human Papillomavirus-Related Carcinogenesis In Head And Neck Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression Of Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Isoform S1 (PAP-S1) And Of Ricin-A-Chain/PAP-S1 Novel Fusion Protein (RTA/PAP-S1) In Escherichia coli And Their Comparative Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion protein therapeutics engineering is advancing to meet the need for novel medicine. Herein, we further characterize the development of novel RTA & PAP-S1 antiviral fusion proteins. In brief, RTA/PAP-S1 and PAP-S1/RTA fusion proteins were produced in both cell free and E. coli in vivo expression systems, purified by His-tag affinity chromatography, and protein synthesis inhibitory activity assayed by comparison to the production of a control protein, CalmL3. Results showed that the RTA/PAP-S1 fusion protein is amenable to standardized production and purification and has both increased potency and less toxicity compared to either RTA or PAP-S1 alone. Thus, this research highlights the developmental potential of novel fusion proteins with reduced cytotoxic risk and increased potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression Of Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Isoform S1 (PAP-S1) And Of Ricin-A-Chain/PAP-S1 Novel Fusion Protein (RTA/PAP-S1) In Escherichia coli And Their Comparative Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with damage to the cerebellum perform poorly in sensorimotor adaptation paradigms. This deficit has been attributed to impairment in sensory-prediction-error-based updating of an internal forward model, a form of implicit learning. These individuals can, however, successfully counter a perturbation when instructed with an explicit aiming strategy. This successful use of an instructed aiming strategy presents a paradox: In adaptation tasks, why dont individuals with cerebellar damage come up with an aiming solution on their own to compensate for their implicit learning deficit? To explore this question, we employed a variant of a visuomotor rotation task in which, prior to executing a movement on each trial, the participants verbally reported their intended aiming location. Compared to healthy controls, participants with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) displayed impairments in both implicit learning and aiming. This was observed when the visuomotor rotation was introduced abruptly (Exp. 1) or gradually (Exp. 2). This dual deficit does not appear to be related to the increased movement variance associated with ataxia: Healthy undergraduates showed little change in implicit learning or aiming when their movement feedback was artificially manipulated to produce similar levels of variability (Exp. 3). Taken together the results indicate that a consequence of cerebellar dysfunction is not only impaired sensory-prediction-error-based learning, but also a difficulty in developing and/or maintaining an aiming solution in response to a visuomotor perturbation. We suggest that this dual deficit can be explained by the cerebellum forming part of a network that learns and maintains action-outcome associations across trials.nnNew and noteworthyIndividuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired in sensorimotor adaptation. This deficit has been attributed to an impairment in error-based learning, specifically, from a deficit in using sensory prediction errors to update an internal model. Here, we show that these individuals also have difficulty in discovering an aiming solution to overcome their adaptation deficit, suggesting a new role for the cerebellum in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cerebellum Does More Than Sensory-Prediction-Error-Based Learning In Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR-Based Yeast Two-Hybrid System For Investigating RNA-Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the great importance of RNA-protein interactions in cells, there is a very limited set of approaches available for identifying proteins that bind to a specific RNA. We report here combining the use of CRISPR technology with the yeast two-hybrid protein-protein interaction system in order to create an advantageous method for investigating RNA-protein interactions. In this CRISPR-assisted RNA/RBP yeast (CARRY) two-hybrid system, an RNA of interest is targeted to the promoters of standard yeast two-hybrid reporter genes by fusing it to the CRISPR guide RNA in a strain expressing catalytically deactivated Cas9 (dCas9). If the promoter-tethered RNA binds to a protein fused to Gal4 transcriptional activation domain (GAD), then the reporter genes become transcribed, just as in the standard protein-protein yeast two-hybrid assay. We used the CARRY two-hybrid system to analyze MS2 bacteriophage RNA hairpin binding to the MS2 coat protein (MCP). We tested MS2 hairpin mutants with a range of biochemically determined binding affinities for MCP and found that CARRY two-hybrid detected all binding interactions with dissociation constants [&le;]300 nM. In summary, this new CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system provides an easily operable, much-needed new tool for identifying proteins that bind to a particular RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hass, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappulla, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR-Based Yeast Two-Hybrid System For Investigating RNA-Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), a latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 persists in resting memory CD4+ T-cells and precludes cure1-6. Lorenzo-Redondo et al.7 analyzed HIV-1 sequences collected from three individuals during the first six months of ART, discovered specific patterns of sequence evolution, and concluded that viral replication persists during therapy. We believe these evolutionary patterns are artifacts of rapidly decaying viral subpopulations present during the first months of therapy and are not characteristic of the long-lived reservoir. The study therefore provides no evidence that ongoing replication is an additional barrier to cure for treated individuals who consistently maintain low viral loads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, D. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskey, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-Evaluating Evolution In The HIV Reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume Of The Brain Of Adult Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster has a rich repertoire of innate and learned behaviors. Its 100,000-neuron brain is a large but tractable target for comprehensive neural circuit mapping. Only electron microscopy (EM) enables complete, unbiased mapping of synaptic connectivity; however, the fly brain is too large for conventional EM. We developed a custom high-throughput EM platform and imaged the entire brain of an adult female fly. We validated the dataset by tracing brain-spanning circuitry involving the mushroom body (MB), intensively studied for its role in learning. Here we describe the complete set of olfactory inputs to the MB; find a new cell type providing driving input to Kenyon cells (the intrinsic MB neurons); identify neurons postsynaptic to Kenyon cell dendrites; and find that axonal arbors providing input to the MB calyx are more tightly clustered than previously indicated by light-level data. This freely available EM dataset will significantly accelerate Drosophila neuroscience.nnHIGHLIGHTS- A complete adult fruit fly brain was imaged, using electron microscopy (EM)n- The EM volume enables brain-spanning mapping of neuronal circuits at the synaptic leveln- Olfactory projection neurons cluster more tightly in mushroom body calyx than expected from light-level datan- The primary postsynaptic targets of Kenyon cells (KCs) in the MB are other KCs, as well as the anterior paired lateral (APL) neuronn- A newly discovered cell type, MB-CP2, integrates input from several sensory modalities and provides microglomerular input to KCs in MB calyxn- A software pipeline was created in which EM-traced skeletons can be searched for within existing large-scale light microscopy (LM) databases of neuronal morphology, facilitating cell type identification and discovery of relevant genetic driver lines
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauritzen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrens, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle-Schuler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmecova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanslovsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazhdan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khairy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Complete Electron Microscopy Volume Of The Brain Of Adult Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing A Science For Sustaining Health: Establishing A Model Health District in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe demonstrate a replicable model health district for Madagascar. The governments of many low-income countries have adopted health policies that follow international standards, and yet there are four hundred million people without basic access to primary care. Closing this global health delivery gap is typically framed as an issue of scale-up, accomplished primarily through integrating international donor funds with broad-based health system strengthening (HSS) efforts. However, there is no established process by which healthcare systems measure improvements at the point of service and how those, in turn, impact population health. There is no gold standard, equivalent to randomized trials of individual-level interventions, for health systems research. Here, we present a framework for a model district in Madagascar where national policies are implemented along with additional health system interventions to allow for bottom-up adaptation.nnSettingThe intervention takes place in a government district in Madagascar, which includes 1 district hospital, 20 primary care health centers, and a network of community health workers.nnInterventionThe program simultaneously strengthens the WHOs six building blocks of HSS at all levels of the health system within a government district and pioneers a data platform that includes 1) strengthening the districts health management information systems; 2) monitoring and evaluation dashboards; and 3) a longitudinal cohort demographic and health study of over 1,500 households, with a true baseline in intervention and comparison groups.nnConclusionThe integrated intervention and data platform allows for the evaluation of system output indicators as well as population-level impact indicators, such as mortality rates. It thus supports field-based implementation and policy research to fill the know-do gap, while providing the foundation for a new science of sustaining health.nnData Sharing StatementData can be made available upon request by emailing research@pivotworks.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garchitorena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriamihaja, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratsirarson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianambinina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabeza, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnegan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrnstein, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrnstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PIVOT Impact Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gikic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouenzar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing A Science For Sustaining Health: Establishing A Model Health District in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete wiring diagram of a higherorder circuit supporting associative memory has not been previously available. We reconstructed one such circuit at synaptic resolution, the Drosophila larval mushroom body, and found that most Kenyon cells integrate random combinations of inputs but a subset receives stereotyped inputs from single projection neurons. This organization maximizes performance of a model output neuron on a stimulus discrimination task. We also report a novel canonical circuit in each mushroom body compartment with previously unidentified connections: reciprocal Kenyon cell to modulatory neuron connections, modulatory neuron to output neuron connections, and a surprisingly high number of recurrent connections between Kenyon cells. Stereotyped connections between output neurons could enhance the selection of learned responses. The complete circuit map of the mushroom body should guide future functional studies of this learning and memory center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saumweber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Connectome Of A Learning And Memory Center In An Insect Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and spatial variation among single dopaminergic neuron transcriptomes informs cellular phenotype diversity and Parkinson’s Disease gene prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is caused by the collapse of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the midbrain (MB), while other DA populations remain relatively intact. Common variation influencing susceptibility to sporadic PD has been primarily identified through genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, like many other common genetic diseases, the genes impacted by common PD-associated variation remain to be elucidated. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to characterize DA neuron populations in the mouse brain at embryonic and early postnatal timepoints. These data allow for the unbiased identification of DA neuron subpopulations, including a novel postnatal neuroblast population and SN DA neurons. Comparison of SN DA neurons with other DA neurons populations in the brain reveals a unique transcriptional profile, novel marker genes, and specific gene regulatory networks. By integrating these cell population specific data with published GWAS, we develop a scoring system for prioritizing candidate genes in PD-associated loci. With this, we prioritize candidate genes in all 32 GWAS intervals implicated in sporadic PD risk, the first such systematically generated list. From this we confirm that the prioritized candidate gene CPLX1 disrupts the nigrostriatal pathway when knocked out in mice. Ultimately, this systematic rationale leads to the identification of biologically pertinent candidates and testable hypotheses for sporadic PD that will inform a new era of PD genetic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hook, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and spatial variation among single dopaminergic neuron transcriptomes informs cellular phenotype diversity and Parkinson’s Disease gene prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluctuations of fMRI activation patterns reveal theta-band dynamics of visual object priming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain dynamically creates predictions about upcoming stimuli to guide perception efficiently. Recent behavioral results suggest theta-band oscillations contribute to this prediction process, however litter is known about the underlying neural mechanism. Here, we combine fMRI and a time-resolved psychophysical paradigm to access fine temporal-scale profiles of the fluctuations of brain activation patterns corresponding to visual object priming. Specifically, multi-voxel activity patterns in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA) show temporal fluctuations at a theta-band (~5 Hz) rhythm. Importantly, the theta-band power in the FFA negatively correlates with reaction time, further indicating the critical role of the observed cortical theta oscillations. Moreover, alpha-band (~10 Hz) shows a dissociated spatial distribution, mainly linked to the occipital cortex. These findings, to our knowledge, are the first fMRI study that indicates temporal fluctuations of multi-voxel activity patterns and that demonstrates theta and alpha rhythms in relevant brain areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goold, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluctuations of fMRI activation patterns reveal theta-band dynamics of visual object priming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Genotyping Arrays: Illumina HumanCore, OmniExpress, Multi-Ethnic global array and sub-arrays, Global Screening Array, Omni2.5M, Omni5M, and Affymetrix UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotyping arrays have been widely adopted as an efficient means to interrogate variation across the human genome. Genetic variants may be observed either directly, via genotyping, or indirectly, through linkage disequilibrium with a genotyped variant. The total proportion of genomic variation captured by an array, either directly or indirectly, is referred to as "genomic coverage." Here we use genotype imputation and Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project to assess genomic coverage of several modern genotyping arrays. We find that in general, coverage increases with increasing array density. However, arrays designed to cover specific populations may yield better coverage in those populations compared to denser arrays not tailored to the given population. Ultimately, array choice involves trade-offs between cost, density, and coverage, and our work helps inform investigators weighing these choices and trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romm, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputation-Based Genomic Coverage Assessments of Current Genotyping Arrays: Illumina HumanCore, OmniExpress, Multi-Ethnic global array and sub-arrays, Global Screening Array, Omni2.5M, Omni5M, and Affymetrix UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIMoSA: A Method for Inter-Modal Segmentation Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for in vivo detection and characterization of white matter lesions (WML) in multiple sclerosis. While these lesions have been studied for over two decades using MRI technology, automated segmentation remains challenging. Although the majority of statistical techniques for the automated segmentation of WML are based on a single imaging modality, recent advances have used multimodal techniques for identifying WML. Complementary imaging modalities emphasize different tissue properties, which can help identify and characterize interrelated features of lesions. However, prior work has ignored relationships between imaging modalities, which may be informative in this clinical context. To harness the coherent changes in these measurements, we utilized inter-modal coupling regression (IMCo) to estimate the covariance structure across modalities. We then used a local logistic regression, MIMoSA, which leverages new covariance features from IMCo regression as well as the mean structure of each imaging modality in order to model the probability that any voxel is part of a lesion. Finally, we introduced a novel thresholding algorithm to fully automate the estimation of the probability maps to generate fully automated segmentations masks for 94 subjects. To evaluate the performance of the automated segmentations generated using MIMoSA we compared results with gold standard manual segmentations. We demonstrate the superiority of MIMoSA to other automated segmentation techniques by comparing it to the OASIS algorithm as well as LesionTOADS. MIMoSA resulted in statistically significant improvement in lesion segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIMoSA: A Method for Inter-Modal Segmentation Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIP-MAP: High-Throughput Mapping of Caenorhabditis elegans Temperature Sensitive Mutants via Molecular Inversion Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature sensitive (TS) alleles are important tools for the genetic and functional analysis of essential genes in many model organisms. While isolating TS alleles is not difficult, determining the TS-conferring mutation can be problematic. Even with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data there is a paucity of predictive methods for identifying TS alleles from DNA sequence alone. We assembled 173 TS lethal mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans and used WGS to identify several hundred mutations per strain. We leveraged single molecule molecular inversion probes (MIPs) to sequence variant sites at high depth in the cross-progeny of TS mutants and a mapping strain with identified sequence variants but no apparent phenotypic differences from the reference N2 strain. By sampling for variants at ~1Mb intervals across the genome we genetically mapped mutant alleles at a resolution comparable to current standards in a process we call MIP-MAP. The MIP-MAP protocol, however, permits high-throughput sequencing of multiple TS mutation mapping libraries at less than 200K reads per library. Using MIP-MAP on a subset of TS mutants, via a competitive selection assay and standard recombinant mutant selection, we defined TS-associated intervals of 3Mb or less. Our results suggest this collection of strains contains a diverse library of TS alleles for genes involved in development and reproduction. MIP-MAP is a robust method to genetically map mutations in both viable and essential genes. The MIPs protocol should allow high-throughput tracking of genetic variants in any mixed population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yochem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenfang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerman, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIP-MAP: High-Throughput Mapping of Caenorhabditis elegans Temperature Sensitive Mutants via Molecular Inversion Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic interhemispheric coordination in face processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our conscious experience of the world is normally unified. The brain coordinates different processes from the left and right hemispheres into one experience. However, the neural mechanisms underlying interhemispheric coordination remain poorly understood. A mechanistic approach to understanding interhemispheric coordination is "communication through coherence" (Fries, 2005; 2015). Using a recently developed time-resolved psychophysics (Fiebelkorn, Saalmann, & Kastner, 2013; Landau & Fries, 2012; Song, Meng, Chen, Zhou, & Luo, 2014), combined with fMRI decoding method, we investigated the interhemispheric coordination through coherence, by focusing on a quintessential case of hemispheric lateralized brain function: face processing in the left and right fusiform face area (FFA). We observed coherent oscillatory fMRI multi-voxel patterns in the left and right FFA when two stimuli presented successively cross visual fields, either initiating coordination from the left hemisphere or right hemisphere. When interhemispheric coordination started from the dominant right hemisphere, a coherent 44{degrees} phase difference between the left and right FFA in 3-4 Hz was observed; whereas when interhemispheric coordination started from the non-dominant left hemisphere, a coherent -17{degrees} phase difference between the left and right FFA in 5.5-6.5 Hz was observed. These results suggest that different phase coherence might mediate the interhemispheric coordination of face perception, depending on whether the initiating hemisphere is dominant or non-dominant. Our findings provide compelling fMRI evidence for interhemispheric coordination through coherence. The time-resolved fMRI decoding approach would be a useful starting point for a more promising approach for future investigation in interhemispheric dynamic coordination with fine-grained spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic interhemispheric coordination in face processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in gene regulation in the dorsal root ganglion after nerve injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain is a subjective experience derived from complex interactions among biological, environmental, and psychosocial pathways. Sex differences in pain sensitivity and chronic pain prevalence are well established. However, the molecular causes underlying these sex dimorphisms are poorly understood particularly with regard to the role of the peripheral nervous system. Here we sought to identify shared and distinct gene networks functioning in the peripheral nervous systems that may contribute to sex differences of pain after nerve injury. We performed RNA-seq on dorsal root ganglia following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in male and female rats. Analysis from paired naive and injured tissues showed that 1456 genes were differentially expressed between sexes. Appreciating sex-related gene expression differences and similarities in neuropathic pain models may help to improve the translational relevance to clinical populations and efficacy of clinical trials of this major health issue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in gene regulation in the dorsal root ganglion after nerve injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference Quality Assembly of the 3.5 Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a Single Linked-Read Library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLinked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of multiple human genomes, however the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven. We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5 gigabase (Gb) diploid pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome with a single Linked-Read library. Plant genomes, including pepper, are characterized by long, highly similar repetitive sequences. Accordingly, significant effort is used to ensure the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus. With a phased assembly approach, we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes for a pungency gene characterized by a large insertion/deletion.nnResultsThe Supernova software generated a highly ordered, more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C. annuum reference genomes. Eighty-four percent of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four de novo linkage maps. A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly. The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5 kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and non-pungent peppers.nnConclusionsThe most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated through this work which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a rapid tool to assemble de novo complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes. This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality reference genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hulse-Kemp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshwari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference Quality Assembly of the 3.5 Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a Single Linked-Read Library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in stochastic photoreceptor specification and color preference in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each individual perceives the world in a unique way, but little is known about the genetic basis of variation in sensory perception. Here we investigated natural variation in the development and function of the color vision system of Drosophila. In the fly eye, the random mosaic of color-detecting R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by stochastic expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). Individual R7s randomly choose between SsON or SsOFF fates at a ratio of 65:35, resulting in unique patterns but consistent proportions of cell types across genetically identical retinas. In a genome wide association study, we identified a naturally occurring insertion in a regulatory DNA element in the ss gene that lowers the ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. This change in photoreceptor fates shifts the innate color preference of flies from green to blue. The genetic variant increases the binding affinity for Klumpfuss (Klu), a zinc finger transcriptional repressor that regulates ss expression. Klu is expressed at intermediate levels to determine the normal ratio of SsON to SsOFF cells. Thus, binding site affinity and transcription factor levels are finely tuned to regulate stochastic on/off gene expression, setting the ratio of alternative cell fates and ultimately determining color preference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliauskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in stochastic photoreceptor specification and color preference in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of peptide binding to MHC Class I proteins in the age of deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding of peptides to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins is a critical step in immune response. Peptides bound to MHCs are recognized by CD8+ (MHC Class I) and CD4+ (MHC Class II) T-cells. Successful prediction of which peptides will bind to specific MHC alleles would benefit many cancer immunotherapy appications. Currently, supervised machine learning is the leading computational approach to predict peptide-MHC binding, and a number of methods, trained using results of binding assays, have been published. Many clinical researchers are dissatisfied with the sensitivity and specificity of currently available methods and the limited number of alleles for which they can be applied. We evaluated several recent methods to predict peptide-MHC Class I binding affinities and a new method of our own design (MHCnuggets). We used a high-quality benchmark set of 51 alleles, which has been applied previously. The neural network methods NetMHC, NetMHCpan, MHCflurry, and MHCnuggets achieved similar best-in-class prediction performance in our testing, and of these methods MHCnuggets was significantly faster. MHCnuggets is a gated recurrent neural network, and the only method to our knowledge which can handle peptides of any length, without artificial lengthening and shortening. Seventeen alleles were problematic for all tested methods. Prediction difficulties could be explained by deficiencies in the training and testing examples in the benchmark, suggesting that biological differences in allele-specific binding properties are not as important as previously claimed. Advances in accuracy and speed of computational methods to predict peptide-MHC affinity are urgently needed. These methods will be at the core of pipelines to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapy, based on tumor-derived somatic mutations. Machine learning methods, such as MHCnuggets, which efficiently handle peptides of any length will be increasingly important for the challenges of predicting immunogenic response for MHC Class II alleles.nnAuthor SummaryMachine learning methods are a popular approach for predicting whether a peptide will bind to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins, a critical step in activation of cytotoxic T-cells. The input to these methods is a peptide sequence and an MHC allele of interest, and the output is the predicted binding affinity. MHC Class I and II proteins bind peptides of 8-11 amino acids and 16-26 amino acids respectively. This has been an obstacle for machine learning, because the methods used to date can only handle fixed-length inputs. We show that a recently developed technique known as gated recurrent neural networks can handle peptides of variable length and predict peptide-MHC binding as well or better than existing methods, at substantially faster speeds. Our results have implications for the hundreds of MHC alleles that cannot be predicted with current methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of peptide binding to MHC Class I proteins in the age of deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein best known for its structural role in maintaining cell shape and protecting cells from mechanical damage1-3. Here, we report that spectrin dynamically accumulates and dissolves at the fusogenic synapse, where an attacking fusion partner mechanically invades its receiving partner with actin-propelled protrusions to promote cell-cell fusion4-7. Using genetics, cell biology, biophysics and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that unlike myosin II that responds to dilation deformation, spectrin exhibits a mechanosensitive accumulation in response to shear deformation, which is highly elevated at the fusogenic synapse. The accumulated spectrin forms an uneven network, which functions as a "sieve" to constrict the invasive fingerlike protrusions, thus putting the fusogenic synapse under high mechanical tension to promote cell membrane fusion. Taken together, our study has revealed a previously unrecognized function of spectrin as a dynamic mechanoresponsive protein that shapes the architecture of intercellular invasion. These findings have general implications for understanding spectrin function in other dynamic cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilagardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffhauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scikit-ribo: Accurate estimation and robust modeling of translation dynamics at codon resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Riboseq) is a powerful technique for measuring protein translation, however, sampling errors and biological biases are prevalent and poorly understand. Addressing these issues, we present Scikit-ribo (https://github.com/hanfang/scikit-ribo), the first open-source software for accurate genome-wide A-site prediction and translation efficiency (TE) estimation from Riboseq and RNAseq data. Scikit-ribo accurately identifies A-site locations and reproduces codon elongation rates using several digestion protocols (r = 0.99). Next we show commonly used RPKM-derived TE estimation is prone to biases, especially for low-abundance genes. Scikit-ribo introduces a codon-level generalized linear model with ridge penalty that correctly estimates TE while accommodating variable codon elongation rates and mRNA secondary structure. This corrects the TE errors for over 2000 genes in S. cerevisiae, which we validate using mass spectrometry of protein abundances (r = 0.81) and allows us to determine the Kozak-like sequence directly from Riboseq. We conclude with an analysis of coverage requirements needed for robust codon-level analysis, and quantify the artifacts that can occur from cycloheximide treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scikit-ribo: Accurate estimation and robust modeling of translation dynamics at codon resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in neuronal activity state, axonal projection target, and position principally define the transcriptional identity of individual neocortical projection neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have generated the first catalogs of transcriptionally defined neuronal subtypes of the brain. However, the biologically informative cellular processes that contribute to neuronal subtype specification and transcriptional heterogeneity remain unclear. By comparing the gene expression profiles of single layer 6 corticothalamic neurons in somatosensory cortex, we show that transcriptional subtypes primarily reflect axonal projection pattern, laminar position within the cortex, and neuronal activity state. Pseudotemporal ordering of 1023 cellular responses to manipulation of sensory input demonstrates that changes in expression of activity-induced genes both reinforced cell-type identity and contributed to increased transcriptional heterogeneity within each cell type. This is due to cell-type specific biases in the choice of transcriptional states following manipulation of neuronal activity. These results reveal that axonal projection pattern, laminar position, and activity state define significant axes of variation that contribute both to the transcriptional identity of individual neurons and to the transcriptional heterogeneity within each neuronal subtype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in neuronal activity state, axonal projection target, and position principally define the transcriptional identity of individual neocortical projection neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of purified LINE-1 reveals distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic intermediates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) is a mobile genetic element active in human genomes. L1-encoded ORF1 and ORF2 proteins bind L1 RNAs, forming ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). These RNPs interact with diverse host proteins, some repressive and others required for the L1 lifecycle. Using differential affinity purifications and quantitative mass spectrometry, we have characterized the proteins associated with distinctive L1 macromolecular complexes. Our findings support the presence of multiple L1-derived retrotransposition intermediates in vivo. Among them, we describe a cytoplasmic intermediate that we hypothesize to be the canonical ORF1p/ORF2p/L1-RNA-containing RNP, and we describe a nuclear population containing ORF2p, but lacking ORF1p, which likely contains host factors participating in template-primed reverse transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altukhov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adney, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wudzinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ischenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexeev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCava, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of purified LINE-1 reveals distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic intermediates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, has one of the most complex genomes known to science, with 6 copies of each chromosome, enormous numbers of near-identical sequences scattered throughout, and an overall size of more than 15 billion bases. Multiple past attempts to assemble the genome have failed. Here we report the first successful assembly of T. aestivum, using deep sequencing coverage from a combination of short Illumina reads and very long Pacific Biosciences reads. The final assembly contains 15,344,693,583 bases and has a weighted average (N50) contig size of of 232,659 bases. This represents by far the most complete and contiguous assembly of the wheat genome to date, providing a strong foundation for future genetic studies of this important food crop. We also report how we used the recently published genome of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, to identify 4,179,762,575 bp of T. aestivum that correspond to its D genome components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo calcium imaging visualizes peripheral neuron sensitization in murine osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to develop a method for analyzing sensory neuron responses to mechanical stimuli in vivo, and to evaluate whether these neuronal responses change after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM).nnMethodsDMM or sham surgery was performed in 10-week old male C57BL/6 wild-type or Pirt-GCaMP3+/- mice. All experiments were performed eight weeks after surgery. Knee and hind paw hyperalgesia were assessed in wild-type mice. The retrograde label DiI was injected into the ipsilateral knee to quantify the number of knee-innervating neurons in the L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in wild-type mice. In vivo calcium imaging was performed on the ipsilateral L4 DRG of Pirt-GCaMP3+/- mice as mechanical stimuli (paw pinch, knee pinch, knee twist) were applied to the ipsilateral hind limb.nnResultsEight weeks after surgery, DMM mice had more hyperalgesia in the knee and hind paw compared to sham mice. Intra-articular injection of DiI labeled similar numbers of neurons in the L4 DRG of sham and DMM mice. Increased numbers of sensory neurons responded to all three mechanical stimuli in DMM mice, as assessed by in vivo calcium imaging. The majority of responses in sham and DMM mice were in small-to-medium-sized neurons, consistent with the size of nociceptors. The magnitude of responses was similar between sham and DMM mice.nnConclusionsWe demonstrated that increased numbers of small-to-medium sized DRG neurons respond to mechanical stimuli 8 weeks after DMM surgery, suggesting that nociceptors have become sensitized by lowering the response threshold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malfait, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo calcium imaging visualizes peripheral neuron sensitization in murine osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision genome editing using synthesis-dependent repair of Cas9-induced DNA breaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 has emerged as a powerful new tool for genome engineering. Cas9 creates targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome. Knock-in of specific mutations (precision genome editing) requires homology-directed repair (HDR) of the DSB by synthetic donor DNAs containing the desired edits, but HDR has been reported to be variably efficient. Here, we report that linear DNAs (single and double-stranded) engage in a high-efficiency HDR mechanism that requires only [~]35 nucleotides of homology with the targeted locus to introduce edits ranging from 1 to 1000 nucleotides. We demonstrate the utility of linear donors by introducing fluorescent protein tags in human cells and mouse embryos using PCR fragments. We find that repair is local, polarity-sensitive, and prone to template switching, characteristics that are consistent with gene conversion by synthesis-dependent strand-annealing (SDSA). Our findings enable rational design of synthetic donor DNAs for efficient genome editing.nnSignificanceGenome editing, the introduction of precise changes in the genome, is revolutionizing our ability to decode the genome. Here we describe a simple method for genome editing that takes advantage of an efficient mechanism for DNA repair called synthesis-dependent strand annealing. We demonstrate that synthetic linear DNAs (ssODNs and PCR fragments) with [~]35bp homology arms function as efficient donors for SDSA repair of Cas9-induced double-strand breaks. Edits from 1 to 1000 base pairs can be introduced in the genome without cloning or selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paix, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidemarry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision genome editing using synthesis-dependent repair of Cas9-induced DNA breaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Mitochondrial Genomes in Human Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that play critical roles in cancer development. Through International Cancer Genome Consortium, we performed a multidimensional characterization of mitochondrial genomes using the whole-genome sequencing data of ~2,700 patients across 37 cancer types and related RNA-sequencing data. Our analysis presents the most definitive mutational landscape of mitochondrial genomes including a novel hypermutated case. We observe similar mutational signatures across cancer types, suggesting powerful endogenous mutational processes in mitochondria. Truncating mutations are remarkably enriched in kidney, colorectal and thyroid cancers and associated with the activation of critical signaling pathways. We find frequent somatic nuclear transfers of mitochondrial DNA (especially in skin and lung cancers), some of which disrupt therapeutic target genes (e.g., ERBB2). The mitochondrial DNA copy number shows great variations within and across cancers and correlates with clinical variables. Co-expression analysis highlights the function of mitochondrial genes in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair, and cell cycle; and reveals their connections with clinically actionable genes. Our study, including an open-access data portal, lays a foundation for understanding the interplays between the cancer mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and translating mitochondrial biology into clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creighton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- PCAWG Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Mitochondrial Genomes in Human Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRAVAT 4: Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer sequencing studies are increasingly comprehensive and well-powered, returning long lists of somatic mutations that can be difficult to sort and interpret. Diligent analysis and quality control can require multiple computational tools of distinct utility and producing disparate output, creating additional challenges for the investigator. The Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit (CRAVAT) is an evolving suite of informatics tools for mutation interpretation that includes mutation projecting and quality control, impact prediction and extensive annotation, gene- and mutation-level interpretation including joint prioritization of all nonsilent consequence types, and structural and mechanistic visualization. Results from CRAVAT submissions are explored in an interactive, user-friendly web-environment with dynamic filtering and sorting designed to highlight the most informative mutation, even in the context of very large studies. CRAVAT can be run on a public web-portal, in the cloud, or downloaded for local use, and is easily integrated with other methods for cancer omics analysis.nnConflict of interestAll authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masica, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douville, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRAVAT 4: Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specification of the germline by Nanos-dependent down-regulation of the somatic synMuvB transcription factor LIN-15B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nanos RNA-binding protein has been implicated in the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in metazoans, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have profiled the transcriptome of PGCs lacking the nanos homologues nos-1 and nos-2 iC. elegans. nos-1nos-2 PGCs fail to silence hundreds of genes normally expressed in oocytes and somatic cells, a phenotype reminiscent of PGCs lacking the repressive PRC2 complex. The nos-1nos-2 phenotype depends on LIN-15B, a broadly expressed synMuvB class transcription factor known to antagonize PRC2 activity in somatic cells. LIN-15B is maternally-inherited by all embryonic cells and is down-regulated specifically in PGCs in a nos-1nos-2-dependent manner. Consistent with LIN-15B being a critical target of Nanos regulation, inactivation of maternal LIN-15B restores fertility to nos-1nos-2 mutants. These studies demonstrate a central role for Nanos in reprogramming the transcriptome of PGCs away from an oocyte/somatic fate by down-regulating an antagonist of PRC2 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/163642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specification of the germline by Nanos-dependent down-regulation of the somatic synMuvB transcription factor LIN-15B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosolic proteins can exploit membrane localization to trigger functional assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell division, endocytosis, and viral budding would not function without the localization and assembly of protein complexes on membranes. What is poorly appreciated, however, is that by localizing to membranes, proteins search in a reduced space that effectively drives up concentration. Here we derive an accurate and practical analytical theory to quantify the significance of this dimensionality reduction in regulating protein assembly on membranes. We define a simple metric, an effective equilibrium constant, that allows for quantitative comparison of protein-protein interactions with and without membrane present. To test the importance of membrane localization for driving protein assembly, we collected the protein-protein and protein-lipid affinities, protein and lipid concentrations, and volume-to-surface-area ratios for 46 interactions between 37 membrane-targeting proteins in human and yeast cells. We find that many of the protein-protein interactions between pairs of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human and yeast cells can experience enormous increases in effective protein-protein affinity (10-1000 fold) due to membrane localization. Localization of binding partners thus triggers robust protein complexation, suggesting that it can play an important role in controlling the timing of endocytic protein coat formation. Our analysis shows that several other proteins involved in membrane remodeling at various organelles have similar potential to exploit localization. The theory highlights the master role of phosphoinositide lipid concentration, the volume-to-surface-area ratio, and the ratio of 3D to 2D equilibrium constants in triggering (or preventing) constitutive assembly on membranes. Our simple model provides a novel quantitative framework for interpreting or designing in vitro experiments of protein complexation influenced by membrane binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yogurtcu, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosolic proteins can exploit membrane localization to trigger functional assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal role of beta oscillations in time estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms underlying time perception are of vital importance to a comprehensive understanding of behavior and cognition. Recent work has pointed to a supramodal role for beta oscillations in coordinating endogenous timing mechanisms for the purpose of measuring temporal intervals. However, the majority of this work has employed paradigms relying on timed motor responses, which are confounded by betas established role in motor movement. Further, no study to date has tested if the alteration of beta oscillations subsequently impacts timing. Here, we address these concerns and demonstrate for the first time a causal connection between beta oscillations and timing. To accomplish this, we first re-analyzed two, separate EEG datasets from psychophysical experiments (Wiener, et al. 2012; 2015) demonstrating that beta oscillations are associated with the retention and comparison of a memory standard for duration, and that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right supramarginal gyrus leads to an increase in midline beta power during the encoding of a temporal interval, corresponding with a longer perceived interval of time. Next, we conducted a study of 20 healthy human participants using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), over frontocentral cortex, at alpha (10Hz) and beta (20Hz) frequencies, during a visual temporal bisection task, demonstrating that beta stimulation exclusively shifts the perception of time such that stimuli are reported as longer in length, while preserving precision. Finally, we decomposed trial-by-trial choice data with a drift diffusion model of decision making and temporal encoding that reveals the shift in timing is caused by a change in the starting point of accumulation, rather than the drift rate or threshold. Our results provide causal evidence of betas involvement in the perception of time, and point to a specific role for beta oscillations in the encoding and retention of memory for temporal intervals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coslett, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal role of beta oscillations in time estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected Properties of Short Genomic Tandem Repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Length polymorphisms in genomic short tandem repeats have been implicated in a variety of diseases, most notably human neurodegenerative disorders. Expansions of tandem repeats are also associated with genomic instability in cancer. Our previous study of length-3 tandem repeats uncovered a surprising pattern in the length distribution of certain such repeats in the non-coding regions of the human reference genome: a bias towards repeats of length 3n - 1, (n > 3). That is, the observed frequency of repeats of this length in the human genome is higher than expected by chance based on the frequency of shorter repeats.nnWe have hypothesized that this pattern may be a general property of genomic DNA. If true, this could have implications with regard to the dynamics of repeat expansion generally. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed the genomic sequences of a broad range of eukaryotic organisms as well as several complete human genomes and obtained a number of thought provoking results. We establish that this unexpected elevation in frequency of 3n - 1 long repeats is statistically significant. We also expanded this analysis to different classes of genomic regions and tandem repeats of length four and five. The specific pattern was found in 13 of the 20 organisms analyzed, including all chordate and insect genomes tested. The bias pattern, however, was not confined to a single branch of the evolutionary tree. For some genomes, such as Drosophila melanogaster, the repeat bias surprisingly was also identified in exons. The pattern is present in both small and large genomes. A similar pattern was also found in tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeats in the human genome. Another surprising property was identified for the flanking GC content for triplet repeats of length 3n. These findings indicate a puzzling new genomic phenomenon with possible evolutionary and disease-related implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glotova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delcher, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected Properties of Short Genomic Tandem Repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serial dependence transfers between perceptual objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Judgments of the present visual world are affected by what came before. When judgments of visual properties such as orientation are biased in the direction of preceding stimuli, this is called visual serial dependence. Visual serial dependence is thought to arise from mechanisms that support perceptual continuity: because physical properties of an object usually vary smoothly in time, perception might be accurately stabilized by smoothing the perceived features in time. However, mechanisms that support perceptual continuity should be object-specific, because the orientation of one object is more related to its own past than to the past of a distinct object. Thus, we tested the perceptual continuity explanation by comparing the magnitude of serial dependence between objects and within objects. Across three experiments, we manipulated objecthood by varying the color, the location, and both the color and the location of Gabor patches. We observed a serial dependence effect in every experiment but did not observe an effect of objecthood in any experiment. We further observed serial dependence even when the orientations of two successive stimuli were nearly orthogonal. These data are inconsistent with explanations of serial dependence based on visual continuity. We hypothesize that serial dependence arises from a combination of perceptual features and internal response variables, which interact within a common task or decisional context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serial dependence transfers between perceptual objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repositioning the Sm-binding site in S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA reveals RNP organizational flexibility and Sm-directed 3′-end formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase RNA contains a template for synthesizing telomeric DNA by reverse transcription and has been proposed to act as a flexible scaffold for holoenzyme protein subunits in the RNP. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the telomerase subunits Est1 and Ku bind to the telomerase RNA, TLC1, and it has been shown that these proteins still function when their binding sites are repositioned within the RNA. TLC1 is also bound by the Sm7 protein complex, which is required for stabilization of the predominant, non-polyadenylated (poly(A)-) TLC1 isoform. Here, we first show that Sm7 can perform this function even when its binding site is repositioned via circular permutation to several different positions within TLC1, further supporting the conclusion that the telomerase holoenzyme is organizationally flexible. Next, we tested the hypothesis that the location of the Sm7-binding site relative to the 3' end is contrastingly important. When we moved the Sm site to locations 5' of its native position, we observed that this stabilized shorter forms of poly(A)- TLC1 in a manner precisely corresponding to how far upstream the Sm site was moved. This provides strong evidence that the location of Sm7 binding to TLC1 controls where the mature poly(A)- 3' end is formed. In summary, our results show that Sm7 and the 3' end of yeast telomerase RNA comprise an organizationally flexible module within the telomerase RNP and provide insights into the mechanistic role of Sm7 in telomerase RNA biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hass, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappulla, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repositioning the Sm-binding site in S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA reveals RNP organizational flexibility and Sm-directed 3′-end formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal expression divergence of network modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we propose new module-based approaches to identify differentially regulated network sub-modules combining temporal trajectories of expression profiles with static network skeletons. Starting from modules identified by network clustering of static networks, our analysis refines pre-defined genesets by partitioning them into smaller homogeneous sets by non-paramettric Bayesian methods. Especially for case-control time series data we developed multi-time point discriminative models and identified each network module as a mixture or admixture of dynamic discriminative functions. Our results shows that our proposed approach outperformed existing geneset enrichment methods in simulation studies. Moreover we applied the methods to neural stem cell differentiation data, and discovered novel modules differentially perturbed in different developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal expression divergence of network modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GAL80 collection to nullify transgenes in Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fruit flies recognize hundreds of ecologically relevant odors and respond appropriately to them. The complexity, redundancy and interconnectedness of the olfactory machinery complicate efforts to pinpoint the functional contributions of any component neuron or receptor to behavior. Some contributions can only be elucidated in flies that carry multiple mutations and transgenes, but the production of such flies is currently labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a set of transgenic flies that express the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL80 in specific olfactory sensory neurons (OrX-GAL80s). The GAL80s effectively and specifically subtract the activities of GAL4-driven transgenes that impart anatomical and physiological phenotypes. OrX-GAL80s can allow researchers to efficiently activate only one or a few types of functional neurons in an otherwise nonfunctional olfactory background. Such experiments will improve our understanding of the mechanistic connections between odorant inputs and behavioral outputs at the resolution of only a few functional neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eliason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GAL80 collection to nullify transgenes in Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience-dependent neuronal activity regulates the translation of mRNA, supporting memory formation. We have developed a new method termed translating ribosome affinity purification and ribosome profiling (TRiP) which allows us to determine cell type-specific ribosome occupancy of mRNA with nucleotide resolution. Using TRiP we show that a memory-inducing experience creates a distinct translational state in mouse CA1 pyramidal cells. The experience-dependent translation state is characterized by enhanced translation of protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) including numerous components of the actin cytoskeleton and calcium/calmodulin binding proteins, and by decreased translation of a defined subset of genes containing upstream ORFs (uORFs). Using animals heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2), we show that dephosphorylation of eIF2 contributes significantly to the experience-dependent translation state. These observations demonstrate that TRiP is a valuable methodology for studying physiologically relevant changes in translational state in genetically defined cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eacker, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brichta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riessland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent translational state defined by cell type-specific ribosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate detection of complex structural variations using single molecule sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variations (SVs) are the largest source of genetic variation, but remain poorly understood because of limited genomics technology. Single molecule long read sequencing from Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore has the potential to dramatically advance the field, although their high error rates challenge existing methods. Addressing this need, we introduce open-source methods for long read alignment (NGMLR, https://github.com/philres/ngmlr) and SV identification (Sniffles, https://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/Sniffles) that enable unprecedented SV sensitivity and precision, including within repeat-rich regions and of complex nested events that can have significant impact on human disorders. Examining several datasets, including healthy and cancerous human genomes, we discover thousands of novel variants using long reads and categorize systematic errors in short-read approaches. NGMLR and Sniffles are further able to automatically filter false events and operate on low amounts of coverage to address the cost factor that has hindered the application of long reads in clinical and research settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rescheneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Haeseler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate detection of complex structural variations using single molecule sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker of FtsZ regulates protofilament dynamics and superstructure in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ2 polymerizes to form a discontinuous cytokinetic ring that drives bacterial cell division by directing local cell wall synthesis. FtsZ comprises a polymerizing GTPase domain, an intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker (CTL) and a C-terminal conserved -helix (CTC). FtsZ protofilaments align circumferentially in the cell, with the CTC mediating attachment to membrane-associated division proteins. The dynamic turnover and treadmilling of clusters of FtsZ protofilaments guides cell wall synthesis and constriction. The nature and regulation of the interactions that result in the assembly of protofilaments into dynamic clusters is unknown. Here, we describe a role for the CTL of Caulobacter crescentus FtsZ as an intrinsic regulator of lateral interactions between protofilaments in vitro. FtsZ lacking its CTL ({Delta}CTL) shows dramatically increased propensity to form long multifilament bundles compared to wildtype (WT). {Delta}CTL has reduced GTP hydrolysis rate compared to WT. However, reducing protofilament turnover in WT is not sufficient to induce bundling. Surprisingly, binding of the membrane-anchoring protein FzlC disrupts {Delta}CTL bundling in a CTC-dependent manner. Moreover, the CTL affects the ability of FtsZ curving protein FzlA to promote formation of helical bundles. We conclude that the CTL of FtsZ influences polymer structure and dynamics both through intrinsic effects on lateral interactions and turnover and by influencing extrinsic regulation of FtsZ by binding partners. Our characterization of CTL function provides a biochemical handle for understanding the relationship between Z-ring structure and function in bacterial cytokinesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intrinsically disordered C-terminal linker of FtsZ regulates protofilament dynamics and superstructure in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OptoGap: an optogenetics-enabled assay for quantification of cell-cell coupling in multicellular cardiac tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular electrical coupling is an essential means of communication between cells. It is important to obtain quantitative knowledge of such coupling between cardiomyocytes and nonexcitable cells when, for example, pathological electrical coupling between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes yields increased arrhythmia risk or during the integration of donor (e.g. cardiac progenitor) cells with native cardiomyocytes in cell-therapy approaches. Currently, there is no direct method for assessing heterocellular coupling within multicellular tissue. Here we demonstrate experimentally and computationally a new contactless assay for electrical coupling, OptoGap, based on selective illumination of inexcitable cells that express optogenetic actuators and optical sensing of the response of coupled excitable cells, e.g. cardiomyocytes, that are light-insensitive. Cell-cell coupling is quantified by the energy required to elicit an action potential via junctional current from the light-stimulated cell(s). The proposed technique is experimentally validated against the standard indirect approach, GapFRAP, using light-sensitive cardiac fibroblasts and non-transformed cardiomyocytes in a two-dimensional setting. Its potential applicability to the complex three-dimensional setting of the native heart is corroborated by computational modeling and proper calibration.nnIntercellular coupling is a fundamental form of communication between cells, essential for the synchronization of physiological processes in different organs. Pathologically altered coupling or the emergence of de novo coupling between native and donor cells are problems of interest in many cardiac applications, e.g. during cell delivery and cell integration for cardiac repair therapy1,2. In particular, interactions between cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts are of interest, especially the pro-arrhythmic increase in coupling as the latter transition to myofibroblasts3-6.nnElectrical coupling in cardiac tissue is mediated primarily by low-resistance paths formed by gap-junctional proteins (connexins), that can link cardiomyocytes (CMs) to each other and to non-cardiomyocytes (nCMs), such as fibroblasts. Qualitative and quantitative methods, e.g. immunofluorescence, messenger RNA and Western blots, are often used to assay connexin expression levels as a surrogate measure of coupling, but they do not provide functional information. A method for direct quantification of cell-cell coupling within the multicellular tissue context is highly desirable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trayanova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OptoGap: an optogenetics-enabled assay for quantification of cell-cell coupling in multicellular cardiac tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Fungus Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the sequencing and assembly of the pathogenic fungus Lomentospora prolificans using a combination of short, highly accurate Illumina reads and additional coverage in very long Oxford Nanopore reads. The resulting assembly is highly contiguous, containing a total of 37,630,066 bp with over 98% of the sequence in just 26 scaffolds. Annotation identified 8,656 protein-coding genes. Pulsed-field gel analysis suggests that this organism contains at least 7 and possibly 11 chromosomes, the two longest of which have sizes corresponding closely to the sizes of the longest scaffolds, at 6.6 and 5.7 Mb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Fungus Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient neural processing depends on regulating responses through suppression and facilitation of neural activity. Utilizing a well-known visual motion paradigm that evokes behavioral suppression and facilitation, and combining 5 different methodologies (behavioral psychophysics, computational modeling, functional MRI, pharmacology, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy), we provide evidence that challenges commonly held assumptions about the neural processes underlying suppression and facilitation. We show that: 1) both suppression and facilitation can emerge from a single, computational principle - divisive normalization; there is no need to invoke separate neural mechanisms, 2) neural suppression and facilitation in the motion-selective area MT mirror perception, but strong suppression also occurs in earlier visual areas, and 3) suppression is not driven by GABA-mediated inhibition. Thus, while commonly used spatial suppression paradigms may provide insight into neural response magnitudes in visual areas, they cannot be used to infer neural inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schallmo, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flevaris, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brkanac, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex rearrangements and oncogene amplifications revealed by long-read DNA and RNA sequencing of a breast cancer cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SK-BR-3 cell line is one of the most important models for HER2+ breast cancers, which affect one in five breast cancer patients. SK-BR-3 is known to be highly rearranged although much of the variation is in complex and repetitive regions that may be underreported. Addressing this, we sequenced SK-BR-3 using long-read single molecule sequencing from Pacific Biosciences, and develop one of the most detailed maps of structural variations (SVs) in a cancer genome available with nearly 20,000 variants present, most of which were missed by prior efforts. Surrounding the important HER2 locus, we discover a complex sequence of nested duplications and translocations, suggesting a punctuated progression. Full-length transcriptome sequencing further revealed several novel gene fusions within the nested genomic variants. Combining long-read genome and transcriptome sequencing enables an in-depth analysis of how SVs disrupt the transcriptome and sheds new light on the complexity of cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nattestad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rescheneder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurtowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaravadanam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex rearrangements and oncogene amplifications revealed by long-read DNA and RNA sequencing of a breast cancer cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Hominin Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism: From Africa to the New World 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe metabolic conversion of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 18 carbon (18C) to long chain (> 20 carbon) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is vital for human life. Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 and 2 catalyze the rate-limiting steps in the biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs. The FADS region contains two haplotypes; ancestral and derived, where the derived haplotypes are associated with more efficient LC-PUFA biosynthesis and is nearly fixed in Africa. In addition, Native American populations appear to be nearly fixed for the lesser efficient ancestral haplotype, which could be a public health problem due to associated low LC-PUFA levels, while Eurasia is polymorphic. This haplotype frequency distribution is suggestive of archaic re-introduction of the ancestral haplotype to non-African populations or ancient polymorphism with differential selection patterns across the globe. Therefore, we tested the FADS region for archaic introgression or ancient polymorphism. We specifically addressed the genetic architecture of the FADS region in Native American populations to better understand this potential public health impact.nnResultsWe confirmed Native American ancestry is nearly fixed for the ancestral haplotype and is under positive selection. The ancestral haplotype frequency is also correlated to Siberian populations geographic location further suggesting the ancestral haplotype s role in cold weather adaptation and leading to the high haplotype frequency within Native American populations. We also find that the Neanderthal is more closely related to the derived haplotypes while the Denisovan clusters closer to the ancestral haplotypes. In addition, the derived haplotypes have a time to the most recent common ancestor of 688,474 years ago which is within the range of the modern-archaic hominin divergence.nnConclusionsThese results support an ancient polymorphism forming in the FADS gene region with differential selection pressures acting on the derived and ancestral haplotypes due to the old age of the derived haplotypes and the ancestral haplotype being under positive selection in Native American ancestry populations. Further, the near fixation of the less efficient ancestral haplotype in Native American ancestry suggests the need for future studies to explore the potential health risk of associated low LC-PUFA levels in Native American ancestry populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Hominin Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism: From Africa to the New World]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traits and implications for the future 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies are now widely used to estimate heritability and co-heritability of traits using the popular linkage-disequilibrium-score (LD-score) regression method. We develop a likelihood-based approach for analyzing summary-level statistics and external LD information to estimate common variants effect-size distributions, characterized by proportion of underlying susceptibility SNPs and a flexible normal-mixture model for their effects. Analysis of summary-level results across 32 GWAS reveals that while all traits are highly polygenic, there is wide diversity in the degrees of polygenicity. The effect-size distributions for susceptibility SNPs could be adequately modeled by a single normal distribution for traits related to mental health and ability and by a mixture of two normal distributions for all other traits. Among quantitative traits, we predict the sample sizes needed to identify SNPs which explain 80% of GWAS heritability to be between 300K-500K for some of the early growth traits, between 1-2 million for some anthropometric and cholesterol traits and multiple millions for body mass index and some others. The corresponding predictions for disease traits are between 200K-400K for inflammatory bowel diseases, close to one million for a variety of adult onset chronic diseases and between 1-2 million for psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traits and implications for the future]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPU-accelerated alignment of bisulfite-treated short-read sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alignment of bisulfite-treated DNA sequences (BS-seq reads) to a large genome involves a significant computational burden beyond that required to align non-bisulfite-treated reads. In the analysis of BS-seq data, this can present an important performance bottleneck that can potentially be addressed by appropriate software-engineering and algorithmic improvements. One strategy is to integrate this additional programming logic into the read-alignment implementation in a way that the software becomes amenable to optimizations that lead to both higher speed and greater sensitivity than can be achieved without this integration.nnWe have evaluated this approach using Arioc, a short-read aligner that uses GPU (general-purpose graphics processing unit) hardware to accelerate computationally-expensive programming logic. We integrated the BS-seq computational logic into both GPU and CPU code throughout the Arioc implementation. We then carried out a read-by-read comparison of Arioc's reported alignments with the alignments reported by the most widely used BS-seq read aligners. With simulated reads, Arioc's accuracy is equal to or better than the other read aligners we evaluated. With human sequencing reads, Arioc's throughput is at least 10 times faster than existing BS-seq aligners across a wide range of sensitivity settings.nnThe Arioc software is available at https://github.com/RWilton/Arioc. It is released under a BSD open-source license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPU-accelerated alignment of bisulfite-treated short-read sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General cognitive function is a prominent human trait associated with many important life outcomes1,2, including longevity3. The substantial heritability of general cognitive function is known to be polygenic, but it has had little explication in terms of the contributing genetic variants4,5,6. Here, we combined cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N=280,360; age range = 16 to 102). We found 9,714 genome-wide significant SNPs (P<5 x 10-8) in 99 independent loci. Most showed clear evidence of functional importance. Among many novel genes associated with general cognitive function were SGCZ, ATXN1, MAPT, AUTS2, and P2RY6. Within the novel genetic loci were variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, brain structure, and BMI. Gene-based analyses found 536 genes significantly associated with general cognitive function; many were highly expressed in the brain, and associated with neurogenesis and dendrite gene sets. Genetic association results predicted up to 4% of general cognitive function variance in independent samples. There was significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function and information processing speed, as well as many health variables including longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawns-Ritchie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okely, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola-Olli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giddaluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Reduction of DNA Methylation at the Onset of Meiosis in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quality of germ cells depends on successful chromatin organization in meiotic prophase I (MPI). To better understand the epigenetic context of MPI we studied the dynamics of DNA methylation in wild-type male mice. We discovered an extended period of genome-wide transient reduction of DNA methylation (TRDM) during early MPI. Our data show that TRDM arises by passive demethylation in the premeiotic S phase highlighting the abundance of hemimethylated DNA in MPI. Importantly, TRDM unmasks a deficit in retrotransposon LINE-1 DNA methylation contributing to its expression in early MPI. We propose that TRDM facilitates meiosis and gamete quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaysinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Heijden, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Reduction of DNA Methylation at the Onset of Meiosis in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About half of all cancers have somatic integrations of retrotransposons. To characterize their role in oncogenesis, we analyzed the patterns and mechanisms of somatic retrotransposition in 2,954 cancer genomes from 37 histological cancer subtypes. We identified 19,166 somatically acquired retrotransposition events, affecting 35% of samples, and spanning a range of event types. L1 insertions emerged as the first most frequent type of somatic structural variation in esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the second most frequent in head-and-neck and colorectal cancers. Aberrant L1 integrations can delete megabase-scale regions of a chromosome, sometimes removing tumour suppressor genes, as well as inducing complex translocations and large-scale duplications. Somatic retrotranspositions can also initiate breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, leading to high-level amplification of oncogenes. These observations illuminate a relevant role of L1 retrotransposition in remodeling the cancer genome, with potential implications in the development of human tumours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulemeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detering, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueso-Barroso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardeljan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tojo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, P. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischenfeldt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamarina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiggros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ka</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cord blood buffy coat DNA methylation is comparable to whole cord blood methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCord blood DNA methylation is associated with numerous health outcomes and environmental exposures. Whole cord blood DNA reflects all nucleated blood cell types, while centrifuging whole blood separates red blood cells by generating a white blood cell buffy coat. Both sample types are used in DNA methylation studies. Cell types have unique methylation patterns and processing can impact cell distributions, which may influence comparability.nnObjectivesTo evaluate differences in cell composition and DNA methylation between buffy coat and whole cord blood samples.nnMethodsCord blood DNA methylation was measured with the Infinium EPIC BeadChip (Illumina) in 8 individuals, each contributing buffy coat and whole blood samples. We analyzed principal components (PC) of methylation, performed hierarchical clustering, and computed correlations of mean-centered methylation between pairs. We conducted moderated t-tests on single sites and estimated cell composition.nnResultsDNA methylation PCs were associated with individual (PPC1=1.4x10-9; PPC2=2.9x10-5; PPC3=3.8x10-5; PPC4=4.2x10-6; PPC5=9.9x10-13), and not with sample type (PPC1-5>0.7). Samples hierarchically clustered by individual. Pearson correlations of mean-centered methylation between paired individual samples ranged from r=0.66 to r=0.87. No individual site significantly differed between buffy coat and whole cord blood when adjusting for multiple comparisons (5 sites had unadjusted P<10-5). Estimated cell type proportions did not differ by sample type (P=0.86), and estimated cell counts were highly correlated between paired samples (r=0.99).nnConclusionsDifferences in methylation and cell composition between buffy coat and whole cord blood are much lower than inter-individual variation, demonstrating that both sample preparation types can be analytically combined and compared.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benke, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newschaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iosif, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cord blood buffy coat DNA methylation is comparable to whole cord blood methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key player in the intracellular trafficking network is cytoplasmic dynein, a protein complex that transports molecular cargo along microtubule tracks. It has been shown that vertebrate dyneins movement becomes strikingly enhanced upon interacting with a cofactor named dynactin and one of several cargo-adapters, such as BicaudalD2. However, the mechanisms responsible for this increase in transport efficiency are not well understood, largely due to a lack of structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the first 3-dimensional structure of the intact dynein-dynactin complex bound to microtubules. Our structure reveals that the dynactin-cargo-adapter complex recruits and binds to two dimeric cytoplasmic dyneins. Interestingly, the dynein motor organization closely resembles that of axonemal dynein, suggesting that cytoplasmic dynein and axonemal dyneins may utilize similar mechanisms to coordinate multiple motors. We propose that grouping dyneins onto a single dynactin scaffold promotes collective force production as well as unidirectional processive motility. These findings provide a structural platform that facilitates a deeper biochemical and biophysical understanding of dynein regulation and cellular transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying the auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system for rapid protein depletion in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to deplete a protein of interest is critical for dissecting cellular processes. Traditional methods of protein depletion are often slow-acting, which can be problematic when characterizing a cellular process that occurs within a short period of time. Furthermore, these methods are usually not reversible. Recent advances to achieve protein depletion function by inducibly trafficking proteins of interest to an endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to promote ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. One of these systems, the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system, has been shown to permit rapid and inducible degradation of AID-tagged target proteins in mammalian cells. The AID system can control the abundance of a diverse set of cellular proteins, including those contained within protein complexes, and is active in all phases of the cell cycle. Here we discuss considerations for the successful implementation of the AID system and describe a protocol using CRISPR/Cas9 to achieve bi-allelic insertion of an AID degron in human cells. This method can also be adapted to insert other tags, such as fluorescent proteins, at defined genomic locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambrus, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying the auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system for rapid protein depletion in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of early antiviral gene expression reveals a determinant of stochastic IFNB1 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytoplasmic sensors of viral RNA that trigger the signaling cascade that leads to type I interferon (IFN) production. Transcriptional induction of RLRs by IFN is believed to play the role of positive feedback to further amplify viral sensing. We found that RLRs and several other IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced early in viral infection independent of IFN. Expression of these early ISGs requires IRF3/IRF7 and is highly correlated amongst them. Simultaneous detection of mRNA of IFNB1, viral replicase, and ISGs revealed distinct populations of IFNB1 expressing and non-expressing cells which are highly correlated with the levels of early ISGs but are uncorrelated with IFN-dependent ISGs and viral gene expression. Individual expression of RLRs made IFNB1 expression more robust and earlier, suggesting a causal relation between levels of RLR and induction of IFN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doganay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hergenrother, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of early antiviral gene expression reveals a determinant of stochastic IFNB1 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ldb1 and Rnf12-dependent regulation of Lhx2 controls the relative balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis in retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of the relative ratio of retinal neurons and glia generated during development is essential for visual function. We show that Lhx2, which encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor essential for specification and differentiation of retinal Muller glia, also plays a critical role in the development of retinal neurons. Overexpression of Lhx2, and its transcriptional coactivator Ldb1, triggers cell cycle exit and inhibits both Notch signaling and retinal gliogenesis. Lhx2/Ldb1 overexpression also induced the formation of wide-field amacrine cells (wfACs). In contrast Rnf12, which encodes a negative regulator of LDB1, is necessary for the initiation of retinal gliogenesis. We also show that LHX2 protein binds upstream of multiple neurogenic bHLH factors including Ascl1 and Neurog2, which are necessary for suppression of gliogenesis and wfAC formation respectively, and activates their expression. Finally, we demonstrate that the relative level of the LHX2-LDB1 complex in the retina decreases in tandem with the onset of gliogenesis. These findings show that control of Lhx2 function by Ldb1 and Rnf12 acts as a molecular mechanism underpinning the coordinated differentiation of neurons and Muller glia in postnatal retina.nnSignificance StatementThe molecular mechanisms that control the ratio neurons and glia that are generated by neuronal progenitors remain unclear. Here we show that Lhx2, a transcription factor essential for retinal gliogenesis, also controls development of retinal neurons. The Lhx2 coactivator Ldb1 promotes Lhx2-dependent neurogenesis, while the Lhx2 corepressor Rnf12 is necessary and sufficient for retinal gliogenesis. Furthermore, Lhx2 directly regulates expression of bHLH factors that promote neural development, which are necessary for Lhx2-dependent neurogenesis. Finally, we show that levels of the LHX2-LDB1 complex, which activates transcription, drop as gliogenesis begins. Dynamic regulation of Lhx2 activity by Ldb1 and Rnf12 thus controls the relative levels of retinal neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and may have similar functions elsewhere in the developing nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ldb1 and Rnf12-dependent regulation of Lhx2 controls the relative balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis in retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A predictive model of rats’ calorie intake as a function of diet energy density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Easy access to high-energy food has been linked to high rates of obesity in the world. Understanding the way that access to palatable (high fat or high calorie) food can lead to overconsumption is essential for both preventing and treating obesity. Although the body of studies focused on the effects of high energy diets is growing, our understanding of how different factors contribute to food choices is not complete. In this study, we present a mathematical model that is able to predict rats calorie intake to a high-energy diet based on their ingestive behavior to a standard chow diet. Specifically, we propose an equation that describes the relation between the body weight (W), energy density (E), time elapsed from the start of diet (T), and daily calorie intake (C). We tested our model on two independent data sets. Our results show that the suggested model is able to predict the calorie intake patterns with high accuracy. Additionally, the only free parameter of our proposed equation ({rho}), which is unique to each animal, has a strong correlation with their calorie intake and weight gain. Additionally, we discuss the relevance of our derived parameter in the context of measuring reward sensitivity in reinforcement learning based studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treesukosol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igusa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A predictive model of rats’ calorie intake as a function of diet energy density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to intelligence3-7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present the largest genetic association study of intelligence to date (N=279,930), identifying 206 genomic loci (191 novel) and implicating 1,041 genes (963 novel) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and identify 89 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain and specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene-set analyses implicate pathways related to neurogenesis, neuron differentiation and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with several neuropsychiatric disorders, and Mendelian Randomization results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimers dementia and ADHD, and bidirectional causation with strong pleiotropy for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of intelligence as well as genetically associated neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krapohl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabaneh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hägg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansell, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Manchado, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chr</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instantiation of incentive value and movement invigoration by distinct midbrain dopamine circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that guide animals towards the acquisition of "rewards" (i.e., food) that are necessary for survival. Here, we test the fundamental role of midbrain dopamine neurons in conferring predictive or motivational properties to cues, independent of external rewards. We demonstrate that phasic optogenetic excitation of dopamine neurons throughout the midbrain, when presented in temporal association with discrete sensory cues, is sufficient to instantiate those cues as conditioned stimuli that subsequently both evoke dopamine neuron activity on their own, and elicit cue-locked conditioned behaviors. Critically, we identify highly parcellated behavioral functions for dopamine neuron subpopulations projecting to discrete regions of striatum, revealing dissociable mesostriatal systems for the generation of incentive value and movement invigoration. These results show that dopamine neurons orchestrate Pavlovian conditioning via functionally heterogeneous, circuit-specific motivational signals to shape cue-controlled behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instantiation of incentive value and movement invigoration by distinct midbrain dopamine circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have laid the foundation for investigations into the biology of complex traits, drug development, and clinical guidelines. However, the dominance of European-ancestry populations in GWAS creates a biased view of the role of human variation in disease, and hinders the equitable translation of genetic associations into clinical and public health applications. The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study conducted a GWAS of 26 clinical and behavioral phenotypes in 49,839 non-European individuals. Using strategies designed for analysis of multi-ethnic and admixed populations, we confirm 574 GWAS catalog variants across these traits, and find 38 secondary signals in known loci and 27 novel loci. Our data shows strong evidence of effect-size heterogeneity across ancestries for published GWAS associations, substantial benefits for fine-mapping using diverse cohorts, and insights into clinical implications. We strongly advocate for continued, large genome-wide efforts in diverse populations to reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokin, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belbin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocarnik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambite, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caberto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Cloud Framework for Accurate and Reliable Human Connectome Estimation and Meganalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern scientific discovery depends on collecting large heterogeneous datasets with many sources of variability, and applying domain-specific pipelines from which one can draw insight or clinical utility. For example, macroscale connectomics studies require complex pipelines to process raw functional or diffusion data and estimate connectomes. Individual studies tend to customize pipelines to their needs, raising concerns about their reproducibility, which add to a longer list of factors that may differ across studies and result in failures to replicate (including sampling, experimental design, and data acquisition protocols). Mitigating these issues requires multi-study datasets and the development of pipelines that can be applied across them. We developed NeuroDatas MRI to Graphs (NDMG) pipeline using several functional and diffusion studies, including the Consortium for Reliability and Reproducability, to estimate connectomes. Without any manual intervention or parameter tuning, NDMG ran on 25 different studies ({approx}6,000 scans) from 19 sites, with each scan resulting in a biologically plausible connectome (as assessed by multiple quality assurance metrics at each processing stage). For each study, the connectomes from NDMG are more similar within than across individuals, indicating that NDMG is preserving biological variability. Moreover, the connectomes exhibit near perfect consistency for certain connectional properties across every scan, individual, study, site and modality; these include stronger ipsilateral than contralateral connections and stronger homotopic than heterotopic connections. Yet, the magnitude of the differences varied across individuals and studies--much more so when pooling data across sites, even after controlling for study, site, and basic demographic variables (i.e., age, sex, and ethnicity). This indicates that other experimental variables (possibly those not measured or reported) are contributing to this variability, which if not accounted for can limit the value of aggregate datasets, as well as expectations regarding the accuracy of findings and likelihood of replication. We therefore provide a set of principles to guide the development of pipelines capable of pooling data across studies while maintaining biological variability and minimizing measurement error. This open science approach provides us with an opportunity to understand and eventually mitigate spurious results for both past and future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhembere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Cloud Framework for Accurate and Reliable Human Connectome Estimation and Meganalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C is currently the most widely used assay to investigate the 3D organization of the genome and to study its role in gene regulation, DNA replication, and disease. However, Hi-C experiments are costly to perform and involve multiple complex experimental steps; thus, accurate methods for measuring the quality and reproducibility of Hi-C data are essential to determine whether the output should be used further in a study. Using real and simulated data, we profile the performance of several recently proposed methods for assessing reproducibility of population Hi-C data, including HiCRep, GenomeDISCO, HiC-Spector and QuASAR-Rep. By explicitly controlling noise and sparsity through simulations, we demonstrate the deficiencies of performing simple correlation analysis on pairs of matrices, and we show that methods developed specifically for Hi-C data produce better measures of reproducibility. We also show how to use established (e.g., ratio of intra to interchromosomal interactions) and novel (e.g., QuASAR-QC) measures to identify low quality experiments. In this work, we assess reproducibility and quality measures by varying sequencing depth, resolution and noise levels in Hi-C data from 13 cell lines, with two biological replicates each, as well as 176 simulated matrices. Through this extensive validation and benchmarking of Hi-C data, we describe best practices for reproducibility and quality assessment of Hi-C experiments. We make all software publicly available at http://github.com/kundajelab/3DChromatin_ReplicateQC to facilitate adoption in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the adaptive potential of mechanoresponsive proteins to overwhelm pancreatic cancer dissemination and invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic disease is often characterized by altered cellular contractility and deformability, lending cells and groups of cells the flexibility to navigate through different microenvironments. This ability to change cell shape is driven in large part by the structural elements of the mechanobiome, which includes cytoskeletal proteins that sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that key mechanoresponsive proteins (those which accumulate in response to mechanical stress), specifically nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIC, -actinin 4, and filamin B, are highly upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) and in patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines. Their less responsive sister paralogs (myosin IIB, -actinin 1, and filamin A) show a smaller dynamic range or disappear with PDAC progression. We demonstrate that these mechanoresponsive proteins directly impact cell mechanics using knock-down and overexpression cell lines. We further quantify the nonmuscle myosin II family members in patient-derived cell lines and identify a role for myosin IIC in the formation of transverse actin arcs in single cells and cortical actin belts in tissue spheroids. We harness the upregulation of myosin IIC and its impact of cytoskeletal architecture through the use of the mechanical modulator 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP), which increases myosin IIC assembly and stiffens cells. Here, 4-HAP decreases dissemination, induces cortical actin belts, and slows retrograde actin flow in spheroids. Finally, mice having undergone hemi-splenectomies with PDAC cells and then treated with 4-HAP have a reduction in liver metastases. Thus, increasing the activity of these mechanoresponsive proteins (in this case, by increasing myosin IIC assembly) to overwhelm the ability of cells to polarize and invade may be an effective strategy to improve the five-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients, currently hovering around 6%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surcel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffhauer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the adaptive potential of mechanoresponsive proteins to overwhelm pancreatic cancer dissemination and invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell RNA Sequencing of stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to characterize the transcriptome of 1,174 cells at the single cell level. The human embryonic stem cell line BRN3B-mCherry A81-H7 was differentiated to RGCs using a guided differentiation approach. Cells were harvested at day 36 and subsequently prepared for single cell RNA sequencing. Our data indicates the presence of three distinct subpopulations of cells, with various degrees of maturity. One cluster of 288 cells upregulated genes involved in axon guidance together with semaphorin interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and ECM proteoglycans, suggestive of a more mature phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senabouth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pebay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell RNA Sequencing of stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clofazimine targets essential nucleoid associated protein, mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clofazimine (CFZ) is a phenazine derivative used for treatment of leprosy, MDR-TB and XDR-TB. There is recent interest in understanding how CFZ works following the demonstration of its unique ability to shorten the treatment of MDR-TB. However, the target of CFZ in mycobacteria has remained elusive. Here, we show that CFZ binds to mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), which is an essential nucleoid associated protein in mycobacteria involved in DNA protection, chromosome organization and global gene regulation. We demonstrate that CFZ inhibits mIHF binding to DNA and interferes with mycobacterial gene expression. This mode of action is unique among all antibiotics including antimycibacterial agents and may help to explain its unusual action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our study provides new insight about the mechanism of action of this intriguing drug and has implications for developing more effective treatment of TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clofazimine targets essential nucleoid associated protein, mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In microbes, CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against invading genetic elements. Cas9 in complex with a guide-RNA targets complementary DNA for cleavage and has been repurposed for wide-ranging biological applications. New Cas9s have been engineered (eCas9 and Cas9-HF1) to improve specificity, but how they help reduce off-target cleavage is not known. Here, we developed single molecule DNA unwinding assay to show that sequence mismatches affect cleavage reactions through rebalancing the internal unwinding/rewinding equilibrium. Increasing PAM-distal mismatches facilitate rewinding, and the associated cleavage impairment shows that cleavage proceeds from the unwound state. Engineered Cas9s depopulate the unwound state more readily upon mismatch detection. Intrinsic cleavage rate is much lower for engineered Cas9s, preventing cleavage from transiently unwound off-targets. DNA interrogation experiments showed that engineered Cas9s require about one additional base pair match for stable binding, freeing them from sites that would otherwise sequester them. Therefore, engineered Cas9s achieve their improved specificity (1) by inhibiting stable DNA binding to partially matching sequences, (2) by making DNA unwinding more sensitive to mismatches, and (3) by slowing down intrinsic cleavage reaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceylan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified web platform for network-based analyses of genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics networks are widely used to identify unexpected pathway relationships in large genomic datasets. However, it is challenging to quantitatively compare the signal-to-noise ratio of different networks, the biology they describe, and to identify the optimal network to interpret a particular genetic dataset. Via GeNets users can train a machine-learning model (Quack) to make such comparisons; and they can execute, store, and share analyses of genetic and RNA sequencing datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsherniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified web platform for network-based analyses of genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linear models enable powerful differential activity analysis in massively parallel reporter assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) have emerged as a popular means for understanding noncoding variation in a variety of conditions. While a large number of experiments have been described in the literature, analysis typically uses ad-hoc methods. There has been little attention to comparing performance of methods across datasets.

We present the mpralm method which we show is calibrated and powerful, by analyzing its performance on multiple MPRA datasets. We show that it outperforms existing statistical methods for analysis of this data type, in the first comprehensive evaluation of statistical methods on several datasets. We investigate theoretical and real-data properties of barcode summarization methods and show an unappreciated impact of summarization method for some datasets. Finally, we use our model to conduct a power analysis for this assay and show substantial improvements in power by performing up to 6 replicates per condition, whereas sequencing depth has smaller impact; we recommend to always use at least 4 replicates. Together, these results inform recommendations for differential analysis, general group comparisons, and power analysis and will help improve design and analysis of MPRA experiments. An R package is available from the Bioconductor project at https://bioconductor.org/packages/mpra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linear models enable powerful differential activity analysis in massively parallel reporter assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactivation of representations corresponding to recent experience is thought to be a critical mechanism supporting long-term memory stabilization. Targeted memory reactivation, or the re-exposure of recently learned cues, seeks to induce reactivation and has been shown to benefit later memory when it takes place during sleep. However, despite recent evidence for endogenous reactivation during post-encoding awake periods, less work has addressed whether awake targeted memory reactivation modulates memory. Here, we found that brief (50ms) visual stimulus re-exposure during a repetitive foil task enhanced the stability of cued versus uncued associations in memory. The extent of external or task-oriented attention prior to re-exposure was inversely related to cueing benefits, suggesting that an internally-orientated state may be most permissible to reactivation. Critically, cueing-related memory benefits were greatest in participants without explicit recognition of cued items and remained reliable when only considering associations not recognized as cued, suggesting that explicit cue-triggered retrieval processes did not drive cueing benefits. Cueing benefits were strongest for items and participants with the poorest initial learning. These findings expand our knowledge of the conditions under which targeted memory reactivation can benefit memory, and in doing so, support the notion that reactivation during awake time periods improves memory stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berners-Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brief targeted memory reactivation during the awake state enhances memory stability and benefits the weakest memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enter the matrix: Interpreting unsupervised feature learning with matrix decomposition to discover hidden knowledge in high-throughput omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omics data contains signal from the molecular, physical, and kinetic inter- and intra-cellular interactions that control biological systems. Matrix factorization techniques can reveal low-dimensional structure from high-dimensional data that reflect these interactions. These techniques can uncover new biological knowledge from diverse high-throughput omics data in topics ranging from pathway discovery to time course analysis. We review exemplary applications of matrix factorization for systems-level analyses. We discuss appropriate application of these methods, their limitations, and focus on analysis of results to facilitate optimal biological interpretation. The inference of biologically relevant features with matrix factorization enables discovery from high-throughput data beyond the limits of current biological knowledge--answering questions from high-dimensional data that we have not yet thought to ask.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culhane, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enter the matrix: Interpreting unsupervised feature learning with matrix decomposition to discover hidden knowledge in high-throughput omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feed-forward Relay between Bicoid and Orthodenticle Regulates the Timing ofEmbryonic Patterning in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The K50 homeodomain (K50HD) protein Orthodenticle (Otd) is critical for anterior patterning and brain and eye development in most metazoans. In Drosophila melanogaster, another K50HD protein, Bicoid (Bcd), has evolved to replace Otds ancestral function in embryo patterning. Bcd is distributed as a long-range maternal gradient and activates transcription of a large number of target genes including otd. Otd and Bcd bind similar DNA sequences in vitro, but how their transcriptional activities are integrated to pattern anterior regions of the embryo is unknown. Here we define three major classes of enhancers that are differentially sensitive to binding and transcriptional activation by Bcd and Otd. Class 1 enhancers are initially activated by Bcd, and activation is transferred to Otd via a feed-forward relay (FFR) that involves sequential binding of the two proteins to the same DNA motif. Class 2 enhancers are activated by Bcd, and maintained by an Otd-independent mechanism. Class 3 enhancers are never bound by Bcd, but Otd binds and activates them in a second wave of zygotic transcription. The specific activities of enhancers in each class are mediated by DNA motif variants preferentially bound by Bcd or Otd, and the presence or absence of sites for cofactors that interact with these proteins. Our results define specific patterning roles for Bcd and Otd, and provide mechanisms for coordinating the precise timing of gene expression patterns during embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhe, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yucel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struffi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feed-forward Relay between Bicoid and Orthodenticle Regulates the Timing ofEmbryonic Patterning in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZMPSTE24 Missense Mutations that Cause Progeroid Diseases Decrease Prelamin A Cleavage Activity, Protein Stability, or Both 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is an integral membrane protein critical for the final step in the biogenesis of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A, encoded by LMNA. After farnesylation and carboxyl methylation of its C-terminal CAAX motif, the lamin A precursor, prelamin A, undergoes proteolytic removal of its modified C-terminal 15 amino acids by ZMPSTE24. Mutations in LMNA or ZMPSTE24 that impede this prelamin A cleavage step cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and the related progeroid disorders mandibuloacral dysplasia-type B (MAD-B) and restrictive dermopathy (RD). Here we report a "humanized yeast" system to assay ZMPSTE24-dependent cleavage of prelamin A and examine the eight known disease-associated ZMPSTE24 missense mutations. All show diminished prelamin A processing and fall into three classes, with defects in activity, protein stability, or both. Notably, some ZMPSTE24 mutants can be rescued by deleting the E3 ubiquitin ligase Doa10, involved in ER-associated degradation of misfolded membrane proteins, or by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which may have important therapeutic implications for some patients. We also show that ZMPSTE24-mediated prelamin A cleavage can be uncoupled from the recently discovered role of ZMPSTE24 in clearance of ER membrane translocon-clogged substrates. Together with the crystal structure of ZMPSTE24, this "humanized yeast system" can guide structure-function studies to uncover mechanisms of prelamin A cleavage, translocon unclogging, and membrane protein folding and stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrycyna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZMPSTE24 Missense Mutations that Cause Progeroid Diseases Decrease Prelamin A Cleavage Activity, Protein Stability, or Both]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High blood pressure is the foremost heritable global risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We report the largest genetic association study of blood pressure traits to date (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure) in over one million people of European ancestry. We identify 535 novel blood pressure loci that not only offer new biological insights into blood pressure regulation but also reveal shared loci influencing lifestyle exposures. Our findings offer the potential for a precision medicine strategy for future cardiovascular disease prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosen-Ansorena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntritsos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovesdy, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verwe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutathione S-transferases: unexpected roles in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-microglia communication during brain inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in brain inflammation, but their mutual regulation is not fully understood. Here we report unexpected roles for glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), particularly GSTM1, in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-mediated enhancement of microglia activation during brain inflammation. We found that astrocyte-specific silencing of GSTM1 expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) attenuated microglia activation in brain inflammation induced by systemic injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Gstm1 silencing in astrocytes also attenuated LPS-induced TNF- production by microglia in co-culture. In astrocytes, GSTM1 was required for the activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF-{kappa}B) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators previously implicated in microglia activation, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). Similar results were also obtained with GSTT2 both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study identified a critical role for GSTs in priming astrocytes and enhancing microglia activation during brain inflammation.nnSignificant StatementAstrocytes and microglia play critical roles in brain inflammation, but it is not fully understood how astrocytes regulate microglia activation. Here we report a novel mechanism by which glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), the enzymes for phase II detoxification of xenobiotic metabolism, in astrocytes control microglia activation during brain inflammation. We found that GSTs, particularly GSTM1, regulate the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators via the activation of NF-{kappa}B and JNK in astrocytes. Our studies provide evidence that GST enzymes are active players in brain inflammation and can be targeted to regulate microglia activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, I. V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutathione S-transferases: unexpected roles in astrocyte activation and astrocyte-microglia communication during brain inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical computational reproducibility in the life sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many areas of research suffer from poor reproducibility. This problem is particularly acute in computationally intensive domains where results rely on a series of complex methodological decisions that are not well captured by traditional publication approaches. Various guidelines have emerged for achieving reproducibility, but practical implementation of these practices remains difficult. This is because reproducing published computational analyses requires installing many software tools plus associated libraries, connecting tools together into the complete pipeline, and specifying parameters. Here we present a suite of recently emerged technologies which make computational reproducibility not just possible, but, finally, practical in both time and effort. By combining a system for building highly portable packages of bioinformatics software, containerization and virtualization technologies for isolating reusable execution environments for these packages, and an integrated workflow system that automatically orchestrates the composition of these packages for entire pipelines, an unprecedented level of computational reproducibility can be achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backofen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical computational reproducibility in the life sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skill Acquisition and Habit Formation as Distinct Effects of Practice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converging evidence indicates that separate goal-directed and habitual systems compete to control behavior1. However, it has proven difficult to reliably induce habitual behavior in human participants2-4. We reasoned that habits may be present in the form of habitually prepared responses, but are overridden by goal-directed processes, preventing their overt expression. Here we show that latent habits can be unmasked by limiting the time participants have to respond to a stimulus. Participants trained for 4 days on a visuomotor association task. By continuously varying the time allowed to prepare responses, we found that the probability of expressing a learned habit followed a stereotyped time course, peaking 300-600ms after stimulus presentation. This time course was captured by a computational model of response preparation in which habitual responses are automatically prepared at short latency, but are replaced by goal-directed responses at longer latency. A more extensive period of practice (20 days) led to increased habit expression by reducing the average time of movement initiation. These findings refine our understanding of habits, and show that practice can influence habitual behavior in distinct ways: by promoting habit formation, and by modulating the likelihood of habit expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skill Acquisition and Habit Formation as Distinct Effects of Practice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chr21 protein-protein interactions: enrichment in products involved in intellectual disabilities, autism and Late Onset Alzheimer Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.872606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intellectual disability (ID) found in Down syndrome (DS), which is characterized by an extra copy of 234 genes on Chr21 is poorly understood. We first used two DS mouse models that either display an extra copy of the Dyrk1A gene or of the mouse Chr16 syntenic region. Exome sequencing of transcripts deregulated in embryonic hippocampus uncovers enrichment in genes involved in chromatin and synapse respectively. Using large-scale yeast two-hybrid screen (154 distinct screens) of human brain library containing at least 107 independent fragments, we identified 3,636 novel protein-protein interactions with an enrichment of direct interactors of both Chromosome 21(Hsa21) baits and rebounds in ID-related genes. Using proximity ligation assays, we identified that Hsa21-encoded proteins are located at the dendritic spine postsynaptic density in a protein network located at the dendritic spine post synapse. We located Hsa21 DYRK1A and DSCAM that confers a [~] 20-fold increase in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), in this postsynaptic network. We found that a DSCAM intracellular domain binds either DYRK1A or DLGs that are multimeric scaffolds for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. The DYRK1A-DSCAM interaction is conserved from drosophila to humans. The identified postsynaptic.network is enriched in ARC-related synaptic plasticity, ASDs and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Altogether, these results emphasize links between DS and brain diseases with complex genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khelfaoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daudin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plancon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haucke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindie, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blehaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mircher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rain, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.872606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chr21 protein-protein interactions: enrichment in products involved in intellectual disabilities, autism and Late Onset Alzheimer Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex and striatum form a recurrent network whose spiking activity encodes multiple types of learning-relevant information. This spike-encoded information is evident in average firing rates, but finer temporal coding might allow multiplexing and enhanced readout across the connected the network. We tested this hypothesis in the fronto-striatal network of nonhuman primates during reversal learning of feature values. We found that neurons encoding current choice outcomes, outcome prediction errors, and outcome history in their firing rates also carried significant information in their phase-of-firing at a 10-25 Hz beta frequency at which they synchronized across lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum. The phase-of-firing code exceeded information that could be obtained from firing rates alone, was strong for inter-areal connections, and multiplexed information at three different phases of the beta cycle that were offset from the preferred spiking phase of neurons. Taken together, these findings document the multiplexing of three different types of information in the phase-of-firing at an interareally shared beta oscillation frequency during goal-directed behavior.

HighlightsO_LILateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum show phase-of-firing encoding for outcome, outcome history and reward prediction errors.
C_LIO_LINeurons with phase-of-firing code synchronize long-range at 10-25 Hz.
C_LIO_LISpike phases encoding reward prediction errors deviate from preferred synchronization phases.
C_LIO_LIAnterior cingulate cortex neurons show strongest long-range effects.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voloh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty acid synthesis in satellite glial cell promotes regenerative growth in sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral sensory neurons switch to a regenerative state after nerve injury to enable axon regeneration and functional recovery. Intrinsic mechanisms operating in sensory neurons are known to regulate nerve repair, but whether satellite glial cells (SGC), which completely envelop the neuronal soma, undergo injury-evoked transcriptional changes and contribute to nerve regeneration remains unexplored. This is largely due to the lack of molecular and genetic tools to study SGC. Using a single cell RNAseq approach to define the transcriptional profile of SGC in naive and injured conditions, we reveal that these cells are distinct from Schwann cells and share similarities with astrocytes. We find that nerve injury elicits gene expression changes in SGC, which are related to fatty acid synthesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling. Conditional deletion of Fatty acid synthase (Fasn), the committed enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, in SGC, impairs axon regeneration. The PPAR agonist fenofibrate rescues the impaired axon regeneration in mice lacking Fasn in SGC, indicating that PPAR functions downstream of fatty acid synthesis in SGC to promote axon regeneration. These results identify fatty acid synthesis in SGC as a fundamental novel mechanism mediating axon regeneration in adult peripheral nerves. These results also highlight that the sensory neuron and its surrounding glial coat form a functional unit that orchestrates nerve repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenkovich, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klyachko, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.874669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty acid synthesis in satellite glial cell promotes regenerative growth in sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PULL-PUSH NEUROMODULATION OF CORTICAL PLASTICITY ENABLES RAPID BI-DIRECTIONAL SHIFTS IN OCULAR DOMINANCE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulatory systems are essential for remodeling glutamatergic connectivity during experience-dependent cortical plasticity. This permissive/enabling function of neuromodulators has been associated with their capacity to facilitate the induction of Hebbian forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) by affecting cellular and network excitability. In vitro studies indicate that neuromodulators can also affect the expression of Hebbian plasticity in a pull-push manner: receptors coupled to the G-protein Gs promote the expression of LTP at the expense of LTD, and Gq-coupled receptors promote LTD at the expense of LTD. Here we show that the pull-push mechanism can be recruited in vivo by pairing brief monocular stimulation with pharmacological or chemogenetical activation of Gs- or Gq-coupled receptors to respectively enhance or reduce visual cortical responses. These changes were stable, can be induced in adults after the termination of the critical period for juvenile ocular dominance plasticity, and can rescue deficits induced by prolonged monocular deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PULL-PUSH NEUROMODULATION OF CORTICAL PLASTICITY ENABLES RAPID BI-DIRECTIONAL SHIFTS IN OCULAR DOMINANCE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.864991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome polishing tool POLCA makes fast and accurate corrections in genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.864991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of third-generation DNA sequencing technologies in recent years has allowed scientists to generate dramatically longer sequence reads, which when used in whole-genome sequencing projects have yielded better repeat resolution and far more contiguous genome assemblies. While the promise of better contiguity has held true, the relatively high error rate of long reads, averaging 8-15%, has made it challenging to generate a highly accurate final sequence. Current long-read sequencing technologies display a tendency toward systematic errors, in particular in homopolymer regions, which present additional challenges. A cost-effective strategy to generate highly contiguous assemblies with a very low overall error rate is to combine long reads with low-cost short-read data, which currently have an error rate below 0.5%. This hybrid strategy can be pursued either by incorporating the short-read data into the early phase of assembly, during the read correction step, or by using short reads to "polish" the consensus built from long reads. In this report, we present the assembly polishing tool POLCA (POLishing by Calling Alternatives) and compare its performance with two other popular polishing programs, Pilon and Racon. We show that on simulated data POLCA is more accurate than Pilon, and comparable in accuracy to Racon. On real data, all three programs show similar performance, but POLCA is consistently much faster than either of the other polishing programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.864991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome polishing tool POLCA makes fast and accurate corrections in genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confronting p-hacking: addressing p-value dependence on sample size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical research has come to rely on p-values as a deterministic measure for data-driven decision making. In the largely extended null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) for identifying statistically significant differences among groups of observations, a single p-value computed from sample data is routinely compared with a threshold, commonly set to 0.05, to assess the evidence against the hypothesis of having non-significant differences among groups, or the null hypothesis. Because the estimated p-value tends to decrease when the sample size is increased, applying this methodology to large datasets results in the rejection of the null hypothesis, making it not directly applicable in this specific situation. Herein, we propose a systematic and easy-to-follow method to detect differences based on the dependence of the p-value on the sample size. The proposed method introduces new descriptive parameters that overcome the effect of the size in the p-value interpretation in the framework of large datasets, reducing the uncertainty in the decision about the existence of biological/clinical differences between the compared experiments. This methodology enables both the graphical and quantitative characterization of the differences between the compared experiments guiding the researchers in the decision process. An in-depth study of the proposed methodology is carried out using both simulated and experimentally obtained data. Simulations show that under controlled data, our assumptions on the p-value dependence on the sample size holds. The results of our analysis in the experimental datasets reflect the large scope of this approach and its interpretability in terms of common decision-making and data characterization tasks. For both simulated and real data, the obtained results are robust to sampling variations within the dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez de Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.878405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confronting p-hacking: addressing p-value dependence on sample size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SurA is a "Groove-y" Chaperone That Expands Unfolded Outer Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.878660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The periplasmic chaperone network ensures the biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and has recently been identified as a promising target for antibiotics. SurA is the most important member of this network both due to its genetic interaction with the {beta}-barrel assembly machinery complex as well as its ability to prevent unfolded OMP (uOMP) aggregation. Using only binding energy, the mechanism by which SurA carries out these two functions is not well understood. Here we use a combination of photo-crosslinking, mass spectrometry, solution scattering, and molecular modeling techniques to elucidate the key structural features that define how SurA solubilizes uOMPs. Our experimental data support a model in which SurA binds uOMPs in a groove formed between the core and P1 domains. This binding event results in a drastic expansion of the rest of the uOMP, which has many biological implications. Using these experimental data as restraints, we adopted an integrative modeling approach to create a sparse ensemble of models of a SurA*uOMP complex. We validated key structural features of the SurA*uOMP ensemble using independent scattering and chemical crosslinking data. Our data suggest that SurA utilizes three distinct binding modes to interact with uOMPs and that more than one SurA can bind a uOMP at a time. This work demonstrates that SurA operates in a distinct fashion compared to other chaperones in the OMP biogenesis network.

Significance StatementOuter membrane proteins play critical roles in bacterial physiology and increasingly are exploited as antibiotic targets. SurA is the most important chaperone in the OMP biogenesis network and is thought to initiate their folding through an interaction with the BAM complex. We observe an unprecedented expansion of unfolded outer membrane proteins when bound to SurA. This expansion suggests a potential mechanism by which SurA can deliver uOMPs to the BAM complex. In addition, this study highlights the use of an integrative/hybrid structural biology approach and emerging methods to map highly heterogeneous structural ensembles such as that of an unfolded protein bound to a chaperone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskopf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.878660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SurA is a "Groove-y" Chaperone That Expands Unfolded Outer Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sisterless A is required for the activation of Sex lethal in the germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both somatic cells and germ cells must establish their correct sexual identity for proper gametogenesis. In Drosophila, sex determination in somatic cells is controlled by the switch gene Sex lethal (Sxl), which is activated in females by the presence of two X chromosomes. Though germline sex determination is much less well understood, Sxl is also essential for the female identity in germ cells. Loss of Sxl function in the germline results in ovarian germline tumors, a characteristic of male germ cells developing in a female soma. Further, Sxl expression is sufficient for XY (male) germ cells to produce eggs when transplanted into XX (female) somatic gonads. As in the soma, the presence of two X chromosomes activates Sxl in the germline, but the mechanism for "counting" X chromosomes in the germline is thought to be different from the soma. Here we have explored this mechanism at both cis- and trans- levels. Our data support the model that the Sxl "establishment" promoter (SxlPE) is activated in a female-specific manner in the germline, as in the soma, but that the timing of SxlPE activation, and the DNA elements that regulate SxlPE, are different in the germline. Nevertheless, we find that the X chromosome gene sisterless A (sisA), which helps activate Sxl in the soma, is also essential for Sxl activation in the germline. Loss of sisA leads causes of Sxl expression in the germline, and to ovarian tumors and germline loss. These defects can be rescued by Sxl expression, demonstrating that sisA lies upstream of Sxl in germline sex determination. We conclude that sisA acts as an X chromosome counting element in both the soma and the germline, but that additional factors regulating female-specific expression of Sxl in the germline remain to be discovered.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe production of sperm and eggs requires proper sexual identity to be established in both somatic cells and the germ cells, which ultimately produce the gametes. While somatic sex determination has been well studied in a number of organisms, how germ cells establish their sexual identity is much less well understood. In Drosophila, the RNA binding protein Sex lethal (Sxl) is essential for female sexual identity in both the soma and the germline, but its regulation in the germline is thought to be different than in the soma. Here we explore how Sxl is activated in the germline. We find that the germline uses a different set of DNA elements to control activation of the key sex-specific Sxl promoter. Nonetheless, one of the activators of Sxl in the soma, the transcription factor Sisterless A (SisA), also acts to activate Sxl in the germline. Our data indicate that, while SisA acts as a common activator in both the soma and germline, additional, germline-specific Sxl activators remain to be discovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sisterless A is required for the activation of Sex lethal in the germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.871897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A clinically and genomically annotated nerve sheath tumor biospecimen repository. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.871897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve sheath tumors occur as a heterogeneous group of neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The malignant form represents the most common cause of death in people with NF1, and even when benign, these tumors can result in significant disfigurement, neurologic dysfunction, and a range of profound symptoms. Lack of human tissue across the peripheral nerve tumors common in NF1 has been a major limitation in the development of new therapies. To address this unmet need, we have created an annotated collection of patient tumor samples, patient-derived cell lines, and patient-derived xenografts, and carried out high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic characterization to serve as a resource for further biologic and preclinical therapeutic studies. In this work, we release genomic and transcriptomic datasets comprised of 55 tumor samples derived from 23 individuals, complete with clinical annotation. All data are publicly available through the NF Data Portal and at http://synapse.org/jhubiobank.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobogean, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.871897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A clinically and genomically annotated nerve sheath tumor biospecimen repository.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.876144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in situ atlas of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian tissues reveals high content in stem/progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.876144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria regulate ATP production, metabolism and cell death. Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and copy number are implicated in aging and organ dysfunction in diverse inherited and sporadic diseases. Since most measurements of mtDNA use homogenates of complex tissues, little is known about cell type-specific mtDNA copy number heterogeneity in normal physiology, aging and disease. Thus, the precise cell types whose loss of mitochondrial activity and altered mtDNA copy number that result in organ dysfunction in aging and disease have often not been clarified. Here, we validated an in situ hybridization approach to generate a single cell resolution atlas of mtDNA content in mammalian tissues. In hierarchically organized self-renewing tissues, higher levels of mtDNA were observed in stem/proliferative compartments compared to differentiated compartments. Striking zonal patterns of mtDNA levels in the liver reflected the known oxygen tension gradient. In the kidney, proximal and distal tubules had markedly higher mtDNA levels compared to cells within glomeruli and collecting duct epithelial cells. Decreased mtDNA levels were visualized in renal tubules as a function of aging, which was prevented by calorie restriction. We provide a novel approach for quantifying species- and cell type-specific mtDNA copy number and dynamics in any normal or diseased tissue and can be used for monitoring the effects of interventions in animal and human studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.876144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in situ atlas of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian tissues reveals high content in stem/progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of function variants in PCYT1A causing spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone/rod dystrophy have broad consequences on lipid metabolism, chondrocyte differentiation, and lipid droplet formation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSpondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the skeleton and the retina caused by biallelic variants in PCYT1A, encoding the nuclear enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase  (CCT), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis by the Kennedy pathway. As a first step in understanding the consequences of PCYT1A variants on SMD-CRD pathophysiology, we generated and characterized a series of cellular models for SMD-CRD, including CRISPR-edited PCYT1A-null HEK293 and ATDC5 cell lines. Immunoblot and PC synthesis assays of cultured skin fibroblasts from SMD-CRD patient cell lines revealed patient genotype-specific reductions in CCT steady state levels (10-75% of wild-type) and choline incorporation into PC (22-54% of wild-type). While PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells exhibited fewer and larger lipid droplets in response to oleate loading than their wild-type counterparts, SMD-CRD patient fibroblasts (p.Ser323Argfs*38 homozygotes) failed to show significant differences in lipid droplet numbers or sizes as compared to controls. Lipid droplet phenotypes in PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells were rescued by transfection with wild-type, p.Ala99Val, and p.Tyr240His human PCYT1A cDNAs. While both edited cellular models had normal morphology and proliferation rates compared to unedited controls, Pcyt1a-null ATDC5 cells demonstrated accelerated rates of chondrocyte differentiation as compared to their wild-type counterparts. Lipidomics revealed changes in 75-200 lipid levels in PCYT1A-null HEK293 and ATDC5 cells or in SMD-CRD patient fibroblasts as compared to wild-type controls. The specific lipids altered and extent of change varied by cell type. Importantly, both PCYT1A-null HEK293 cells and SMD-CRD patient fibroblast cell lines had decreased phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine (PC:PE) ratios and decreased levels of several lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species as compared to wild-type controls, suggesting compensatory PC production through increased LPC remodeling by LPCAT or decreased conversion of PC to LPC by phospholipase A2. Our results show that all tested PCYT1A alleles associated with SMD-CRD are hypomorphic and suggest involvement of PCYT1A in chondrocyte differentiation, PC:PE ratio maintenance and LPC metabolism, and lipid droplet formation.

Author SummaryRare genetic disorders can reveal the function of genes on an organismal scale. When normal gene activity is lost, patients can experience a range of symptoms, often dependent on the residual activity of the encoded protein. Rare variants in the gene PCYT1A can cause multiple inherited disorders, including a disorder of the skeleton and the retina characterized by short stature, bone abnormalities, and blindness. PCYT1A is required for normal cellular function, particularly lipid metabolism, but the role of this gene in human disease is still poorly understood. To determine consequences of genetic variants in patients with this disorder, we made and studied a series of cellular models, including cells cultured from patients and CRISPR-edited cell lines lacking normal copies of PCYT1A. Here we show that patient variants lead to reduced PCYT1A expression and/or function and have adverse consequences on cell biology and lipid metabolism that are often cell-type specific. This work advances understanding of the role of lipid metabolism in skeletal and eye development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franca Anzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuder, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover-Fong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes Yamamoto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo Bertola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratela, W. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curie, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.882191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of function variants in PCYT1A causing spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone/rod dystrophy have broad consequences on lipid metabolism, chondrocyte differentiation, and lipid droplet formation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Docking and Steered Molecular Dynamics Reveal Alternative Regulatory Sites on the SERCA Calcium Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transport activity of the calcium ATPase SERCA is modulated by an inhibitory interaction with a 52-residue transmembrane peptide, phospholamban (PLB). Biochemical and structural studies have revealed the primary inhibitory site on SERCA, but PLB has been hypothesized to interact with alternative sites on SERCA that are distinct from the inhibitory site. The present study was undertaken to test these hypotheses and explore structural determinants of SERCA regulation by PLB. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and membrane protein-protein docking experiments were performed to investigate the apparent affinity of PLB interactions with candidate sites on SERCA. We modeled the relative binding of PLB to several different conformations of SERCA, representing different enzymatic states sampled during the calcium transport catalytic cycle. Overall, the SMD and docking experiments suggest that the canonical binding site is preferred, but also provide evidence for alternative sites that are favorable for certain conformational states of SERCA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Docking and Steered Molecular Dynamics Reveal Alternative Regulatory Sites on the SERCA Calcium Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorical signaling of the strongest stimulus by an inhibitory midbrain nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), a group of inhibitory neurons in the vertebrate midbrain tegmentum, orchestrates stimulus competition and spatial selection in the optic tectum (OT). Here, we investigate the properties of relative-strength dependent competitive interactions within the barn owl Imc. Imc neurons exhibit switch-like as well as gradual response profiles as a function of relative stimulus strength, do so for competing stimuli both within and across sensory modalities, and signal the strongest stimulus in a dynamically flexible manner. Notably, Imc signals the strongest stimulus more categorically (with greater precision), and earlier than the OT. Paired recordings at spatially aligned Imc and OT sites reveal that although some properties of stimulus competition are correlated, others are set independently. Our results demonstrate that the Imc is itself an active site of competition, and may be the first site in the midbrain selection network at which stimulus competition is resolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schryver, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorical signaling of the strongest stimulus by an inhibitory midbrain nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vargas: heuristic-free alignment for assessing linear and graph read aligners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Read alignment is central to many aspects of modern genomics. Most aligners use heuristics to accelerate processing, but these heuristics can fail to find the optimal alignments of reads. Alignment accuracy is typically measured through simulated reads; however, the simulated location may not be the (only) location with the optimal alignment score. Vargas implements a heuristic-free algorithm guaranteed to find the highest-scoring alignment for real sequencing reads to a linear or graph genome. With semiglobal and local alignment modes and affine gap and quality-scaled mismatch penalties, it can implement the scoring functions of commonly used aligners to calculate optimal alignments. While this is computationally intensive, Vargas uses multi-core parallelization and vectorized (SIMD) instructions to make it practical to optimally align large numbers of reads, achieving a maximum speed of 456 billion cell updates per second. We demonstrate how these "gold standard" Vargas alignments can be used to improve heuristic alignment accuracy by optimizing command-line parameters in Bowtie 2, BWA-MEM, and vg to align more reads correctly. Source code implemented in C++ and compiled binary releases are available at https://github.com/langmead-lab/vargas under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddipati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.884676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vargas: heuristic-free alignment for assessing linear and graph read aligners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time monitoring of cotranscriptional riboswitch folding and switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches function through cotranscriptional conformation switching governed by cognate ligand concentration, RNA folding and transcription elongation kinetics. To investigate how these parameters influence riboswitch folding, we developed a novel vectorial folding assay (VF) in which the superhelicase Rep-X sequentially liberates the RNA strand from a heteroduplex in a 5-to-3 direction, mimicking the nascent chain emergence during transcription. The RNA polymerase (RNAP)-free VF recapitulates the kinetically controlled cotranscriptional folding of a ZTP riboswitch, whose activation is favored by slower transcription, strategic pausing, or a weakened transcriptional terminator. New methods to observe positions and local rates of individual helicases show an average Rep-X unwinding rate similar to bacterial RNAP elongation (~60 nt/s). Real-time single-molecule monitoring captured folding riboswitches in multiple states, including an intermediate responsible for delayed terminator formation. These methods allow observation of individual folding RNAs as they occupy distinct folding channels within the landscape that controls gene expression and showed that riboswitch fate control is encoded in its sequence and is readily interpreted by a directionally moving protein even in the absence of an RNA polymerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FerreDAmare, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time monitoring of cotranscriptional riboswitch folding and switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The protective effect of club cell secretory protein (CC-16) on COPD risk and progression: a Mendelian randomisation study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere are currently no robust biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk or progression. Club cell secretory protein-16 (CC-16) is associated with the clinical expression of COPD. We aimed to determine if there is a causal effect of serum CC-16 level on COPD risk and/or progression using Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis.

MethodsWe performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis for serum CC-16 in two COPD cohorts (Lung Health Study [LHS], n=3,850 and ECLIPSE, n=1,702). We then used the CC-16-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MR analysis to estimate the causal effect of serum CC-16 on COPD risk (International COPD Genetics Consortium/UK-Biobank dataset; n=35,735 cases, n=222,076 controls) and progression (change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] in LHS and ECLIPSE). We also determined the associations between SNPs associated with CC-16 and gene expression using n=1,111 lung tissue samples from the Lung eQTL Study.

ResultsWe identified 7 SNPs independently associated (p<5x10-8) with serum CC-16 levels; 6 of these were novel. MR analysis suggested a protective causal effect of increased serum CC-16 on COPD risk (p=0.008) and progression (LHS only, p=0.02). Five of the SNPs were also associated with gene expression in lung tissue, including that of the CC-16-encoding gene SCGB1A1 (false discovery rate<0.1).

ConclusionWe have identified several novel genetic variants associated with serum CC-16 level in COPD cohorts. These genetic associations suggest a potential causal effect of serum CC-16 on COPD risk and progression. Further investigation of CC-16 as a biomarker or therapeutic target in COPD is warranted.

KEY MESSAGESWhat is the key question?

Can genetics help uncover a causal effect of serum CC-16 level on COPD risk and/or progression?

What is the bottom line?

There is a protective effect of genetically-increased serum CC-16 on both COPD risk and progression (as measured by change in FEV1 over time), which may be due to increased expression of the CC-16-encoding gene SCGB1A1 in the lung.

Why read on?

This is the first study to demonstrate a possible causal effect of serum CC-16 in people with COPD, and highlights the potential for CC-16 as a biomarker or therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandsma, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The protective effect of club cell secretory protein (CC-16) on COPD risk and progression: a Mendelian randomisation study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.884973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifiable In Vivo Imaging Biomarkers of Retinal Regeneration by Photoreceptor Cell Transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.884973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeShort-term improvements in retinal anatomy are known to occur in preclinical models of photoreceptor transplantation. However, correlative changes over the long term are poorly understood. We aimed to develop a quantifiable imaging biomarker grading scheme, using non-invasive multimodal confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging, to enable serial evaluation of photoreceptor transplantation over the long term.

MethodsYellow-green fluorescent microspheres were transplanted into the vitreous cavity and/or subretinal space of C57/BL6J mice. Photoreceptor cell suspensions or sheets from rhodopsin-green fluorescent protein mice were transplanted subretinally, into either NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J or C3H/HeJ-Pde6brd1 mice. Multimodal cSLO imaging was performed serially for up to three months after transplantation. Imaging biomarkers were scored, and a grade was defined for each eye by integrating the scores. Image grades were correlated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) data.

ResultsMultimodal imaging enabled the extraction of quantitative imaging biomarkers including graft size, GFP intensity, graft length, on-target graft placement, intra-graft lamination, hemorrhage, retinal atrophy, and peri-retinal proliferation. Migration of transplanted material was observed. Changes in biomarker scores and grades were detected in 13/16 and 7/16 eyes, respectively. A high correlation was found between image grades and IHC parameters.

ConclusionsSerial evaluation of multiple imaging biomarkers, when integrated into a per-eye grading scheme, enabled comprehensive tracking of longitudinal changes in photoreceptor cell grafts over time. The application of systematic multimodal in vivo imaging could be useful in increasing the efficiency of preclinical retinal cell transplantation studies in rodents and other animal models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris-Bookman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.884973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifiable In Vivo Imaging Biomarkers of Retinal Regeneration by Photoreceptor Cell Transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrkB agonists prevent post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB mediated emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in CD-1 pups. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line anti-seizure medications (ASMs) like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors, the most widely used ASM to treat neonatal seizures. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon neuronal chloride regulation. The electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2 mediates neuronal chloride extrusion; an age-dependent increase of KCC2 expression enables the shift of GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. BDNF-TrkB activation following excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLC{gamma}1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. This study investigated the efficacy of partial and full TrkB agonists; LM22A-4 (LM), HIOC and Deoxygedunin (DG) respectively, on PB-refractory seizures, post-ischemic TrkB-pathway activation, and KCC2 membrane stability in a P7 CD-1 mouse model of refractory neonatal seizures. Anti-seizure efficacy was determined by quantifying seizure burdens with continuous video-EEG. LM rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. LM anti-seizure efficacy was associated with a significant reduction in the post-ischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate post-ischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLC{gamma}1 activation. LM additionally rescued ischemia-induced pKCC2-S940 dephosphorylation preserving its membrane stability. HIOC and DG, two novel full TrkB agonists, also rescued PB-refractoriness and post-ischemic TrkB-PLC{gamma}1 pathway activation. Additionally, chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB significantly reduced post-ischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 in naive pups identified developmental differences that may underlie the sex-dependent variance in anti-seizure efficacy. These results support a novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrkB agonists prevent post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB mediated emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in CD-1 pups.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuit mechanism for generating categorical representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.24.887810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorical neural responses underlie various forms of selection and decision-making. Such binary-like responses promote robust signaling of the winner in the presence of input ambiguity and neural noise. Here, we show that a  donut-like inhibitory mechanism in which each competing option suppresses all options except itself, is highly effective at generating categorical neural responses. It surpasses motifs of feedback inhibition, recurrent excitation, and divisive normalization invoked frequently in decision-making models. We demonstrate experimentally not only that this mechanism operates in the midbrain spatial selection network in barn owls, but also that it is necessary for categorical signaling by it. The functional pattern of neural inhibition in the midbrain forms an exquisitely structured  multi-holed donut consistent with this networks combinatorial inhibitory function for stimulus selection. Additionally, modeling reveals a generalizable neural implementation of the donut-like motif for categorical selection. Self-sparing inhibition may, therefore, be a powerful circuit module central to categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.24.887810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuit mechanism for generating categorical representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted neural synchrony mediates the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive performance in older adults. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.890228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our main goal was to determine the influence of white matter integrity on the dynamic coupling between brain regions and the individual variability of cognitive performance in older adults. EEG was recorded while participants performed a task specifically designed to engage working memory and inhibitory processes, and the associations among functional activity, structural integrity, and cognitive performance were assessed. We found that the association between white matter microstructural integrity and cognitive functioning with aging is mediated by time-varying alpha and gamma phase-locking value (PLV). Specifically, older individuals with better preservation of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus showed greater task-related modulations of alpha and gamma long-range PLV between the inferior frontal gyrus and occipital lobe, lower local phase-amplitude coupling in occipital lobes, and better cognitive control performance. Our results help delineate the role of individual variability of white matter microstructure in dynamic synchrony and cognitive performance during normal aging, and show that even small reductions in white matter integrity can lead to altered communications between brain regions, which in turn can result in reduced efficiency of cognitive functioning.

Significance statementCognitive aging is associated with large individual differences, as some individuals maintain cognitive performance similar to that of young adults while others are significantly impaired. We hypothesized that individual differences in white matter integrity would influence the functional synchrony between frontal and posterior brain regions, and cognitive performance in older adults. We found that the association between reduced tract integrity and worse cognitive performance in older adults was mediated by task-related modulations of coupling synchrony in the alpha and gamma bands. Results offer a mechanistic explanation for the neural basis of the variability of cognitive performance in older adults who do not have any clinically diagnosable neuropathology, and for the association between structural network integrity and cognition in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.890228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted neural synchrony mediates the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive performance in older adults.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels play a critical role in electrical resonance, a mechanism of frequency selectivity in chicken hair cells. We determine that BK currents are dependent on inward flow of Ca2+, and intracellular buffering of Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is further amplified locally by Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in close proximity to plasma membrane BK channels. Ca2+ imaging reveals peripheral clusters of high concentrations of Ca2+ that are suprathreshold to that needed to activate BK channels. PKA activation increases BK currents likely by recruiting more BK channels due to spatial spread of high Ca2+ concentrations in turn from increasing CICR. STORM imaging confirms the presence of nanodomains with ryanodine and IP3 receptors in close proximity to the Slo subunit of BK channels. Together, these data require a rethinking of how electrical resonance is brought about and suggest effects of CICR in synaptic release. Both genders were included in this study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.890558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.725226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule tracking reveals the role of transitory dynamics of nucleoid-associated protein HU in organizing the bacterial chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.725226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HU is the most conserved nucleoid-associated protein in eubacteria and has been implicated as a key player in global chromosome organization. The mechanism of HU-mediated nucleoid organization, however, remains poorly understood. Using single molecule tracking coupled with genetic manipulations, we characterized the dynamics of HU in live Escherichia coli cells. We found that native HU dimers bind and unbind chromosomal DNAs weakly and transitorily across the entire nucleoid volume but remain nucleoid-localized, reminiscent of random diffusion in a liquid phase-separated, membrane-less "macro-compartment" distinct from the remaining cytosol. Mutating three key surface lysine residues of HU nearly entirely abolished the weak and transitory interactions of HU with DNA and led to severe cell growth and DNA segregation defects, suggesting the importance of HUs interactions with chromosomal DNA mediated by the positively charged surface. A conserved proline residue important for recognizing bent and cruciform DNAs such as that in recombination intermediates, similarly abolished HUs rapid and transitory DNA interaction dynamics but had little impact on its apparent binding stability with nonspecific chromosomal DNAs. Interestingly, the proline residue appeared to be important for HU{beta} dimer formation as mutating this residue makes HU{beta} behave similarly to HU2 dimers. Finally, we find that while prior evidence has found HU capable of depositing nucleoid-associated noncoding RNAs onto cruciform DNA structures, deletion of these specific naRNAs or inhibition of global transcription had a relatively minor effect on HU dynamics irrespective altered nucleoid compaction. Our results suggest a model of chromosome organization mediated by weak, transient interactions of HU, a substantial deviation from nucleoid-like proteins such as histones. Such collective sum of the numerous weak, transitory binding events of HU with nonspecific chromosome DNAs could generates a "force" to maintain a dynamic, fluid nucleoid with enough flexibility to rapidly facilitate global topological processes such as replication or nucleoid segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bettridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.725226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule tracking reveals the role of transitory dynamics of nucleoid-associated protein HU in organizing the bacterial chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The immediate early gene Arc is not required for hippocampal long-term potentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immediate early gene Arc is critical for maintenance of long-term memory. How Arc mediates this process remains unclear, but it has been proposed to sustain Hebbian synaptic potentiation, which is a key component of memory encoding. This form of plasticity is modelled experimentally by induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), which increases Arc mRNA and protein expression. However, mechanistic data implicates Arc in the endocytosis of AMPA-type glutamate receptors and the weakening of synapses. Here, we took a comprehensive approach to determine if Arc is necessary for hippocampal LTP. We find that Arc is not required for LTP maintenance and must regulate memory storage through alternative mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyrke-Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The immediate early gene Arc is not required for hippocampal long-term potentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What matters to patients?: a timely question for Value Based Care 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur healthcare system is moving towards patient-centered and value-based care models that prioritize health outcomes that matter to patients. However, little is known about what aspects of care patients would prioritize when presented with choices of desirable attributes and whether these patient priorities differ based on certain demographics.

ObjectiveTo assess patients priorities for a range of attributes in ambulatory care consultations across five key health service delivery domains and determine potential associations between patient priorities and certain demographic profiles.

MethodsUsing a What Matters to You survey patients ranked in order of importance various choices related to five health service domains (patient-physician relationship, personal responsibility, tests/procedures, medications and cost). Subjects were selected from two Johns Hopkins affiliated primary care clinics and a third gastroenterology subspecialty clinic over a period of 11 months. We calculated the percentage of respondents who selected each quality as their top 1-3 choice. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined demographic characteristics associated with patient priorities.

ResultsHumanistic qualities of physicians, leading a healthy lifestyle, shared decision making (SDM) for medications and tests/procedures and knowledge about insurance coverage were the most frequently ranked choices. Privately insured and more educated patients were less likely to rank humanistic qualities highly. Those with younger age, higher educational attainment and private insurance had higher odds of ranking healthy lifestyle as a top choice. Those with more education had higher odds of ranking SDM as a top choice.

ConclusionsIdentifying what matters most to patients is useful as we move towards patient-centered and value based care models. Our findings suggest that patients have priorities on qualities they value across key health service domains. Multiple factors including patient demographics can be predictors of these priorities. Elucidating these preferences is a challenging but a valuable step in the right direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirpa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woreta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebede, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What matters to patients?: a timely question for Value Based Care]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of human embryos reveals diverse patterns of aneuploidy and mosaicism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Less than half of human zygotes survive to live birth, primarily due to aneuploidies of meiotic or mitotic origin. Mitotic errors lead to chromosomal mosaicism, defined by multiple cell lineages with distinct chromosome complements. The incidence and fitness consequences of chromosomal mosaicism in human embryos remain controversial, with most previous studies based on bulk DNA assays or comparisons of multiple biopsies of a few embryonic cells. Single-cell genomic data provide an opportunity to quantify mosaicism on an embryo-wide scale. To this end, we extended an approach to infer aneuploidies based on chromosome dosage-associated changes in gene expression by integrating signatures of allelic imbalance. We applied this method to published single-cell RNA sequencing data from 74 disaggregated human embryos, spanning the morula to blastocyst stages. Our analysis revealed widespread mosaic aneuploidies across preimplantation development, with 59 of 74 (80%) embryos harboring at least one aneuploid cell (1% FDR). By clustering copy number calls, we reconstructed histories of chromosome mis-segregation, distinguishing meiotic and early mitotic errors from those occurring after lineage differentiation. We observed no significant enrichment of aneuploid cells in the trophectoderm compared to the inner cell mass, though we do detect such an enrichment in published data from later post-implantation stages. Finally, we observed that aneuploid cells exhibit upregulation of immune response genes, as well as downregulation of genes involved in proliferation, metabolism, and protein processing, consistent with stress responses previously documented in other stages and systems. Together, our work provides a high-resolution view of aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos and supports the conclusion that low-level mosaicism is a common feature of early human development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.894287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of human embryos reveals diverse patterns of aneuploidy and mosaicism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of DNA Methylation in Persister Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) persister bacteria play crucial roles in clinical treatment failure and relapse. DNA methylation is known to regulate gene expression in bacteria, but its role in persister formation has not been investigated. Here, we created adenine methylation deletion mutant ({Delta}dam) and cytosine methylation mutant ({Delta}dcm) from UPEC strain UTI89 and found that the{Delta} dam mutant but not{Delta} dcm mutant had significant defect in persister formation during exposure to various antibiotics (gentamicin, fluroquinolones and cephalosporin) and stresses (acid pH and hyperosmosis), and that complementation of the dam mutant restored its persister defect phenotype. PacBio sequencing of epigenetic genomewide methylation signature and RNA sequencing of the{Delta} dam mutant were performed to define, for the first time, the role of adenine methylation in persister formation. Methylome data analysis showed that 99.73% of m6A modifications on GATC were demethylated in the{Delta} dam mutant, and demethylation nucleotide site related genes suggested an overwhelming effect on transcription and metabolic processes. Transcriptome analysis of the{Delta} dam mutant in comparison to wild type showed that flagella biosynthesis, galactitol transport/utilization, and signaling related genes were upregulated while pilus, fimbriae, virulence, glycerol, nitrogen metabolism pathways and transcriptional regulators were downregulated. The comparative COG analysis of methylome and transcriptome enriched pathways identified translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and cell motility were upregulated, whereas DNA repair, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and diverse transport systems, some of which are known to be involved in persister formation, were downregulated in the{Delta} dam mutant. These findings provide new insights about the molecular basis of how DNA adenine methylation may be involved in persister formation and offer novel therapeutic targets for combating persister bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of DNA Methylation in Persister Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the polyamine synthesis enzyme ornithine decarboxylase sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is limited by a lack of effective molecular targeted therapies. Recent studies have identified metabolic alterations in cancer cells that can be targeted to improve responses to standard-of-care chemotherapy regimens. We found that exposure of TNBC cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs leads to alterations in arginine and polyamine metabolites due to a reduction in the levels and activity of a rate-limiting polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The reduction in ODC was mediated by its negative regulator, antizyme, targeting ODC to the proteasome for degradation. Treatment with the ODC inhibitor DFMO sensitized TNBC cells to chemotherapy, but this was not observed in receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, TNBC cell lines showed greater sensitivity to single-agent DFMO, and ODC levels were elevated in TNBC patient samples. Alterations in polyamine metabolism in response to chemotherapy, as well as preferential sensitization of TNBC cells to chemotherapy by DFMO, suggest that ODC may be a targetable metabolic vulnerability in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geck, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Stewart, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the polyamine synthesis enzyme ornithine decarboxylase sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling networks are spatiotemporally organized in order to sense diverse inputs, process information, and carry out specific cellular tasks. In pancreatic {beta} cells, Ca2+, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and Protein Kinase A (PKA) exist in an oscillatory circuit characterized by a high degree of feedback, which allows for specific signaling controls based on the oscillation frequencies. Here, we describe a novel mode of regulation within this circuit involving a spatial dependence of the relative phase between cAMP, PKA, and Ca2+. We show that nanodomain clustering of Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases drives oscillations of local cAMP levels to be precisely in-phase with Ca2+ oscillations, whereas Ca2+-sensitive phosphodiesterases maintain out-of-phase oscillations outside of the nanodomain, representing a striking example and novel mechanism of cAMP compartmentation. Disruption of this precise in-phase relationship perturbs Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that the relative phase within an oscillatory circuit can encode specific functional information. This example of a signaling nanodomain utilized for localized tuning of an oscillatory circuit has broad implications for the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complement and coagulation cascades are potentially involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in alpha-synuclein-based mouse models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor dysfunction and eventually, cognitive impairment. -Synuclein protein has been known to be the most culprit protein, but the underlying pathological mechanism still remains to be elucidated. As an effort to clarify the pathogenesis mechanism by -synuclein, various PD mouse models with -synuclein overexpression have been developed. However, the systemic analysis of protein abundance change by the overexpressed -synuclein in the whole proteome level has been still lacking. To address this issue, we established two sophisticated mouse models of PD by injecting -synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) or by inducing overexpression of human A53T -synuclein to discover overlapping pathways, which could be altered in the two different types of PD mouse model. For more accurate quantification of mouse brain proteome, stable isotope labeling with amino acid in mammal-based quantification was implemented. As a result, we have successfully identified a total of 8,355 proteins from both of the mouse models; [~]6,800 and [~]7,200 proteins from -synuclein PFF injected mice and human A53T -synuclein transgenic mice, respectively. From the pathway analysis of the differentially expressed proteins in common, the complement and coagulation cascade pathway were determined as the most enriched ones. This is the first study that highlights the significance of the complement and coagulation pathway in the pathogenesis of PD through proteome analyses with two sophisticated mouse models of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.900886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complement and coagulation cascades are potentially involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in alpha-synuclein-based mouse models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis identifies candidate tumor microenvironment and intracellular signaling pathways that define tumor heterogeneity in NF1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a monogenic syndrome that gives rise to numerous symptoms including cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities, and growth of benign nerve sheath tumors. Nearly all NF1 patients develop cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs), which occur on the skin surface, while 40-60% of patients develop plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) which are deeply embedded in the peripheral nerves. Patients with pNFs have a [~]10% lifetime chance of these tumors becoming malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). These tumors have a severe prognosis and few treatment options other than surgery. Given the lack of therapeutic options available to patients with these tumors, identification of druggable pathways or other key molecular features could aid ongoing therapeutic discovery studies. In this work, we used statistical and machine learning methods to analyze 77 NF1 tumors with genomic data to characterize key signaling pathways that distinguish these tumors and identify candidates for drug development. We identified subsets of latent gene expression variables that may be important in the identification and etiology of cNFs, pNFs, other neurofibromas, and MPNSTs. Furthermore, we characterized the association between these latent variables and genetic variants, immune deconvolution predictions, and protein activity predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaway, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taroni, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis identifies candidate tumor microenvironment and intracellular signaling pathways that define tumor heterogeneity in NF1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent fluctuations in Mexican American genomes have altered the genetic architecture of biomedical traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People in the Americas represent a diverse group of populations with varying degrees of admixture among African, European, and Amerindigenous ancestries. In the United States, many populations with non-European ancestry remain understudied, and thus little is known about the genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in these populations. Using genome-wide genotype data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, we find that Amerindigenous ancestry has increased over time across Hispanic/Latino populations, particularly in Mexican Americans where Amerindigenous ancestry increased by an average of [~]20% over the 50-year period spanning 1940s-1990s. We find similar patterns across American cities, and replicate our observations in an independent sample of Mexican Americans. These dynamic ancestry patterns are a result of a complex interaction of several population and cultural factors, including strong ancestry-related assortative mating and subtle shifts in migration with differences in subcontinental Amerindigenous ancestry over time. These factors have shaped patterns of genetic variation, including an increase in runs of homozygosity in Amerindigenous ancestral tracts, and also influenced the genetic architecture of complex traits within the Mexican American population. We show for height, a trait correlated with ancestry, polygenic risk scores based on summary statistics from a European-based genome-wide association study perform poorly in Mexican Americans. Our findings reveal temporal changes in population structure within Hispanics/Latinos that may influence biomedical traits, demonstrating a crucial need to improve our understanding of the genetic diversity of admixed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spear, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Papkovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent fluctuations in Mexican American genomes have altered the genetic architecture of biomedical traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Epithelial Plasticity as a Platform to Reverse Epithelial Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial surfaces lining the lung serve as the primary environmental gaseous interface, and are subject to common life-limiting diseases, including COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Despite the critical role of epithelial cells in pulmonary health and disease, quantitative models are lacking but are required given the large patient to patient variability to characterize the epithelial plasticity that follows injury. We have identified a series of assessments to quantitatively identify the changes that occur in the epithelium and to identify targets that reverse injury. The injured epithelium has decreased ciliary function and monolayer height, which in the case of cells derived from COPD patients results in an overall disorganization of structure. Injury causes the cells to shift to an unjammed state, with corresponding increases in the velocity correlation length implicating cell shape and stiffness as fundamental to the injury response. Specific inhibitors of actin polymerization (LatA), of MAPK/ERK kinase (U0126) and Nrf-2 pathway activation (CDDO-Me) push the epithelium back towards a jammed state with decreased cell movement and correlation length, as well as improve barrier function and CBF. These studies attest to cell intrinsic properties that allow for a transition to an unjammed state, and that quantitative phenotypic analysis can identify potential specific pharmacologic targets in a given patient and provide insight into basic mechanisms of cellular damage.

One Sentence SummaryEnvironmental toxins undermine tissue integrity by manipulating transitions from jammed to unjammed states, thereby mimicking or inducing disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Epithelial Plasticity as a Platform to Reverse Epithelial Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do people learn to perform tasks that require continuous adjustments of motor output, like riding a bicycle? People rely heavily on cognitive strategies when learning discrete movement tasks, but such time-consuming strategies are infeasible in continuous control tasks that demand rapid responses to ongoing sensory feedback. To understand how people can learn to perform such tasks without the benefit of cognitive strategies, we imposed a rotation/mirror reversal of visual feedback while participants performed a continuous tracking task. We analyzed behavior using a system identification approach which revealed two qualitatively different components of learning: adaptation of a baseline controller and formation of a new, task-specific continuous controller. These components exhibited different signatures in the frequency domain and were differentially engaged under the rotation/mirror reversal. Our results demonstrate that people can rapidly build a new continuous controller de novo and can simultaneously deploy this process with adaptation of an existing controller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.906545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Whole-Brain Regression Method to Identify Individual and Group Variations in Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity is an important and widely used measure of individual and group differences. These differences are typically attributed to various demographic and/or clinical factors. Yet, extant statistical methods are limited to linking covariates with variations in functional connectivity across subjects, especially at the voxel-wise level of the whole brain. This paper introduces a generalized linear model method that regresses whole-brain functional connectivity on covariates. Our approach builds on two methodological components. We first employ whole-brain group ICA to reduce the dimensionality of functional connectivity matrices, and then search for matrix variations associated with covariates using covariate assisted principal regression, a recently introduced covariance matrix regression method. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using a resting-state fMRI dataset of a medium-sized cohort of subjects obtained from the Human Connectome Project. The results show that the approach enjoys improved statistical power in detecting interaction effects of sex and alcohol on whole-brain functional connectivity, and in identifying the brain areas contributing significantly to the covariate-related differences in functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-s. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Whole-Brain Regression Method to Identify Individual and Group Variations in Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing of the SynGAP Carboxyl-Terminus Enables Isoform-Specific Tuning of NMDA Receptor Signaling Linked to Cognitive Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP-1 is a splice variant of the neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene, SYNGAP1/Syngap1. 1 encodes the C-terminal PDZ binding motif (PBM) that promotes liquid-liquid phase separation, a candidate process for postsynaptic density organization within excitatory synapses. However, it remains unknown how the endogenous SynGAP PBM regulates synapse properties and related cognitive functions. We found that a major PBM function in mice is to limit the mobility of SynGAP-1 in response to NMDA receptor activation. Genetic disruption of the PBM increased SynGAP-1 mobility to levels consistent with other non-PBM-containing C-terminal isoforms. This resulted in a lowering of the threshold for NMDA receptor-dependent signaling required for plasticity, leading to aberrant strengthening of excitatory synapses in spontaneously active neurons. PBM-deficient animals also exhibited a lower seizure threshold, disrupted LTP, and impaired cognition. Thus, the PBM enables isoform-specific SynGAP gating of NMDA receptor function, a mechanism linking synaptic signaling dynamics to network excitability and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterborn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coba, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing of the SynGAP Carboxyl-Terminus Enables Isoform-Specific Tuning of NMDA Receptor Signaling Linked to Cognitive Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.910976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategies for cellular deconvolution in human brain RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.910976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statistical deconvolution strategies have emerged over the past decade to estimate the proportion of various cell populations in homogenate tissue sources like brain using gene expression data. Here we show that several existing deconvolution algorithms which estimate the RNA composition of homogenate tissue, relates to the amount of RNA attributable to each cell type, and not the cellular composition relating to the underlying fraction of cells. Incorporating "cell size" parameters into RNA-based deconvolution algorithms can successfully recover cellular fractions in homogenate brain RNA-seq data. We lastly show that using both cell sizes and cell type-specific gene expression profiles from brain regions other than the target/user-provided bulk tissue RNA-seq dataset consistently results in biased cell fractions. We report several independently constructed cell size estimates as a community resource and extend the MuSiC framework to accommodate these cell size estimates (https://github.com/xuranw/MuSiC/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semick, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.910976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategies for cellular deconvolution in human brain RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenylation of axonally translated proteins controls NGF-dependent axon growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compartmentalized signaling is critical for cellular organization and specificity of functional outcomes in neurons. Here, we report that post-translational lipidation of newly synthesized proteins in axonal compartments allows for short-term and autonomous responses to extrinsic cues. Using conditional mutant mice, we found that protein prenylation is essential for sympathetic axon innervation of target organs. We identify a localized requirement for prenylation in sympathetic axons to promote axonal growth in response to the neurotrophin, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). NGF triggers prenylation of proteins including the Rac1 GTPase in axons, counter to the canonical view of prenylation as constitutive, and strikingly, in a manner dependent on axonal protein synthesis. Newly prenylated proteins localize to TrkA-harboring endosomes in axons, and promote receptor trafficking necessary for axonal growth. Thus, coupling of prenylation to local protein synthesis presents a mechanism for spatially segregated cellular functions during neuronal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott-Solomon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenylation of axonally translated proteins controls NGF-dependent axon growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit adaptation is driven by direct policy updates rather than forward-model-based learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human motor system can rapidly adapt its motor output in response to errors. The prevailing theory of this process posits that the motor system adapts an internal forward model that predicts the consequences of outgoing motor commands, and that this forward model is then used to guide selection of motor output. However, although there is clear evidence for the existence of adaptive forward models to help track the state of the body, there is no real evidence that such models influence the selection of motor output. A possible alternative to the forward-model-based theory of adaptation is that motor output could be directly adjusted by movement errors ("direct policy learning"), in parallel with but independent of any updates to a predictive forward model. Here, we show evidence for this latter theory based on the properties of implicit adaptation under mirror-reversed visual feedback. We show that implicit adaptation still occurs under this extreme perturbation but acts in an inappropriate direction, following a pattern consistent with direct policy learning but not forward-model-based learning. We suggest that the forward-model-based theory of adaptation needs to be re-examined and that direct policy learning is a more plausible mechanism of implicit adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit adaptation is driven by direct policy updates rather than forward-model-based learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteogenomic single cell analysis of skeletal muscle myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle myocytes have evolved into slow and fast-twitch types. These types are functionally distinct as a result of differential gene and protein expression. However, an understanding of the complexity of gene and protein variation between myofibers is unknown. We performed deep, whole cell, single cell RNA-seq on intact and fragments of skeletal myocytes from the mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscle. We compared the genomic expression data of 171 of these cells with two human proteomic datasets. The first was a spatial proteomics survey of mosaic patterns of protein expression utilizing the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the HPASubC tool. The second was a mass-spectrometry (MS) derived proteomic dataset of single human muscle fibers. Immunohistochemistry and RNA-ISH were used to understand variable expression. scRNA-seq identified three distinct clusters of myocytes (a slow/fast 2A cluster and two fast 2X clusters). Utilizing 1,605 mosaic patterned proteins from visual proteomics, and 596 differentially expressed proteins by MS methods, we explore this fast 2X division. Only 36 genes/proteins had variable expression across all three studies, of which nine are newly described as variable between fast/slow twitch myofibers. An additional 414 genes/proteins were identified as variable by two methods. Immunohistochemistry and RNA-ISH generally validated variable expression across methods presumably due to species-related differences. In this first integrated proteogenomic analysis of mature skeletal muscle myocytes we confirm the main fiber types and greatly expand the known repertoire of twitch-type specific genes/proteins. We also demonstrate the importance of integrating genomic and proteomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fomchenko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox-Talbot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteogenomic single cell analysis of skeletal muscle myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian copy number detection and association in large-scale studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline copy number variants (CNVs) increase risk for many diseases, yet detection of CNVs and quantifying their contribution to disease risk in large-scale studies is challenging. We developed an approach called CNPBayes to identify latent batch effects, to provide probabilistic estimates of integer copy number across the estimated batches, and to fully integrate the copy number uncertainty in the association model for disease. We demonstrate this approach in a Pancreatic Cancer Case Control study of 7,598 participants where the major sources of technical variation were not captured by study site and varied across the genome. Candidate associations aided by this approach include deletions of 8q24 near regulatory elements of the tumor oncogene MYC and of Tumor Supressor Candidate 3 (TUSC3). This study provides a robust Bayesian inferential framework for estimating copy number and evaluating the role of copy number in heritable diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cristiano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian copy number detection and association in large-scale studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human stem cell derived sensory neurons are positioned to support varicella zoster virus latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has been challenging to study due to the strict human tropism of the virus and the resultant difficulties in establishing tractable experimental models. In vivo, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia serve as cellular niches that support viral latency, and VZV can subsequently reactivate from these cells to cause disease. Whether sensory neurons possess intrinsic properties that position them to serve as a reservoir of viral latency remains unknown. Here, we utilize a robust human sensory neuron system to investigate lytic infection and viral latency. We find that sensory neurons exhibit resistance to lytic infection by VZV. On the other hand, latent infection in sensory neurons is associated with an episomal-like configuration of viral DNA and expression of the VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), thus closely mirroring the in vivo state. Moreover, despite the relative restriction in lytic infection, we demonstrate that viral reactivation is possible from latently infected sensory neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that human sensory neurons possess intrinsic properties that serve to facilitate their role as a latent reservoir of VZV.

IMPORTANCEVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) has infected over 90% of people worldwide. Following primary infection, the virus can remain dormant in the nervous system and may reactivate later in life, with potentially severe consequences. Here, we develop a model of VZV infection in human sensory neurons in order to determine whether these cells are intrinsically positioned to support latency and reactivation. We find that human sensory neurons are relatively resistant to lytic infection, but can support latency and reactivation. Moreover, during in vitro latency human sensory neurons, but not other neurons, express the newly discovered VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), thus closely mirroring the in vivo latent state. Taken together, these data indicate that human sensory neurons are uniquely positioned to support latency. We anticipate that this human sensory neuron model will serve to facilitate further understanding of the mechanisms of VZV latency and reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagdish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human stem cell derived sensory neurons are positioned to support varicella zoster virus latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Terminating contamination: large-scale search identifies more than 2,000,000 contaminated entries in GenBank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing allows researchers to investigate organisms sampled from their native environments by sequencing their DNA directly, and then quantifying the abundance and taxonomic composition of the organisms thus captured. However, these types of analyses are sensitive to contamination in public databases caused by incorrectly labeled reference sequences. Here we describe Conterminator, an efficient method to detect and remove incorrectly labelled sequences by an exhaustive all-against-all sequence comparison. Our analysis reports contamination in 114,035 sequences and 2767 species in the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq), 2,161,746 sequences and 6795 species in the GenBank database, and 14,132 protein sequences in the NR non-redundant protein database. Conterminator uncovers contamination in sequences spanning the whole range from draft genomes to "complete" model organism genomes. Our method, which scales linearly with input size, was able to process 3.3 terabytes of genomic sequence data in 12 days on a single 32-core compute node. We believe that Conterminator can become an important tool to ensure the quality of reference databases with particular importance for downstream metagenomic analyses. Source code (GPLv3): https://github.com/martin-steinegger/conterminator
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Terminating contamination: large-scale search identifies more than 2,000,000 contaminated entries in GenBank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.904680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mediation analysis of schizophrenia variants: Risk alleles may affect a gene's expression differently from how the expression affects risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.904680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), suggesting they are proxies or are themselves regulatory. Across many datasets analyses show that variants often affect multiple genes. Lacking data on many tissue types, developmental time points and homogeneous cell types, the extent of this one-to-many relationship is underestimated. This raises questions on whether a disease eQTL target gene explains the genetic association or is a by-stander and puts into question the direction of expression effect of on the risk, since the many variant - regulated genes may have opposing effects, imperfectly balancing each other. We used two brain gene expression datasets (CommonMind and BrainSeq) for mediation analysis of schizophrenia-associated variants. We confirm that eQTL target genes often mediate risk but the direction in which expression affects risk is often different from that in which the risk allele changes expression. Of 38 mediator genes significant in both datasets 33 showed consistent mediation direction (Chi2 test P=6*10-6). One might expect that the expression would correlate with the risk allele in the same direction it correlates with disease. For 15 of these 33 (45%), however, the expression change associated with the risk allele was protective, suggesting the likely presence of other target genes with overriding effects. Our results identify specific risk mediating genes and suggest caution in interpreting the biological consequences of targeted modifications of gene expression, as not all eQTL targets may be relevant to disease while those that are, might have different than expected directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.904680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mediation analysis of schizophrenia variants: Risk alleles may affect a gene's expression differently from how the expression affects risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynGAP splice isoforms differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and dendritic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP is a synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) with four C-terminal splice variants: 1, 2, {beta}, and {gamma}. Although recent studies have implicated SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency in ID/ASD pathogenesis, the degree to which each SynGAP isoform contributes to disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that individual SynGAP isoforms exhibit unique spatiotemporal expression and have distinct roles in neuronal and synaptic development. The SynGAP-1 isoform, which undergoes robust liquid-liquid phase-separation with PSD-95 and is highly-enriched in synapses, is expressed late in development and disperses from synaptic spines in response to LTP-inducing synaptic activity to allow for AMPA receptor insertion and spine enlargement. In contrast, the SynGAP-{beta} isoform, which undergoes less liquid-liquid phase-separation with PSD95 and is less synaptically targeted, is expressed early in development and promotes dendritic arborization. Interestingly, a SynGAP-1 mutation that disrupts phase separation and synaptic targeting abolishes its function in plasticity and instead drives dendritic arbor development like the {beta} isoform. These results demonstrate that distinct phase separation and synaptic targeting properties of SynGAP isoforms determine their function.

HighlightsO_LISynGAP-1, 2, {beta}, {gamma} isoforms have distinct spatiotemporal expression and function in the brain.
C_LIO_LISynGAP-1 is required for plasticity, while {beta} is required for dendritic development.
C_LIO_LILiquid-liquid phase separation of SynGAP-1 is required for its role in plasticity.
C_LIO_LISynGAP isoforms may differentially contribute to SYNGAP1 related human NDDs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynGAP splice isoforms differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and dendritic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.922526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses include the oncogenic human viruses Kaposis sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is a significant cause of congenital disease. Near the end of their replication cycle, these viruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. Late gene transcription requires six virally-encoded proteins, one of which is a functional mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) that is also involved in recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) via unknown mechanisms. Here, we applied biochemical protein interaction studies together with electron microscopy-based imaging of a reconstituted human preinitiation complex to define the mechanism underlying Pol II recruitment. These data revealed that the herpesviral TBP, encoded by ORF24 in KSHV, makes a direct protein-protein contact with the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which is a unique feature that functionally distinguishes viral from cellular TBP. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ORF24 through a conserved motif that is shared in its {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesvirus homologs. Thus, these herpesviruses employ an unprecedented strategy in eukaryotic transcription, wherein promoter recognition and polymerase recruitment are facilitated by a single transcriptional activator with functionally distinct domains.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses mediate their late gene transcription through a set of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs). One of these vTAs, ORF24 in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a mimic of host TATA-box-binding protein (TBP). We demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of ORF24 and its homologs from other {beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses directly bind the unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II. This functionally distinguishes the viral TBP mimic from cellular TBP, which does not bind Pol II. Thus, herpesviruses encode a transcription factor that has the dual ability to directly interact with promoter DNA and the polymerase, a property which is unique in eukaryotic transcription and is conceptually akin to prokaryotic transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The γ-herpesviral TATA box binding protein directly interacts with RNA Polymerase II to direct late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on effort-related choice behavior in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effort-related choice (ERC) tasks allow animals to choose between high-value reinforcers that require high effort to obtain or low-value/low-effort reinforcers. Dopaminergic neuromodulation regulates effort-related choice behavior. The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolizes synaptically-released dopamine. COMT is the predominate regulator of dopamine turnover in regions of the brain with low levels of dopamine transporters, including the prefrontal cortex. Here, we evaluated the effects of the COMT inhibitor tolcapone on ERC performance in a touchscreen-based fixed-ratio/concurrent chow assay in male mice. In this task, mice were given the choice between engaging in a fixed number of instrumental responses to acquire a strawberry milk reward and consuming standard lab chow concurrently available on the chamber floor. We found no significant effects of tolcapone treatment on either strawberry milk earned or chow consumed compared to vehicle treatment. In contrast, we found that haloperidol decreased instrumental responding for strawberry milk and increased chow consumption as seen in previously published studies. These data suggest that COMT inhibition does not significantly affect effort-related decision making in a fixed-ratio/concurrent chow task in male mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.924142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on effort-related choice behavior in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive promoter hypermethylation of silenced TERT alleles in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cancers, maintenance of telomeres often occurs through activation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, encoded by TERT. Yet, most cancers show only modest levels of telomerase gene expression, even in the context of activating hotspot promoter mutations (C228T and C250T). The role of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, in regulating telomerase gene expression in cancer cells is not fully understood. Here, we have carried out the most comprehensive characterization to date of TERT promoter methylation using ultra-deep bisulfite sequencing spanning the CpG island surrounding the core TERT promoter in 96 different human cell lines. In general, we observed that immortalized and cancer cell lines were hypermethylated in a region upstream of the recurrent C228T and C250T TERT promoter mutations, while non-malignant primary cells were comparatively hypomethylated in this region. However, at the allele-level, we generally observe hypermethylation of promoter sequences in cancer cells is associated with repressed expression, and the remaining unmethylated alleles marked with open chromatin are largely responsible for the observed TERT expression in cancer cells. Our findings suggest that hypermethylation of the TERT promoter alleles signals transcriptional repression of those alleles, leading to the attenuation of TERT activation in cancer cells.

SIGNIFICANCEHypermethylation of the TERT promoter alleles to attenuate TERT activation in cancer cells may account for the modest activation of TERT expression in most cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esopi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive promoter hypermethylation of silenced TERT alleles in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sapling: Accelerating Suffix Array Queries with Learned Data Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs genomic data becomes more abundant, efficient algorithms and data structures for sequence alignment become increasingly important. The suffix array is a widely used data structure to accelerate alignment, but the binary search algorithm used to query it requires widespread memory accesses, causing a large number of cache misses on large datasets.

ResultsHere we present Sapling, an algorithm for sequence alignment which uses a learned data model to augment the suffix array and enable faster queries. We investigate different types of data models, providing an analysis of different neural network models as well as providing an open-source aligner with a compact, practical piecewise linear model. We show that Sapling outperforms both an optimized binary search approach and multiple existing read aligners on a wide collection of genomes, including human, bacteria, and plants, speeding up the algorithm by more than a factor of two while adding less than 1% to the suffix arrays memory footprint.

Availability and implementationThe source code and tutorial are available open-source at https://github.com/mkirsche/sapling.

Supplementary InformationSupplementary notes and figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sapling: Accelerating Suffix Array Queries with Learned Data Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic effects in proteins are governed by pH-redistribution of the conformational ensemble 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The imperative for charges to be hydrated is one of the most important organizing principles in biology, responsible for the general architecture of biological macromolecules and for energy storage in the form of electrochemical gradients. Paradoxically, many functional sites in proteins have buried ionizable groups1. These groups are tolerated because they are usually buried in the neutral state2. However, when they become charged they can drive structural transitions to open states in which the charge can be stabilized, mostly through interactions with water3. This coupling between the ionization of a buried group and conformational reorganization is precisely the mechanism used by proteins to perform energy transduction4,5,6. By applying this principle to a family of 25 variants of staphylococcal nuclease with internal Lys residues, it was possible to characterize in detail the range of localized partial unfolding events that even a highly stable protein that unfolds cooperatively can undergo in response to H+-binding. Conformational states that constitute vanishingly small populations of the equilibrium native state ensemble of this protein were identified by correlation of structural and thermodynamic data, providing a map of the conformational landscape of this protein with unprecedented detail. The data demonstrate that the apparent pKa values of buried ionizable residues are not determined by the properties of their microenvironment but by the intrinsic propensity of the protein to populate open states in which internal charged residues can be hydrated. The role of buried residues in functional sites in proteins relies on their ability to tune the conformational ensemble for redistribution in response to small changes in pH. These results provide the physical framework necessary for understanding the role of pH-driven conformational changes in driving biological energy transduction4, the identification of pH-sensing proteins in nature7, and for the engineering of pH-sensitive dynamics and function in de novo designed proteins8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kougentakis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno E., B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic effects in proteins are governed by pH-redistribution of the conformational ensemble]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor susceptibility gene-101 regulates glucocorticoid receptor through disorder-mediated allostery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor Susceptibility Gene-101 (TSG101) is involved in endosomal maturation and has been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of several steroid hormone receptors (SHRs), although a detailed characterization of such regulation has yet to be conducted. Here we directly measure binding of TSG101 to one SHR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Using biophysical and cellular assays, we show that the coiled-coil domain of TSG101; 1) binds and folds the disordered N-terminal domain (NTD) of GR, 2) upon binding, improves DNA-binding of GR in vitro, and 3) enhances the transcriptional activity of GR in vivo. Our findings suggest that TSG101 is a bona fide transcriptional co-regulator of GR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrabl, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor susceptibility gene-101 regulates glucocorticoid receptor through disorder-mediated allostery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted nanopore sequencing by real-time mapping of raw electrical signal with UNCALLED 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ReadUntil sequencing allows nanopore devices to selectively eject individual reads from the pore in real-time. This could enable purely computational targeted sequencing, however most mapping methods require basecalling, which is computationally intensive. Here we present UNCALLED (github.com/skovaka/UNCALLED), an open-source mapper that rapidly matches streaming nanopore current signals to a reference sequence. UNCALLED probabilistically considers k-mers that the signal could represent, and then prunes the candidates based on the reference encoded within an FM-index. We used UNCALLED to deplete sequencing of known bacterial genomes within a metagenomics community, enriching the remaining species by 4.46 fold. UNCALLED also enriched 148 human genes associated with hereditary cancers to 29.6x coverage using one MinION flowcell, enabling accurate detection of SNPs, indels, structural variants (SVs), and methylation in these genes. Twice as many SVs were detected compared to 50x coverage Illumina sequencing, all verified by whole-genome nanopore and PacBio HiFi sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.931923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted nanopore sequencing by real-time mapping of raw electrical signal with UNCALLED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The properties of buried ion pairs are governed by the propensity of proteins to reorganize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charges are incompatible with the hydrophobic interior of proteins, yet proteins use buried charges, often in pairs or networks, to drive energy transduction processes, catalysis, pH-sensing, and ion transport. The structural adaptations necessary to accommodate interacting charges in the protein interior are not well understood. According to continuum electrostatic calculations, the Coulomb interaction between two buried charges cannot offset the highly unfavorable penalty of dehydrating two charges. This was investigated experimentally with two variants of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) with Glu:Lys or Lys:Glu pairs introduce at internal i, i+4 positions on an -helix. Contrary to expectations from previous theoretical and experimental studies, the proteins tolerated the charged ion pairs in both orientations. Crystal structures and NMR spectroscopy studies showed that in both variants, side chains or backbone are reorganized. This leads to the exposure of at least one of the two buried groups to water. Comparison of these ion pairs with a highly stable buried ion pair in SNase shows that the location and the amplitude of structural reorganization can vary dramatically between ion pairs buried in the same general region of the protein. The propensity of the protein to populate alternative conformation states in which internal charges can contact water appears to be the factor that governs the magnitude of electrostatic effects in hydrophobic environments. The net effect of structural reorganization is to weaken the Coulomb interactions between charge pairs; however, the reorganized protein no longer has to pay the energetic penalty for burying charges. These results provide the framework necessary to understand the interplay between the dehydration of charges, Coulomb interactions and protein reorganization that tunes the functional properties of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kougentakis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerritt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Moreno E., B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The properties of buried ion pairs are governed by the propensity of proteins to reorganize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common variation at the LRRK2 locus is associated with survival in the primary tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.932335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of variation in the rate of disease progression of primary tauopathies has not been determined. In two independent progressive supranuclear palsy cohorts, we show that common variation at the LRRK2 locus determines survival from motor symptom onset to death, possibly through regulation of gene expression. This links together genetic risk in alpha-synuclein and tau disorders, and suggests that modulation of proteostasis and neuro-inflammation by LRRK2 inhibitors may have a therapeutic role across disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentino, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sarraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentleman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allinson, K. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revesz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Respondek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglinger, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burn, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavese, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobylecki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.932335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common variation at the LRRK2 locus is associated with survival in the primary tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we analyze the dynamical behavior of the tumor suppressor protein p53, an essential player in the cellular stress response, which prevents a cell from dividing if severe DNA damage is present. When this response system is malfunctioning, e.g. due to mutations in p53, uncontrolled cell proliferation may lead to the development of cancer. Understanding the behavior of p53 is thus crucial to prevent its failing. It has been shown in various experiments that periodicity of the p53 signal is one of the main descriptors of its dynamics, and that its pulsing behavior (regular vs. spontaneous) indicates the level and type of cellular stress. In the present work, we introduce an algorithm to score the local periodicity of a given time series (such as the p53 signal), which we call Detrended Autocorrelation Periodicity Scoring (DAPS). It applies pitch detection (via autocorrelation) on sliding windows of the entire time series to describe the overall periodicity by a distribution of localized pitch scores. We apply DAPS to the p53 time series obtained from single cell experiments and establish a correlation between the periodicity scoring of a cells p53 signal and the number of cell division events. In particular, we show that high periodicity scoring of p53 is correlated to a low number of cell divisions and vice versa. We show similar results with a more computationally intensive state-of-the-art periodicity scoring algorithm based on topology known as Sw1PerS. This correlation has two major implications: It demonstrates that periodicity scoring of the p53 signal is a good descriptor for cellular stress, and it connects the high variability of p53 periodicity observed in cell populations to the variability in the number of cell division events.

AMS subject classification92C42, 92C37, 62M10
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moosmueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooshkbaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhatir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouryahya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.933192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome Profiling in Archaea Reveals Leaderless Translation, Novel Translational Initiation Sites, and Ribosome Pausing at Single Codon Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput methods, such as ribosome profiling, have revealed the complexity of translation regulation in Bacteria and Eukarya with large-scale effects on cellular functions. In contrast, the translational landscape in Archaea remains mostly unexplored. Here, we developed ribosome profiling in a model archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, elucidating, for the first time, the translational landscape of a representative of the third domain of life. We determined the ribosome footprint of H. volcanii to be comparable in size to that of the Eukarya. We linked footprint lengths to initiating and elongating states of the ribosome on leadered transcripts, operons, and on leaderless transcripts, the latter representing 70% of H. volcanii transcriptome. We manipulated ribosome activity with translation inhibitors to reveal ribosome pausing at specific codons. Lastly, we found that the drug harringtonine arrested ribosomes at initiation sites in this archaeon. This drug treatment allowed us to confirm known translation initiation sites and also reveal putative novel initiation sites in intergenic regions and within genes. Ribosome profiling revealed an uncharacterized complexity of translation in this archaeon with bacteria-like, eukarya-like, and potentially novel translation mechanisms. These mechanisms are likely to be functionally essential and to contribute to an expanded proteome with regulatory roles in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.934349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome Profiling in Archaea Reveals Leaderless Translation, Novel Translational Initiation Sites, and Ribosome Pausing at Single Codon Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive traits demonstrate significant genetic correlations with many psychiatric disorders and other health-related traits. Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are marked by cognitive deficits. Therefore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general cognitive ability might suggest potential targets for nootropic drug repurposing. Our previous effort to identify "druggable genes" (i.e., GWAS-identified genes that produce proteins targeted by known small molecules) was modestly powered due to the small cognitive GWAS sample available at the time. Since then, two large cognitive GWAS meta-analyses have reported 148 and 205 genome-wide significant loci, respectively. Additionally, large-scale gene expression databases, derived from post-mortem human brain, have recently been made available for GWAS annotation. Here, we 1) reconcile results from these two cognitive GWAS meta-analyses to further enhance power for locus discovery; 2) employ several complementary transcriptomic methods to identify genes in these loci with variants that are credibly associated with cognition; and 3) further annotate the resulting genes to identify "druggable" targets.

MethodsGWAS summary statistics were harmonized and jointly analysed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS [MTAG], which is optimized for handling sample overlaps. Downstream gene identification was carried out using MAGMA, S-PrediXcan/S-TissueXcan Transcriptomic Wide Analysis, and eQTL mapping, as well as more recently developed methods that integrate GWAS and eQTL data via Summary-statistics Mendelian Randomization [SMR] and linkage methods [HEIDI], Available brain-specific eQTL databases included GTEXv7, BrainEAC, CommonMind, ROSMAP, and PsychENCODE. Intersecting credible genes were then annotated against multiple chemoinformatic databases [DGIdb, KI, and a published review on "druggability"].

ResultsUsing our meta-analytic data set (N = 373,617) we identified 241 independent cognition-associated loci (29 novel), and 76 genes were identified by 2 or more methods of gene identification. 26 genes were associated with general cognitive ability via SMR, 16 genes via STissueXcan/S-PrediXcan, 47 genes via eQTL mapping, and 68 genes via MAGMA pathway analysis. The use of the HEIDI test permitted the exclusion of candidate genes that may have been artifactually associated to cognition due to linkage, rather than direct causal or indirect pleiotropic effects. Actin and chromatin binding gene sets were identified as novel pathways that could be targeted via drug repurposing. Leveraging on our various transcriptome and pathway analyses, as well as available chemoinformatic databases, we identified 16 putative genes that may suggest drug targets with nootropic properties.

DiscussionResults converged on several categories of significant drug targets, including serotonergic and glutamatergic genes, voltage-gated ion channel genes, carbonic anhydrase genes, and phosphodiesterase genes. The current results represent the first efforts to apply a multi-method approach to integrate gene expression and SNP level data to identify credible actionable genes for general cognitive ability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koltai, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.934752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes undergo significant levels of structural and functional changes after birth--fundamental processes essential for the heart to produce the volume and contractility to pump blood to the growing body. However, due to the challenges in isolating single postnatal/adult myocytes, how individual newborn cardiomyocytes acquire multiple aspects of mature phenotypes remains poorly understood. Here we implemented large-particle sorting and analyzed single myocytes from neonatal to adult hearts. Early myocytes exhibited a wide-ranging transcriptomic and size heterogeneity, maintained until adulthood with a continuous transcriptomic shift. Gene regulatory network analysis followed by mosaic gene deletion revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 signaling--activated in vivo but inactive in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes--mediates the shift. The signaling regulated key aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation simultaneously through previously unrecognized regulators, including Yap1 and SF3B2. Our study provides a single-cell roadmap of heterogeneous transitions coupled to cellular features and unveils a multifaceted regulator controlling cardiomyocyte maturation.

Significance StatementHow the individual single myocytes achieve full maturity remains a  black box, largely due to the challenges with the isolation of single mature myocytes. Understanding this process is particularly important as the immaturity and early developmental arrest of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocytes has emerged a major concern in the field. Here we present the first study of high-quality single-cell transcriptomic analysis of cardiac muscle cells from neonatal to adult hearts. We identify a central transcription factor and its novel targets that control key aspects of myocyte maturation, including cellular hypertrophy, contractility, and mitochondrial activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric Potentials from Deep Learning Improve Prediction of CDR H3 Loop Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody structure is largely conserved, except for a complementarity-determining region featuring six variable loops. Five of these loops adopt canonical folds which can typically be predicted with existing methods, while the remaining loop (CDR H3) remains a challenge due to its highly diverse set of observed conformations. In recent years, deep neural networks have proven to be effective at capturing the complex patterns of protein structure. This work proposes DeepH3, a deep residual neural network that learns to predict inter-residue distances and orientations from antibody heavy and light chain sequence. The output of DeepH3 is a set of probability distributions over distances and orientation angles between pairs of residues. These distributions are converted to geometric potentials and used to discriminate between decoy structures produced by RosettaAntibody. When evaluated on the Rosetta Antibody Benchmark dataset of 49 targets, DeepH3-predicted potentials identified better, same, and worse structures (measured by root-mean-squared distance [RMSD] from the experimental CDR H3 loop structure) than the standard Rosetta energy function for 30, 13, and 6 targets, respectively, and improved the average RMSD of predictions by 21.3% (0.48 [A]). Analysis of individual geometric potentials revealed that inter-residue orientations were more effective than inter-residue distances for discriminating near-native CDR H3 loop structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric Potentials from Deep Learning Improve Prediction of CDR H3 Loop Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by shuttling material out of and between cells. Tissue EVs may thus lend insights into disease mechanisms and also betray disease when released into easily accessed biological fluids. Since brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) and their cargo may serve as biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we evaluated modifications to a published, rigorous protocol for separation of EVs from brain tissue and studied effects of processing variables on quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation were compared as final separation steps in protocols involving stepped ultracentrifugation. bdEVs were separated from brain tissues of human, macaque, and mouse. Effects of tissue perfusion and a model of post-mortem interval (PMI) before final bdEV separation were probed. MISEV2018-compliant EV characterization was performed, and both small RNA and protein profiling were done. We conclude that the modified, SEC-employing protocol achieves EV separation efficiency roughly similar to a protocol using gradient density ultracentrifugation, while decreasing operator time and, potentially, variability. The protocol appears to yield bdEVs of higher purity for human tissues compared with those of macaque and, especially, mouse, suggesting opportunities for optimization. Where possible, perfusion should be performed in animal models. The interval between death/tissue storage/processing and final bdEV separation can also affect bdEV populations and composition and should thus be recorded for rigorous reporting. Finally, different populations of EVs obtained through the modified method reported herein display characteristic RNA and protein content that hint at biomarker potential. To conclude, this study finds that the automatable and increasingly employed technique of SEC can be applied to tissue EV separation, and also reveals more about the importance of species-specific and technical considerations when working with tissue EVs. These results are expected to enhance the use of bdEVs in revealing and understanding brain disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.940999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telacebec for ultra-short treatment of Buruli ulcer in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.943175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telacebec (Q203) is a new anti-tubercular drug with extremely potent activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Here, we explored the treatment-shortening potential of Q203 alone or in combination with rifampin (RIF) in a mouse footpad infection model. The first study compared Q203 at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses alone and with rifampin. Q203 alone rendered most mouse footpads culture-negative in 2 weeks. Combining Q203 with rifampin resulted in relapse-free cure 24 weeks after completing 2 weeks of treatment, compared to a 25% relapse rate in mice receiving RIF+clarithromycin, the current standard of care, for 4 weeks.

The second study explored the dose-ranging activity of Q203 alone and with RIF, including the extended activity of Q203 after treatment discontinuation. The bactericidal activity of Q203 persisted for [&ge;] 4 weeks beyond the last dose. All mice receiving just 1 week of Q203 at 2-10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after stopping treatment. Mice receiving 2 weeks of Q203 at 0.5, 2 and 10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after treatment. RIF did not increase the efficacy of Q203. A pharmacokinetics sub-study revealed that Q203 doses of 2-10 mg/kg in mice produce plasma concentrations similar to those produced by 100-300 mg doses in humans, with no adverse effect of RIF on Q203 concentrations.

These results indicate the extraordinary potential of Q203 to reduce the duration of treatment necessary for cure to [&le;] 1 week (or 5 doses of 2-10 mg/kg) in our mouse footpad infection model and warrant further evaluation of Q203 in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TYAGI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.943175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telacebec for ultra-short treatment of Buruli ulcer in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes heart failure and sudden death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with the rising prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes. O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification of intracellular proteins, serves as a potent transducer of cellular stress. Failing myocardium is marked by increased O-GlcNAcylation, but it is unknown if excessive O-GlcNAcylation contributes to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The total levels of O-GlcNAcylation are determined by nutrient and metabolic flux, in addition to the net activity of two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA).

MethodsWe developed two new transgenic mouse models with myocardial overexpression of OGT and OGA to control O-GlcNAclyation independent of pathological stress.

ResultsWe found that OGT transgenic hearts showed increased O-GlcNAcylation, and developed severe dilated cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias and premature death. In contrast, OGA transgenic hearts had O-GlcNAcylation and cardiac function similar to wild type littermate controls. However, OGA trangenic hearts were resistant to pathological stress induced by pressure overload and had attenuated myocardial O-GlcNAcylation levels, decreased pathological hypertrophy and improved systolic function. Interbreeding OGT with OGA transgenic mice rescued cardiomyopathy and premature death despite persistant elevation of myocardial OGT. Transcriptomic and functional studies revealed disrupted mitochondrial energetics with impairment of complex I activity in hearts from OGT transgenic mice. Complex I activity was rescued by OGA transgenic interbreeding, suggesting an important role for mitochondrial complex I in O-GlcNAc mediated cardiac pathology.

ConclusionsOur data provide evidence that excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes cardiomyopathy, at least in part, due to defective energetics. Enhanced OGA activity is well tolerated and attenuation of O-GlcNAcylation is an effective therapy against pressure overload induced heart failure. Attenuation of excessive O-GlcNAcylation may represent a novel therapeutic approach for cardiomyopathy.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is new?C_ST_ABSO_LICardiomyopathy from diverse causes is marked by increased O-GlcNAcylation. Here we provide new genetic mouse models to control myocardial O-GlcNAcylation independent of pathological stress.
C_LIO_LIGenetically increased myocardial O-GlcNAcylation causes progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death, while genetic reduction of myocardial O-GlcNAcylation is protective against pathological hypertrophy caused by transaortic banding.
C_LIO_LIExcessive myocardial O-GlcNAcylation decreases activity and expression of mitochondrial complex I.
C_LI

What are the clinical implications?O_LIIncreased myocardial O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to be associated with a diverse range of clinical heart failure including aortic stenosis, hypertension, ischemia and diabetes.
C_LIO_LIUsing novel genetic mouse models we have provided new proof of concept data that excessive O-GlcNAcylation is sufficient to cause cardiomyopathy.
C_LIO_LIWe have shown myocardial over-expression of O-GlcNAcase, an enzyme that reverses O-GlcNAcylation, is well tolerated at baseline, and improves myocardial responses to pathological stress.
C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest reversing excessive myocardial O-GlcNAcylation could benefit diverse etiologies of heart failure.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Umapathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excessive O-GlcNAcylation causes heart failure and sudden death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osprey: Open-Source Processing, Reconstruction & Estimation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProcessing and quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data are far from standardized and require interfacing with third-party software. Here, we present Osprey, a fully integrated open-source data analysis pipeline for MRS data, with seamless integration of pre-processing, linear-combination modelling, quantification, and data visualization.

New MethodOsprey loads multiple common MRS data formats, performs phased-array coil combination, frequency-and phase-correction of individual transients, signal averaging and Fourier transformation. Linear combination modelling of the processed spectrum is carried out using simulated basis sets and a spline baseline. The MRS voxel is coregistered to an anatomical image, which is segmented for tissue correction and quantification is performed based upon modelling parameters and tissue segmentation. The results of each analysis step are visualized in the Osprey GUI. The analysis pipeline is demonstrated in 12 PRESS, 11 MEGA-PRESS, and 8 HERMES datasets acquired in healthy subjects.

ResultsOsprey successfully loads, processes, models, and quantifies MRS data acquired with a variety of conventional and spectral editing techniques.

Comparison with Existing Method(s)Osprey is the first MRS software to combine uniform pre-processing, linear-combination modelling, tissue correction and quantification into a coherent ecosystem. Compared to existing compiled, often closed-source modelling software, Ospreys open-source code philosophy allows researchers to integrate state-of-the-art data processing and modelling routines, and potentially converge towards standardization of analysis.

ConclusionsOsprey combines robust, peer-reviewed data processing methods into a modular workflow that is easily augmented by community developers, allowing the rapid implementation of new methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.944207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osprey: Open-Source Processing, Reconstruction & Estimation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression analysis is biased by a mean-correlation relationship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.944777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimates of correlation between pairs of genes in co-expression analysis are commonly used to construct networks among genes using gene expression data. Here, we show that the distribution of such correlations depend on the expression level of the involved genes, which we refer to this as a mean-correlation relationship in RNA-seq data, both bulk and single-cell. This dependence introduces a bias in co-expression analysis whereby highly expressed genes are more likely to be highly correlated. Such a relationship is not observed in protein-protein interaction data, suggesting that it is not reflecting biology. Ignoring this bias can lead to missing potentially biologically relevant pairs of genes that are lowly expressed, such as transcription factors. To address this problem, we introduce spatial quantile normalization (SpQN), a method for normalizing local distributions in a correlation matrix. We show that spatial quantile normalization removes the mean-correlation relationship and corrects the expression bias in network reconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.944777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression analysis is biased by a mean-correlation relationship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient immune cell genome engineering with improved CRISPR editing tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based methods have revolutionized genome engineering and the study of gene-phenotype relationships. However, modifying cells of the innate immune system, especially macrophages, has been challenging because of cell pathology and low targeting efficiency resulting from nucleic acid activation of sensitive intracellular sensors. Likewise, lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are largely refractory to CRISPR-enhanced homology-directed repair (HDR) due to inefficient or toxic delivery of donor templates via transient transfection methods. To overcome these challenges and limitations, we developed three improved methods for CRISPR-based genome editing using a hit-and-run transient expression strategy to minimize off-target effects and generate more precise genome editing. Overall, our enhanced CRISPR tools and strategies designed to tackle both murine and human immune cell genome engineering are expected to be widely applicable not only in hematopoietic cells but also other mammalian cell types of interest.

All animal experiments were done in accordance with the guidelines of the NIAID/NIH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient immune cell genome engineering with improved CRISPR editing tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell single particle imaging reveals the role of RNA polymerase II in histone H2A.Z eviction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The H2A.Z histone variant, a genome-wide hallmark of permissive chromatin, is enriched near transcription start sites in all eukaryotes. H2A.Z is deposited by the SWR1 chromatin remodeler and evicted by unclear mechanisms. We tracked H2A.Z in living yeast at single-molecule resolution, and found that H2A.Z eviction is dependent on RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and the Kin28/Cdk7 kinase, which phosphorylates Serine 5 of heptapeptide repeats on the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest Pol II subunit Rpb1. These findings link H2A.Z eviction to transcription initiation, promoter escape and early elongation activities of Pol II. Because passage of Pol II through +1 nucleosomes genome-wide would obligate H2A.Z turnover, we propose that global transcription of noncoding RNAs prior to premature termination, in addition to transcription of mRNAs, are responsible for eviction of H2A.Z. Such usage of yeast Pol II suggests a general mechanism coupling eukaryotic transcription to erasure of the H2A.Z epigenetic signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuguchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elalaoui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell single particle imaging reveals the role of RNA polymerase II in histone H2A.Z eviction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the clear association between myocardial injury, heart failure and depressed myocardial energetics, little is known about upstream signals responsible for remodeling myocardial metabolism after pathological stress. We found increased mitochondrial calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activation and left ventricular dilation in mice one week after myocardial infarction (MI) surgery. In contrast, mice with genetic mitochondrial CaMKII inhibition were protected from left ventricular dilation and dysfunction after MI. Mice with myocardial and mitochondrial CaMKII over-expression (mtCaMKII) had severe dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased ATP that caused elevated cytoplasmic resting (diastolic) Ca2+ concentration and reduced mechanical performance. We mapped a metabolic pathway that allowed us to rescue disease phenotypes in mtCaMKII mice, providing new insights into physiological and pathological metabolic consequences of CaMKII signaling in mitochondria. Our findings suggest myocardial dilation, a disease phenotype lacking specific therapies, can be prevented by targeted replacement of mitochondrial creatine kinase, or mitochondrial-targeted CaMKII inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, M.-l. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umapathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corradini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial CaMKII causes metabolic reprogramming, energetic insufficiency, and dilated cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G4C2 repeat RNA mediates the disassembly of the nuclear pore complex in C9orf72 ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, has recently emerged as a pathomechanism underlying neurodegenerative diseases including C9orf72 ALS/FTD. However, little is known about the underlying molecular events and the underlying biology in human neurons. Using super resolution structured illumination microscopy of twenty three nucleoporins in nuclei from C9orf72 iPSC derived neurons and postmortem human tissue we identify a unique subset of eight nucleoporins lost from human neuronal nuclei. POM121, an integral transmembrane nucleoporin, appears to coordinate the composition of the nucleoporins within human neuronal nuclei ultimately impacting nucleocytoplasmic transport, and subsequent cellular toxicity in C9orf72 iPSNs. These data suggest that POM121 is a critical nucleoporin in the maintenance of the nuclear localization of specific nucleoporins in human neurons. Moreover, loss of nuclear POM121, as a result of expanded C9orf72 ALS/FTD repeat RNA, initiates a pathological cascade affecting nucleoporin composition within neuronal nuclei, nuclear pore complex function, and overall downstream neuronal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepfel, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitchman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trost, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G4C2 repeat RNA mediates the disassembly of the nuclear pore complex in C9orf72 ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal antibodies to gliadin and autism spectrum disorders in offspring - A population-based case-control study in Sweden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveIndividuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are reported to have higher levels of antibodies directed towards gliadin, a component of wheat gluten. However, no study has examined such antibodies in etiologically-relevant periods before diagnosis. The objective of this study is to investigate if maternal levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies directed at gliadin, during pregnancy and at the time of birth, are associated with ASD in offspring.

MethodsIn this population-based study set in Sweden with 921 ASD cases and 1090 controls, we analyzed levels of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) in archived neonatal dried blood spots (NDBS, as maternal IgG is transferred to the fetus) and in paired maternal sera collected earlier in pregnancy for a subset of 547 cases and 428 controls. We examined associations to any ASD diagnosis and considering common comorbidities (i.e. intellectual disability [ID] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). We compared 206 ASD cases to their unaffected siblings to examine the potential for confounding by shared familial factors.

ResultsHigh levels ([&ge;]90th percentile) of maternal AGA were associated with decreased odds of ASD, particularly ASD with comorbid ID, when measured in NDBS (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87) with a similar trend in maternal sera (0.55, 0.24-1.29). High levels of maternal AGA were similarly associated with lower odds of ASD with ID in the sibling comparison.

ConclusionsThis first study of exposure to AGA in the pre- and perinatal periods suggests that high levels of maternal AGA are associated with lower odds of ASD with ID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuelsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severance, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjoqvist, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolken, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal antibodies to gliadin and autism spectrum disorders in offspring - A population-based case-control study in Sweden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.946269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.946269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Pro47Ser variant of p53 exists in African-descent populations, and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans and mice. This variant, hereafter S47, shows altered regulation of the cystine importer Slc7a11, and S47 cells possess increased cysteine and glutathione (GSH) accumulation compared to cells with wild type p53. In this study we show that mice containing the S47 variant have increased mTOR activity, increased oxidative metabolism, larger size, and improved metabolic efficiency. Mechanistically, we show that there is increased association between mTOR and its positive regulator Rheb in S47 cells, due to altered redox state of GAPDH, which normally binds and sequesters Rheb. Compounds that decrease glutathione in S47 cells normalize GAPDH-Rheb complex formation and mTOR activity. The enhanced metabolic efficiency may have been selected for in early Africa, making the S47 variant one of a growing number of cancer-predisposing genetic variants that possesses other positive, potentially selectable attributes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnanapradeepan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnoud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, J. I.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schug, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.946269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased mTOR activity and metabolic efficiency in mouse and human cells containing the African-centric tumor-predisposing p53 variant Pro47Ser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.936351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter CpG density is predictive of downstream gene loss-of-function intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.936351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aggregation and joint analysis of large numbers of exome sequences has recently made it possible to de-rive estimates of intolerance to loss-of-function (LoF) variation for human genes. Here, we demonstrate strong and widespread coupling between genic LoF-intolerance and promoter CpG density across the human genome. Genes downstream of the most CpG-rich pro-moters (top 10% CpG density) have a 67.2% probability of being highly LoF-intolerant, using the LOEUF metric from gnomAD. This is in contrast to 7.4% of genes downstream of the most CpG-poor (bottom 10% CpG density) promoters. Combining promoter CpG density with exonic and promoter conservation explains 33.4% of the variation in LOEUF, and the contribution of CpG density exceeds the individual contributions of exonic and promoter conservation. We leverage this to train a simple and easily interpretable predictive model that out-performs other existing predictors and allows us to classify 1,760 genes - which currently lack reliable LOEUF estimates - as highly LoF-intolerant or not. These predictions have the potential to aid in the interpretation of novel patient variants. Moreover, our results reveal that high CpG density is not merely a generic feature of human promoters, but is preferentially encountered at the promoters of the most selectively constrained genes, calling into question the prevailing view that CpG islands are not subject to selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.936351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter CpG density is predictive of downstream gene loss-of-function intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis identifies novel liver-related signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is associated with several potentially blinding retinal diseases. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic studies were performed on human pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (hPSC-RPE) monolayers to better understand the pathways mediating RPE EMT. EMT was induced by enzymatic dissociation or by co-treatment with transforming growth factor beta (TGF{beta}) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF; TGNF). The global and phosphoproteomes were analyzed at 1 hr post EMT induction to capture early events in kinase/phosphatase signaling cascades and at 12 hrs to define early changes in protein abundance. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that TGNF and Dissociation rapidly perturbed signaling in many of the same pathways, with striking similarity in the phosphoproteome at 1 hr. Surprisingly, functions related to liver cell proliferation and hyperplasia were strongly enriched in the phosphosites altered by both treatments at 1 hr and in protein abundance changes at 12 hrs. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-cMET signaling exhibited the strongest overall enrichment in both treatments. These signaling pathways may serve as suitable targets for the development of therapeutic strategies for the inhibition of RPE EMT, and thus progression of several debilitating visual diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripathi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.953315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis identifies novel liver-related signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of three glycoproteomic methods for the analysis of CHO cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of the glycoproteome is critical due to the widespread importance of this post-translational modification to protein function, and difficult because of the tremendous complexity it exhibits. Here we compared three glycoproteomic analysis methods, a recently described chemoenzymatic glycoproteome analysis methods, N-linked glycans and glycosite containing peptides (NGAG), Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycoproteins (SPEG), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), for the analysis of N-linked glycosites of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc. The NGAG protocol resulted in substantially increased glycosite identifications over both SPEG and HILIC. Interestingly, while the glycosites identified by SPEG and HILIC overlapped strongly, NGAG identified many glycosites not observed in either of the other two methods. Further, utilizing the enhanced intact glycopeptide identification afforded by the NGAG workflow, we also found that of the sugar analog 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc increases sialylation of proteins secreted by CHO cells, including an ectopically expressed human proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarema, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of three glycoproteomic methods for the analysis of CHO cells treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation (AF) are major unsolved public health problems, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for AF in patients. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this clinical association is unknown. Elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation (OGN) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased in diabetic hearts, and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) is a proarrhythmic signal that may be activated by OGN (OGN-CaMKII) and ROS (ox-CaMKII). We induced type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a portfolio of genetic mouse models capable of dissecting the role of OGN and ROS at CaMKII and the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), an intracellular Ca2+ channel implicated as an important downstream mechanism of CaMKII- mediated arrhythmias. Here we show that T1D and T2D significantly increased AF, similar to observations in patients, and this increase required CaMKII. While T1D and T2D both require ox-CaMKII to increase AF, they respond differently to loss of OGN-CaMKII or OGN inhibition. Collectively, our data affirm CaMKII as a critical proarrhythmic signal in diabetic AF, and suggest ROS primarily promotes AF by ox-CaMKII, while OGN promotes AF by diverse mechanisms and targets, including CaMKII and RyR2. The proarrhythmic consequences of OGN- and ox-CaMKII differ between T1D and T2D. These results provide new and unanticipated insights into the mechanisms for increased AF in diabetes mellitus, and suggest successful future therapies will need to be different for AF in T1D and T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokita, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrens, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation contribute to atrial fibrillation in diabetes by activating CaMKII]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have proposed the orderly progression in the time constants of neural dynamics as an organizational principle of cortical computations. However, relationships between these timescales and their dependence on response properties of individual neurons are unknown. We developed a comprehensive method to simultaneously estimate multiple timescales in neuronal dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals along with selectivity to those signals. We found that most neurons exhibited multiple timescales in their response, which consistently increased from parietal to prefrontal to cingulate cortex. While predicting rates of behavioral adjustments, these timescales were not correlated across individual neurons in any cortical area, resulting in independent parallel hierarchies of timescales. Additionally, none of these timescales depended on selectivity to task-relevant signals. Our results not only suggest multiple canonical mechanisms for increasing timescales of neural dynamics across cortex but also point to additional mechanisms that allow decorrelation of these timescales to enable more flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of H3N2 NA and PB1-F2 genetic variants and their association with disease symptoms in the 2014-15 influenza season 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2014-15 influenza season saw the emergence of an H3N2 antigenic drift variant that formed the 3C.2a HA clade. Whole viral genomes were sequenced from nasopharyngeal swabs of 94 patients with confirmed influenza A virus infection and primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures used to efficiently isolate H3N2 viruses. The isolates were classified by HA clade and the presence of a new set of co-selected mutations in NA (a glycosylation site, NAg+) and PB1-F2 (H75P). The NA and PB1-F2 mutations were present in a subset of clade 3C.2a viruses (NAg+F2P) which dominated during the subsequent influenza seasons. In human nasal epithelial cell cultures, a virus with the novel NAg+F2P genotype replicated less well compared to a virus with the parental genotype. Retrospective analyses of clinical data showed that NAg+F2P genotype viruses were associated with increased cough and shortness of breath in infected patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blumenkrantz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaydos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.956979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of H3N2 NA and PB1-F2 genetic variants and their association with disease symptoms in the 2014-15 influenza season]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Influenza A Virus H1N1pdm Full-length Genome Sequencing in USA and Taiwan in 2015-16 Flu Season and Disease Correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the 2015-16 winter, the US experienced a relatively mild influenza season compared to Taiwan which had a higher number of total and severe cases. While H1N1pdm viruses dominated global surveillance efforts that season, the global distribution of genetic variants and their contributions to disease severity have not been investigated. Samples collected from influenza A positive patients by the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (JH-CEIRS) active surveillance in the emergency rooms in Baltimore, Maryland, USA and northern Taiwan between November 2015 and April 2016, were processed for influenza A virus whole genome sequencing. In Baltimore, the majority of the viruses were the H1N1pdm clade 6B.1 and no H1N1pdm clade 6B.2 viruses were detected. In northern Taiwan, more than half of the H1N1pdm viruses were clade 6B.1 and 38% were clade 6B.2, consistent with the global observation that most 6B.2 viruses circulated in Asia and not North America. Whole virus genome sequence analysis identified two genetic subgroups present in each of the 6B.1 and 6B.2 clades and one 6B.1 intraclade reassortant virus. Clinical data showed 6B.2 patients had more disease symptoms including higher crude and inverse probability weighted odds of pneumonia than 6B.1 patients, suggesting 6B.2 circulation may contribute to the severe flu season in Taiwan. Local surveillance efforts linking H1N1pdm virus sequences to patient clinical and demographic data improve our understanding of influenza circulation and disease potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehoke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Influenza A Virus H1N1pdm Full-length Genome Sequencing in USA and Taiwan in 2015-16 Flu Season and Disease Correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuraminidase antigenic drift of influenza A virus H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the 2014-2015 influenza season a novel neuraminidase (NA) genotype emerged in the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (JH CEIRS) surveillance network as well as globally. This novel genotype encoded a glycosylation site at position 245-247 in the NA protein from clade 3c.2a H3N2 viruses. In the years following the 2014-2015 season, this novel NA glycosylation genotype quickly dominated the human H3N2 population of viruses. To assess the effect this novel glycosylation has on virus fitness and antibody binding, recombinant viruses with (NA Gly+) or without (NA Gly-) the novel NA glycosylation were created. Viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype grew to a significantly lower infectious virus titer on primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype, but growth was similar on immortalized cells. The 245 NA Gly+ blocked human and rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target the enzymatic site from binding to their epitope. Additionally, viruses with the 245 NA Gly+ genotype had significantly lower enzymatic activity compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype. Human monoclonal antibodies that target residues near the 245 NA glycosylation were less effective at inhibiting NA enzymatic activity and virus replication of viruses encoding an NA Gly+ protein compared to ones encoding NA Gly-protein. Additionally, a recombinant H6N2 virus with the 245 NA Gly+ protein was more resistant to enzymatic inhibition from convalescent serum from H3N2-infected humans compared to viruses with the 245 NA Gly-genotype. Finally, the 245 NA Gly+ protected from NA antibody mediated virus neutralization. These results suggest that while the 245 NA Gly+ decreases virus replication in hNECs and decreases enzymatic activity, the glycosylation blocks the binding of monoclonal and human serum NA specific antibodies that would otherwise inhibit enzymatic activity and virus replication.

Author SummaryInfluenza virus infects millions of people worldwide and leads to thousands of deaths and millions in economic loss each year. During the 2014/2015 season circulating human H3N2 viruses acquired a novel mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) protein. This mutation has since fixed in human H3N2 viruses. This mutation at position 245 through 247 in the amino acid sequence of NA encoded an N-linked glycosylation. Here, we studied how this N-linked glycosylation impacts virus fitness and protein function. We found that this N-linked glycosylation on the NA protein decreased viral replication fitness on human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) but not immortalized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. We also determined this glycosylation decreases NA enzymatic activity, enzyme kinetics and affinity for substrate. Furthermore, we show that this N-linked glycosylation at position 245 blocks some NA specific inhibitory antibodies from binding to the protein, inhibiting enzymatic activity, and inhibiting viral replication. Finally, we showed that viruses with the novel 245 N-linked glycosylation are more resistant to convalescent human serum antibody mediated enzymatic inhibition. While this 245 N-linked Glycan decreases viral replication and enzymatic activity, the 245 N-linked glycosylation protects the virus from certain NA specific inhibitory antibodies. Our study provides new insight into the function of this dominant H3N2 NA mutation and how it impacts antigenicity and fitness of circulating H3N2 viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuraminidase antigenic drift of influenza A virus H3N2 clade 3c.2a viruses alters virus replication, enzymatic activity and inhibitory antibody binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual psychophysics and limits of visual discrimination performance in freely behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the temporal dynamics of perceptual decisions offers key insights into the cognitive processes contributing to it. Conducting such investigation in a genetically tractable animal model can facilitate the subsequent unpacking of the mechanistic basis of different stages in perceptual dynamics. Here, we investigated the time course as well as fundamental psychophysical constants governing visual perceptual decision-making in freely behaving mice. We did so by analyzing response accuracy against reaction time (i.e., conditional accuracy), in a series of 2-AFC orientation discrimination tasks in which we varied target size, luminance, duration, and presence of a foil. Our results quantified two distinct stages in the time course of mouse visual decision-making - a  sensory encoding stage, in which conditional accuracy exhibits a classic tradeoff with response speed, and a subsequent  short term memory-dependent stage in which conditional accuracy exhibits a classic asymptotic decay following stimulus offset. We estimated the duration of visual sensory encoding as 200-320 ms across tasks, the lower bound of the duration of short-term memory as ~1700 ms, and the briefest duration of visual stimulus input that is informative as [&le;]50 ms. Separately, by varying stimulus onset delay, we demonstrated that the conditional accuracy function and RT distribution can be independently modulated, and found that the duration for which mice naturally withhold from responding is a quantitative metric of impulsivity. Taken together, our results establish a quantitative foundation for investigating the neural circuit bases of visual decision dynamics in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study presents a quantitative breakdown of the time course of visual decision-making in mice during naturalistic behavior. It demonstrates parallel stages in mouse visual perceptual decision dynamics to those in humans, estimates their durations, and shows that mice are able to discriminate well under challenging visual conditions - with stimuli that are brief, low luminance, and small. These results set the stage for investigating the neural bases of visual perceptual decision dynamics and their dysfunction in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>You, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual psychophysics and limits of visual discrimination performance in freely behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic loci associated with prevalent and incident myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies have identified multiple genomic loci associated with coronary artery disease, but most are common variants in non-coding regions that provide limited information on causal genes and etiology of the disease. To better understand etiological pathways that might lead to discovery of new treatments or prevention strategies, we focused our investigation on low-frequency and rare sequence variations primarily residing in coding regions of the genome while also exploring associations with common variants.

Methods and ResultsUsing samples of individuals of European ancestry from ten cohorts within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, both cross-sectional and prospective analyses were conducted to examine associations between genetic variants and myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD), and all-cause mortality following these events. Single variant and gene-based analyses were performed separately in each cohort and then meta-analyzed for each outcome. A low-frequency intronic variant (rs988583) in PLCL1 was significantly associated with prevalent MI (OR=1.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.43, 2.27; P=7.12 x 10-7). Three common variants, rs9349379 in PHACTR1, and rs1333048 and rs4977574 in the 9p21 region, were significantly associated with prevalent CHD. Four common variants (rs4977574, rs10757278, rs1333049, and rs1333048) within the 9p21 locus were significantly associated with incident MI. We conducted gene-based burden tests for genes with a cumulative minor allele count (cMAC) [&ge;] 5 and variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%. TMPRSS5 and LDLRAD1 were significantly associated with prevalent MI and CHD, respectively, and RC3H2 and ANGPTL4 were significantly associated with incident MI and CHD, respectively. No loci were significantly associated with all-cause mortality following a MI or CHD event.

ConclusionThis study confirmed previously reported loci influencing heart disease risk, and one single variant and three genes associated with MI and CHD were newly identified and warrant future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, M. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völzke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic loci associated with prevalent and incident myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional characterization of the Spo11 core complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spo11, which makes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) essential for meiotic recombination, is poorly understood mechanistically because it has been recalcitrant to biochemical study. Here, we provide a molecular analysis of S. cerevisiae Spo11 purified with partners Rec102, Rec104 and Ski8. Rec102 and Rec104 jointly resemble the B subunit of archaeal Topoisomerase VI, with Rec104 similar to a GHKL domain but without conserved ATPase motifs. Unexpectedly, the Spo11 complex is monomeric (1:1:1:1 stoichiometry), indicating that dimerization may control DSB formation. Reconstitution of DNA binding reveals topoisomerase-like preferences for duplex-duplex junctions and bent DNA. Spo11 also binds noncovalently but with high affinity to DNA ends mimicking cleavage products, suggesting a mechanism to cap DSB ends. Mutations that reduce DNA binding in vitro attenuate DSB formation, alter DSB processing, and reshape the DSB landscape in vivo. Our data reveal structural and functional similarities between the Spo11 core complex and Topo VI, but also highlight differences reflecting their distinct biological roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claeys Bouuaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimitou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Palomo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional characterization of the Spo11 core complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic reprogramming towards mesenchymal-epithelial transition in ovarian cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells drives metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer develops early intra-peritoneal metastasis establishing a supportive tumor microenvironment (TME) through reprogramming normal mesenchymal stem cells into carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSCs). CA-MSCs are the stromal stem cell of the TME, supporting cancer growth, increasing desmoplasia, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. We demonstrate epigenetic reprogramming drives CA-MSC formation via enhancer-enriched DNA hypermethylation, altered chromatin accessibility and differential histone modifications inducing a partial mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) increasing adhesion to tumor cells. Direct CA-MSC:tumor cell interactions, confirmed in patient ascites, facilitate ovarian cancer metastasis through co-migration. WT1, a developmental mediator of MET, and EZH2, mediate CA-MSC epigenetic reprogramming. WT1 overexpression induces CA-MSC conversion while WT1 knock-down, along with EZH2 inhibition, blocks CA-MSC formation. EZH2 inhibition subsequently decreases intra-abdominal metastasis.

SignificanceThis work presents a new paradigm of stromal reprogramming involving a partial mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Rather than a classic tumor cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis relies on epigenetic rewiring of a CA-MSC allowing enhanced tumor cell binding and co-migration with tumor cells to form metastasis. Indeed, CA-MSCs in complex with tumor cells are abundant in patient ascites. Reversion of CA-MSCs to normal MSCs is observed in patients achieving complete response with neoadjuvant therapy. Identification of WT1 and EZH2 as mediators of the epigenetic reprogramming of CA-MSCs present potential targets to block the formation of CA-MSCs thus disrupting the TME and limiting ovarian cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atiya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisanic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisbie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic reprogramming towards mesenchymal-epithelial transition in ovarian cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells drives metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.963322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A plasmid locus associated with Klebsiella clinical infections encodes a microbiome-dependent gut fitness factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.963322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphGut colonization by the pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is consistently associated with subsequent Kp disease1-5, and patients are predominantly infected with their colonizing strain1,2. However, colonizing strains likely vary in their potential to cause infection. We previously identified the plasmid-encoded tellurium resistance (ter) operon as highly associated with infection when compared to asymptomatic colonization in hospitalized patients1. The ter operon bestows resistance to the toxic compound tellurite oxide (TeO3-2), but this is unlikely to be its physiological function, as tellurium and TeO3-2 are exceedingly rare. Here we show that terC is necessary and terZABCDEF is sufficient for phenotypic TeO3-2 resistance. Next, we demonstrate that ter is encoded on a diverse group of plasmids without known plasmid-encoded virulence genes, suggesting an independent role in infection. Finally, our studies indicate that ter is a gut fitness factor, and its fitness advantage is conferred only when specific gut microbiota constituents are present. Collectively, these data reveal the Kp ter operon that is highly associated with human infection likely acts early in pathogenesis as a horizontally-transferrable fitness factor promoting robust gut colonization in the presence of the indigenous microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vornhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.963322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A plasmid locus associated with Klebsiella clinical infections encodes a microbiome-dependent gut fitness factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 worsens experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients. Though the exact mechanism for DPN is unknown, it clearly involves metabolic dysfunction and energy failure in multiple cells within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Lactate is an alternate source of metabolic energy that is increasingly recognized for its role in supporting neurons. The primary transporter for lactate in the nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1), has been shown to be critical for peripheral nerve regeneration and metabolic support to neurons/axons. In this study, MCT1 was reduced in both sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia in wild-type mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ), a common model of type-1 diabetes. Heterozygous MCT1 null mice treated with STZ developed a more severe DPN compared to wild-type mice, as measured by greater axonal demyelination, decreased peripheral nerve function, and increased numbness to innocuous low-threshold mechanical stimulation. Given that MCT1 inhibitors are being developed as both immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic medications, our results suggest that clinical development in patients with diabetes should proceed with caution. Collectively, our findings uncover an important role for MCT1 in DPN and provide a potential lead toward developing novel treatments for this currently untreatable disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydefkis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellerin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.965152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 worsens experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose-mediated expansion of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection through alkalizing mosquito midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYDietary sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on mosquitoes capability to transmit malaria parasite remains unclear. Here we show that Plasmodium berghei infection changes global metabolism of Anopheles stephensi with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. Supplementation of glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugar) to mosquito increases Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. The glucose/trehalose diets promote rapid growth of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, which remodels glucose metabolism and consequently increases midgut pH. The pH increase in turn promotes Plasmodium gametogenesis. We also demonstrate the sugar composition from different natural plants influences A. bogorensis growth and Plasmodium infection is associated with their capability to expand A. bogorensis. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important factor that determines mosquitos competency to transmit Plasmodium and further highlight a key role for mosquito-microbiota metabolic interactions in regulating development of malaria parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.967315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose-mediated expansion of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection through alkalizing mosquito midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SkewIT: Skew Index Test for detecting mis-assembled bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GC skew is a phenomenon observed in many bacterial genomes, wherein the two replication strands of the same chromosome contain different proportions of guanine and cytosine nucleotides. Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon, which was first discovered in the mid-1990s, can be used today as an analysis tool for the 15,000+ complete bacterial genomes in NCBIs Refseq library. In order to analyze all 15,000+ genomes, we introduce a new method, SkewIT (Skew Index Test), which calculates a single metric representing the degree of GC skew for a genome. Using this metric, we demonstrate how GC skew patterns are conserved within certain bacterial phyla, e.g. Firmicutes, but show different patterns in other phylogenetic groups such as Actinobacteria. We also discovered that outlier values of SkewIT highlight potential bacterial mis-assemblies. Using our newly defined metric, we identify multiple mis-assembled chromosomal sequences in NCBIs Refseq library of complete bacterial genomes.

Software AvailabilitySkewIT scripts for analysis of bacterial genomes are provided in the following repository: https://github.com/jenniferlu717/SkewIT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SkewIT: Skew Index Test for detecting mis-assembled bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.968727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Bacteria Maintain Adult Enteric Nervous System and Nitrinergic Neurons via Toll-like Receptor 2-induced Neurogenesis in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.968727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsThe enteric nervous system (ENS) exists in close proximity to luminal bacteria. Intestinal microbes regulate ENS development, but little is known about their effects on adult enteric neurons. We investigated whether intestinal bacteria or their products affect the adult ENS via toll like receptors (TLRs) in mice.

MethodsWe performed studies with conventional C57/BL6, germ-free C57/BL6, Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato, Nestin-GFP, and ChAT-cre:tdTomato. Mice were given drinking water with ampicillin or without (controls). Germ-free mice were given drinking water with TLR2 agonist or without (controls). Some mice were given a blocking antibody against TLR2 or a TLR4 inhibitor. We performed whole-gut transit, bead latency, and geometric center studies. Feces were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) tissues were collected, analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and levels of nitric oxide were measured. Cells were isolated from colonic LMMP of Nestin-creERT2:tdTomato mice and incubated with agonists of TLR2 (receptor for Gram-positive bacteria), TLR4 (receptor for Gram-negative bacteria), or distilled water (control) andd analyzed by flow cytometry.

ResultsStool from mice given ampicillin had altered composition of gut microbiota with reduced abundance of Gram-positive bacteria and increased abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, compared with mice given only water. Mice given ampicillin had reduced colon motility compared with mice given only water, and their colonic LMMP had reduced numbers of nitrergic neurons, reduced nNOS production, and reduced colonic neurogenesis. Numbers of colonic myenteric neurons increased after mice were switched from ampicillin to plain water, with increased markers of neurogenesis. Nestin-positive ENPCs expressed TLR2 and TLR4. In cells isolated from the colonic LMMP, incubation with the TLR2 agonist increased the percentage of neurons originating from ENPCs to approximately 10%, compared to approximately 0.01% in cells incubated with the TLR4 agonist or distilled water. Mice given an antibody against TLR2 had prolonged whole-gut transit times; their colonic LMMP had reduced total neurons and a smaller proportion of nitrergic neurons per ganglion, and reduced markers of neurogenesis compared with mice given saline. Colonic LMMP of mice given the TLR4 inhibitor did not have reduced markers of neurogenesis. Colonic LMMP of germ-free mice given TLR2 agonist had increased neuronal numbers compared with control germ-free mice.

ConclusionsIn the adult mouse colon, TLR2 promotes colonic neurogenesis, regulated by intestinal bacteria. Our findings indicate that colonic microbiota help maintain the adult ENS via a specific signaling pathway. Pharmacologic and probiotic approaches directed towards specific TLR2 signaling processes might be developed for treatment of colonic motility disorders related to use of antibiotics or other factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.968727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Bacteria Maintain Adult Enteric Nervous System and Nitrinergic Neurons via Toll-like Receptor 2-induced Neurogenesis in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating how synaptic molecules such as AMPA receptors mediate neuronal communication and tracking their dynamic expression during behavior is crucial to understand cognition and disease, but current technological barriers preclude large-scale exploration of molecular dynamics in vivo. We have developed a suite of innovative methodologies that break through these barriers: a new knockin mouse line with fluorescently tagged endogenous AMPA receptors, two-photon imaging of hundreds of thousands of labeled synapses in behaving mice, and computer-vision-based automatic synapse detection. Using these tools, we can longitudinally track how the strength of synapses changes during behavior. We used this approach to generate an unprecedentedly detailed spatiotemporal map of synaptic plasticity underlying sensory experience. More generally, these tools can be used as an optical probe capable of measuring functional synapse strength across entire brain areas during any behavioral paradigm, describing complex system-wide changes with molecular precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ortega, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.971036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Numerical Representation and Classification of Codons to Investigate Codon Alternation Patterns during Genetic Mutations on Disease Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.971036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration of amino acids is possible due to mutation in codons that could have potential reasons to occur disease. Single nucleotide substitutions (SNS) in genetic codon thus have prime importance for their ability to occur mutations that may be deleterious indeed. Effective mutation analysis can help to predict the fate of the diseased individual which can be validated later by in-vitro experiments. Hence in this present study, we try to investigate the codon alteration patterns and their impact during mutation for the genes known to be responsible for a particular disease. We use a numerical representation of four nucleotides based on the number of hydrogen bonds in their chemical structures and make a classification of 64 codons as well as corresponding 20 amino acids into three different classes (Strong, Weak and Transitional). The entire analysis has been carried out based on these classifications. For our current study, we consider two neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinsons disease, and Glaucoma. Several evidences claim similarities between both the diseases but proper pathogenetic factors are still unknown. The analysis reveals that the strong class of codons is highly mutated followed by the weak and transitional class. We observe that most of the mutations occur in the first or second positions in the codon rather than the third and mutations that occurred at the second place of codons are majorly deleterious. In most cases, the change in the determinative degree of codon due to mutation is directly proportional to the physical density property. Furthermore, we derive a determinative degree of five wild-type amino acid sequences, which can help biologists to understand the evolutionary relationship among them based on amino acid occurrence frequencies in proteins. In this regard we proposed an alignment-free method SSADDA (Sequence Similarity Analysis using Determinative Degree of Amino acid). Thus, our scheme gives a more microscopic and alternative representation of the existing codon table that helps in deciphering interesting codon alteration patterns during mutations in disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal Choudhury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.971036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Numerical Representation and Classification of Codons to Investigate Codon Alternation Patterns during Genetic Mutations on Disease Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing reference bias using multiple population reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most sequencing data analyses start by aligning sequencing reads to a linear reference genome. But failure to account for genetic variation causes reference bias and confounding of results downstream. Other approaches replace the linear reference with structures like graphs that can include genetic variation, incurring major computational overhead. We propose the "reference flow" alignment method that uses multiple population reference genomes to improve alignment accuracy and reduce reference bias. Compared to the graph aligner vg, reference flow achieves a similar level of accuracy and bias avoidance, but with 14% of the memory footprint and 5.5 times the speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing reference bias using multiple population reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as a Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.976548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) flaviviruses exhibit similar replicative processes but distinct clinical outcomes. A systematic understanding of virus-host protein-protein interaction networks can reveal cellular pathways critical to viral replication and disease pathogenesis. Here we employed three independent systems biology approaches toward this goal. First, protein array analysis of direct interactions between individual ZIKV/DENV viral proteins and 20,240 human proteins revealed multiple conserved cellular pathways and protein complexes, including proteasome complexes. Second, an RNAi screen of 10,415 druggable genes to identify host proteins required for ZIKV infection uncovered proteasome proteins. Third, a high-throughput screening of 6,016 bioactive compounds for ZIKV inhibitors yielded 134 effective compounds, including six proteasome inhibitors that suppress both ZIKV and DENV replication. Integrative analyses of these orthogonal datasets pinpoints proteasome as critical host machinery for ZIKV/DENV replication. Our study provides multi-omics datasets for further studies of flavivirus-host interactions, disease pathogenesis, and new drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouznetsova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumpp-Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal-Nag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.976548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as a Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statins, which inhibit both cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation branches of the mevalonate pathway, increase anti-tubercular antibiotic efficacy in animal models. We investigated the mechanism of anti-tubercular action of simvastatin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytic cells. We found that the anti-tubercular activity of statins was phenocopied by cholesterol-branch but not prenylation-branch inhibitors. Moreover, statin treatment blocked activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through increased intracellular AMP:ATP ratios, and favored nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). These mechanisms all induce autophagy, which is anti-mycobacterial. The biological effects of simvastatin on the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB-autophagy axis were reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol to the cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that the anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin requires inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, reveal novel links between cholesterol homeostasis, AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis, and intracellular infection control, and uncover new anti-tubercular therapy targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruiners, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.965749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of brain co-expression reveals the brain-wide basis of disease susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.965749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene networks have proven their utility for elucidating transcriptome structure in the brain, yielding numerous biological insights. Most analyses have focused on expression relationships within a circumspect number of regions - how these relationships vary across a broad array of brain regions is largely unknown. By leveraging RNA-sequencing in 864 samples representing 12 brain regions in a cohort of 131 phenotypically normal individuals, we identify 12 brain-wide, 114 region-specific, and 50 cross-regional co-expression modules. We replicate the majority (81%) of modules in regional microarray datasets. Nearly 40% of expressed genes fall into brain-wide modules corresponding to major cell classes and conserved biological processes. Region-specific modules comprise 25% of expressed genes and correspond to region-specific cell types and processes, such as oxytocin signaling in the hypothalamus, or addiction pathways in the nucleus accumbens. We further leverage these modules to capture cell-type-specific lncRNA and gene isoforms, both of which contribute substantially to regional synaptic diversity. We identify enrichment of neuropsychiatric disease risk variants in brain wide and multi-regional modules, consistent with their broad impact on cell classes, and highlight specific roles in neuronal proliferation and activity-dependent processes. Finally, we examine the manner in which gene co-expression and gene regulatory networks reflect genetic risk, including the recently framed omnigenic model of disease architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartl, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pembroke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintacuda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.965749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of brain co-expression reveals the brain-wide basis of disease susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.949131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Specialized mSWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.949131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced prostate cancer initially responds to hormonal treatment, but ultimately becomes resistant and requires more potent therapies. One mechanism of resistance observed in [~]10% of these patients is through lineage plasticity, which manifests in a partial or complete small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) phenotype. Here, we investigate the role of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex in NEPC. Using large patient datasets, patient-derived organoids and cancer cell lines, we identify mSWI/SNF subunits that are deregulated in NEPC and demonstrate that SMARCA4 (BRG1) overexpression is associated with aggressive disease. We also show that SWI/SNF complexes interact with different lineage-specific factors in NEPC compared to prostate adenocarcinoma. These data suggest a role for mSWI/SNF complexes in therapy-related lineage plasticity, which may be relevant for other solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cyrta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augspach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Filippo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prandi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thienger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaliere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uldry, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshalalfa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sboner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruithof-de Julio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballman, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demichelis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piscuoglio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.949131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Specialized mSWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.980383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico approach to accelerate the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods for detection of viral proteins: Application to COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.980383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a method for rapid in silico selection of diagnostic peptides from newly described viral pathogens and applied this approach to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. This approach is multi-tiered, beginning with compiling the theoretical protein sequences from genomic derived data. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 we begin with 496 peptides that would be produced by proteolytic digestion of the viral proteins. To eliminate peptides that would cause cross-reactivity and false positives we remove peptides from consideration that have sequence homology or similar chemical characteristics using a progressively larger database of background peptides. Using this pipeline, we can remove 47 peptides from consideration as diagnostic due to the presence of peptides derived from the human proteome. To address the complexity of the human microbiome, we describe a method to create a database of all proteins of relevant abundance in the saliva microbiome. By utilizing a protein-based approach to the microbiome we can more accurately identify peptides that will be problematic in COVID-19 studies which removes 12 peptides from consideration. To identify diagnostic peptides, another 7 peptides are flagged for removal following comparison to the proteome backgrounds of viral and bacterial pathogens of similar clinical presentation. By aligning the protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 field isolates deposited to date we can identify peptides for removal due to their presence in highly variable regions that may lead to false negatives as the pathogen evolves. We provide maps of these regions and highlight 3 peptides that should be avoided as potential diagnostic or vaccine targets. Finally, we leverage publicly deposited proteomics data from human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, as well as a second study with the closely related MERS-CoV to identify the two proteins of highest abundance in human infections. The resulting final list contains the 24 peptides most unique and diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These peptides represent the best targets for the development of antibodies are clinical diagnostics. To demonstrate one application of this we model peptide fragmentation using a deep learning tool to rapidly generate targeted LCMS assays and data processing method for detecting CoVID-19 infected patient samples.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=156 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/980383v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.980383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico approach to accelerate the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods for detection of viral proteins: Application to COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X-chromosome dosage compensation dynamics in human early embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, female cells are obliged to inactivate one of two X chromosomes to achieve dosage parity with the single X chromosome in male cells, and it is also thought that the single active X chromosome is increased 2-fold to achieve dosage balance with two sets of autosomes (X:A ratio = 1, or Ohnos hypothesis). However, the ontogeny of X-chromosome inactivation and augmentation of the single active X remains unclear during human embryogenesis. Here, we perform single-cell RNA-seq analysis to examine the timing of X:A balancing and X-inactivation (XCI) in pre- and peri-implantation human embryos up to fourteen days in culture. We find that X-chromosome gene expression in both male and female preimplantation embryos is approximately balanced with autosomes (X:A ratio = 1) after embryonic genome activation (EGA) and persists through fourteen days in vitro. Cross-species analysis of preimplantation embryo also show balanced X:A ratio within the first few days of development. By single-cell mRNA SNP profiling, we find XCI beginning in day 6-7 blastocyst embryos, but does not affect X:A dosage balance. XCI is most evident in trophoectoderm (TE) cells, but can also be observed in a small number of inner cell mass (ICM)-derived cells including primitive endoderm (PE) and epiblast (EPI) cells. Analysis between individual XaXa and XaXi sister cells from the same embryo reveals random XCI and persistently balanced X:A ratio, including sister cells transitioning between XaXa and XaXi states. We therefore conclude that the male X-chromosome undergoes X chromosome augmentation prior to the simultaneous X-chromosome inactivation and augmentation in females. Together, our data demonstrate an evolutionally conserved model of X chromosome dosage compensation in humans and other mammalian species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X-chromosome dosage compensation dynamics in human early embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Destruction of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in cortical gray matter profoundly alters neural activity and is associated with cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin can be restored by regenerating oligodendrocytes from resident progenitors; however, it is not known whether regeneration restores the complex myelination patterns in cortical circuits. Here we performed time lapse in vivo two photon imaging in somatosensory cortex of adult mice to define the kinetics and specificity of myelin regeneration after acute oligodendrocyte ablation. These longitudinal studies revealed that the pattern of myelination in cortex changed dramatically after regeneration, as new oligodendrocytes were formed in different locations and new sheaths were often established along axon segments previously lacking myelin. Despite the dramatic increase in axonal territory available, oligodendrogenesis was persistently impaired in deeper cortical layers that experienced higher gliosis. The repeated reorganization of myelin patterns in MS may alter circuit function and contribute to cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orthmann-Murphy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Castro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.983569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel encapsulation of single cells with structured microparticles and secretion-based flow sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Techniques to analyze and sort single cells based on functional outputs, such as secreted products, have the potential to transform our understanding of cellular biology, as well as accelerate the development of next generation cell and antibody therapies. However, secreted molecules rapidly diffuse away from cells, and analysis of these products requires specialized equipment and expertise to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions. Herein we demonstrate the use of suspendable microcontainers to sort single viable cells based on their secreted products at high-throughput using only commonly accessible laboratory infrastructure. Our microparticles act as solid supports which facilitate cell attachment, partition uniform aqueous compartments, and capture secreted proteins. Using this platform, we demonstrate high-throughput screening of stably- and transiently-transfected producer cells based on relative IgG production as well as screening of B lymphocytes and hybridomas based on antigen-specific antibody production using commercially available flow sorters. Leveraging the high-speed sorting capabilities of standard sorters, we sorted >1,000,000 events in less than an hour. The reported microparticles can be easily stored, and distributed as a consumable reagent amongst researchers, democratizing access to high-throughput functional cell screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Rutte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimatteo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoiseaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel encapsulation of single cells with structured microparticles and secretion-based flow sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object representations in the human brain reflect the co-occurrence statistics of vision and language 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central regularity of visual perception is the co-occurrence of objects in the natural environment. Here we use machine learning and fMRI to test the hypothesis that object co-occurrence statistics are encoded in the human visual system and elicited by the perception of individual objects. We identified low-dimensional representations that capture the latent statistical structure of object co-occurrence in real-world scenes, and we mapped these statistical representations onto voxelwise fMRI responses during object viewing. We found that cortical responses to single objects were predicted by the statistical ensembles in which they typically occur, and that this link between objects and their visual contexts was made most strongly in the anterior portion of the scene-selective parahippocampal place area. In contrast, a language-based statistical model of the co-occurrence of object names in written text predicted responses in neighboring regions of object-selective visual cortex. Together, these findings show that the sensory coding of objects in the human brain reflects the latent statistics of object context in visual and linguistic experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object representations in the human brain reflect the co-occurrence statistics of vision and language]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-dividing cells of the myeloid lineage such as monocytes and macrophages are target cells of HIV that have low dNTP pool concentrations and elevated levels of dUTP, which leads to frequent incorporation of dUMP opposite to A during reverse transcription ("uracilation"). One factor determining the fate of dUMP in proviral DNA is the host cell uracil base excision repair (UBER) system. Here we explore the relative UBER capacity of monocytes (MC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the fate of integrated uracilated viruses in both cell types to understand the implications of viral dUMP on HIV diversification and infectivity. We find that monocytes are almost completely devoid of functional UBER, while macrophages are mainly deficient in the initial enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG2). Accordingly, dUMP persists in viral DNA during the lifetime of a MC and can only be removed after differentiation of MC into MDM. Overexpression of human uracil DNA glycosylase in MDM prior to infection resulted in rapid removal of dUMP from HIV cDNA and near complete depletion of dUMP-containing viral copies. This finding establishes that the low hUNG2 expression level in these cells limits UBER but that hUNG2 is restrictive against uracilated viruses. In contrast, overexpression of hUNG2 after viral integration did not accelerate the excision of uracils, suggesting that they may poorly accessible in the context of chromatin. We found that viral DNA molecules with incorporated dUMP contained unique (+) strand transversion mutations that were not observed when dUMP was absent (G[-&gt;]T, T[-&gt;]A, T[-&gt;]G, A[-&gt;]C). These observations and other considerations suggest that dUMP introduces errors predominantly during (-) strand synthesis when the template is RNA. These mutations may arise from the increased mispairing and duplex destabilizing effects of dUMP relative to dTMP during reverse transcription. Overall, the likelihood of producing a functional virus from in vitro infection of MC is about 50-fold and 300-fold reduced as compared to MDM and activated T cells. The results implicate viral dUMP incorporation in MC and MDM as a potential viral diversification and restriction pathway during human HIV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meshesha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgulia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.986976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of KDM1A activity restores adult neurogenesis and improves hippocampal memory in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.986976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare cause of intellectual disability primarily caused by loss of function mutations in lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D), which normally adds methyl marks to lysine 4 on histone 3. Previous studies have shown that a mouse model of KS (Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo) demonstrates disruption of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal memory. Proof-of-principle studies have shown postnatal rescue of neurological dysfunction following treatments that promote chromatin opening, however, these strategies are non-specific and do not directly address the primary defect of histone methylation. Since lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1/KDM1A) normally removes the H3K4 methyl marks added by KMT2D, we hypothesize that inhibition of KDM1A demethylase activity may ameliorate molecular and phenotypic defects stemming from KMT2D loss. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated a recently developed KDM1A inhibitor (TAK-418) in Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo mice. We find that orally administered TAK-418 increases the numbers of newly born Doublecortin (DCX)+ cells and processes in hippocampus in a dose dependent manner. We also observe TAK-418-dependent rescue of histone modification defects in hippocampus both by Western blot and ChIP-Seq. Treatment rescues gene expression abnormalities including those of immediate early genes such as FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos) and FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene homolog B (Fosb). After 2 weeks of TAK-418, Kmt2d+/{beta}Geo mice demonstrate normalization of hippocampal memory defects. In summary, our data suggest that KDM1A inhibition is a plausible treatment strategy for KS and support the hypothesis that the epigenetic dysregulation secondary to KMT2D dysfunction plays a major role in the postnatal neurological disease phenotype in KS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilarowski, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.986976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of KDM1A activity restores adult neurogenesis and improves hippocampal memory in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal cannabis vapor exposure causes long-term alterations in emotional reactivity, social behavior, and behavioral flexibility in offspring. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of cannabis during pregnancy is a growing public health concern. As more states implement legislation permitting recreational cannabis use, there is an urgent need to better understand its impact on fetal neurodevelopment and its long-term effects in exposed offspring. Studies examining effects of prenatal cannabis exposure typically employ injections of synthetic cannabinoids or isolated cannabis constituents that may not accurately model cannabis use in human populations. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel e-cigarette technology-based system to deliver vaporized cannabis extracts to pregnant Long Evans rats. We used this model to determine effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on emotional, social, and cognitive endpoints of male and female offspring during early development and into adulthood. Dams were exposed to cannabis vapor (CANTHC: 400 mg/ml), vehicle vapor (VEH), or no vapor (AIR) twice daily during mating and gestation. Offspring exposed to CANTHC and VEH showed reduced weight gain relative to AIR offspring prior to weaning. CANTHC offspring made more isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) on postnatal day 6 (P6) relative to VEH-exposed offspring, which is indicative of increased emotional reactivity. Male CANTHC offspring engaged in fewer social investigation behaviors than VEH-exposed male offspring during a social play test on P26. In adulthood, CANTHC-exposed offspring spent less time exploring the open arms of the elevated plus maze and exhibited dose-dependent deficits in behavioral flexibility in an attentional set-shifting task relative to AIR controls. These data collectively indicate that prenatal cannabis exposure causes enduring effects on the behavioral profile of offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weimar, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freels, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal cannabis vapor exposure causes long-term alterations in emotional reactivity, social behavior, and behavioral flexibility in offspring.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Clock-Driven Neural Network Critical for Arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The daily cycling of sleep and arousal states is among the most prominent biological rhythms under circadian control. While much is known about the core circadian clock1,2, how this clock tunes sleep and arousal remains poorly understood3. In Drosophila, we previously characterized WIDE AWAKE (WAKE), a clock-output molecule that promotes sleep at night4,5. Here, we show that the function of WAKE in regulating circadian-dependent neural excitability and arousal is conserved in mice. mWake+ cells are found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). mWakeDMH neurons drive wakefulness and exhibit rhythmic spiking, with greater firing during the night vs the day. Loss of mWAKE leads to increased spiking of mWake+ SCN and DMH neurons and prominent behavioural arousal, specifically during the night. Single-cell sequencing, imaging, and patch-clamp experiments reveal that mWakeDMH neurons constitute a glutamatergic/GABAergic population that projects widely, receives neuromodulatory input, and acts on neuromodulatory neurons. Strikingly, broad chemogenetic silencing of mWake+ cells leads to profound loss of behavioural responsiveness and low amplitude, low frequency electroencephalography waveforms. These findings suggest that the genetic mechanisms regulating circadian control of sleep and arousal are conserved across >500 million years of evolution and define a clock-regulated neural network critical for arousal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedont, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Clock-Driven Neural Network Critical for Arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel social information processing circuits are differentially impacted in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parallel processing circuits are thought to dramatically expand the network capabilities of the nervous system. Magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons have been proposed to subserve two parallel streams of social information processing, which allow a single molecule to encode a diverse array of ethologically distinct behaviors, although to date direct evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons, validated across anatomical, projection target, electrophysiological, and transcriptional criteria. We next used novel multiple feature selection tools in Fmr1 KO mice to provide direct evidence that normal functioning of the parvocellular but not magnocellular oxytocin pathway is required for autism-relevant social reward behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that autism risk genes are uniquely enriched in parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Taken together these results provide the first evidence that oxytocin pathway specific pathogenic mechanisms account for social impairments across a broad range of autism etiologies.

One Sentence SummaryPathoclisis of parvocellular oxytocin neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of social impairments in autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangamwabo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiaye, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovinazzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel social information processing circuits are differentially impacted in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory neurons in the midbrain spatial attention network, called isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), control stimulus selection by the sensorimotor and attentional hub, the optic tectum (OT). Here, we investigate in the barn owl how classical as well as extraclassical (global) inhibitory surrounds of Imc receptive fields (RFs), fundamental units of Imc computational function, are constructed. We find that focal, reversible blockade of GABAergic input onto Imc neurons disconnects their extraclassical inhibitory surrounds, but, surprisingly, leaves intact their classical surrounds. Subsequently, with paired recordings and iontophoresis, first at spatially aligned site-pairs in Imc and OT, and then, at mutually distant site-pairs within Imc, we demonstrate that classical inhibitory surrounds of Imc RFs are inherited from OT, but their extraclassical inhibitory surrounds are constructed within Imc. These results reveal key design principles of the midbrain spatial attention circuit, and attest to the critical importance of competitive interactions within Imc for its operation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schryver, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junctions and hemichannels mediate astrocyte intercellular communication in the central nervous system under normal conditions and may contribute to astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we show that astrocyte-specific knockout of Cx43 in a mouse model of ALS slows disease progression both spatially and temporally, provides motor neuron (MN) protection, and improves survival. In human ALS tissues and biofluids, we observe that higher levels of Cx43 correlate with accelerated disease progression. Using human iPSC-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) from both familial and sporadic ALS, we show that Cx43 is upregulated and that Cx43-hemichannels are enriched at the astrocyte membrane. We then demonstrate that the pharmacological blockade of Cx43-hemichannels in ALS astrocytes, during a specific temporal window, provides neuroprotection of hiPSC-MN and reduces ALS astrocyte-mediated neuronal hyperexcitability. Our data identify Cx43 hemichannels as novel conduits of astrocyte-mediated disease progression and a pharmacological target for disease-modifying ALS therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokharel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.990747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efferent Synaptic Transmission at the Vestibular Type II Hair Cell Synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the vestibular peripheral organs, type I and type II hair cells (HCs) transmit incoming signals via glutamatergic quantal transmission onto afferent nerve fibers. Additionally, type I HCs transmit via  non-quantal transmission to calyx afferent fibers, by accumulation of glutamate and potassium in the synaptic cleft. Vestibular efferent inputs originating in the brainstem contact type II HCs and vestibular afferents. Here, we aimed at characterizing the synaptic efferent inputs to type II HCs using electrical and optogenetic stimulation of efferent fibers combined with in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recording from type II HCs in the rodent vestibular crista. Properties of efferent synaptic currents in type II HCs were similar to those found in cochlear hair cells and mediated by activation of 9/10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and SK potassium channels. While efferents showed a low probability of release at low frequencies of stimulation, repetitive stimulation resulted in facilitation and increased probability of release. Notably, the membrane potential of type II HCs measured during optogenetic stimulation of efferents showed a strong hyperpolarization even in response to single pulses and was further enhanced by repetitive stimulation. Such efferent-mediated inhibition of type II HCs can provide a mechanism to adjust the contribution of signals from type I and type II HCs to vestibular nerve fibers. As a result, the relative input of type I hair cells to vestibular afferents will be strengthened, emphasizing the phasic properties of the incoming signal that are transmitted via fast non-quantal transmission.

New and NoteworthyType II vestibular hair cells (HCs) receive inputs from efferent fibers originating in the brainstem. We used in vitro optogenetic and electrical stimulation of efferent fibers to study their synaptic inputs to type II HCs. Efferent inputs inhibited type II HCs, similar to cochlear efferent effects. We propose that efferent inputs adjust the contribution of signals from type I and type II HCs that report different components of the incoming signal to vestibular nerve fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcintosh, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efferent Synaptic Transmission at the Vestibular Type II Hair Cell Synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design and implementation of a chemically inducible hetero-trimerization system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.994277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemically inducible dimerization (CID) uses a small molecule to induce binding of two different proteins. CID tools exemplified by the FKBP/FRB/rapamycin system have been widely employed to probe molecular events inside and outside cells. While various CID tools are available, chemically inducible trimerization (CIT) has not been developed, due to inherent challenges in designing or identifying a chemical that simultaneously binds three proteins with high affinity and target specificity. Nevertheless, by introducing a third recruitable component, CIT could enable versatile applications. Here, we devised the CIT by rationally splitting FRB and FKBP. Based on cellular and structural datasets, select split pairs of FRB or FKBP underwent efficient trimerization with full length FKBP or FRB, respectively, upon addition of rapamycin. We also demonstrated its potential for cellular applications by rapidly inducing tri-organellar plasma membrane-ER-mitochondria junctions, and by perturbing intended membrane lipids exclusively at the plasma membrane-ER membrane contact sites. By conferring one additional condition to what is achievable with CID, CIT expands the types of manipulation in single live cells, to address cell biology questions otherwise intractable, and engineer cell functions for future synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagliyan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragaki, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokholyan, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.994277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design and implementation of a chemically inducible hetero-trimerization system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability and detection of nucleic acid from viruses and hosts in mosquito blood meals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the presence and spread of pathogens in the environment is of critical importance. Rapid detection of infectious disease outbreaks and prediction of their spread can facilitate early responses of health agencies and reduce the severity of outbreaks. Current sampling methods are sorely limited by available personnel and throughput. For instance, xenosurveillance utilizes captured arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, as sampling tools to access blood from a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of nucleic acid from individual blooded mosquitoes can be used to identify mosquito and host species, and microorganisms including pathogens circulating within either host. However, there are practical challenges to collecting and processing mosquitoes for xenosurveillance, such as the rapid metabolization or decay of microorganisms within the mosquito midgut. This particularly affects pathogens that do not replicate in mosquitoes, preventing their detection by NGS or other methods. Accordingly, we performed a series of experiments to establish the windows of detection for DNA or RNA from human blood and/or viruses present in mosquito blood meals. Our results will contribute to trap design for mosquito-based xenosurveillance, including sample stabilization and ideal time spent from collection to NGS processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz Robles, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastusiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability and detection of nucleic acid from viruses and hosts in mosquito blood meals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The giant sequoia genome and proliferation of disease resistance genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) of California are massive, long-lived trees that grow along the U.S. Sierra Nevada mountains. As they grow primarily in isolated groves within a narrow range, conservation of existing trees has been a national goal for over 150 years. Genomic data are limited in giant sequoia, and the assembly and annotation of the first giant sequoia genome has been an important goal to allow marker development for restoration and management. Using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing combined with Dovetail chromosome conformation capture libraries, 8.125 Gbp of sequence was assembled into eleven chromosome-scale scaffolds. This giant sequoia assembly represents the first genome sequenced in the Cupressaceae family, and lays a foundation for using genomic tools to aid in giant sequoia conservation and management. Beyond conservation and management applications, the giant sequoia assembly is a resource for answering questions about the life history of this enigmatic and robust species. Here we provide an example by taking an inventory of the large and complex family of NLR type disease resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanove, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The giant sequoia genome and proliferation of disease resistance genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and Annotation of an Ashkenazi Human Reference Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the assembly and annotation of the genome of an Ashkenazi individual and the creation of a new, population-specific human reference genome. This genome is more contiguous and more complete than GRCh38, the latest version of the human reference genome, and is annotated with highly similar gene content. The Ashkenazi reference genome, Ash1, contains 2,973,118,650 nucleotides as compared to 2,937,639,212 in GRCh38. Annotation identified 20,157 protein-coding genes, of which 19,563 are >99% identical to their counterparts on GRCh38. Most of the remaining genes have small differences. 40 of the protein-coding genes in GRCh38 are missing from Ash1; however, all of these genes are members of multi-gene families for which Ash1 contains other copies. 11 genes appear on different chromosomes from their homologs in GRCh38. Alignment of DNA sequences from an unrelated Ashkenazi individual to Ash1 identified ~1 million fewer homozygous SNPs than alignment of those same sequences to the more-distant GRCh38 genome, illustrating one of the benefits of population-specific reference genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and Annotation of an Ashkenazi Human Reference Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and biobanking of patient-derived glioblastoma organoids and their application in CAR-T cell testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma tumors exhibit extensive inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which has contributed to poor outcomes of numerous clinical trials and continues to complicate the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Current in vitro models do not preserve the cellular and mutational diversity of parent tumors and often require a lengthy generation time with variable efficiency. Here, we describe detailed procedures for generating glioblastoma organoids (GBOs) from surgically resected patient tumor tissue using a chemically defined medium without cell dissociation. By preserving cell-cell interactions and minimizing clonal selection, GBOs maintain the cellular heterogeneity of parent tumors. We include methods for passaging and cryopreserving GBOs for continued use, biobanking, and long-term recovery. We further describe procedures for investigating patient-specific responses to immunotherapies by co-culturing GBOs with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. This protocol takes approximately 2-4 weeks to generate GBOs and 5-7 days to perform CAR-T cell co-culture. Competence with human cell culture, tissue processing, immunohistology, and microscopy is required for optimal results.

Short SummaryDetailed procedures for generating and biobanking glioblastoma organoids from resected patient tumor tissue and testing CAR-T cell efficacy by co-culture. Additional procedures for tissue processing, immunohistology, and detecting hypoxia gradients and actively proliferating cells.

Associated Link Box for Key ReferenceJacob, F. et al. A Patient-derived glioblastoma organoid model and biobank recapitulates inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Cell 180, 188-204 e122, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.036 (2020).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and biobanking of patient-derived glioblastoma organoids and their application in CAR-T cell testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solving the where problem in neuroanatomy: a generative framework with learned mappings to register multimodal, incomplete data into a reference brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A current focus of research in neuroscience is to enumerate, map and annotate neuronal cell types in whole vertebrate brains using different modalities of data acquisition. Mapping these molecular and anatomical datasets into a common reference space remains a key challenge. While several brain-to-atlas mapping workflows exist, they do not adequately address challenges of modern high throughput neuroimaging, including multimodal and multiscale signals, missing data or non reference signals, and geometric quantification of individual variation. Our solution is to implement a generative statistical model that describes the likelihood of imaging data given a sequence of transforms of an atlas image, and a framework for maximum a posteriori estimation of unknown parameters capturing the issues listed above. The key idea in our approach is to minimize the difference between synthetic image volumes and real data over these parameter.

Rather than merely using mappings as a "normalization" step, we implement tools for using their local metric changes as an opportunity for geometric quantification of technical and biological sources of variation in an unprecedented manner. While the framework is used to compute pairwise mappings, our approach particularly allows for easy compositions across chains of multimodality datasets. We apply these methods across a broad range of datasets including various combinations of in-vivo and ex-vivo MRI, 3D STP and fMOST data sets, 2D serial histology sections, and brains processed for snRNAseq with tissue partially removed. We show biological utility by quantifying cell density and diffeomorphic characterization of brain shape fluctuations across biological covariates. We note that the magnitude of individual variation is often greater than differences between different sample preparation techniques.

To facilitate community accessibility, we implement our algorithm as open source, include a web based framework, and implement input and output dataset standards. Our work establishes a quantitative, scalable and streamlined workflow for unifying a broad spectrum of multi-modal whole-brain light microscopic data volumes into a coordinate-based atlas framework. This work enables large scale integration of whole brain data sets that are essential in modern neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solving the where problem in neuroanatomy: a generative framework with learned mappings to register multimodal, incomplete data into a reference brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Robust Metabolic Switching in the Brain During Intermittent Fasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.002725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a lifestyle intervention comprising a dietary regimen in which energy intake is restricted via alternating periods of fasting and ad libitum food consumption, without compromising nutritional composition. While epigenetic modifications can mediate effects of environmental factors on gene expression, no information is yet available on potential effects of IF on the epigenome. In this study, we found that IF causes modulation of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) epigenetic mark in the cerebellum of male C57/BL6 mice, which in turn orchestrates a plethora of transcriptomic changes involved in the robust metabolic switching processes commonly observed during IF. Interestingly, both epigenomic and transcriptomic modulation continued to be observed after refeeding, suggesting that memory of the IF-induced epigenetic change is maintained at the locus. Notably though, we found that termination of IF results in a loss of H3K9me3 regulation of the transcriptome. Collectively, our study characterizes a novel mechanism of IF in the epigenetic-transcriptomic axis, which controls myriad metabolic process changes. In addition to providing a valuable and innovative resource, our systemic analyses reveal molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the metaboloepigenetics axis of the brain.

Highlights{circ} Intermittent fasting (IF) and refeeding modifies epigenome in the cerebellum
{circ}Integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed metabolic switching
{circ}IF affects the metaboloepigenetics axis in regulating metabolic processes
{circ}Integrative analyses revealed a loss of epigenetic reprogramme following refeeding
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, G. Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, D. P. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fann, D. Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-Shaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sul, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hande, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vemuganti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallilankaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, R. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Robust Metabolic Switching in the Brain During Intermittent Fasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Sex Chromosome Expression in Drosophila Male Germ Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosome gene content and expression is unusual. In many organisms the X and Y chromosomes are inactivated in spermatocytes, possibly as a defense mechanism against insertions into unpaired chromatin. In addition to current sex chromosomes, Drosophila has a small gene-poor X-chromosome relic (4th) that re-acquired autosomal status. Using single cell RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that the single X and pair of 4th chromosomes are specifically inactivated in primary spermatocytes. In contrast, genes on the single Y chromosome become maximally active in primary spermatocytes. Reduced X steady-state transcript levels are due to failed activation of RNA-Polymerase-II by phosphorylation of Serine 2 and 5.

One Sentence SummarySex chromosome expression during spermatogenesis at the single cell level
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahadevaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fear, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletta, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelino, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral-de-Mello, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell'Orso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demere, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansuria, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios-Gimenez, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartorelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibranovski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.000356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Sex Chromosome Expression in Drosophila Male Germ Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous recovery and the multiple timescales of human motor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In numerous paradigms, from fear conditioning to motor adaptation, memory exhibits a remarkable property: acquisition of a novel behavior followed by its extinction results in spontaneous recovery of the original behavior. A current model suggests that spontaneous recovery occurs because learning is supported by two different adaptive processes: one fast (high error sensitivity, low retention), and the other slow (low error sensitivity, high retention). Here, we searched for signatures of these hypothesized processes in the commands that guided single movements. We examined human saccadic eye movements and observed that following experience of a visual error, there was an adaptive change in the motor commands of the subsequent saccade, partially correcting for the error. However, the error correcting commands were expressed only during the deceleration period. If the errors persisted, the acceleration period commands also changed. Adaptation of acceleration period commands exhibited poor sensitivity to error, but the learning was resistant to forgetting. In contrast, the deceleration period commands adapted with high sensitivity to error, and the learning suffered from poor retention. Thus, within a single saccade, a fast-like process influenced the deceleration period commands, whereas a slow-like process influenced the acceleration period commands. Following extinction training, with passage of time motor memory exhibited spontaneous recovery, as evidenced by return of saccade endpoints toward their initial adapted state. The temporal dynamics of spontaneous recovery suggested that a single saccade is controlled by two different adaptive controllers, one active during acceleration, and the other during deceleration.

Significance statementA feature of memory in many paradigms is the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery: learning followed by extinction inevitably leads to reversion toward the originally learned behavior. A theoretical model posits that spontaneous recovery is a feature of memory systems that learn with two independent learning processes, one fast, and the other slow. However, there have been no direct measures of these putative processes. Here, we found potential signatures of the two independent adaptive processes during control of a single saccade. The results suggest that distinct adaptive controllers contribute to the acceleration and deceleration phases of a saccade, and that each controller is supported by a fast and a slow learning process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous recovery and the multiple timescales of human motor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mir-21 is associated with inactive low molecular weight Argonaute complexes in thyroid cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. We and others have shown that several microRNAs, which are post-transcriptional gene regulators, are aberrantly expressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues, as well as cell lines derived from these cancers. In the cell, miRNAs are bound to Argonaute (AGO) proteins as what could be termed low molecular weight RNA-Induced Silencing Complexes (LMW-RISCs) that can assemble with additional proteins, mRNA, and translation machinery into high molecular weight RISCs (HMW-RISCs) that exert regulatory function. In this study, we sought to analyze the association of miRNAs with RISC complexes in ATC and PTC. For ATC and PTC lines, miRNA species were enriched in both HMW-RISC and LMW-RISC cellular fractions, compared with intermediate molecular weight fractions and very low molecular weight (AGO-poor) fractions. Furthermore, 60% of all miRNAs were slightly more abundant in LMW-RISC versus HMW-RISC fractions by ~2-4 fold. Surprisingly, miR-21-5p, one of the most abundant miRNAs in both ATC and PTC lines and one of the most widely studied oncogenic miRNAs in many solid tumors, was consistently one the least abundant miRNAs in HMW-RISC and the most enriched miRNA in LMW-RISC fractions. These findings may suggest that miR-21 has a role or roles distinct from canonical post-transcriptional regulation in cancer. Furthermore, the methodology described here is a useful way to assess the distribution of miR-21 between HMW and LMW-RISCs and may help to reveal the true roles of this miRNA in thyroid cancer development, progression, and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aasif Dar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Rocca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umanah, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbricht, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mir-21 is associated with inactive low molecular weight Argonaute complexes in thyroid cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale Phenotypic Drug Screen Identifies Neuroprotectants in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and associated inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are caused by rod photoreceptor degeneration, necessitating therapeutics promoting rod photoreceptor survival. To address this, we tested compounds for neuroprotective effects in zebrafish and mouse RP models, reasoning drugs effective across species may translate better clinically. We first performed a large-scale phenotypic drug screen using a larval zebrafish model of inducible RP. 2,934 compounds, mostly human-approved drugs, were tested across six concentrations. Statistically, 113 compounds achieved "hit" status. Secondary tests of 42 high-priority hits confirmed eleven lead compounds. Nine leads were then evaluated in mouse RP models, with six exhibiting neuroprotective effects. An analysis of potential mechanisms of action suggested complementary activities. Paired lead compound assays in zebrafish showed additive neuroprotective effects for the majority. These results highlight the value of cross-species phenotypic drug discovery and suggest combinatorial drug therapies may provide enhanced therapeutic benefits for patients with RP and IRDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.010009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale Phenotypic Drug Screen Identifies Neuroprotectants in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast and accurate 16S microbial community analysis using Kraken 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing has been the primary means for identifying the bacterial species present in a sample with unknown composition. One of the most widely-used tools for this purpose today is the QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) package. Recent results have shown that the newest release, QIIME 2, has higher accuracy than QIIME, MAPseq, and mothur when classifying bacterial genera from simulated human gut, ocean, and soil metagenomes, although QIIME 2 also proved to be the most computationally expensive method. Kraken, first released in 2014, has been shown to provide exceptionally fast and accurate classification for shotgun metagenomics sequencing projects. Bracken, released in 2016, then provided users with the ability to accurately estimate species or genus abundances using Kraken classification results. Kraken 2, which matches the accuracy and speed of Kraken 1, now supports 16S rRNA databases, allowing for direct comparisons to QIIME and similar systems. Here we show that, using the same simulated 16S rRNA metagenomic data as previous studies, Kraken 2 and Bracken are up to 300 times faster and also more accurate at 16S profiling than QIIME 2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast and accurate 16S microbial community analysis using Kraken 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the transcriptional fidelity of cancer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCancer researchers use cell lines, patient derived xenografts, engineered mice, and tumoroids as models to investigate tumor biology and to identify therapies. The generalizability and power of a model derives from the fidelity with which it represents the tumor type under investigation, however, the extent to which this is true is often unclear. The preponderance of models and the ability to readily generate new ones has created a demand for tools that can measure the extent and ways in which cancer models resemble or diverge from native tumors.

MethodsWe developed a machine learning based computational tool, CancerCellNet, that measures the similarity of cancer models to 22 naturally occurring tumor types and 36 subtypes, in a platform and species agnostic manner. We applied this tool to 657 cancer cell lines, 415 patient derived xenografts, 26 distinct genetically engineered mouse models, and 131 tumoroids. We validated CancerCellNet by application to independent data, and we tested several predictions with immunofluorescence.

ResultsWe have documented the cancer models with the greatest transcriptional fidelity to natural tumors, we have identified cancers underserved by adequate models, and we have found models with annotations that do not match their classification. By comparing models across modalities, we report that, on average, genetically engineered mice and tumoroids have higher transcriptional fidelity than patient derived xenografts and cell lines in four out of five tumor types. However, several patient derived xenografts and tumoroids have classification scores that are on par with native tumors, highlighting both their potential as faithful model classes and their heterogeneity.

ConclusionsCancerCellNet enables the rapid assessment of transcriptional fidelity of tumor models. We have made CancerCellNet available as freely downloadable software and as a web application that can be applied to new cancer models that allows for direct comparison to the cancer models evaluated here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleyzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issacs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lummertz da Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the transcriptional fidelity of cancer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B interacts with and ubiquitinates the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to promote NF-kB activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and the neurological disease HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 Tax protein persistently activates the NF-{kappa}B pathway to enhance the proliferation and survival of HTLV-1 infected T cells. Lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of Tax provides an important regulatory mechanism that promotes Tax-mediated interaction with the IKK complex and activation of NF-{kappa}B; however, the host proteins regulating Tax ubiquitination are largely unknown. To identify novel Tax interacting proteins that may regulate its ubiquitination we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen using Tax as bait. This screen yielded the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel binding partner for Tax. Here, we confirmed the interaction between Tax and UBE4B in mammalian cells by co-immunoprecipitation assays and demonstrated colocalization by proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy. Overexpression of UBE4B specifically enhanced Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation, whereas knockdown of UBE4B impaired Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and the induction of NF-{kappa}B target genes in T cells and ATLL cell lines. Furthermore, depletion of UBE4B with shRNA resulted in apoptotic cell death and diminished the proliferation of ATLL cell lines. Finally, overexpression of UBE4B enhanced Tax polyubiquitination, and knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of UBE4B attenuated both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Collectively, these results implicate UBE4B in HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination and downstream NF-{kappa}B activation.

Author SummaryInfection with the retrovirus HTLV-1 leads to the development of either CD4+CD25+ leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected individuals. The HTLV-1 Tax protein is a regulatory protein which regulates viral gene expression and persistently activates cellular signaling pathways such as NF-{kappa}B to drive the clonal expansion and longevity of HTLV-1 infected CD4+ T cells. Polyubiquitination of Tax is a key mechanism of NF-{kappa}B activation by assembling and activating I{kappa}B kinase (IKK) signaling complexes; however, the host factors regulating Tax ubiquitination have remained elusive. Here, we have identified the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel Tax binding protein that promotes both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Knockdown or knockout of UBE4B impairs Tax-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and triggers apoptosis of HTLV-1 transformed cells. Therefore, UBE4B is an integral host factor that supports HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination, NF-{kappa}B activation and cell survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harhaj, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavorgna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B interacts with and ubiquitinates the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to promote NF-kB activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ActuAtor, a molecular tool for generating force in living cells: Controlled deformation of intracellular structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical force underlies fundamental cell functions such as division, migration and differentiation. While physical probes and devices revealed cellular mechano-responses, how force is translated inside cells to exert output functions remains largely unknown, due to the limited techniques to manipulate force intracellularly. By engineering an ActA protein, an actin nucleation promoting factor derived from Listeria monocytogenes, and implementing this in protein dimerization paradigms, we developed a molecular tool termed ActuAtor, with which actin polymerization can be triggered at intended subcellular locations to generate constrictive force in a rapidly inducible manner. The ActuAtor operation led to striking deformation of target intracellular structures including mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, and non-membrane-bound RNA granules. Based on functional analysis before and after organelle deformation, we found the form-function relationship of mitochondria to be generally marginal. The modular design and genetically-encoded nature enable wide applications of ActuAtor for studies of intracellular mechanobiology processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayshi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ActuAtor, a molecular tool for generating force in living cells: Controlled deformation of intracellular structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease-mediated depletion biases in ribosome footprint profiling libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome footprint profiling is a high throughput sequencing based technique that provides detailed and global views of translation in living cells. An essential part of this technology is removal of unwanted, normally very abundant, ribosomal RNA sequences that dominate libraries and increase sequencing costs. The most effective commercial solution (Ribo-Zero) has been discontinued and a number of new, experimentally distinct commercial applications have emerged on the market. Here we evaluated several commercially available alternatives designed for RNA-seq of human samples and find them unsuitable for ribosome footprint profiling. We instead recommend the use of custom-designed biotinylated oligos, which were widely used in early ribosome profiling studies. Importantly, we warn that depletion solutions based on targeted nuclease cleavage significantly perturb the high-resolution information that can be derived from the data, and thus do not recommend their use for any applications that require precise determination of the ends of RNA fragments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.017061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease-mediated depletion biases in ribosome footprint profiling libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Today, second generation anti-psychotics such as clozapine and risperidone are the favored treatment for schizophrenia. Yet, the absence of relevant biomarkers that can decode their neurobiological effect shackles our ability to accurately predict and track response to treatment. While researchers have investigated DNA methylation as a biomarker for schizophrenia risk, none have performed a systematic analysis of the effect of antipsychotics upon DNA methylation. We hypothesize that disease-related methylation changes occur before treatment, and that acute antipsychotic treatment may affect DNA methylation. We designed a longitudinal DNA methylation study to estimate risperidones effect on DNA methylation and how changes in DNA methylation might influence risperidones therapeutic effect on behavioral and neuroimaging phenotypes. Thirty-eight patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia (FES) and 38 demographically-matched individuals (healthy controls) participated. We identified brain related pathways enriched in 8,204 FES-associated methylation sites. Risperidone administration altered methylation in 6,143 CpG DNA sites. Post-treatment FES associated with methylation in 6760 CpG sites. Majority of the DNA methylation changes were treatment effect in the overall CpG sites, the FES associated CpG sites, and risperidone associated CpG sites, except for the post-treatment FES associated CpG sites. There were 590 DNA methylation cites normalized by risperidone treatment. The methylation changes of these 590 CpG sites were related to alterations in symptom severity, spontaneous neurophysiological activity, and cognitive function. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal methylation study of drug treatment effect and side effect in psychiatric disorders to include parallel studies of neuroimaging and cognitive phenotypes. We identified FES-associated CpG sites not confounded by drug treatment as potential SCZ biomarkers. The normalization effect of risperidone monotherapy suggests that DNA methylation changes may serve as a predictive biomarker for treatment effect. The constructed methylation-phenotype network revealed a relationship between methylation and a wide range of biological and psychological variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EXPRESSION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpsA IN Mycobacterium smegmatis INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PYRAZINAMIDE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the most important drugs used in combined antituberculous therapy. After the drug enters Mycobacterium tuberculosis it is hydrolyzed by pyrazinamidase (PZAse) to the bactericidal molecule pyrazinoic acid (POA). Ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) was recently identified as a possible target of PZA based on its binding activity to POA and capacity to inhibit trans-translation. However, its role is not completely understood.

It has been proposed that Mycobacterium smegmatis RpsA is not capable of binding POA, unlike M. tuberculosis RpsA. This may be due to the different amino acid sequence in the carboxy-terminal region of the two molecules: in M. smegmatis RpsA it is much closer to the sites that may interact with POA than in M. tuberculosis RpsA. These differences could be contributing, along with the presence of highly active POA efflux, to the natural resistance to PZA in M. smegmatis.

To further understand the mechanisms of action of PZA and the role of RpsA in PZA susceptibility, we evaluated the effect of complementing M. tuberculosis RpsA expression in M. smegmatis using pNIT mycobacterial non-integrative expression vector and then performed a PZA susceptibility test determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PZA. It was expected that chimeric ribosomes comprising M. tuberculosis RpsA may be present and may affect PZA susceptibility.

Our results showed a reduction in PZA MIC in M. smegmatis complemented with overexpressed M. tuberculosis RpsA compared to non-overexpressed M. smegmatis (468 {micro}g/mL and >7500 {micro}g/mL respectively).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antiparra, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EXPRESSION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpsA IN Mycobacterium smegmatis INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PYRAZINAMIDE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatal toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with metformin in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guided by the principle of primum non nocere (first do no harm), we report a cautionary note on the potential fatal toxicity of chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in combination with anti-diabetic drug metformin. We observed that the combination of CQ or HCQ and metformin, which were used in our studies as potential anti-cancer drugs, killed 30-40% of mice. While our observations in mice may not translate to toxicity in humans, the reports that CQ or HCQ has anti-COVID-19 activity, the use of CQ resulting in toxicity and at least one death, and the recent Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for CQ and HCQ by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prompted our report. Here we report the lethality of CQ or HCQ in combination with metformin as a warning of its potential serious clinical toxicity. We hope that our report will be helpful to stimulate pharmacovigilance and monitoring of adverse drug reactions with the use of CQ or HCQ, particularly in combination with metformin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajeshkumar, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabuuchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatal toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with metformin in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contemporary Enterovirus D68 strains show enhanced replication and translation at 37°C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) emerged in 2014 as an important pathogen linked to severe lower respiratory disease and acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks. Historically associated with mild common-cold-like symptoms, clusters of severe disease attributed to EV-D68 appeared during a series of outbreaks in 2014, 2016, and 2018. Previous studies of historic EV-D68 strains demonstrated attenuated replication at temperatures of the lower respiratory tract (37{degrees}C), when compared to the upper respiratory tract (32{degrees}C). By testing a panel of historic and contemporary EV-D68 strains at 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, we demonstrate that contemporary strains of EV-D68 undergo little to no attenuation at increased temperatures. Contemporary strains produced higher levels of viral proteins at 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C than historic strains, although both strains infected similar numbers of cells and had comparable amounts of replication complexes. IRES activity assays with dual-luciferase reporter plasmids demonstrated enhanced translation in recent EV-D68 strains mapped to regions of variability in the 5 UTR found only in contemporary strains. Using an infectious clone system, we demonstrate that the translation advantage dictated by the 5 UTR does not solely mediate temperature sensitivity. The strain-dependent effects of temperature on the EV-D68 life cycle gives insight into the susceptibility of the lower respiratory system to contemporary strains.

IMPORTANCEEnterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) emerged in 2014 as a causative agent of biannual severe pediatric respiratory disease and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We show that recent EV-D68 viruses have gained the ability to replicate at 37{degrees}C. Enhanced virus protein translation seemed to correlate with enhanced virus replication at 37{degrees}C but other genetic factors are also contributing to this phenotype. An enhanced ability to replicate at core body temperature may have allowed EV-D68 to penetrate both lower in the respiratory tract and into the central nervous system, explaining the recent surge in severe disease associated with virus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.019380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contemporary Enterovirus D68 strains show enhanced replication and translation at 37°C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While de novo mutations (DNMs) are known to increase risk of congenital defects, DNMs have not been fully explored regarding orofacial clefts (OFCs), one of the most common human birth defects. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of 756 case-parent trios of European, Colombian, and Taiwanese ancestry was performed to determine the contributions of coding DNMs to OFC risk. Overall, we identified a significant excess of loss-of-function DNMs in genes highly expressed in craniofacial tissues, as well as genes associated with known autosomal dominant OFC syndromes. This analysis also revealed roles for zinc-finger homeobox domain and SOX2-interacting genes in OFC etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Uribe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Ramirez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo Muneton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleyiannis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Chou, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.019927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding de novo mutations identified by WGS reveal novel orofacial cleft genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
People can learn new walking patterns without walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can learn many new walking patterns. People have learned to snowshoe up mountains, racewalk marathons, and march in precise synchrony. But what is required to learn a new walking pattern? Here, we demonstrate that people can learn new walking patterns without actually walking. Through a series of experiments, we observe that stepping with only one leg can facilitate learning of an entirely new walking pattern (i.e., split-belt treadmill walking). We find that the nervous system learns from the relative motion between the legs - whether or not both legs are moving - and can transfer this learning to novel gaits. We also show that locomotor learning requires active movement: observing another person adapt their gait did not result in significantly faster learning. These findings reveal that people can learn new walking patterns without bilateral gait training, as stepping with one leg can facilitate adaptive learning that transfers to novel gait patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.021949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[People can learn new walking patterns without walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Proteins Have Distinct Fast Internal Motion and Residual Conformational Entropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a variety of reasons, the internal motions of integral membrane proteins have largely eluded comprehensive experiential characterization. Here, the fast side chain dynamics of the 7-transmembrane helix protein sensory rhodopsin II and the beta-barrel bacterial outer membrane channel protein W have been characterized in lipid bilayers and detergent micelles by solution NMR relaxation techniques. Though of quite different topologies, both proteins are found to have a similar and striking distribution of methyl-bearing amino acid side chain motion that is independent of membrane mimetic. The methyl-bearing side chains of both proteins, on average, are more dynamic in the ps-ns time regime than any soluble protein characterized to date. Approximately one third of methyl-bearing side chains exhibit extreme rotameric averaging on this timescale. Accordingly, both proteins retain an extraordinary residual conformational entropy in the folded state, which provides a counterbalance to the absence of the hydrophobic effect that normally stabilizes the folded state of water-soluble proteins. Furthermore, the large reservoir of conformational entropy that is observed provides the potential to greatly influence the thermodynamics underlying a plethora of membrane protein functions including ligand binding, allostery and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuglestad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stetz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wand, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Proteins Have Distinct Fast Internal Motion and Residual Conformational Entropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic entropy quantifies cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immaturity of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived tissues has emerged as a universal problem for their biomedical applications. While efforts have been made to generate adult-like cells from PSCs, direct benchmarking of PSC-derived tissues against in vivo development has not been established. Thus, maturation status is often assessed on an ad-hoc basis. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers a promising solution, though cross-study comparison is limited by dataset-specific batch effects. Here, we developed a novel approach to quantify PSC-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation through transcriptomic entropy. Transcriptomic entropy is robust across datasets regardless of differences in isolation protocols, library preparation, and other potential batch effects. With this new model, we analyzed over 45 scRNA-seq datasets and over 52,000 CMs, and established a cross-study, cross-species CM maturation reference. This reference enabled us to directly compare PSC-CMs with the in vivo developmental trajectory and thereby to quantify PSC-CM maturation status. We further found that our entropy-based approach can be used for other cell types, including pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes. Our study presents a biologically relevant and interpretable metric for quantifying PSC-derived tissue maturation, and is extensible to numerous tissue engineering contexts.

Significance StatementThere is significant interest in generating mature cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. However, there are currently few effective metrics to quantify the maturation status of a single cardiomyocyte. We developed a new metric for measuring cardiomyocyte maturation using single cell RNA-sequencing data. This metric, called entropy score, uses the gene distribution to estimate maturation at the single cell level. Entropy score enables comparing pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes directly against endogenously-isolated cardiomyocytes. Thus, entropy score can better assist in development of approaches to improve the maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic entropy quantifies cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic subtyping of individuals with Primary Progressive Aphasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe classification of patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) into variants is time-consuming, costly, and requires combined expertise by clinical neurologists, neuropsychologists, speech pathologists, and radiologists.

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study is to determine whether acoustic and linguistic variables provide accurate classification of PPA patients into one of three variants: nonfluent PPA, semantic PPA, and logopenic PPA.

MethodsIn this paper, we present a machine learning model based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for the subtyping of patients with PPA into three main variants, using combined acoustic and linguistic information elicited automatically via acoustic and linguistic analysis. The performance of the DNN was compared to the classification accuracy of Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Decision Trees, as well as expert clinicians classifications.

ResultsThe DNN model outperformed the other machine learning models with 80% classification accuracy, providing reliable subtyping of patients with PPA into variants and it even outperformed auditory classification of patients into variants by clinicians.

ConclusionsWe show that the combined speech and language markers from connected speech productions provide information about symptoms and variant subtyping in PPA. The end-to-end automated machine learning approach we present can enable clinicians and researchers to provide an easy, quick and inexpensive classification of patients with PPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Themistocleous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Ouden, D.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapkini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic subtyping of individuals with Primary Progressive Aphasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punishment history biases corticothalamic responses to motivationally-significant stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making predictions about future rewards or punishments is fundamental to adaptive behavior. These processes are influenced by prior experience. For example, prior exposure to aversive stimuli or stressors changes behavioral responses to negative- and positive-value predictive cues. Here, we demonstrate a role for medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT; mPFC[-&gt;]PVT) in this process. We found that a history of punishments negatively biased behavioral responses to motivationally-relevant stimuli in mice and that this negative bias was associated with hyperactivity in mPFC[-&gt;]PVT neurons during exposure to those cues. Furthermore, artificially mimicking this hyperactive response with selective optogenetic excitation of the same pathway recapitulated the punishmentinduced negative behavioral bias. Together, our results highlight how information flow within the mPFC[-&gt;]PVT circuit is critical for making predictions about imminent motivationally-relevant outcomes as a function of prior experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucantonio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punishment history biases corticothalamic responses to motivationally-significant stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Store Independent Ca2+ Entry Regulates the DNA Damage Response in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the mainstay of treatment for hormone responsive breast tumors is targeted endocrine therapy, many patients develop de novo or acquired resistance and are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. The vast majority (80%) of estrogen receptor positive tumors also express wild type p53 protein that is a major determinant of the DNA damage response. Tumors that are ER+ and p53WT respond poorly to chemotherapy, although the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We describe a novel link between store independent Ca2+ entry (SICE) and resistance to DNA damaging drugs, mediated by the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase, SPCA2. In luminal ER+/PR+ breast cancer subtypes, SPCA2 levels are high and correlate with poor survival prognosis. Independent of ion pump activity, SPCA2 elevates baseline Ca2+ levels through SICE and drives cell proliferation. Attenuation of SPCA2 or depletion of extracellular Ca2+ increased mitochondrial ROS production, DNA damage and activation of the ATM/ATR-p53 axis leading to G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Consistent with these findings, SPCA2 knockdown confers chemosensitivity to DNA damaging agents including doxorubicin, cisplatin and ionizing radiation. We conclude that elevated SPCA2 expression in ER+ p53WT breast tumors drives pro-survival and chemotherapy resistance by suppressing the DNA damage response. Drugs that target storeindependent Ca2+ entry pathways may have therapeutic potential in treating receptor positive breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckhaults, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Store Independent Ca2+ Entry Regulates the DNA Damage Response in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale assembly of the bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum, reveals over 5700 new genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major food crop and an important plant system for agricultural genetics research. However, due to the complexity and size of its allohexaploid genome, genomic resources are limited compared to other major crops. The IWGSC recently published a reference genome and associated annotation (IWGSC v1.0, Chinese Spring) that has been widely adopted and utilized by the wheat community. Although this reference assembly represents all 3 wheat subgenomes at chromosome scale, it was derived from short reads, and thus is missing a substantial portion of the expected 16 gigabases of genomic sequence. We earlier published an independent wheat assembly (Triticum 3.1, Chinese Spring) that came much closer in length to the expected genome size, although it was only a contig-level assembly lacking gene annotations. Here, we describe a reference-guided effort to scaffold those contigs into chromosome-length pseudomolecules, add in any missing sequence that was unique to the IWGSC 1.0 assembly, and annotate the resulting pseudomolecules with genes. Our updated assembly, Triticum 4.0, contains 15.07 gigabases of non-gap sequence anchored to chromosomes, which is 1.2 gigabases more than the previous reference assembly. It includes 108,639 genes unambiguously localized to chromosomes, including over 2000 genes that were previously unplaced. We also discovered more than 5700 new genes, all of them duplications in the Chinese Spring genome that are missing from the IWGSC assembly and annotation. The Triticum 4.0 assembly and annotations are freely available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA392179.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale assembly of the bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum, reveals over 5700 new genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) envelope (E) protein harbors a conserved BH3-like motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disclaimer textThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript whilst they perform additional experiments to test some of their conclusions further. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navratil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouacheria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) envelope (E) protein harbors a conserved BH3-like motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Powerful Method for Pleiotropic Analysis under Composite Null Hypothesis Identifies Novel Shared Loci Between Type 2 Diabetes and Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.037630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWThere is increasing evidence that pleiotropy, the association of multiple traits with the same genetic variants/loci, is a very common phenomenon. Cross-phenotype association tests are often used to jointly analyze multiple traits from a GWAS. The underlying methods, however, are often designed to test the global null hypothesis that there is no association of a genetic variant with any of the traits, the rejection of which does not implicate pleiotropy. In this article, we propose a new statistical approach, PLACO, for specifically detecting pleiotropic loci between two traits by considering an underlying composite null hypothesis that a variant is associated with none or only one of the traits. We propose testing the null hypothesis based on the product of the Z-statistics of the SNPs across two studies and derive a null distribution of the test statistic in the form of a mixture distribution that allows for fractions of SNPs to be associated with none or only one of the traits. We borrow approaches from the statistical literature on mediation analysis that allow asymptotic approximation of the null distribution avoiding estimation of nuisance parameters related to mixture proportions and variance components. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed method can maintain type I error and can achieve major power gain over alternative simpler methods that are typically used for testing pleiotropy. PLACO allows correlation in summary statistics between studies that may arise due to sharing of controls between disease traits. Application of PLACO to publicly available summary data from two large case-control GWAS of Type 2 Diabetes and of Prostate Cancer implicated a number of novel shared genetic regions near ZBTB38 (3q23), RGS17 (6q25.3), HAUS6 (9p22.1), UBAP2 (9p13.3), RAPSN (11p11.2), AKAP6 (14q12), KNL1 (15q15) and ZNF236 (18q23).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.11.037630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Powerful Method for Pleiotropic Analysis under Composite Null Hypothesis Identifies Novel Shared Loci Between Type 2 Diabetes and Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relevance of enriched expression of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor ACE2 in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCOVID-19 is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive sense single strand RNA virus. In humans, it binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the help a structural protein on its surface called the S-spike. Further, cleavage of the viral spike protein (S) by the proteases like transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or Cathepsin L (CTSL) is essential to effectuate host cell membrane fusion and virus infectivity. COVID-19 poses intriguing issues with imperative relevance to clinicians. The pathogenesis of GI symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 are of particular relevance because they cannot be sufficiently explained from the existing knowledge of the viral diseases. Tissue specific variations of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry related receptors expression in healthy individuals can help in understanding the pathophysiological basis the aforementioned collection of symptoms.

Materials and MethodsThe data were downloaded from the Human Protein Atlas available at (https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/sars-cov-2) and the tissue specific expressions (both mRNA and protein) of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 as yielded from the studies with RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed as a function of the various components of the digestive tract. A digestive system specific functional enrichment map of ACE2 gene was created using g:profiler (https://biit.cs.ut.ee/gprofiler/gost) utility and the data were visualized using Cytoscape software, version 3.7.2 (https://cytoscape.org/).

ResultsThe correlated expression (transcriptomic and proteomic) of ACE2 (to which SARS-CoV-2 binds through the S-spike) was found to be enriched in the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (highest in small intestine, followed by colon and rectum), and was undetectable in the upper GIT components: mouth cavity (tongue, oral mucosa, and salivary glands), esophagus, and stomach. High expression of ACE2 was noted in the glandular cells as well as in the enterocytes in the lining epithelium (including brush border epithelium). Among other digestive system organs, Gall bladder (GB) showed high expression of ACE2 in glandular cells, while any protein expression was undetectable in liver and pancreas. TMPRSS2 was found enhanced in GIT and exocrine glands of pancreas, and co-localized with ACE2 in enterocytes.

ConclusionsBased on the findings of this study and supportive evidence from the literature we propose that a SARS-CoV-2 binding with ACE2 mediates dysregulation of the sodium dependent nutrient transporters and hence may be a plausible basis for the digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 mediated dysregulation of sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1 or SLC5A1) in the intestinal epithelium also links it to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus which can be a possible reason for the associated mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. High expression of ACE2 in mucosal cells of the intestine and GB make these organs potential sites for the virus entry and replication. Continued replication of the virus at these ACE2 enriched sites may be a basis for the disease recurrence reported in some, thought to be cured, patients.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiq, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pareek, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasoon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulandhasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.040204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relevance of enriched expression of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor ACE2 in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial influences on host cells depend upon the identities of the microbes, their spatial localization, and the responses they invoke on specific host cell populations. Multi-modal analyses of both microbes and host cells in a spatially-resolved fashion would enable studies into these complex interactions in native tissue environments, potentially in clinical specimens. While techniques to preserve each of the microbial and host cell compartments have been used to examine tissues and microbes separately, we endeavored to develop approaches to simultaneously analyze both compartments. Herein, we established an original method for mucus preservation using Poloxamer 407 (also known as Pluronic F-127), a thermoreversible polymer with mucus-adhesive characteristics. We demonstrate that this approach can preserve spatially-defined compartments of the mucus bi-layer in the colon and the bacterial communities within, compared with their marked absence when tissues were processed with traditional formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pipelines. Additionally, antigens for antibody staining of host cells were preserved and signal intensity for 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was enhanced in Poloxamer-fixed samples. This in turn enabled us to integrate multi-modal analysis using a modified multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) protocol. Importantly, we have formulated Poloxamer 407 to polymerize and crosslink at room temperature for use in clinical workflows. These results suggest that the fixative formulation of Poloxamer 407 can be integrated into biospecimen collection pipelines for simultaneous analysis of microbes and host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macedonia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scurrah, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.030874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.041491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic modulation of membrane properties of calyx terminals in the vestibular periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.041491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vestibular nerve afferents are divided into regular and irregular groups based on the variability of interspike intervals in their resting discharge. Most afferents receive inputs from bouton terminals that contact type II hair cells as well as from calyx terminals that cover the basolateral walls of type I hair cells. Calyces have an abundance of different subtypes of KCNQ (Kv7) potassium channels and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and receive cholinergic efferent inputs from neurons in the brainstem. We investigated whether mAChRs affected membrane properties and firing patterns of calyx terminals through modulation of KCNQ channel activity. Patch clamp recordings were performed from calyx terminals in central regions of the cristae of the horizontal and anterior canals in 13 - 18 day old Sprague-Dawley rats. KCNQ mediated currents were observed as voltage sensitive currents with slow kinetics (activation and deactivation), resulting in spike frequency adaptation so that calyces at best fired a single action potential at the beginning of a depolarizing step. Activation of mAChRs by application of oxotremorine methiodide or inhibition of KCNQ channels by linopirdine dihydrochloride decreased voltage activated currents by [~]30%, decreased first spike latencies by [~]40%, decreased spike thresholds by [~]50%, and resulted in continuous firing during depolarizing steps. Interestingly, some of the calyces showed spontaneous discharge in the presence of these drugs. Together, these findings suggest that cholinergic efferents can modulate the response properties and encoding of head movements by afferents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishna, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.041491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic modulation of membrane properties of calyx terminals in the vestibular periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOWARD A CONNECTIVITY GRADIENT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCIBLE BIOMARKER DISCOVERY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDespite myriad demonstrations of feasibility, the high dimensionality of fMRI data remains a critical barrier to its utility for reproducible biomarker discovery. Recent studies applying dimensionality reduction techniques to resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) have unveiled neurocognitively meaningful connectivity gradients that are present in both human and primate brains, and appear to differ meaningfully among individuals and clinical populations. Here, we provide a critical assessment of the suitability of connectivity gradients for biomarker discovery. Using the Human Connectome Project (discovery subsample=209; two replication subsamples= 209x2) and the Midnight scan club (n=9), we tested the following key biomarker traits - reliability, reproducibility and predictive validity - of functional gradients. In doing so, we systematically assessed the effects of three analytical settings, including i) dimensionality reduction algorithms (i.e., linear vs. non-linear methods), ii) input data types (i.e., raw time series, [un-]thresholded functional connectivity), and iii) amount of the data (R-fMRI time-series lengths). We found that the reproducibility of functional gradients across algorithms and subsamples is generally higher for those explaining more variances of whole-brain connectivity data, as well as those having higher reliability. Notably, among different analytical settings, a linear dimensionality reduction (principal component analysis in our study), more conservatively thresholded functional connectivity (e.g., 95-97%) and longer time-series data (at least [&ge;]20mins) was found to be preferential conditions to obtain higher reliability. Those gradients with higher reliability were able to predict unseen phenotypic scores with a higher accuracy, highlighting reliability as a critical prerequisite for validity. Importantly, prediction accuracy with connectivity gradients exceeded that observed with more traditional edge-based connectivity measures, suggesting the added value of a low-dimensional gradient approach. Finally, the present work highlights the importance and benefits of systematically exploring the parameter space for new imaging methods before widespread deployment.

HO_SCPLOWIGHLIGHTSC_SCPLOW- There is a growing need to identify benchmark parameters in advancing functional connectivity gradients into a reliable biomarker.
- Here, we explored multidimensional parameter space in calculating functional gradients to improve their reproducibility, reliability and predictive validity.
- We demonstrated that more reproducible and reliable gradient markers tend to have higher predictive power for unseen phenotypic scores across various cognitive domains.
- We showed that the low-dimensional connectivity gradient approach could outperform raw edge-based analyses in terms of predicting phenotypic scores.
- We highlight the necessity of optimizing parameters for new imaging methods before their widespread deployment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOWARD A CONNECTIVITY GRADIENT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCIBLE BIOMARKER DISCOVERY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Rectal Swabs for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms on the Illumina Miseq and Oxford MinION Platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health threat where efficient surveillance is needed to prevent outbreaks. Existing methods for detection of gastrointestinal colonization of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are limited to specific organisms or resistance mechanisms. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a more rapid and agnostic diagnostic approach for microbiome and resistome investigations. We determined if mNGS can detect MDRO from rectal swabs in concordance with standard microbiology results.

MethodsWe performed and compared mNGS performance on short-read Illumina MiSeq (N=10) and long-read Nanopore MinION (N=4) platforms directly from peri-rectal swabs to detect vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms (CRO).

ResultsWe detected E. faecium (N=8) and E. faecalis (N=2) with associated van genes (9/10) in concordance with VRE culture-based results. We studied the microbiome and identified CRO organisms, P. aeruginosa (N=1), E. cloacae (N=1), and KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (N=1). Nanopore real-time detection detected the blaKPC gene in 2.5 minutes and provided genetic context (blaKPC harbored on pKPC_Kp46 IncF plasmid). Illumina sequencing provided accurate allelic variant determination (i.e., blaKPC-2) and strain typing of the K. pneumoniae (ST-15). Conclusions: We demonstrated an agnostic approach for surveillance of MDRO, examining advantages of both short and long-read mNGS methods for AMR detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitwieser, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opene, B. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamma, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dien Bard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Rectal Swabs for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms on the Illumina Miseq and Oxford MinION Platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins is vital for the maintenance of healthy and functional synapses. SV protein turnover is driven by neuronal activity in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent manner. Here, we characterize a critical step in this process: axonal transport of ESCRT-0 component Hrs, necessary for sorting proteins into the ESCRT pathway and recruiting downstream ESCRT machinery to catalyze multivesicular body (MVB) formation. We find that neuronal activity stimulates the formation of presynaptic endosomes and MVBs, as well as the motility of Hrs+ vesicles in axons and their delivery to SV pools. Hrs+ vesicles co-transport ESCRT-0 component STAM1 and comprise a subset of Rab5+ vesicles, likely representing pro-degradative early endosomes. Furthermore, we identify kinesin motor protein KIF13A as essential for the activity-dependent transport of Hrs to SV pools and the degradation of SV membrane proteins. Together, these data demonstrate a novel activity- and KIF13A-dependent mechanism for mobilizing axonal transport of ESCRT machinery to facilitate the degradation of SV membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birdsall, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIF13A mediates the activity-dependent transport of ESCRT-0 proteins in axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The aggregate effect of implementation strength of family planning programs on modern contraceptive use at the health systems level in rural Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background To explore the association between the strength of implementation of family planning (FP) programs on the use of modern contraceptives. Specifically, how strongly these programs are being implemented across a health facility’s catchment area in Malawi and the odds of a woman in that catchment area is using modern contraceptives. This information can be used to assess whether the combined impact of multiple large-scale FP programs is leading to change in the health outcomes they aim to improve.Methods and findings We used data from the 2017 Implementation Strength Assessment (ISA) that quantified how much of family planning programs at the health facility and community health worker levels were being implemented across every district of Malawi. We used a summary measure developed in a previous study that employs quantitative methods to combine data across FP domains and health system levels. We tested the association of this summary measure for implementation strength with household data from the 2015 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (DHS). We found that areas with stronger implementation of FP programs had higher odds of women using modern contraceptives compared with areas with weaker implementation. The association of ISA with use of modern contraception was different by education, marital status, and geography. After controlling for these factors, we found that the adjusted odds of using a modern contraceptive was three times higher in catchment areas with high implementation strength compared to those with lower strength.Conclusion Metrics that summarize how strongly FP programs are being implemented were used to show a statistically significantly positive relationship between increasing implementation strength and higher rates of modern contraceptive use. Decisionmakers at the various levels of health authority can use this type of summary measure to better understand the combined impact of their diverse FP programming and inform future programmatic and policy decisions. The findings also reinforce the idea that having a well-supported and supplied cadre of community health workers supplementing FP provision at the health facility can be an important health systems mechanism, especially in rural settings and to target youth populations.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pattnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipokosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katengeza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndawala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.046524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The aggregate effect of implementation strength of family planning programs on modern contraceptive use at the health systems level in rural Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy with Deep Learning-based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute SIV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.048926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo characterize corneal subbasal nerve plexus morphologic features using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) in normal and SIV-infected macaques and to implement automated assessments using novel deep learning-based methods customized for macaque studies.

MethodsIn vivo corneal confocal microscopy images were collected from both male and female age-matched specific-pathogen free rhesus and pigtailed macaques housed at the Johns Hopkins University breeding colony using the Heidelberg HRTIII with Rostock Corneal Module. We also obtained repeat IVCM images of 12 SIV-infected animals including pre-infection and 10 day post-SIV infection time-points. All IVCM images were analyzed using a novel deep convolutional neural network architecture developed specifically for macaque studies.

ResultsDeep learning-based segmentation of subbasal nerves in IVCM images from macaques demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and fractal dimension measurements did not differ between species, but pigtailed macaques had significantly higher baseline corneal nerve fiber tortuosity than rhesus macaques (P = 0.005). Neither sex nor age of macaques was associated with differences in any of the assessed corneal subbasal nerve parameters. In the SIV/macaque model of HIV, acute SIV infection induced significant decreases in both corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension (P= 0.01 and P= 0.008 respectively).

ConclusionsThe combination of IVCM and objective, robust, and rapid deep-learning analysis serves as a powerful noninvasive research and clinical tool to track sensory nerve damage, enabling early detection of neuropathy. Adapting the deep-learning analyses to human corneal nerve assessments will refine our ability to predict and monitor damage to small sensory nerve fibers in a number of clinical settings including HIV, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, and chemotherapeutic neurotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCarron, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russakoff, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.048926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy with Deep Learning-based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute SIV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.051649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural markers of vulnerability to anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.051649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multidimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified animals within the TBI group that are vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering and post-hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury timepoints. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in GABA and glutamate, and upregulation in NPY markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes following TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popovitz, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adwanikar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.051649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural markers of vulnerability to anxiety outcomes following traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigned Reporter Gene for Improved Proton Exchange-based Molecular MRI Contrast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reporter gene imaging allows for non-invasive monitoring of molecular processes in living cells, providing insights on the mechanisms underlying pathology and therapy. A lysine-rich protein (LRP) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI reporter gene has previously been developed and used to image tumor cells, cardiac viral gene transfer, and oncolytic virotherapy. However, the highly repetitive nature of the LRP reporter gene sequence leads to DNA recombination events and the expression of a range of truncated LRP protein fragments, thereby greatly limiting the CEST sensitivity. Here we report the use of a redesigned LRP reporter (rdLRP), aimed to provide excellent stability and CEST sensitivity. The rdLRP contains no DNA repeats or GC rich regions and 30% less positively charged amino-acids. RT-PCR of cell lysates transfected with rdLRP demonstrated a stable reporter gene with a single distinct band corresponding to full-length DNA. A distinct increase in CEST-MRI contrast was obtained in cell lysates of rdLRP transfected cells and in in vivo LRP expressing mouse brain tumors (p=0.0275, n=10).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocca, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.053157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigned Reporter Gene for Improved Proton Exchange-based Molecular MRI Contrast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Stress Alters Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, social stress, which can be induced by social isolation, has been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general1 and in the context of infectious disease, such as HIV2,3. A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of social stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection. To determine the effect of social stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly and socially housed SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T cell declines and greater CD4 and CD8 T cell activation compared to socially housed macaques throughout acute infection. These data demonstrate that social stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute HIV infection and imply that social stress may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcgee, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.054130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Stress Alters Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia-targeted dendrimer-2PMPA therapy robustly inhibits GCPII and improves cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Roughly half of all individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment, but there are no approved treatments that target this aspect of the disease. Recent studies link reduced brain N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) levels to impaired cognition in various neurological diseases, including MS. NAAG levels are regulated by glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), which hydrolyzes the neuropeptide to N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate. Although several GCPII inhibitors, such as 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), elevate brain NAAG levels and restore cognitive function in preclinical studies when given at high systemic doses or via direct brain injection, no GCPII inhibitors are clinically available due to poor bioavailability and limited brain penetration. Systemic hydroxyl dendrimers (~4 nm) have been successfully used to enhance brain delivery of drugs selectively to activated glia. We recently discovered that GCPII is highly upregulated in activated microglia after brain injury. To determine if dendrimer conjugation could enhance the brain delivery of GCPII inhibitors, specifically in the context of MS, we attached 2-PMPA to hydroxyl polyamidoamicne (PAMAM) dendrimers (D-2PMPA) using a highly efficient click chemistry approach. Targeted uptake of D-2PMPA into activated glia was subsequently confirmed in glial cultures where it showed robust anti-inflammatory activity, including an elevation in TGF{beta} and a reduction in TNF. Given these positive effects, D-2PMPA (20mg/kg) or vehicle dendrimer were dosed twice weekly to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-immunized mice starting at disease onset (therapeutic paradigm). D-2PMPA significantly improved cognition in EAE as assessed by Barnes maze performance, even though physical severity was not impacted. Glial target engagement was confirmed, as CD11b+ enriched cells isolated from hippocampi in D-2PMPA-treated mice exhibited almost complete loss of GCPII activity. These data demonstrate the utility of hydroxyl dendrimers to enhance brain penetration and support the development of D-2PMPA to treat cognitive impairment in MS.

FundingThis work was funded by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG-1507-05403 to BSS), the National Institute of Health NINDS (R01NS093416 to SK, RM and BSS), and Ashvattha Therapeutics. We would also like to acknowledge support for the statistical analysis from the National Center for Research Resources and NIH NCATS (1UL1TR001079).

HighlightsO_LIThe GCPII inhibitor 2-PMPA was conjugated to hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimers (D-2PMPA)
C_LIO_LID-2PMPA targeted activated glia in culture and displayed anti-inflammatory activity
C_LIO_LIWhen dosed systemically to EAE mice, D-2PMPA inhibited CD11b+ cell GCPII activity
C_LIO_LIWhen dosed systemically to EAE mice, D-2PMPA improved cognitive function
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollinger, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia-targeted dendrimer-2PMPA therapy robustly inhibits GCPII and improves cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering highly multivalent sperm-binding IgG antibodies for potent non-hormonal female contraception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many women risk unintended pregnancy due to dissatisfaction with available hormonal contraceptive methods. This led us to pursue topical sperm-binding monoclonal antibodies as a strategy for safe, non-hormonal contraception. Motivated by the greater agglutination potencies of polymeric immunoglobulins such as IgM and the exceptional bioprocessing ease in manufacturing IgG, we engineered IgGs possessing 6-10 Fabs against a unique surface antigen universally present on human sperm. These highly multivalent IgGs (HM-IgGs) are at least 10- to 16-fold more potent and faster than the parent IgG at agglutinating sperm, while preserving Fc-mediated trapping of individual spermatozoa in mucus. The increased potencies translate to effective (>99.9%) reduction of progressively motile sperm in the sheep vagina using 33 micrograms of the 10 Fab HM-IgG. HM-IgGs produce at comparable yields and possess identical thermal stability to the parent IgG, with greater homogeneity. HM-IgGs represent not only promising biologics for non-hormonal contraception but also a promising platform for generating potent agglutinating mAb for diverse medical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omsted, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moench, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering highly multivalent sperm-binding IgG antibodies for potent non-hormonal female contraception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.047100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus mediate diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.047100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar vermis, long associated with axial motor control, has been implicated in a surprising range of neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive and affective functions. Remarkably little is known, however, about the specific cell types and neural circuits responsible for these diverse functions. Here, using single-cell gene expression profiling and anatomical circuit analyses of vermis output neurons in the mouse fastigial (medial cerebellar) nucleus, we identify five major classes of glutamatergic projection neurons distinguished by gene expression, morphology, distribution, and input-output connectivity. Each fastigial cell type is connected with a specific set of Purkinje cells and inferior olive neurons and in turn innervates a distinct collection of downstream targets. Transsynaptic tracing indicates extensive disynaptic links with cognitive, affective, and motor forebrain circuits. These results indicate that diverse cerebellar vermis functions are mediated by modular synaptic connections of distinct fastigial cell types which differentially coordinate posturomotor, oromotor, positional-autonomic, orienting, and vigilance circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Lac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.047100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus mediate diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.056333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fussing about fission: defining variety among mainstream and exotic apicomplexan cell division modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.056333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular reproduction defines life, yet our textbook-level understanding of cell division is limited to a small number of model organisms centered around humans. The horizon on cell division variants is expanded here by advancing insights on the fascinating cell division modes found in the Apicomplexa, a key group of protozoan parasites. The Apicomplexa display remarkable variation in offspring number, whether karyokinesis follows each S/M-phase or not, and whether daughter cells bud in the cytoplasm or bud from the cortex. We find that the terminology used to describe the various manifestations of asexual apicomplexan cell division emphasizes either the number of offspring or site of budding, which are not directly comparable features and has led to confusion in the literature. Division modes have been primarily studied in two human pathogenic Apicomplexa, malaria-causing Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, a major cause of opportunistic infections. Plasmodium spp. divide asexually by schizogony, producing multiple daughters per division round through a cortical budding process, though at several life-cycle nuclear amplifications are not followed by karyokinesis. T. gondii divides by endodyogeny producing two internally budding daughters per division round. Here we add to this diversity in replication mechanisms by considering the cattle parasite Babesia bigemina and the pig parasite Cystoisospora suis. B. bigemina produces two daughters per division round by a  binary fission mechanism whereas C. suis produces daughters through both endodyogeny and multiple internal budding known as endopolygeny. In addition, we provide new data from the causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), Sarcocystis neurona, which also undergoes endopolygeny but differs from C. suis by maintaining a single multiploid nucleus. Overall, we operationally define two principally different division modes: internal budding found in cyst-forming Coccidia (comprising endodyogeny and two forms of endopolygeny) and external budding found in the other parasites studied (comprising the two forms of schizogony, binary fission and multiple fission). Progressive insights into the principles defining the molecular and cellular requirements for internal versus external budding, as well as variations encountered in sexual stages are discussed. The evolutionary pressures and mechanisms underlying apicomplexan cell division diversification carries relevance across Eukaryota.

Contribution to the FieldMechanisms of cell division vary dramatically across the Tree of Life, but the mechanistic basis has only been mapped for several model organisms. Here we present cell division strategies across Apicomplexa, a group of obligate intracellular parasites with significant impact on humans and domesticated animals. Asexual apicomplexan cell division is organized around assembly of daughter buds, but division forms differ in the cellular site of budding, number of offspring per division round, whether each S-phase follows karyokinesis and if mitotic rounds progress synchronously. This varies not just between parasites, but also between different life-cycle stages of a given species. We discuss the historical context of terminology describing division modes, which has led to confusion on how different modes relate to each other. Innovations in cell culture and genetics together with light microscopy advances have opened up cell biological studies that can shed light on this puzzle. We present new data for three division modes barely studied before. Together with existing data, we show how division modes are organized along phylogenetic lines and differentiate along external and internal budding mechanisms. We also discuss new insights into how the variations in division mode are regulated at the molecular level, and possess unique cell biological requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keroack, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoudoubiyam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worliczek, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauwens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsworth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duraisingh, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.056333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fussing about fission: defining variety among mainstream and exotic apicomplexan cell division modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.056077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not rely on the active state asymmetric kinase dimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.056077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) that forms active oligomers in response to ligand. Much evidence indicates that EGFR/ERBB1 forms oligomers in the absence of ligand, but the structure and physiological role of these ligand-independent dimers remain unclear. We use fluorescence microscopy to measure the oligomer stability and FRET efficiency for homo- and hetero-oligomers of fluorescent-protein labeled forms of EGFR and its paralog, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) in vesicles derived from native cell membranes. Both receptors form ligand-independent oligomers at physiological plasma membrane concentrations. Mutations introduced in the EGFR kinase region at a key interface within the active state dimer alter the FRET efficiency within ligand-independent EGFR oligomers but do not affect their stability. These results indicate that ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not require this interface and that the inactive state ensemble is distinct from the EGFR active state ensemble.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.056077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-independent EGFR oligomers do not rely on the active state asymmetric kinase dimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.058594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-infiltrating nerves create an electro-physiologically active microenvironment and contribute to treatment resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.058594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with densely innervated tumors do poorly as compared to those with sparsely innervated disease. Why some tumors heavily recruit nerves while others do not, remains unknown as does the functional contribution of tumor-infiltrating nerves to cancer. Moreover, while patients receive chemotherapeutic treatment, whether these drugs affect nerve recruitment has not been tested. Using a murine model of ovarian cancer, we show that tumor-infiltrating sensory nerves potentiate tumor growth, decrease survival, and contribute to treatment resistance. Furthermore, matched patient samples show significantly increased tumor innervation following chemotherapy. In vitro analysis of tumor-released extracellular vesicles (sEVs) shows they harbor neurite outgrowth activity. These data suggest that chemotherapy may alter sEV cargo, endowing it with robust nerve recruiting capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucido, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckelberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichwald, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeer, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.058594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-infiltrating nerves create an electro-physiologically active microenvironment and contribute to treatment resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Representations of Tumor Diversity with Paired DNA-RNA Anomalies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells display massive dysregulation of key regulatory pathways due to now well-catalogued mutations and other DNA-related aberrations. Moreover, enormous heterogeneity has been commonly observed in the identity, frequency and location of these aberrations across individuals with the same cancer type or subtype, and this variation naturally propagates to the transcriptome, resulting in myriad types of dysregulated gene expression programs. Many have argued that a more integrative and quantitative analysis of heterogeneity of DNA and RNA molecular profiles may be necessary for designing more systematic explorations of alternative therapies and improving predictive accuracy.

We introduce a representation of multi-omics profiles which is sufficiently rich to account for observed heterogeneity and support the construction of quantitative, integrated, metrics of variation. Starting from the network of interactions existing in Reactome, we build a library of "paired DNA-RNA aberrations" that represent prototypical and recurrent patterns of dysregulation in cancer; each two-gene "Source-Target Pair" (STP) consists of a "source" regulatory gene and a "target" gene whose expression is plausibly "controlled" by the source gene. The STP is then "aberrant" in a joint DNA-RNA profile if the source gene is DNA-aberrant (e.g., mutated, deleted, or duplicated), and the downstream target gene is "RNA-aberrant", meaning its expression level is outside the normal, baseline range. With M STPs, each sample profile has exactly one of the 2M possible configurations.

We concentrate on subsets of STPs, and the corresponding reduced configurations, by selecting tissue-dependent minimal coverings, defined as the smallest family of STPs with the property that every sample in the considered population displays at least one aberrant STP within that family. These minimal coverings can be computed with integer programming. Given such a covering, a natural measure of cross-sample diversity is the extent to which the particular aberrant STPs composing a covering vary from sample to sample; this variability is captured by the entropy of the distribution over configurations.

We apply this program to data from TCGA for six distinct tumor types (breast, prostate, lung, colon, liver, and kidney cancer). This enables an efficient simplification of the complex landscape observed in cancer populations, resulting in the identification of novel signatures of molecular alterations which are not detected with frequency-based criteria. Estimates of cancer heterogeneity across tumor phenotypes reveals a stable pattern: entropy increases with disease severity. This framework is then well-suited to accommodate the expanding complexity of cancer genomes and epigenomes emerging from large consortia projects.

Author SummaryA large variety of genomic and transcriptomic aberrations are observed in cancer cells, and their identity, location, and frequency can be highly indicative of the particular subtype or molecular phenotype, and thereby inform treatment options. However, elucidating this association between sets of aberrations and subtypes of cancer is severely impeded by considerable diversity in the set of aberrations across samples from the same population. Most attempts at analyzing tumor heterogeneity have dealt with either the genome or transcriptome in isolation. Here we present a novel, multi-omics approach for quantifying heterogeneity by determining a small set of paired DNA-RNA aberrations that incorporates potential downstream effects on gene expression. We apply integer programming to identify a small set of paired aberrations such that at least one among them is present in every sample of a given cancer population. The resulting "coverings" are analyzed for six cancer cohorts from the Cancer Genome Atlas, and facilitate introducing an information-theoretic measure of heterogeneity. Our results identify many known facets of tumorigenesis as well as suggest potential novel genes and interactions of interest.

Data Availability StatementRNA-Seq data, somatic mutation data and copy number data for The Cancer Genome Atlas were obtained through the Xena Cancer Genome Browser database (https://xenabrowser.net) from individual cancer type cohorts. Computational functionality for the optimization procedure is provided at https://github.com/wikum/lpcover and the code for the analysis in the manuscript is provided at https://github.com/wikum/CoveringAnalysis. Processed data in the form of TAB delimited files, and selected tissue-level coverings (in excel format) are provided as additional supplementary material and are also available from the Marchionni laboratory website (http://marchionnilab.org/signatures.html)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ke, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Representations of Tumor Diversity with Paired DNA-RNA Anomalies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Rif1 in telomere length regulation is separable from its role in origin firing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To examine the established link between DNA replication and telomere length, we tested whether firing of telomeric origins would cause telomere lengthening. We found that RIF1 mutants that block Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding activated telomeric origins but did not elongate telomeres. In a second approach, we found overexpression of {Delta}N-Dbf4 and Cdc7 increased DDK activity and activated telomeric origins, yet telomere length was unchanged. We tested a third mechanism to activate origins using the sld3-A mcm5-bob1 mutant that deregulates the pre-replication complex, and again saw no change in telomere length. Finally, we tested whether mutations in RIF1 that cause telomere elongation would affect origin firing. We found that neither rif1-{Delta}1322 nor rif1HOOK affected firing of telomeric origins. We conclude that telomeric origin firing does not cause telomere elongation, and the role of Rif1 in regulating origin firing is separable from its role in regulating telomere length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shubin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Rif1 in telomere length regulation is separable from its role in origin firing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant BCG overexpressing a STING agonist elicits trained immunity and improved antitumor efficacy in non-muscle invasive bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to irregularities in the Source Data supporting some figures. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant BCG overexpressing a STING agonist elicits trained immunity and improved antitumor efficacy in non-muscle invasive bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Ultrasound: Ultrasound-guided Ablation in Neuro-oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionTo improve patient outcomes (eg, reducing blood loss and infection), practitioners have gravitated toward noninvasive and minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), which demand specialized toolkits. Focused ultrasound, for example, facilitates thermal ablation from a distance, thereby reducing injury to surrounding tissue. Focused ultrasound can often be performed noninvasively; however, it is more difficult to carry out in neuro-oncological tumors, as ultrasound is dramatically attenuated while propagating through the skull. This shortcoming has prompted exploration of MIS options for intracranial placement of focused ultrasound probes, such as within the BrainPath (NICO Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). Herein, we present the design, development, and in vitro testing of an image-guided, focused ultrasound prototype designed for use in MIS procedures. This probe can ablate neuro-oncological lesions despite its small size.

Materials & MethodsPreliminary prototypes were iteratively designed, built, and tested. The final prototype consisted of three 8-mm-diameter therapeutic elements guided by an imaging probe. Probe functionality was validated on a series of tissue-mimicking phantoms.

ResultsLesions were created in tissue-mimicking phantoms with average dimensions of 2.5x1.2x6.5mm and 3.4x3.25x9.36mm after 10- and 30-second sonification, respectively. 30s sonification with 118W power at 50% duty cycle generated a peak temperature of 68{degrees}C. Each ablation was visualized in real time by the built-in imaging probe.

ConclusionWe developed and validated an ultrasound-guided focused ultrasound probe for use in MIS procedures. The dimensional constraints of the prototype were designed to reflect those of BrainPath trocars, which are MIS tools used to create atraumatic access to deep-seated brain pathologies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAn ultrasound-guided, focused ultrasound prototype was developed and validated
C_LIO_LIThe therapeutic transducer (1.5MHz) consisted of three 8-mm circular elements
C_LIO_LIElements were placed on a 9x32mm curved rectangular aperture: 45mm radius curvature
C_LIO_LIFunctionality was examined on tissue-mimicking phantoms
C_LIO_LI2.5x1.2x6.5mm and 3.4x3.25x9.36mm lesions were seen for 10 and 30s sonification
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belzberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restaino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manbachi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Ultrasound: Ultrasound-guided Ablation in Neuro-oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial control over near-critical-point operation ensures fidelity of ParABS-mediated bacterial genome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, most low-copy-number plasmid and chromosomally encoded partition systems belong to the tripartite ParABS partition machinery. Despite the importance in genetic inheritance, the mechanisms of ParABS-mediated genome partition are not well understood. Combining theory and experiment, we provided evidences that the ParABS system - partitioning via the ParA gradient-based Brownian ratcheting - operates near a critical point in vivo. This near-critical-point operation adapts the segregation distance of replicated plasmids to the half-length of the elongating nucleoid, ensuring both cell halves to inherit one copy of the plasmids. Further, we demonstrated that the plasmid localizes the cytoplasmic ParA to buffer the partition fidelity against the large cell-to-cell fluctuations in ParA level. Thus, the spatial control over the near-critical-point operation not only ensures both sensitive adaption and robust execution of partitioning, but sheds light on the fundamental question in cell biology: How do cells faithfully measure cellular-scale distance by only using molecular-scale interactions?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouet, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial control over near-critical-point operation ensures fidelity of ParABS-mediated bacterial genome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within the budding yeasts, the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and other members of the Nakaseomyces clade have developed virulence traits independently from the CTG clade that includes Candida albicans. To begin exploring the genetic basis of C. glabrata virulence and its innate resistance to antifungals, we launched the Hermes transposon from a plasmid and obtained more than 500,000 different semi-random insertions throughout the genome. Using machine learning, we identify up to 1278 protein-encoding genes (25% of total) that cannot tolerate transposon insertions and are thus essential for C. glabrata fitness in vitro. Interestingly, genes involved in mRNA splicing were less likely to be essential in C. glabrata than their orthologs in S. cerevisiae, whereas the opposite is true for genes involved in kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. Insertions in several known genes (e.g. PDR1, CDR1, PDR16, PDR17, UPC2A, DAP1) caused hypersensitivity to the first-line antifungal fluconazole, and we identify 12 additional genes that also contribute to innate fluconazole resistance (KGD1, KGD2, YHR045W, etc). Insertions in 200 other genes conferred significant resistance to fluconazole, two-thirds of which function in mitochondria and likely down-regulate Pdr1 expression or function. These findings show the utility of transposon insertion profiling in genome-wide forward-genetic investigations of fungal pathogens.

IMPORTANCEPathogenic yeasts cause mucosal and systemic infections in millions of people each year. The innate resistance of Candida glabrata to fluconazole and its ability to acquire resistance to 2 other antifungals are contributing to its rise in incidence. Our understanding of C. glabrata biology has been hampered by inefficient genetic and genomic tools. This study addresses those deficiencies by developing powerful transposon mutagenesis strategies for the first time in this pathogen. We identify nearly all essential genes of C. glabrata that could be targeted for development of new antifungals. We generate large pools of random insertion mutants that can be easily monitored en masse with deep sequencing, thus enabling identification of genes involved in any number of biological processes. We identify dozens of new genes that increase or decrease innate resistance of clinical isolate BG2 to fluconazole and provide resources for further exploration of C. glabrata genetics and genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhawala, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo mutation in ancestral generations evolves haplotypes contributing to disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe variome of the Turkish (TK) population, a population with a considerable history of admixture and consanguinity, has not been deeply investigated deeply for its potential impact on the genomic architecture of disease traits.

MethodsWe generated and analyzed a database of variants derived from exome sequencing (ES) data of 773 TK unrelated, clinically affected individuals with various suspected Mendelian disease traits, and 643 unaffected relatives.

ResultsUsing uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), we showed that the TK genomes are more similar to those of Europeans and consist of two main subpopulations: clusters 1 and 2 (N=235 and 1,181) that differ in admixture proportion and variome (https://turkishvariomedb.shinyapps.io/tvdb/). Furthermore, the higher inbreeding coefficient (F) values observed in the TK affected compared to unaffected individuals correlated with a larger median span of long-sized (>2.64 Mb) runs of homozygosity (ROH) regions (p-value=2.09e-18). We show that long-sized ROHs are more likely to be formed on recently configured haplotypes enriched for rare homozygous deleterious variants in the TK-affected compared to TK-unaffected individuals (p-value= 3.35e-11). Analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations reveals that genes with rare homozygous deleterious variants in long-sized ROHs provide the most comprehensive set of molecular diagnoses for the observed disease traits with a systematic quantitative analysis of HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms.

ConclusionOur findings support the notion that novel rare variants on newly configured haplotypes arising within the recent past generations of a family or clan contribute significantly to recessive disease traits in the TK population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coban Akdemir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehlivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhangiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>muzny, d. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylor Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, C. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo mutation in ancestral generations evolves haplotypes contributing to disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Field-deployable molecular diagnostic platform for arbovirus and Wolbachia detection in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurveillance of mosquito infection status is critical for planning and deployment of proper mosquito control initiatives. Concurrently, Wolbachia is being widely used as a control method for arboviral transmission. Point-of-care (POC) detection assays are necessary for monitoring the infection prevalence and geographic range of viruses as well as Wolbachia in mosquito vector populations. We therefore assessed the novel qPCR bCUBE molecular diagnostic system as a tool for virus and Wolbachia detection.

ResultsWe developed a reliable, specific, and sensitive diagnostic assay for detecting Zika virus and dengue virus serotype 2 using the real-time qPCR platform bCUBE. With bCUBE-based qRT-PCR, both Wolbachia bacterium and virus RNA could be reliably detected in individually infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and in pools of 5, 10, or 15 mosquitoes.

ConclusionsThe portable qPCR bCUBE diagnostic platform is capable of detecting Zika and dengue virus as well as Wolbachia in mosquitoes and therefore has potential as a practical field-deployable diagnostic test for vector-borne disease surveillance programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Field-deployable molecular diagnostic platform for arbovirus and Wolbachia detection in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SecA motor generates mechanical force during protein translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sec translocon moves proteins across lipid bilayers in all cells. The Sec channel enables passage of unfolded proteins through the bacterial plasma membrane, driven by the cytosolic ATPase SecA. Whether SecA generates mechanical force to overcome barriers to translocation posed by structured substrate proteins is unknown. Monitoring translocation of a folded substrate protein with tunable stability at high time resolution allowed us to kinetically dissect Secdependent translocation. We find that substrate unfolding constitutes the rate-limiting step during translocation. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we have also defined the response of the protein to mechanical force. Relating the kinetic and force measurements revealed that SecA generates at least 10 piconewtons of mechanical force to actively unfold translocating proteins, comparable to cellular unfoldases. Combining biochemical and single-molecule measurements has thus allowed us to define how the SecA motor ensures efficient and robust export of proteins that contain stable structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toptygin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.066415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SecA motor generates mechanical force during protein translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modern Machine Learning: Partition & Vote 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present modern machine learning, focusing on the state-of-the-art classification methods of decision forests and deep networks, as partition and vote schemes. This illustrative presentation allows for both a unified basic understanding of how these methods work from the perspective of classical statistical pattern recognition as well as useful basic insight into their relationship with each other ... and potentially with brain functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modern Machine Learning: Partition & Vote]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis runs counter to the directional folding pathway of a nascent protein domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Folding of individual domains in large proteins during translation helps to avoid otherwise prevalent inter-domain misfolding. How folding intermediates observed in vitro for the majority of proteins relate to co-translational folding remains unclear. Combining in vivo and single-molecule experiments, we followed the co-translational folding of the G-domain, encompassing the first 293 amino acids of elongation factor G. Surprisingly, the domain remains unfolded until it is fully synthesized, without collapsing into molten globule-like states or forming stable intermediates. Upon fully emerging from the ribosome, the G-domain transitions to its stable native structure via folding intermediates. Our results suggest a strictly sequential folding pathway initiating from the C-terminus. Folding and synthesis thus proceed in opposite directions. The folding mechanism is likely imposed by the final structure and might have evolved to ensure efficient, timely folding of a highly abundant and essential protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis runs counter to the directional folding pathway of a nascent protein domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fractional re-distribution among cell motility states during ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ageing in humans is associated with a decreased capacity to regulate cell physiology. Cellular properties, such as cell morphology and cell mechanics, encode ageing information and as a result can be used as robust ageing biomarkers. Using a panel of dermal fibroblasts derived from healthy donors spanning a wide age range, we observe an age-related reduction in average cell motility, which we show is not due to the decreased motility of all cells, but results from fractional re-distribution among motility states. By taking advantage of the single-cell nature of our motility data, we show that cells can be classified based on spatial and activity patterns that define age-dependent motility states. These findings highlight an important feature of ageing cells shown by the decrease in the heterogeneity of cell movement in older adults, that potentially offer new mechanistic insights into the ageing process and avenues for novel biomarker development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamponi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fractional re-distribution among cell motility states during ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging Tools from Autonomous Navigation for Rapid, Robust Neuron Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As biological imaging datasets continue to grow in size, extracting information from large image volumes presents a computationally intensive challenge. State-of-the-art algorithms are almost entirely dominated by the use of convolutional neural network approaches that may be diffcult to run at scale given schedule, cost, and resource limitations. We demonstrate a novel solution for high-resolution electron microscopy brain image volumes that permits the identification of individual neurons and synapses. Instead of conventional approaches whereby voxels are labelled according to the neuron or neuron segment to which they belong, we instead focus on extracting the underlying brain graph represented by synaptic connections between individual neurons while also identifying key features like skeleton similarity and path length. This graph represents a critical step and scaffold for understanding the structure of neuronal circuitry. Our approach recasts the segmentation problem to one of path-finding between keypoints (i.e., connectivity) in an information sharing framework using virtual agents. We create a family of sensors which follow local decision-making rules that perform computationally cheap operations on potential fields to perform tasks such as avoiding cell membranes and finding synapses. These enable a swarm of virtual agents to effciently and robustly traverse three-dimensional datasets, create a sparse segmentation of pathways, and capture connectivity information. We achieve results that meet or exceed state-of-the-art performance at a substantially lower computational cost. This tool offers a categorically different approach to connectome estimation that can augment how we extract connectivity information at scale. Our method is generalizable and may be extended to biomedical imaging problems such as tracing the bronchial trees in lungs or road networks in natural images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drenkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleissas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.070755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging Tools from Autonomous Navigation for Rapid, Robust Neuron Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People tend to interpret political information in a manner that confirms their prior beliefs, a cognitive bias that contributes to rising political polarization. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with semantic content analyses to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the biased processing of real-world political content. We scanned American participants with conservative-leaning or liberal-leaning immigration attitudes while they watched news clips, campaign ads, and public speeches related to immigration policy. We searched for evidence of "neural polarization": activity in the brain that diverges between people who hold liberal versus conservative political attitudes. Neural polarization was observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a brain region associated with the interpretation of narrative content. Neural polarization in the DMPFC intensified during moments in the videos that included risk-related and moral-emotional language, highlighting content features most likely to drive divergent interpretations between conservatives and liberals. Finally, participants whose DMPFC activity closely matched that of the average conservative or the average liberal participant were more likely to change their attitudes in the direction of that groups position. Our work introduces a novel multi-method approach to study the neural basis of political cognition in naturalistic settings. Using this approach, we characterize how political attitudes biased information processing in the brain, the language most likely to drive polarized neural responses, and the consequences of biased processing for attitude change. Together, these results shed light on the psychological and neural underpinnings of how identical information is interpreted differently by conservatives and liberals.

Significance StatementPartisan biases in processing political information contribute to rising divisions in society. How do such biases arise in the brain? We measured the neural activity of participants watching videos related to immigration policy. Despite watching the same videos, conservative and liberal participants exhibited divergent neural responses. This "neural polarization" between groups occurred in a brain area associated with the interpretation of narrative content, and intensified in response to language associated with risk, emotion, and morality. Furthermore, polarized neural responses predicted attitude change in response to the videos. These findings suggest that biased processing in the brain drives divergent interpretations of political information and subsequent attitude polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservative and liberal attitudes drive polarized neural responses to political content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter is released synchronously and asynchronously following an action potential. The release sites of these two phases are segregated within an active zone, with asynchronous release sites enriched near the center. Here we demonstrate that synchronous and asynchronous release sites are aligned with AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor clusters, respectively. Computational simulations indicate that this spatial and temporal arrangement of release ensures maximal membrane depolarization through AMPA receptors, alleviating the pore-blocking magnesium leading to greater activation of NMDA receptors. Together, these results suggest that release sites are organized to efficiently activate NMDA receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prater, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release sites are positioned to activate NMDA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased investigatory head scanning during exploration in learning-impaired, aged rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Head scanning" is an investigatory behavior that has been linked to spatial exploration and the one-trial formation or strengthening of place cells in the hippocampus. Previous studies have demonstrated that a subset of aged rats with normal spatial learning performance show head scanning rates during a novel, local-global cue-mismatch manipulation that are similar to those of young rats. However, these aged rats demonstrated different patterns of expression of neural activity markers in brain regions associated with spatial learning, perhaps suggesting neural mechanisms that compensate for age-related brain changes. These prior studies did not investigate the head scanning properties of aged rats that had spatial learning impairments. The present study analyzed head scanning behavior in young, aged-unimpaired, and aged-impaired Long Evans rats. Aged-impaired rats performed the head scan behavior at a lower rate than the young rats. These results suggest that decreased attention to spatial landmarks may be a contributing factor to the spatial learning deficits shown by the aged-impaired rats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased investigatory head scanning during exploration in learning-impaired, aged rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis cultivar ME034V 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Setaria viridis (green foxtail) is an important model system for improving cereal crops due to its diploid genome, ease of cultivation, and use of C4 photosynthesis. The S. viridis cultivar ME034V is exceptionally transformable, but the lack of a sequenced genome for this cultivar has limited its utility. We present a 397 Mb highly contiguous de novo assembly of ME034V using ultra-long nanopore sequencing technology (read N50=41kb). We estimate that this genome is largely complete based on our updated k-mer based genome size estimate of 401 Mb for S. viridis. Genome annotation identified 37,908 protein-coding genes and >300k repetitive elements comprising 46% of the genome. We compared the ME034V assembly with two other previously sequenced Setaria genomes as well as to a diversity panel of 235 S. viridis cultivars. We found the genome assemblies to be largely syntenic, but numerous unique polymorphic structural variants were discovered. Several ME034V deletions may be associated with recent retrotransposition of copia and gypsy LTR repeat families, as evidenced by their low genotype frequencies in the sampled population. Lastly, we performed a phylogenomic analysis to identify gene families that have expanded in Setaria, including those involved in specialized metabolism and plant defense response. The high continuity of the ME034V genome assembly validates the utility of ultra-long DNA sequencing to improve genetic resources for emerging model organisms. Structural variation present in Setaria illustrates the importance of obtaining the proper genome reference for genetic experiments. Thus, we anticipate that the ME034V genome will be of significant utility for the Setaria research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendelton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.073684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis cultivar ME034V]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome sequencing at population scale provides unprecedented access to the genetic foundations of human phenotypic diversity, but genotype-phenotype association analyses limited to small variants have failed to comprehensively characterize the genetic architecture of human health and disease because they ignore structural variants (SVs) known to contribute to phenotypic variation and pathogenic conditions1-3. Here we demonstrate the significance of SVs when assessing genotype-phenotype associations and the importance of ethnic diversity in study design by analyzing SVs across 19,652 individuals and the translational impact on 4,156 aptamerbased proteomic measurements across 4,021 multi-ethnic samples. The majority of 304,533 SVs detected are rare, although we identified 2,336 protein-coding genes impacted by common SVs.

We identified 64 significant SV-protein associations that comprise 36 cis- and 28 trans-acting relationships, and 21 distinct SV regions overlapped with genome-wide association study loci. These findings represent a more comprehensive mapping of regulatory and translational endophenotypes underlying health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfield, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BCM HGSC Sequencing Lab,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>doddapaneni, h. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>muzny, d. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the high propensity of RNAs to non-specifically bind drug-like small molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying small molecules that selectively bind a single RNA target while discriminating against all other cellular RNAs is an important challenge in RNA-targeted drug discovery. Much effort has been directed toward identifying drug-like small molecules that minimize electrostatic and stacking interactions that lead to non-specific binding of aminoglycosides and intercalators to a variety of RNAs. Many such compounds have been reported to bind RNAs and inhibit their cellular activities, however the ability of such compounds to discriminate against RNA stem-loops commonly found in the transcriptome has not been thoroughly assessed in all cases. Here, we examined the propensities of three drug-like compounds, previously shown to bind and inhibit the cellular activity of three distinct RNAs, to non-specifically bind two HIV-1 stem-loop RNAs: the transactivation response element (TAR) and stem IIB in the rev response element (RREIIB). All three compounds bound to TAR and RREIIB in vitro, and two inhibited TAR-dependent transactivation and RRE-dependent viral export in cell-based assays while also exhibiting substantial off-target interactions consistent with non-specific cellular activity. A survey of X-ray and NMR structures of RNA-small molecule complexes revealed that drug-like molecules form hydrogen bonds with functional groups commonly accessible in canonical stem-loop RNA motifs, much like aminoglycosides, and in contrast to ligands that specifically bind riboswitches. Our results support extending the group of non-selective RNA-binders beyond aminoglycosides and intercalators to encompass drug-like compounds with capacity for non-specific hydrogen-bonding and reinforce the importance of assaying for off-target interactions and RNA selectivity in vitro and in cells when assessing novel RNA-binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogerd, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the high propensity of RNAs to non-specifically bind drug-like small molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Notch Ligand Jagged1 is Required for the Formation, Maintenance, and Survival of Hensen Cells in the Mouse Cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cochlear development, the Notch ligand JAGGED 1 (JAG1) plays an important role in the specification of the prosensory region, which gives rise to sound-sensing hair cells and neighboring supporting cells (SCs). While JAG1s expression is maintained in SCs through adulthood, the function of JAG1 in SC development is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that JAG1 is essential for the formation and maintenance of Hensen cells (HeCs), a highly specialized SC-subtype located at the edge of the auditory epithelium. Deletion of Jag1 at the onset of differentiation, at stage E14.5, disrupted HeC formation. Similar loss of HeCs was observed when Jag1 was deleted at P0/P1 and fate-mapping analysis revealed that in the absence of Jag1 some HeCs die, but others convert into neighboring Claudius cells. In support of a role for JAG1 in cell survival, genes involved in mitochondrial function and protein synthesis were downregulated in P0 cochlea lacking Jag1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Notch Ligand Jagged1 is Required for the Formation, Maintenance, and Survival of Hensen Cells in the Mouse Cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LARGE SOURCE OF PRIMARY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS TIGHTLY ADHERED TO BONE SURFACES OF HUMAN VERTEBRAL BODY MARROW CAVITIES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic allogeneic mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are currently in clinical trials for evaluating their effectiveness in treating many different disease indications. Eventual commercialization for broad distribution will require further improvements in manufacturing processes to economically manufacture MSC at sufficient scales required to satisfy projected demands. A key contributor to the present high cost of goods (COG) for MSC manufacturing is the need to create master cell banks (MCBs) from multiple donors, which leads to variability in large-scale manufacturing runs. Therefore, the availability of large single donor depots of primary MSC would greatly benefit the cell therapy market by reducing costs associated with manufacturing.

We have discovered that an abundant population of cells possessing all the hallmarks of MSC is tightly associated with the vertebral body (VB) bone matrix and are only liberated by proteolytic digestion. Here we demonstrate that these vertebral bone-adherent (vBA) MSC possess all the International Society of Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT)-defined characteristics (e.g., plastic adherence, surface marker expression, and trilineage differentiation) of MSC and, therefore, have termed them vBA-MSC, to distinguish this population from loosely associated MSC recovered through aspiration or rinsing of the bone marrow (BM) compartment.

Pilot banking and expansion was performed with vBA-MSC obtained from 3 deceased donors and it was demonstrated that bank sizes averaging 2.9x108 {+/-} 1.35x108 vBA-MSC at passage one were obtainable from only 5 g of digested VB bone fragments. Each bank of cells demonstrated robust proliferation through a total of 9 passages without significant reduction in population doubling times. The theoretical total cell yield from the entire amount of bone fragments (approximately 300g) from each donor with limited expansion through 4 passages is 100 trillion (1x1014) vBA-MSC, equating to over 105 doses at 10x106 cells/kg for an average 70 kg recipient. Thus, we have established a novel and plentiful source of MSC which will benefit the cell therapy market by overcoming manufacturing and regulatory inefficiencies due to donor-to-donor variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirumala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFontaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, e. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LARGE SOURCE OF PRIMARY MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS TIGHTLY ADHERED TO BONE SURFACES OF HUMAN VERTEBRAL BODY MARROW CAVITIES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UPREGULATION OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 BY ASTROCYTES IN THE SIV/MACAQUE MODEL OF HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGIC DISEASE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Development of HAND is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain; therefore, upregulation of antioxidant defenses is critical to curtail neuronal damage. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme essential for maintaining cellular viability. We hypothesized that SOD2 was upregulated during retroviral infection. Using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of HIV, quantitative PCR showed elevated SOD2 mRNA in cortical gray (GM, 7.6-fold for SIV vs. uninfected) and white matter (WM, 77-fold for SIV vs. uninfected) during SIV infection. Further, SOD2 immunostaining was enhanced in GM and WM from SIV-infected animals. Double immunofluorescence labeling illustrated that SOD2 primarily co-localized with astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SIV-infected animals. Interestingly, in ART-treated SIV-infected animals, brain SOD2 RNA levels were similar to uninfected animals. Additionally, using principal component analysis in a transcriptomic approach, SOD2 and GFAP expression separated SIV-infected from uninfected brain tissue. Projection of these data into a HIV dataset revealed similar expression changes, thereby validating the clinical relevance. Together, our findings suggest that novel SOD2-enhancing therapies may delay the onset or reduce severity of HAND seen in ART-treated HIV-infected patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.078691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UPREGULATION OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 BY ASTROCYTES IN THE SIV/MACAQUE MODEL OF HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGIC DISEASE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel platform to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using RNA signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens can be attributed to the lack of a rapid pathogen identification (ID) or antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), resulting in delayed therapeutic decisions at the point of care. Gonorrhea is usually empirically treated with no AST results available before treatment, thus contributing to the rapid rise in drug resistance. Herein we present a rapid AST platform using RNA signatures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). RNA-seq followed by bioinformatic tools were applied to explore potential markers in the transcriptome profile of NG upon minutes of azithromycin exposure. Validation of candidate markers using PCR showed that two markers (arsR (NGO1562) and rpsO) can deliver accurate AST results across 14 tested isolates. Further validation of our cutoff in comparison to MIC across 64 more isolates confirmed the reliability of our platform. Our RNA markers combined with emerging molecular point-of-care systems has the potential to greatly accelerate both ID and AST to inform treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M.Hashemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram-Mohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessner, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.078808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel platform to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using RNA signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic immune dysfunction in cancer patients driven by IL6 and IL8 induction of an inhibitory receptor module in peripheral CD8+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancer patients do not develop a durable response to the current standard of care immunotherapies despite substantial advances in targeting immune inhibitory receptors1-5. A potential compounding issue, which may serve as an unappreciated, dominant resistance mechanism, is an inherent systemic immune dysfunction that is often associated with advanced cancer6-12. Minimal response to inhibitory receptor (IR) blockade therapy and increased disease burden have been associated with peripheral CD8+ T cell dysfunction, characterized by suboptimal T cell proliferation and chronic expression of IRs (eg. Programmed Death 1 [PD1] and Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG3])13, 14. Here, we demonstrate that up to a third of cancer patients express robust intracellular LAG3 (LAG3IC), but not surface LAG3 (LAG3SUR), in peripheral CD8+ T cells compared to CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). LAG3IC is associated with: (i) expression of a LAG3IC-dominant IR module that includes PD1IC, NRP1IC, CD39IC, and TIGITIC; (ii) decreased CD8+ but not CD4+ T cell function that can be reversed by anti-LAG3 (and/or anti-PD1), despite limited constitutive surface IR expression; and (iii) poor disease prognosis. Systemic immune dysfunction is restricted to CD8+ T cells, including a high percentage of peripheral naive CD8+ T cells, indicating a TCR-independent mechanism that is driven by the cytokine IL6 and the chemokine IL8. Thus, the combination of an increased LAG3-dominant IR module and elevated systemic IL6 and/or IL8 may serve as predictive biomarkers and increase the possibility that cancer patients will benefit from therapeutic combinations targeting these systemic cytokines in the setting of PD1 and/or LAG3 blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cillo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampenfeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasundaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normolle, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic immune dysfunction in cancer patients driven by IL6 and IL8 induction of an inhibitory receptor module in peripheral CD8+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Concatenating fMRI Data on Reliability for Functional Connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compelling evidence suggests the need for more data per individual to reliably map the functional organization of the human connectome. As the notion that  more data is better emerges as a golden rule for functional connectomics, researchers find themselves grappling with the challenges of how to obtain the desired amounts of data per participant in a practical manner, particularly for retrospective data aggregation. Increasingly, the aggregation of data across all fMRI scans available for an individual is being viewed as a solution, regardless of scan condition (e.g., rest, task, movie). A number of open questions exist regarding the aggregation process and the impact of different decisions on the reliability of resultant aggregate data. We leveraged the availability of highly sampled test-retest datasets to systematically examine the impact of data aggregation strategies on the reliability of cortical functional connectomics. Specifically, we compared functional connectivity estimates derived after concatenating from: 1) multiple scans under the same state, 2) multiple scans under different states (i.e. hybrid or general functional connectivity), and 3) subsets of one long scan. We also varied connectivity processing (i.e. global signal regression, ICA-FIX, and task regression) and estimation procedures. When the total number of time points is equal, and the scan state held constant, concatenating multiple shorter scans had a clear advantage over a single long scan. However, this was not necessarily true when concatenating across different fMRI states (i.e. task conditions), where the reliability from the aggregate data varied across states. Concatenating fewer numbers of states that are more reliable tends to yield higher reliability. Our findings provide an overview of multiple dependencies of data concatenation that should be considered to optimize reliability in analysis of functional connectivity data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchmaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Concatenating fMRI Data on Reliability for Functional Connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication critically impacts strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis, transmission mitigation, and treatment. We determined the cellular location of the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor protein, ACE2, in the human upper airway, finding striking enrichment (200-700 folds) in the olfactory neuroepithelium relative to nasal respiratory or tracheal epithelial cells. This cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 may underlie its high transmissibility and association with olfactory dysfunction, while suggesting a viral reservoir potentially amenable to intranasal therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi play essential roles in global ecology and economy, but their thermal biology is widely unknown. Mushrooms were previously noticed to be colder than surrounding air via evaporative cooling or evapotranspiration. Here we applied infrared imaging to reveal that not just mushrooms, but also molds and yeasts maintain colder temperatures than their surroundings via evapotranspiration. On average, fungal specimens are ~2.5 {degrees}C colder than the surrounding temperature. The relatively cold temperature of mushrooms can be observed throughout the whole fruiting process and at the level of mycelium. The mushrooms hymenium appeared the coldest and different areas of the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom appear to dissipate heat differently. Evapotranspiration in yeast and mold biofilms can be measured from the accumulation of condensed water droplets above biofilms; which is significantly higher than the surrounding agar. We also present a mushroom-based air-cooling system (MycoCooler) capable of passively reducing the temperature of a closed compartment by approximately 10 {degrees}C in 25 minutes. These findings suggest that the fungal kingdom is characteristically cold. Since fungi make up ~2% of Earth biomass, their evapotranspiration may contribute to planetary temperatures in local environments. This study present new research avenues in fungal biology, biomedicine, microclimate, and sustainable energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothermia is a characteristic of the fungal kingdom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose Conjunctival signs and symptoms are observed in a subset of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in tears, raising concerns regarding the eye both as a portal of entry and carrier of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ocular surface cells possess the key factors required for cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 entry/infection.Methods We analyzed human post-mortem eyes as well as surgical specimens for the expression of ACE2 (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2) and TMPRSS2, a cell surface-associated protease that facilitates viral entry following binding of the viral spike protein to ACE2.Results Across all eye specimens, immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea, with especially prominent staining in the superficial conjunctival and corneal epithelial surface. Surgical conjunctival specimens also showed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctival epithelium, especially prominent in the superficial epithelium, as well as the substantia propria. All eye and conjunctival specimens also expressed TMPRSS2. Finally, western blot analysis of protein lysates from human corneal epithelium obtained during refractive surgery confirmed expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.Conclusions Together, these results indicate that ocular surface cells including conjunctiva are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and could therefore serve as a portal of entry as well as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission of this virus. This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiberman, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duh, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.086165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Maturation of Multilineage Human Liver Organoids via Genetically Guided Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived organoids are emerging as novel human-based microphysiological models but display immature phenotypes with limited subsets of endothelial or stromal cells. Here we demonstrate that in vitro manipulation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in PSC-derived liver organoids selected either through computational analysis or targeted tissue design can advance tissue maturation in vitro. Through an unbiased comparison with the genetic signature of mature livers, we identify downregulated GRNs in fetal liver organoids compared to adult livers. We demonstrate that overexpression of PROX1 and ATF5, together with targeted CRISPR-based transcriptional activation of endogenous CYP3A4, drives maturation in vitro. Single cell analyses reveal hepatobiliary-, endothelial-, and stellate-like cell populations. The engineered organoids demonstrate enhanced vasculogenesis, capture native liver characteristics (e.g. FXR signaling, CYP3A4 activity), and exhibit therapeutic potential in mice. Collectively, our approach provides a genetically guided framework for engineering developmentally advanced multilineage tissues from hiPSCs.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIn vitro tissue maturation via genetically encoded molecular programs
C_LIO_LIComputational analysis to identify maturation transcription factors in liver organoids
C_LIO_LIPromoting vascularization of organoids via genetically encoded molecular programs
C_LIO_LISingle cell analysis of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells
C_LIO_LIModeling of native liver functions and in vivo therapeutic potential
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=168 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/087445v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGraw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilbourne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hislop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cats, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuva de Sousa Lopes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaisier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Maturation of Multilineage Human Liver Organoids via Genetically Guided Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protease Activity Profiling Via Programmable Phage Display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endopeptidases catalyze the internal cleavage of proteins, playing pivotal roles in protein turnover, substrate maturation and the activation of signaling cascades. A broad range of biological functions in health and disease are controlled by proteases, yet assays to characterize their activities at proteomic scale do not yet exist. To address this unmet need, we have developed SEPARATE (Sensing EndoPeptidase Activity via Release and recapture using flAnking Tag Epitopes), which uses monovalent phage display of the entire human proteome at 90-aa peptide resolution. We demonstrate that SEPARATE is compatible with several human proteases from distinct catalytic classes, including Caspase-1, ADAM17, and Thrombin. Both well-characterized and newly identified substrates of these enzymes were detected in the assay. SEPARATE was used to discover a non-canonical Caspase-1 substrate, the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1, a key mediator of apoptotic cell death. SEPARATE is a novel methodology to enable efficient, unbiased assessment of endopeptidase activity using a phage-displayed proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roman-Melendez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protease Activity Profiling Via Programmable Phage Display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Origin of the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) has been intensely debated in the scientific community since the first infected cases were detected in December 2019. The disease has caused a global pandemic, leading to deaths of thousands of people across the world and thus finding origin of this novel coronavirus is important in responding and controlling the pandemic. Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the hosts for SARS-CoV-2 based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences. This paper investigates the SARS-CoV-2 origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus. More than 300 genome sequences of COVID-19 infected cases collected from different countries are explored and analysed using unsupervised clustering methods. The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined SARS-CoV-2 genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes. This provides evidence strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for SARS-CoV-2. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelrazek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolution of subcomponents of synaptic release from post-synaptic currents in rat hair-cell/auditory-nerve fiber dendrites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.070920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synapse between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fiber dendrites shows large EPSCs, which are either monophasic or multiphasic. Multiquantal or uniquantal flickering release have been proposed to underlie the unusual multiphasic waveforms. Here the nature of multiphasic waveforms is analyzed using EPSCs recorded in vitro in rat afferent dendrites. Spontaneous EPSCs were deconvolved into a sum of presumed release events with monophasic EPSC waveforms. Results include: first, the charge of EPSCs is about the same for multiphasic versus monophasic EPSCs. Second, EPSC amplitudes decline with the number of release events per EPSC. Third, there is no evidence of a mini-EPSC. Most results can be accounted for by versions of either uniquantal or multiquantal release. However, serial neurotransmitter release in multiphasic EPSCs shows properties that are not fully explained by either model, especially that the amplitudes of individual release events is established at the beginning of a multiphasic EPSC, constraining possible models of vesicle release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.070920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolution of subcomponents of synaptic release from post-synaptic currents in rat hair-cell/auditory-nerve fiber dendrites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.091694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventive efficacy of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate nanofluidic implant in SHIV-challenged nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.091694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral oral drugs is effective at preventing HIV transmission when individuals adhere to the dosing regimen. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a potent antiretroviral drug, with numerous long-acting (LA) delivery systems under development to improve PrEP adherence. However, none has undergone preventive efficacy assessment. Here we show that LA TAF using a novel subcutaneous nanofluidic implant (nTAF) confers partial protection from HIV transmission. We demonstrate that sustained subcutaneous delivery through nTAF in rhesus macaques maintained tenofovir diphosphate concentration at a median of 390.00 fmol/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 9 times above clinically protective levels. In a non-blinded, placebo-controlled rhesus macaque study with repeated low-dose rectal SHIVSF162P3 challenge, the nTAF cohort had a 62.50% reduction (95% CI: 1.72% to 85.69%; p=0.068) in risk of infection per exposure compared to the control. Our finding mirrors that of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy, where 60.00% protective efficacy was observed in macaques, and clinically, 67.00% reduction in risk with 86.00% preventive efficacy in individuals with detectable drug in the plasma. Overall, our nanofluidic technology shows potential as a subcutaneous delivery platform for long-term PrEP and provides insights for clinical implementation of LA TAF for HIV prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pons-Faudoa, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizovs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, C. Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimata, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehete, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arduino, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grattoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.091694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventive efficacy of a tenofovir alafenamide fumarate nanofluidic implant in SHIV-challenged nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in genetic discoveries have created substantial opportunities for precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of the genes implicated in these diseases encode proteins that regulate gene expression, such as chromatin associated proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins. The identification of targeted therapeutics for individuals carrying mutations in these genes remains a challenge, as the encoded proteins can theoretically regulate thousands of downstream targets in a considerable number of cell types. Here, we propose the application of a drug discovery approach called "transcriptome reversal" for these disorders. This approach, originally developed for cancer, attempts to identify compounds that reverse gene-expression signatures associated with disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a transcriptome-based drug discovery paradigm for neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new paradigm for Prelamin A proteolytic processing by ZMPSTE24: the upstream SY^LL cleavage occurs first and there is no CaaX processing by ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human ZMPSTE24, an integral membrane zinc metalloprotease, is required for conversion of prelamin A to mature lamin A, a component of the nuclear lamina and failure of this processing causes premature ageing disorders. ZMPSTE24 has also been implicated in both type 2 diabetes mellitus and in viral-host response mechanisms, but to date its only confirmed substrate is the precursor for lamin A. Prelamin A is thought to undergo four C-terminal post-translational modifications in the following order: farnesylation, SIM tripeptide cleavage, carboxymethylation and upstream "SY^LL" cleavage. Here we present evidence that the sequence of events does not follow the accepted dogma. We assessed cleavage of long human prelamin A sequence peptides by purified human ZMPSTE24 combined with FRET and mass spectrometry to detect products. Surprisingly, we found that the "SY^LL" cleavage occurs before and independent of the C-terminal CSIM modifications. We also found that ZMPSTE24 does not perform the predicted C^SIM tripeptide cleavage, but rather it removes an IM dipeptide. ZMPSTE24 can perform a tripeptide cleavage with a canonical CaaX box (C: cysteine; a: aliphatic; X: any residue), but the C-terminus of prelamin A is not a true CaaX sequence. Regardless of the C-terminal modifications of prelamin A, ZMPSTE24 can perform upstream SY^LL cleavage, thus removing the unwanted farnesylated C-terminus. Therefore, it is failure of SY^LL cleavage, not the C-terminal processing that is the likely cause of progeroid disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babatz, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess-Brown, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, A. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new paradigm for Prelamin A proteolytic processing by ZMPSTE24: the upstream SY^LL cleavage occurs first and there is no CaaX processing by ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rapid, point of care red blood cell agglutination assay for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world to a halt, with cases observed around the globe causing significant mortality. There is an urgent need for serological tests to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which could be used to assess the prevalence of infection, as well as ascertain individuals who may be protected from future infection. Current serological tests developed for SARS-CoV-2 rely on traditional technologies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow assays, which may lack scalability to meet the demand of hundreds of millions of antibody tests in the coming year. Herein, we present an alternative method of antibody testing that just depends on one protein reagent being added to patient serum/plasma or whole blood and a short five-minute assay time. A novel fusion protein was designed that binds red blood cells (RBC) via a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against the H antigen and displays the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the surface of RBCs. Upon mixing of the fusion protein, RBD-scFv with recovered COVID-19 patient serum and RBCs, we observed agglutination of RBCs, indicating the patient developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Given that the test uses methods routinely used in hospital clinical labs across the world, we anticipate the test can be rapidly deployed with only the protein reagent required at projected manufacturing cost at U.S. cents per test. We anticipate our agglutination assay may find extensive use in low-resource settings for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Competing Interest StatementR.L.K. is an inventor on a provisional patent application related to the work described in the manuscript. All other authors have no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruse, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smetana, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amukele, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rapid, point of care red blood cell agglutination assay for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chemical-genetics and Nanoparticle Enabled Approach for in vivo Protein Kinase Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human kinome contains >500 protein kinases, and regulates up to 30% of the proteome. Kinase study is currently hindered by a lack of in vivo analysis approaches due to two factors: our inability to distinguish the kinase reaction of interest from those of other kinases in live cells and the cell impermeability of the ATP analogs. Herein, we tackled this issue by combining the widely used chemical genetic method developed by Dr. Kevan Shokat and colleagues with nanoparticle-mediated intracellular delivery of the ATP analog. The critical AKT1 protein kinase, which has been successfully studied with the method, was used as our initial prototype. Briefly, enlargement of the ATP binding pocket, by mutating the gate-keeper Methionine residue to a Glycine, prompted the mutant AKT1 to preferentially use the bulky ATP analog N6-Benzyl-ATP-{gamma}-S (A*TP{gamma}S) and, thus, differentiating AKT1-catalyzed and other phosphorylation events. The lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle was used for efficient intracellular delivery of A*TP{gamma}S, overcoming the cell impermeability issue. The mutant, but not wild-type, AKT1 used the delivered A*TP{gamma}S for autophosphorylation and phosphorylating its substrates in live cells. Thus, an in vivo protein kinase analysis method has been developed. The strategy should be widely applicable to other protein kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chemical-genetics and Nanoparticle Enabled Approach for in vivo Protein Kinase Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prenatal period is a critical window to study factors involved in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Environmental factors, especially in utero nutrition, can interact with genetic risk for ASD, but how specific prenatal nutrients in mothers of children later diagnosed with ASD or non-typical development (Non-TD) associate with gestational gene expression is poorly understood. Maternal blood collected prospectively during pregnancy provides a new opportunity to gain insights into nutrition, particularly one-carbon metabolites, on gene pathways and neurodevelopment.

MethodsGenome-wide transcriptomes were measured using microarrays in 300 maternal blood samples from all three trimesters in the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study. Sixteen different one-carbon metabolites, including folic acid, betaine, 5-methyltretrahydrofolate (5-MeTHF), and dimethylglycine (DMG) were measured. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to compare gene expression between children later diagnosed as typical development (TD), Non-TD and ASD, and to nutrient metabolites.

ResultsUsing differential gene expression analysis, six transcripts associated with four genes (TGR-AS1, SQSTM1, HLA-C and RFESD) showed genome-wide significance (FDR q < 0.05) with child outcomes. Genes nominally differentially expressed compared to TD specifically in ASD, but not Non-TD, significantly overlapped with seven high confidence ASD genes. 218 transcripts in common to ASD and Non-TD differential expression compared to TD were significantly enriched for functions in immune response to interferon-gamma, apoptosis, and metal ion transport. WGCNA identified co-expressed gene modules significantly correlated with 5-MeTHF, folic acid, DMG, and betaine. A module enriched in DNA methylation functions showed a protective association with folic acid/5-MeTHF concentrations and ASD risk. Independent of child outcome, maternal plasma betaine and DMG concentrations associated with a block of co-expressed genes enriched for adaptive immune, histone modification, and RNA processing functions.

LimitationsBlood contains a heterogeneous mixture of cell types, and many WGCNA modules correlated with cell type and/or nutrient concentrations, but not child outcome. Gestational age correlated with some co-expressed gene modules in addition to nutrients.

ConclusionsThese results support the premise that the prenatal maternal blood transcriptome is a sensitive indicator of gestational nutrition and childrens later neurodevelopmental outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordaunt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin-Johnson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malysheva, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION AMPLITUDE IN CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELLS OF AGED LONG-EVANS RATS CHARACTERIZED FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered neural excitability is considered a prominent contributing factor to cognitive decline during aging. A clear example is the excess neural activity observed in several temporal lobe structures of cognitively impaired older individuals in rodents and humans. At a cellular level, aging-related changes in mechanisms regulating intrinsic excitability have been well examined in pyramidal cells of the CA1 hippocampal subfield. Studies in the inbred Fisher 344 rat strain document an age-related increase in the slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that normally occurs after a burst of action potentials, and serves to reduce subsequent firing. We evaluated the status of the AHP in the outbred Long-Evans rat, a well-established model for studing individual differences in neurocognitive aging. In contrast to the findings reported in the Fisher 344 rats, in the Long-Evan rats we detected a selective reduction in AHP in cognitively impaired aged individuals. We discuss plausible scenarios to account for these differences and also discuss possible implications of these differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION AMPLITUDE IN CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELLS OF AGED LONG-EVANS RATS CHARACTERIZED FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
intern: Integrated Toolkit for Extensible and Reproducible Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As neuroscience datasets continue to grow in size, the complexity of data analyses can require a detailed understanding and implementation of systems computer science for storage, access, processing, and sharing. Currently, several general data standards (e.g., Zarr, HDF5, precompute, tensorstore) and purpose-built ecosystems (e.g., BossDB, CloudVolume, DVID, and Knossos) exist. Each of these systems has advantages and limitations and is most appropriate for different use cases. Using datasets that dont fit into RAM in this heterogeneous environment is challenging, and significant barriers exist to leverage underlying research investments. In this manuscript, we outline our perspective for how to approach this challenge through the use of community provided, standardized interfaces that unify various computational backends and abstract computer science challenges from the scientist. We introduce desirable design patterns and our reference implementation called intern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[intern: Integrated Toolkit for Extensible and Reproducible Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.099028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guiding and interpreting brain network classification with transcriptional data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.099028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The investigation of brain networks has yielded many insights that have helped to characterise many neurological and psychiatric disorders. In particular, network classification of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is an important tool for the identification of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of brain connectivity disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. However, existing generic network classification methods provide no direct information on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the selected functional connectivity features when applied to fMRI data. To address this, we propose a novel fMRI network classification method that incor-porates brain transcriptional data using a user-specified gene set collection (GSC) to construct feature groups for use in classification of brain connectivity data. The use of GSCs are an opportunity to incorporate knowledge of potential molecular mechanisms which may be associated with a disease. The inclusion of transcriptional data yields improved prediction accuracy on publicly available schizophrenia fMRI data for several of the GSCs we consider. We also introduce a post-hoc interpretation framework to provide transcriptional-data-guided biological interpretations for discriminative functional connectivity features identified by existing fMRI network classification methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freytag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.099028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guiding and interpreting brain network classification with transcriptional data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase regulates the airway epithelium, mitochondrial metabolism and ciliary function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway hydration and ciliary function are critical to airway homeostasis and dysregulated in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). COPD is the 4th leading cause of death in the US and is impacted by cigarette smoking with no therapeutic options. We utilized a genetic selection approach in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a comparative discovery tool in lung biology to identify genetic protectors from cigarette smoke (CS). Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), a mitochondrial ADP/ATP transporter, was protective against CS in Dictyostelium and human bronchial epithelial cells. ANT2 gene expression is reduced in lung tissue from COPD patients and in a mouse smoking model. ANT1 and ANT2 overexpression resulted in enhanced oxidative respiration and ATP flux. In addition to ANTs presence in the mitochondria, ANT1 and ANT2 reside at the plasma membrane in airway epithelial cells and this localization plays a role in how ANTs regulate airway homeostasis. ANT2 overexpression stimulates airway surface liquid hydration by ATP and maintains ciliary beating after CS exposure, which are key functions of the airway. Our study highlights the potential of ANT modulation in protecting from dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism, airway hydration, and ciliary motility in COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kliment, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltreider, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radder, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciurba, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenine Nucleotide Translocase regulates the airway epithelium, mitochondrial metabolism and ciliary function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population coding in the cerebellum and its implications for learning from error 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum resembles a feedforward, three-layer network of neurons in which the "hidden layer" consists of Purkinje cells (P-cells), and the output layer consists of deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons. However, unlike an artificial network, P-cells are grouped into small populations that converge onto single DCN neurons. Why are the P-cells organized in this way, and what is the membership criterion of each population? To consider these questions, in this review I apply elementary mathematics from machine learning and assume that the output of each DCN neuron is a prediction that is compared to the actual observation, resulting in an error signal that originates in the inferior olive. This signal is sent to P-cells via climbing fibers that produce complex spikes. The same error signal from the olive must also guide learning in the DCN neurons, yet the olivary projections to the DCN are weak, particularly in adulthood. However, P-cells that form a population exhibit a special property: they can synchronize their complex spikes, which in turn suppresses activity of the DCN neuron that produced the erroneous output. Viewed in the framework of machine learning, it appears that the olive organizes the P-cells into populations so that through complex spike synchrony each population can act as a surrogate teacher for the DCN neuron it projects to. This error-dependent grouping of P-cells into populations gives rise to a number of remarkable features of behavior, including multiple timescales of learning, protection from erasure, and spontaneous recovery of memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population coding in the cerebellum and its implications for learning from error]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.101592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network reconstruction for trans acting genetic loci using multi-omics data and prior information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.101592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMolecular multi-omics data provide an in-depth view on biological systems, and their integration is crucial to gain insights in complex regulatory processes. These data can be used to explain disease related genetic variants by linking them to intermediate molecular traits (quantitative trait loci, QTL). Molecular networks regulating cellular processes leave footprints in QTL results as so-called trans -QTL hotspots. Reconstructing these networks is a complex endeavor and use of biological prior information has been proposed to alleviate network inference. However, previous efforts were limited in the types of priors used or have only been applied to model systems. In this study, we reconstruct the regulatory networks underlying trans -QTL hotspots using human cohort data and data-driven prior information.

ResultsWe devised a strategy to integrate QTL with human population scale multi-omics data and comprehensively curated prior information from large-scale biological databases. State-of-the art network inference methods applied to these data and priors were used to recover the regulatory networks underlying trans -QTL hotspots. We benchmarked inference methods and showed, that Bayesian strategies using biologically-informed priors outperform methods without prior data in simulated data and show better replication across datasets. Application of our approach to human cohort data highlighted two novel regulatory networks related to schizophrenia and lean body mass for which we generated novel functional hypotheses.

ConclusionWe demonstrate, that existing biological knowledge can be leveraged for the integrative analysis of networks underlying trans associations to deduce novel hypotheses on cell regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grallert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.101592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network reconstruction for trans acting genetic loci using multi-omics data and prior information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-dependent local protein synthesis is critical for synapse-specific, persistent plasticity. Abnormalities in local protein synthesis have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. We have recently identified the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme as a novel mediator of protein synthesis at activated synapses. Additionally, mice lacking translin/trax exhibit some of the behavioral abnormalities found in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Therefore, identifying signaling pathways interacting with translin/trax to support persistent synaptic plasticity is a translationally relevant goal. Here, as a first step to achieve this goal, we have assessed the requirement of translin/trax for multiple hippocampal synaptic plasticity paradigms that rely on distinct molecular mechanisms. We found that mice lacking translin/trax exhibited selective impairment in a form of persistent hippocampal plasticity, which requires postsynaptic PKA activity. In contrast, enduring forms of plasticity that are dependent on presynaptic PKA were unaffected. Furthermore, these mice did not display exaggerated metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term synaptic depression, a hallmark of the mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that translin/trax mediates long-term synaptic plasticity that is dependent on postsynaptic PKA signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A redesigned TetR-aptamer system to control gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most powerful approaches to understanding gene function involves turning genes on and off at will and measuring the impact at the cellular or organismal level. This particularly applies to the cohort of essential genes where traditional gene knockouts are inviable. In Plasmodium falciparum, conditional control of gene expression has been achieved by using multi-component systems in which individual modules interact with each other to regulate DNA recombination, transcription or posttranscriptional processes. The recently devised TetR-DOZI aptamer system relies on the ligand-regulatable interaction of a protein module with synthetic RNA aptamers to control the translation of a target gene. This technique has been successfully employed to study essential genes in P. falciparum and involves the insertion of several aptamer copies into their 3 untranslated regions (UTRs) which provide control over mRNA fate. However, aptamer repeats are prone to recombination and one or more copies can be lost from the system, resulting in a loss of control over target gene expression. We rectified this issue by redesigning the aptamer array to minimize recombination while preserving the control elements. As proof of concept, we compared the original and modified arrays for their ability to knock down the levels of a putative essential apicoplast protein (PF3D7_0815700) and demonstrated that the modified array is highly stable and efficient. This redesign will enhance the utility of a tool that is quickly becoming a favored strategy for genetic studies in P. falciparum.

ImportanceMalaria elimination efforts have been repeatedly hindered by the evolution and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The absence of a commercially available vaccine emphasizes the need for a better understanding of Plasmodium biology in order to further translational research. This has been partly facilitated by targeted gene deletion strategies for the functional analysis of parasite genes. However, genes that are essential for parasite replication in erythrocytes are refractory to such methods, and require conditional knockdown or knockout approaches to dissect their function. One such approach is the TetR-DOZI system that employs multiple synthetic aptamers in the untranslated regions of target genes to control their expression in a tetracycline-dependent manner. Maintaining modified parasites with intact aptamer copies has been challenging since these repeats are frequently lost by recombination. By interspacing the aptamers with unique sequences, we created a stable genetic system that remains effective at controlling target gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A redesigned TetR-aptamer system to control gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.087379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Fli1 as a transcriptional safeguard that restrains effector CD8 T cell differentiation during infection and cancer 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.087379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improving effector activity of antigen specific T cells is a major goal in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the identification of several effector T cell (TEFF)-driving transcription factors (TF), the transcriptional coordination of TEFF biology remains poorly understood. We developed an in vivo T cell CRISPR screening platform and identified a novel mechanism restraining TEFF biology through the ETS family TF, Fli1. Genetic deletion of Fli1 enhanced TEFF responses without compromising memory or exhaustion precursors. Fli1 restrained TEFF lineage differentiation by binding to cis-regulatory elements of effector-associated genes. Loss of Fli1 increased chromatin accessibility at ETS:RUNX motifs allowing more efficient Runx3-driven TEFF biology. CD8 T cells lacking Fli1 provided substantially better protection against multiple infections and tumors. These data indicate that Fli1 safeguards the developing CD8 T cell transcriptional landscape from excessive ETS:RUNX-driven TEFF cell differentiation. Moreover, genetic deletion of Fli1 improves TEFF differentiation and protective immunity in infections and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngiow, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenplate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurachi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzingha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekshyyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.087379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Fli1 as a transcriptional safeguard that restrains effector CD8 T cell differentiation during infection and cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glyphosate Inhibits Melanization and Increases Insect Susceptibility to Infection 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin, a black-brown pigment found throughout all kingdoms of life, has diverse biological functions including: UV protection, thermoregulation, oxidant scavenging, arthropod immunity, and microbial virulence. Given melanins broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate - the most widely used herbicide globally - inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in two evolutionary distant species, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of G. mellonella caterpillars following infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria- causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum in A. gambiae mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosates mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation-reduction balance Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosates environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.105353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glyphosate Inhibits Melanization and Increases Insect Susceptibility to Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electro-acupuncture alleviates METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits by restoring astrocyte-derived glutamate uptake in dCA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methamphetamine (METH) is frequently abused drug and produces cognitive deficits. METH could induce hyper-glutamatergic state in the brain, which could partially explain METH-related cognitive deficits, but the synaptic etiology remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we explored the role of dCA1 tripartite synapses and the potential therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) in the development of METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits in mice. We found that METH withdrawal weakened astrocytic capacity of glutamate (Glu) uptake, but failed to change Glu release from dCA3, which lead to hyper-glutamatergic excitotoxicity at dCA1 tripartite synapses. By restoring the astrocytic capacity of Glu uptake, EA treatments suppressed the hyper-glutamatergic state and normalized the excitability of postsynaptic neuron in dCA1, finally alleviated spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice. These findings indicate that astrocyte at tripartite synapses might be a key target for developing therapeutic interventions against METH-associated cognitive disorders, and EA represent a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drugs-caused neurotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electro-acupuncture alleviates METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits by restoring astrocyte-derived glutamate uptake in dCA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks controlling differentiation, survival, and diversification of hypothalamic Lhx6-expressing GABAergic neurons. 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic neurons of the hypothalamus regulate many innate behaviors, but little is known about the mechanisms that control their development. We previously identified hypothalamic neurons that express the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx6, a master regulator of cortical interneuron development, as sleep-promoting. In contrast to telencephalic interneurons, hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons do not undergo long-distance tangential migration and do not express cortical interneuronal markers such as Pvalb. Here, we show that Lhx6 is necessary for the survival of hypothalamic neurons. Dlx1/2, Nkx2-2, and Nkx2-1 are each required for specification of spatially distinct subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that Nkx2-2+/Lhx6+ neurons of the zona incerta are responsive to sleep pressure. We further identify multiple neuropeptides that are enriched in spatially segregated subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that are distinct from those seen in cortical neurons. These findings identify common and divergent molecular mechanisms by which Lhx6 controls the development of GABAergic neurons in the hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindtner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimogori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, J. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.106963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks controlling differentiation, survival, and diversification of hypothalamic Lhx6-expressing GABAergic neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MitoWave: Spatiotemporal analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations during ischemia-reperfusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria exhibit non-stationary unstable membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}m) when subjected to stress, such as during Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R). Understanding the mechanism of {Delta}{Psi}m instability involves characterizing and quantifying this phenomenon in response to I/R stress in an unbiased and reproducible manner. We designed a simple ImageJ-MATLAB-based workflow called  MitoWave to unravel dynamic mitochondrial {Delta}{Psi}m changes that occur during ischemia and reperfusion. MitoWave employs MATLABs wavelet transform toolbox. In-vitro Ischemia was effected by placing a glass coverslip for 60 minutes on a monolayer of neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes (NMVMs). Removal of the coverslip allowed for reperfusion. {Delta}{Psi}m response to I/R was recorded on a confocal microscope using TMRM as the indicator. As proof-of-principle, we used MitoWave analysis on ten invitro I/R experiments. Visual observations corroborated quantitative MitoWave analysis results in classifying the ten I/R experiments into five outcomes that were observed based on the oscillatory state of {Delta}{Psi}m throughout the reperfusion time period. Statistical analysis of the distribution of oscillating mitochondrial clusters during reperfusion shows significant differences between five different outcomes (p< 0.001). Features such as time-points of {Delta}{Psi}m depolarization during I/R, area of mitochondrial clusters and time-resolved frequency components during reperfusion were determined per cell and per mitochondrial cluster. We found that mitochondria from NMVMs subjected to I/R oscillate in the frequency range of 8.6-45mHz, with a mean of 8.73{+/-}4.35mHz. Oscillating clusters had smaller areas ranging from 49.78{+/-}40.64 m2 while non-oscillating clusters had larger areas 65.97{+/-}42.07m2. A negative correlation between frequency and mitochondrial cluster area was seen. We also observed that late {Delta}{Psi}m loss during ischemia correlated with early {Delta}{Psi}m stabilization after oscillation on reperfusion. Thus, MitoWave analysis provides a way to quantify complex time-resolved mitochondrial behavior. It provides an easy to follow workflow to automate microscopy analysis and allows for unbiased, reproducible quantitation of complex nonstationary cellular phenomena.

Statement of SignificanceUnderstanding mitochondrial instability in Ischemia Reperfusion injury is key to determining efficacy of interventions. The MitoWave analysis is a powerful yet simple tool that enables even beginner MATALAB-Image J users to automate analysis of time-series from microscopy data. While we used it to detect {Delta}{Psi}m changes during I/R, it can be adapted to detect any such spatio-temporal changes. It standardizes the quantitative analysis of complex biological signals, opens the door to in-depth screening of the genes, proteins and mechanisms underlying metabolic recovery after ischemia-reperfusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MitoWave: Spatiotemporal analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations during ischemia-reperfusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NTR 2.0: a rationally-engineered prodrug converting enzyme with substantially enhanced efficacy for targeted cell ablation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterologously-expressed bacterial nitroreductase (NTR) enzymes sensitize eukaryotic cells to prodrugs such as metronidazole (MTZ), enabling selective cell ablation paradigms that have expanded studies of cell function and regeneration in vertebrate systems. However, first-generation NTRs require confoundingly toxic prodrug treatments (e.g. 10 mM MTZ) and some cell types have proven resistant. We used rational engineering and cross-species screening to develop a NTR variant, NTR 2.0, which exhibits ~100-fold improvement in MTZ-mediated cell-specific ablation efficacy. Toxicity tests in zebrafish showed no deleterious effects of prolonged MTZ treatments of [&le;]1 mM. NTR 2.0 therefore enables sustained cell loss paradigms and ablation of previously resistant cell types. These properties permit enhanced interrogations of cell function, extended challenges to the regenerative capacities of discrete stem cell niches, and enable modeling of chronic degenerative diseases. Accordingly, we have created a series of bipartite transgenic resources to facilitate dissemination of NTR 2.0 to the research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir-Levi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Burks, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NTR 2.0: a rationally-engineered prodrug converting enzyme with substantially enhanced efficacy for targeted cell ablation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural cytoarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures. In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fezza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vescovi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMobile elements are a major source of human structural variants and some mobile elements can regulate gene expression and alternative splicing. However, the impact of polymorphic mobile element insertions (pMEIs) on gene expression and splicing in diverse human tissues has not been thoroughly studied. The multi-tissue gene expression and whole genome sequencing data generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project provide a great opportunity to systematic determine pMEIs role in gene expression regulation in human tissues.

ResultsUsing the GTEx whole genome sequencing data, we identified 20,545 high-quality pMEIs from 639 individuals. We then identified pMEI-associated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in 48 tissues by joint analysis of variants including pMEIs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertions/deletions. pMEIs were predicted to be the potential causal variant for 3,522 of the 30,147 significant eQTLs, and 3,717 of the 21,529 significant sQTLs. The pMEIs associated eQTLs and sQTLs show high level of tissue-specificity, and the pMEIs were enriched in the proximity of affected genes and in regulatory elements. Using reporter assays, we confirmed that several pMEIs associated with eQTLs and sQTLs can alter gene expression levels and isoform proportions.

ConclusionOverall, our study shows that pMEIs are associated with thousands of gene expression and splicing variations in different tissues, and pMEIs could have a significant role in regulating tissue-specific gene expression/splicing. Detailed mechanisms for pMEIs role in gene regulation in different tissues will be an important direction for future human genomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lords, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steranka, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.111310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Human Peripheral Myelin Fully from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immune-mediated Neuropathy In Vitro using ZIKA Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation of in vitro model of human peripheral myelin development and associated disease from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been a challenge so far. In addition, the underlying mechanism for ZIKA virus (ZIKV) infection incurred Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) remains unexplored due to the lack of a suitable model. Here, we report the de novo generation of a human peripheral myelination model with competent Schwann cells (SCs). Those human SCs generated from hPSCs via compound screening were capable of forming compact myelin both in vitro and in vivo. We found ZIKV infection caused GBS-like events in vitro including myelin sheath degeneration, as well as dysregulated transcriptional profile including the activated cell death pathways and cytokine production. These effects could be partially reversed by several pharmacological inhibitors. Our model therefore provides a new and robust tool for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and developing of therapeutic strategies for related neuropathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mirakhori, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Human Peripheral Myelin Fully from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immune-mediated Neuropathy In Vitro using ZIKA Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.096180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.096180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of programming to modern society, the cognitive and neural bases of code comprehension are largely unknown. Programming languages might  recycle neurocognitive mechanisms originally used for natural languages. Alternatively, comprehension of code could depend on fronto-parietal networks shared with other culturally derived symbol systems, such as formal logic and math. Expert programmers (average 11 years of programming experience) performed code comprehension and memory control tasks while undergoing fMRI. The same participants also performed language, math, formal logic, and executive control localizer tasks. A left-lateralized fronto-parietal network was recruited for code comprehension. Patterns of activity within this network distinguish between "for" loops and "if" conditional code functions. Code comprehension overlapped extensively with neural basis of formal logic and to a lesser degree math. Overlap with simpler executive processes and language was low, but laterality of language and code covaried across individuals. Cultural symbol systems, including code, depend on a distinctive fronto-parietal cortical network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.096180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of mWake expression in the murine brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-function analyses of the mammalian brain have historically relied on anatomically-based approaches. In these investigations, physical, chemical, or electrolytic lesions of anatomical structures are applied, and the resulting behavioral or physiological responses assayed. An alternative approach is to focus on the expression pattern of a molecule whose function has been characterized and then use genetic intersectional methods to optogenetically or chemogenetically manipulate distinct circuits. We previously identified WIDE AWAKE (WAKE) in Drosophila, a clock output molecule that mediates the temporal regulation of sleep onset and sleep maintenance. More recently, we have studied the mouse homolog, mWAKE/ANKFN1, and found that its role in the circadian regulation of arousal is conserved. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of the expression pattern of mWake mRNA, protein, and cells throughout the adult mouse brain. We find that mWAKE labels neurons in a restricted, but distributed manner, in multiple regions of the hypothalamus (including the suprachiasmatic nucleus), the limbic system, sensory processing nuclei, and additional specific brainstem, subcortical, and cortical areas. Interestingly, mWAKE is also observed in non-neuronal ependymal cells. In addition, to describe the molecular identities and clustering of mWake+ cells, we provide detailed analyses of single cell RNA sequencing data from the hypothalamus, a region with particularly significant mWAKE expression. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies into the potential role of mWake+ cells in the rhythmic control of diverse behaviors and physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of mWake expression in the murine brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustification of RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the observed antibody sequence space has grown exponentially due to advances in high-throughput sequencing of immune receptors. The rise in sequences has not been mirrored by a rise in structures, as experimental structure determination techniques have remained low-throughput. Computational modeling, however, has the potential to close the sequence-structure gap. To achieve this goal, computational methods must be robust, fast, easy to use, and accurate. Here we report on the latest advances made in RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock--methods for antibody structure prediction and antibody-antigen docking. We simplified the user interface, expanded and automated the template database, generalized the kinematics of antibody-antigen docking (which enabled modeling of single-domain antibodies) and incorporated new loop modeling techniques. To evaluate the effects of our updates on modeling accuracy, we developed rigorous tests under a new scientific benchmarking framework within Rosetta. Benchmarking revealed that more structurally similar templates could be identified in the updated database and that SnugDock broadened its applicability without losing accuracy. However, there are further advances to be made, including increasing the accuracy and speed of CDR-H3 loop modeling, before computational approaches can accurately model any antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustification of RosettaAntibody and Rosetta SnugDock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atoh7-independent specification of retinal ganglion cell identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.116954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which relay visual information from the eye to the brain, are the first cell type generated during retinal neurogenesis. Loss of function of the transcription factor Atoh7, which is expressed in multipotent early neurogenic retinal progenitor cells, leads to a selective and near complete loss of RGCs. Atoh7 has thus been considered essential for conferring competence on progenitors to generate RGCs. However, when apoptosis is inhibited in Atoh7-deficient mice by loss of function of Bax, only a modest reduction in RGC number is observed. Single-cell RNA-Seq of Atoh7;Bax-deficient retinas shows that RGC differentiation is delayed, but that RGC precursors are grossly normal. Atoh7;Bax-deficient RGCs eventually mature, fire action potentials, and incorporate into retinal circuitry, but exhibit severe axonal guidance defects. This study reveals an essential role for Atoh7 in RGC survival, and demonstrates Atoh7-independent mechanisms for RGC specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brodie-Kommit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheely, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.116954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atoh7-independent specification of retinal ganglion cell identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-seq) is the most widely used high-throughput technology to measure genome-wide gene expression at the single-cell level. One of the most common analyses of scRNA-seq data detects distinct subpopulations of cells through the use of unsupervised clustering algorithms. However, recent advances in scRNA-seq technologies result in current datasets ranging from thousands to millions of cells. Popular clustering algorithms, such as k-means, typically require the data to be loaded entirely into memory and therefore can be slow or impossible to run with large datasets. To address this problem, we developed the mbkmeans R/Bioconductor package, an open-source implementation of the mini-batch k-means algorithm. Our package allows for on-disk data representations, such as the common HDF5 file format widely used for single-cell data, that do not require all the data to be loaded into memory at one time. We demonstrate the performance of the mbkmeans package using large datasets, including one with 1.3 million cells. We also highlight and compare the computing performance of mbkmeans against the standard implementation of k - means. Our software package is available in Bioconductor at https://bioconductor.org/packages/mbkmeans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mbkmeans: fast clustering for single cell data using mini-batch k-means]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
-SATA: A MATLAB based toolbox to estimate Current Density generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in an Individual Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a technique where a weak current is passed through the electrodes placed on the scalp. The distribution of the electric current induced in the brain due to tDCS is provided by simulation toolbox like Realistic-volumetric-Approach-based-Simulator-for-Transcranial-electric-stimulation (ROAST). However, the procedure to estimate the total current density induced at the target and the intermediary region of the cortex is complex. The Systematic-Approach-for-tDCS-Analysis (SATA) was developed to overcome this problem. However, SATA is limited to standardized headspace only. Here we develop individual-SATA (-SATA) to extend it to individual head.

MethodT1-weighted images of 15 subjects were taken from two Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners of different strengths. Across the subjects, the montages were simulated in ROAST. -SATA converts the ROAST output to Talairach space. The x, y and z coordinates of the anterior commissure (AC), posterior commissure (PC), and Mid-Sagittal (MS) points are necessary for the conversion. AC and PC are detected using the acpcdetect toolbox. We developed a method to determine the MS in the image and cross-verified its location manually using BrainSight(R).

ResultDetermination of points with -SATA is fast and accurate. The -SATA provided estimates of the current-density induced across an individuals cortical lobes and gyri as tested on images from two different scanners.

ConclusionResearchers can use -SATA for customizing tDCS-montages. With -SATA it is also easier to compute the inter-individual variation in current-density across the target and intermediary regions of the brain. The software is publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[-SATA: A MATLAB based toolbox to estimate Current Density generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in an Individual Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GalaxyCloudRunner: enhancing scalable computing for Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe existence of more than 100 public Galaxy servers with service quotas is indicative of the need for an increased availability of compute resources for Galaxy to use. The GalaxyCloudRunner enables a Galaxy server to easily expand its available compute capacity by sending user jobs to cloud resources. User jobs are routed to the acquired resources based on a set of configurable rules and the resources can be dynamically acquired from any of 4 popular cloud providers (AWS, Azure, GCP, or OpenStack) in an automated fashion.

Availability and implementationGalaxyCloudRunner is implemented in Python and leverages Docker containers. The source code is MIT licensed and available at https://github.com/cloudve/galaxycloudrunner. The documentation is available at http://gcr.cloudve.org/.

ContactEnis Afgan (enis.afgan@jhu.edu)

Supplementary informationNone
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goonasekera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GalaxyCloudRunner: enhancing scalable computing for Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rules of Contact Inhibition of Locomotion for Cells on Suspended Nanofibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.122218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), in which cells repolarize and move away from contact, is now established as a fundamental driving force in development, repair, and disease biology. Much of what we know of CIL stems from studies on 2D substrates that fail to provide an essential biophysical cue - the curvature of extracellular matrix fibers. We discover rules controlling outcomes of cell-cell collisions on suspended nanofibers, and show them to be profoundly different from the stereotyped CIL behavior known on 2D substrates. Two approaching cells attached to a single fiber do not repolarize upon contact but rather usually migrate past one another. Fiber geometry modulates this behavior: when cells are attached to two fibers, reducing their freedom to reorient, only one of a pair of colliding cells repolarizes on contact, leading to the cell pair migrating as a single unit. CIL outcomes also change when one cell has recently divided and moves with high speed- cells more frequently walk past each other. In collisions with division in the two-fiber geometry, we also capture rare events where a daughter cell pushes the non-dividing cell along the fibers. Our computational model of CIL in fiber geometries reproduces the core qualitative results of the experiments robustly to model parameters. Our model shows that the increased speed of post-division cells may be sufficient to explain their increased walk-past rate. Our results suggest that characterizing cell-cell interactions on flat substrates, channels, or micropatterns is not sufficient to predict interactions in a matrix - the geometry of the fiber can generate entirely new behaviors.

SignificanceWhen cells heal a wound or invade a new area, they coordinate their motion. Coordination is often studied by looking at what happens after pairs of cells collide. Post-collision, cells often exhibit contact inhibition of locomotion- they turn around and crawl away from the point where they touched. Our knowledge of repolarization on contact comes from studies on flat surfaces, unlike cells in the body, which crawl along fibers. We discover that cells on single fibers walk past one another- but that cells in contact with multiple fibers stick to one another and move as pairs. This outcome changes to walk-past after cell division. Our experiments and models reveal how the environment regulates cell-cell coordination after contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rules of Contact Inhibition of Locomotion for Cells on Suspended Nanofibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.121954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of translation quality control associated with ribosome stalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.121954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of problematic mRNA sequences induces ribosome stalling. Collided ribosomes at the stall site are recognized by cellular quality control machinery, resulting in dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA and subsequent degradation of the nascent polypeptide and in some organisms, decay of the mRNA. However, the timing and regulation of these processes are unclear. We developed a SunTag-based reporter to monitor translation in real time on single mRNAs harboring difficult-to-translate poly(A) stretches. This reporter recapitulates previous findings in human cells that an internal poly(A) stretch reduces protein output [~]10-fold, while mRNA levels are relatively unaffected. Long-term imaging of translation indicates that poly(A)-containing mRNAs are robustly translated in the absence of detectable mRNA cleavage. However, quantification of ribosome density reveals a [~]3-fold increase in the number of ribosomes on poly(A)-containing mRNAs compared to a control mRNA, consistent with queues of many stalled ribosomes. Using single-molecule harringtonine runoff experiments, we observe the resolution of these queues in real-time by the cellular quality control machinery, and find that rescue is very slow compared to both elongation and termination. We propose that the very slow clearance of stalled ribosomes provides the basis for the cell to distinguish between transient and deleterious stalls, and that the human quality control apparatus predominantly targets the nascent protein rather than the mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movsik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.121954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of translation quality control associated with ribosome stalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Roles for Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Extracellular Regions in Regulating Receptor and Pathway Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.122135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) comprise a diverse group of cell-surface receptors that mediate key signaling events during animal development and are frequently activated in cancer. Ligand-induced dimerization is the canonical mechanism by which RTKs are thought to be activated. We show here that deletion of the extracellular regions of 10 RTKs representing 7 RTK classes or their substitution with the dimeric immunoglobulin Fc region results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation but fails to result in phosphorylation of downstream signaling effectors Erk or Akt. Conversely, substitution of RTK extracellular regions with the extracellular region of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) results in increases in Erk and/or Akt phosphorylation in response to EGF. These results indicate that the activation signal generated by the EGFR extracellular region is capable of activating at least 7 different RTK classes. Failure of phosphorylated Fc-RTK chimeras to stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors indicates that either dimerization and receptor phosphorylation per se are insufficient to activate signaling or constitutive dimerization leads to pathway inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Magaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Roles for Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Extracellular Regions in Regulating Receptor and Pathway Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups using 1 degree of freedom (1df) interaction and 2df joint tests. Primary multi-ancestry analyses in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified 3 novel loci that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2, including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) showing significant 1df interactions with long sleep duration and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) showing significant 1df interactions with short sleep duration (Pint < 5x10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific two-stage analyses and combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified 23 novel loci that need external replication, including 3 and 5 loci showing significant 1df interactions with long and short sleep duration, respectively (Pint < 5x10-8). Multiple genes mapped to our 26 novel loci have known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. We also identified new gene by long sleep interactions near five known BP loci ([&le;]1Mb) including NME7, FAM208A, MKLN1, CEP164, and RGL3/ELAVL3 (Pint < 5x10-8). This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpelainen, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierenberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munroe, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities are significant health care challenges. Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective therapy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. A barrier in the development of therapeutic alternatives is incomplete mechanistic understanding of the benefits of BS and the lack of human intestinal models that recapitulate the pathophysiology of obesity. Using adult intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid cultures established from healthy lean subjects and morbidly obese patients, including post-BS cases, four phenotypes correlating patient BMI and intestinal glucose absorption were identified suggesting that enteroids retain patient phenotype heterogeneity associated with healthy and diseased state. In a sub-population of obese patients, increased dietary glucose absorption and gluconeogenesis was due to significantly higher expression of intestinal carbohydrate transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) and gluconeogenic enzymes (PEPCK1 and G6Pase) compared to enteroids from lean subjects that demonstrated low glucose absorption and lacked gluconeogenesis. Enteroids established from successful BS cases exhibited low glucose absorption similar to that observed in lean subjects. These data show that human enteroids preserve the patient phenotype in long-term cultures and represent a reliable preclinical model to study the heterogeneity of the obesity mechanisms, which is necessary to determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIN28B controls the regenerative capacity of neonatal murine auditory supporting cells through activation of mTOR signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechano-sensory hair cells within the inner ear cochlea are essential for the detection of sound. In mammals, cochlear hair cells are only produced during development and their loss, due to disease or trauma, is a leading cause of deafness. In the immature cochlea, prior to the onset of hearing, hair cell loss stimulates neighboring supporting cells to act as hair cell progenitors and produce new hair cells. However, for reasons unknown, such regenerative capacity (plasticity) is lost once supporting cells undergo maturation. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA binding protein LIN28B plays an important role in the production of hair cells by supporting cells and provide evidence that the developmental drop in supporting cell plasticity in the mammalian cochlea is, at least in part, a product of declining LIN28B-mTOR activity. Employing murine cochlear organoid and explant cultures to model mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms of hair cell generation, we show that loss of Lin28b function, due to its conditional deletion, or due to overexpression of the antagonistic miRNA let-7g, suppressed Akt-mTORC1 activity and renders young, immature supporting cells incapable of generating hair cells. Conversely, we found that LIN28B overexpression increased Akt-mTORC1 activity and allowed supporting cells that were undergoing maturation to de-differentiate into progenitor-like cells and to produce hair cells via mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms. Finally, using the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, we demonstrate that LIN28B promotes supporting cell plasticity in an mTORC1-dependent manner.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCochlear hair cell loss is a leading cause of deafness in humans and other mammals. In the immature cochlea lost hair cells are regenerated by neighboring glia-like supporting cells. However, for reasons unknown, such regenerative capacity is rapidly lost as supporting cells undergo maturation. Here we identify a direct link between LIN28B-mTOR activity and supporting cell plasticity. Mimicking later developmental stages, we found that loss of the RNA binding protein LIN28B attenuated mTOR signaling and rendered young, immature supporting cells incapable of producing hair cells. Conversely, we found that re-expression of LIN28B reinstated the ability of maturing supporting cells to revert to a progenitor-like state and generate hair cells via activation of mTOR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIN28B controls the regenerative capacity of neonatal murine auditory supporting cells through activation of mTOR signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct detection of RNA modifications and structure using single molecule nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many methods exist to detect RNA modifications by short-read sequencing, relying on either antibody enrichment of transcripts bearing modified bases or mutational profiling approaches which require conversion to cDNA. Endogenous modifications are present on several major classes of RNA including tRNA, rRNA and mRNA and can modulate diverse biological processes such as genetic recoding, mRNA export and RNA folding. In addition, exogenous modifications can be introduced to RNA molecules to reveal RNA structure and dynamics. Limitations on read length and library size inherent in short-read-based methods dissociate modifications from their native context, preventing single molecule analysis and modification phasing. Here we demonstrate direct RNA nanopore sequencing to detect endogenous and exogenous RNA modifications over long sequence distance at the single molecule level. We demonstrate comprehensive detection of endogenous modifications in E. coli and S. cerevisiae ribosomal RNA (rRNA) using current signal deviations. Notably 2-O-methyl (Nm) modifications generated a discernible shift in current signal and event level dwell times. We show that dwell times are mediated by the RNA motor protein which sits atop the nanopore. Further, we characterize a recently described small adduct-generating 2-O-acylation reagent, acetylimidazole (AcIm) for exogenously labeling flexible nucleotides in RNA. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of AcIm for single molecule RNA structural probing using nanopore sequencing.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/126763v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d13067org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c0d0aaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c362eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@193ffdb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct detection of RNA modifications and structure using single molecule nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.124529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic currents in myofibroblasts acutely alter electrophysiology and conduction of co-cultured cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.124529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between cardiac myofibroblasts and myocytes may slow conduction after cardiac injury, increasing the chance of life-threatening arrhythmia. While co-culture studies have shown that myofibroblasts can affect cardiomyocyte electrophysiology in vitro, the mechanism(s) remain debatable. In this study, primary neonatal rat cardiac myofibroblasts were transduced with the light-activated ion channel Channelrhodopsin-2, which allowed acute and selective modulation of myofibroblast currents in co-cultures with cardiomyocytes. Optical mapping revealed that myofibroblast-specific optogenetically induced inward currents decreased conduction velocity in the co-cultures by 27{+/-}6% (baseline = 17.7{+/-}5.3 cm/s), and shortened the cardiac action potential duration by 14{+/-}7% (baseline = 161{+/-}11 ms) when 0.017 mW/mm2 light was applied. When light irradiance was increased to 0.057 mW/mm2, the myofibroblast currents led to spontaneous beating in 6/7 co-cultures. Experiments showed that optogenetic perturbation did not lead to changes in myofibroblast strain and force generation, suggesting purely electrical effects in this model. In silico modeling of optogenetically modified myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte co-cultures largely reproduced these results and enabled a comprehensive study of relevant parameters. These results clearly demonstrate that myofibroblasts are sufficiently electrically connected to cardiomyocytes to effectively alter macroscopic electrophysiological properties in this model of cardiac tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entcheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.124529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic currents in myofibroblasts acutely alter electrophysiology and conduction of co-cultured cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed oligonucleotide probe-ligation testing enables efficient extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 detection and viral genotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic with catastrophic societal impact. Because many individuals shed virus for days before symptom onset, and many show mild or no symptoms, an emergent and unprecedented need exists for development and deployment of sensitive and high throughput molecular diagnostic tests. RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing Selection and Ligation with next generation DNA sequencing (RASL-seq) is a highly multiplexed technology for targeted analysis of polyadenylated mRNA, which incorporates sample barcoding for massively parallel analyses. Here we present a more generalized method, capture RASL-seq (“cRASL-seq”), which enables analysis of any targeted pathogen-(and/or host-) associated RNA molecules. cRASL-seq enables highly sensitive (down to ∼1-100 pfu/ml or cfu/ml) and highly multiplexed (up to ∼10,000 target sequences) detection of pathogens. Importantly, cRASL-seq analysis of COVID-19 patient nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens does not involve nucleic acid extraction or reverse transcription, steps that have caused testing bottlenecks associated with other assays. Our simplified workflow additionally enables the direct and efficient genotyping of selected, informative SARS-CoV-2 polymorphisms across the entire genome, which can be used for enhanced characterization of transmission chains at population scale and detection of viral clades with higher or lower virulence. Given its extremely low per-sample cost, simple and automatable protocol and analytics, probe panel modularity, and massive scalability, we propose that cRASL-seq testing is a powerful new surveillance technology with the potential to help mitigate the current pandemic and prevent similar public health crises.Competing Interest StatementJ.J.C. and H.B.L. are listed as inventors on a patent describing the cRASL-seq method. H.B.L. has founded a company to license and commercialize oligonucleotide probe ligation related technologies.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Credle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchir, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.130591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly multiplexed oligonucleotide probe-ligation testing enables efficient extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 detection and viral genotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus coeruleus spiking differently correlates with somatosensory cortex activity and pupil diameter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examined the relationships between activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and pupil diameter in mice performing a tactile detection task. While LC spiking consistently preceded S1 membrane potential depolarization and pupil dilation, the correlation between S1 and pupil was more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the relationships between LC, S1 and pupil varied on timescales of sub-seconds to seconds within trials. Our data suggest that pupil diameter can be dissociated from LC spiking and cannot be used as a stationary index of LC activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus coeruleus spiking differently correlates with somatosensory cortex activity and pupil diameter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal and striatal responses during motor learning are modulated byprefrontal cortex stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While it is widely accepted that motor sequence learning (MSL) is supported by a prefrontal-mediated interaction between hippocampal and striatal networks, it remains unknown whether the functional responses of these networks can be modulated in humans with targeted experimental interventions. The present proof- of-concept study employed a comprehensive multimodal neuroimaging approach, including functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy, to investigate whether individually-tailored theta-burst stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can modulate responses in the hippocampus and striatum during motor learning. Our results indicate that stimulation influenced task-related connectivity patterns within hippocampo-frontal and striatal networks. Stimulation also altered the relationship between the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the stimulated prefrontal cortex and learning-related changes in both activity and connectivity in fronto-striato-hippocampal networks. This study provides the first experimental evidence that brain stimulation can alter motor learning-related functional responses in the striatum and hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolfen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinnen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albouy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal and striatal responses during motor learning are modulated byprefrontal cortex stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of algorithms for linear-combination modelling of short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-TE proton MRS is used to study metabolism in the human brain. Common analysis methods model the data as linear combination of metabolite basis spectra. This large-scale multi-site study compares the levels of the four major metabolite complexes in short-TE spectra estimated by three linear-combination modelling (LCM) algorithms.

277 medial parietal lobe short-TE PRESS spectra (TE = 35 ms) from a recent 3T multi-site study were pre-processed with the Osprey software. The resulting spectra were modelled with Osprey, Tarquin and LCModel, using the same three vendor-specific basis sets (GE, Philips, and Siemens) for each algorithm. Levels of total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), total choline (tCho), myoinositol (mI), and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) were quantified with respect to total creatine (tCr).

Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho across vendors and algorithms, but substantially less so for Glx and mI, with mI systematically estimated lower by Tarquin. The cohort mean coefficient of determination for all pairs of LCM algorithms across all datasets and metabolites was [Formula], indicating generally only moderate agreement of individual metabolite estimates between algorithms. There was a significant correlation between local baseline amplitude and metabolite estimates (cohort mean [Formula]).

While mean estimates of major metabolite complexes broadly agree between linear-combination modelling algorithms at group level, correlations between algorithms are only weak-to-moderate, despite standardized pre-processing, a large sample of young, healthy and cooperative subjects, and high spectral quality. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes.

Graphical Abstract

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6775bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@62f27borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d77ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a4049aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2a1feb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL Three linear-combination algorithms (Osprey, Tarquin and LCMode) were used to quantify the levels of tNAA, tCho, mI, and Glx in 277 short-TE PRESS. Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho, but substantially less so for Glx and mI with a cohort mean correlation coefficient of [Formula], indicating moderate agreement between algorithms. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povazan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of algorithms for linear-combination modelling of short-echo-time magnetic resonance spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell RNA-seq Training and Analysis Suite using the Galaxy Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe vast ecosystem of single-cell RNA-seq tools has until recently been plagued by an excess of diverging analysis strategies, inconsistent file formats, and compatibility issues between different software suites. The uptake of 10x Genomics datasets has begun to calm this diversity, and the bioinformatics community leans once more towards the large computing requirements and the statistically-driven methods needed to process and understand these ever-growing datasets.

ResultsHere we outline several Galaxy workflows and learning resources for scRNA-seq, with the aim of providing a comprehensive analysis environment paired with a thorough user learning experience that bridges the knowledge gap between the computational methods and the underlying cell biology. The Galaxy reproducible bioinformatics framework provides tools, workflows and trainings that not only enable users to perform one-click 10x preprocessing, but also empowers them to demultiplex raw sequencing from custom tagged and full-length sequencing protocols. The downstream analysis supports a wide range of high-quality interoperable suites separated into common stages of analysis: inspection, filtering, normalization, confounder removal and clustering. The teaching resources cover an assortment of different concepts from computer science to cell biology. Access to all resources is provided at the singlecell.usegalaxy.eu portal.

ConclusionsThe reproducible and training-oriented Galaxy framework provides a sustainable HPC environment for users to run flexible analyses on both 10x and alternative platforms. The tutorials from the Galaxy Training Network along with the frequent training workshops hosted by the Galaxy Community provide a means for users to learn, publish and teach scRNA-seq analysis.

Key PointsO_LISingle-cell RNA-seq has stabilised towards 10x Genomics datasets.
C_LIO_LIGalaxy provides rich and reproducible scRNA-seq workflows with a wide range of robust tools.
C_LIO_LIThe Galaxy Training Network provides tutorials for the processing of both 10x and non-10x datasets.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniewski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etherington, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtalbers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydarian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papatheodorou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backofen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.137570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell RNA-seq Training and Analysis Suite using the Galaxy Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple, independent, common variants overlapping known and putative gut enhancers at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 underlie Hirschsprung disease risk in European ancestry subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) characterized by congenital aganglionosis, and where individual cases harbor coding risk variants in ENS genes. Low-penetrance, common, noncoding variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 loci have been associated in HSCR as well, implicating variable gene expression mediated by cis-regulatory element (CRE) variants as the causal mechanism. However, the extent and combinatorial effects of all putative CRE variants within and across these loci on HSCR is unknown.

MethodsUsing 583 HSCR subjects, one of the largest samples of European ancestry studied, and genotyping 56 tag variants we evaluated association of all common variants overlapping putative gut CREs and fine-mapped variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1.

ResultsWe demonstrate that 28 and 8 tag variants, several of which are independent, overlapping putative-enhancers at the RET and SEMA3 loci, respectively, and, 2 fine-mapped tag variants at NRG1 locus, are associated with HSCR. We demonstrate that risk increases with increasing risk allele dosage from multiple variants within and across these loci and varies >25- fold.

ConclusionGene regulatory networks in HSCR-relevant cell types quantify the total burden of risk alleles through sensing reduced gene expression of multiple genes on disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Hirschsprung Disease Research Collaborative (HDRC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.138719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple, independent, common variants overlapping known and putative gut enhancers at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 underlie Hirschsprung disease risk in European ancestry subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long non-coding RNA lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in group 3 medulloblastomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMedulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive brain tumor that predominantly affects children. Recent high-throughput sequencing studies suggest that the non-coding RNA genome, in particular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), contributes to MB sub-grouping. Here we report the identification of a novel lncRNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, as a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in group 3 MBs.

MethodsPublicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 175 MB patients were interrogated to identify lncRNAs that differentiate between MB subgroups. After characterizing a subset of differentially expressed lncRNAs in vitro and in vivo, the group 3-enriched lncRNA lnc-HLX2-7 was deleted by CRISPR/Cas9 in the MB cell line D425 Med. Intracranially injected tumors were further characterized by bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing.

Resultslnc-HLX-2-7 is highly upregulated in group 3 MB cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and primary MBs compared to other MB sub-groups as assessed by qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Depletion of lnc-HLX-2-7 with antisense oligonucleotides or CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced cell proliferation and 3D colony formation and induced apoptosis. lnc-HLX-2-7-deleted D425 Med cells injected into mouse cerebella produced smaller tumors than those derived from parental cells. Pathway analysis revealed that lnc-HLX2-7 modulated oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sirtuin signaling pathways. The MYC oncogene regulated lnc-HLX-2-7, and the small molecule BET-bromodomain (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1 reduced lnc-HLX2-7 expression.

Conclusionslnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in MB and represents a promising novel molecular marker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 MBs in children.

Key pointsO_LIlnc-HLX-2-7 is highly upregulated in group 3 medulloblastomas compared to other sub-groups.
C_LIO_LIIn vitro and in vivo studies strongly support an oncogenic role for lnc-HLX2-7 in group 3 medulloblastoma.
C_LIO_LIlnc-HLX-2-7 may be a novel biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 medulloblastoma.
C_LI

Importance of the studyGroup 3 medulloblastomas are associated with poor clinical outcomes, are difficult to subtype clinically, and their biology is poorly understood. In an effort to address these problems, we identified a group 3-specific long non-coding RNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, in an in silico analysis of 175 medulloblastomas and confirmed its expression in group 3 medulloblastoma cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and FFPE samples. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion and antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of lnc-HLX-2-7 significantly reduced cell growth and 3D colony formation and induced apoptosis. Deletion of lnc-HLX-2-7 in cells injected into mouse cerebellums reduced tumor growth compared to parental cells, and RNA sequencing of these tumors revealed lnc-HLX-2-7-associated modulation of cell viability and cell death signaling pathways. The oncogene MYC regulates lnc-HLX-2-7, and its expression can be controlled by the BET-bromodomain (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1. lnc-HLX-2-7 is a candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in group 3 medulloblastomas in children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KATSUSHIMA, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunhiraman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garancher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gomez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibhakar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long non-coding RNA lnc-HLX-2-7 is oncogenic in group 3 medulloblastomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome subgraph isomorphisms and graph queries with DotMotif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in neuroscience have enabled the exploration of brain structure at the level of individual synaptic connections. These connectomics datasets continue to grow in size and complexity; methods to search for and identify interesting graph patterns offer a promising approach to quickly reduce data dimensionality and enable discovery. These graphs are often too large to be analyzed manually, presenting significant barriers to searching for structure and testing hypotheses. We combine graph database and analysis libraries with an easy-to-use neuroscience grammar suitable for rapidly constructing queries and searching for subgraphs and patterns of interest. Our approach abstracts many of the computer science and graph theory challenges associated with nanoscale brain network analysis and allows scientists to quickly conduct research at scale. We demonstrate the utility of these tools by searching for motifs on simulated data and real public connectomics datasets, and we share simple and complex structures relevant to the neuroscience community. We contextualize our findings and provide case studies and software to motivate future neuroscience exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome subgraph isomorphisms and graph queries with DotMotif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging interacts with tumor biology to produce major changes in the immune tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced age is strongly correlated with both increased cancer incidence and general immune decline. The immune tumor microenvironment (ITME) has been established as an important prognostic of both therapeutic efficacy and overall patient survival. Thus, age-related immune decline is an important consideration for the treatment of a large subset of cancer patients. Current studies of aging-related immune alterations are predominantly performed on non-cancerous tissue, requiring additional study into the effects of age on tumor immune infiltration. We leverage large scale transcriptional data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression project to distinguish normal age-related immune alterations from age-related changes in tumor immune infiltration. We demonstrate that while there is overlap between the normal immune aging phenotype and that of the ITME, there are several changes in immune cell abundance that are specific to the ITME, particularly in T cell, NK cell, and Macrophage populations. These results suggest that aged immune cells are more susceptible to tumor suppression of cytotoxic immune cell infiltration and activity than normal tissues, which creates an unfavorable ITME in older patients in excess of normal immune decline with age and may inform the application of existing and emerging immunotherapies for this large population of patients. We additionally identify that age-related increases in tumor mutational burden are associated with decreased DNA methylation and increased expression of the immune checkpoint genes PDL1, CD80, and LAG3 which may have implications for therapeutic application of immune checkpoint blockade in older patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easwaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging interacts with tumor biology to produce major changes in the immune tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the study was to identify genes whose aberrant expression can contribute to diabetic retinopathy. We determined differential gene expression in response to high glucose in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from matched individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without retinopathy. Those genes exhibiting the largest difference in glucose response between individuals with diabetes with and without retinopathy were assessed for association to diabetic retinopathy utilizing genotype data from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. All genetic variants associated with gene expression (expression Quantitative Trait Loci, eQTLs) of the glucose response genes were tested for association with diabetic retinopathy. We detected an enrichment of the eQTLs from the glucose response genes among small association p-values and identified folliculin (FLCN) as a susceptibility gene for diabetic retinopathy. We show that expression of FLCN in response to glucose was greater in individuals with diabetic retinopathy compared to individuals with diabetes without retinopathy. Three large, independent cohorts of individuals with diabetes revealed an association of FLCN eQTLs to diabetic retinopathy. Mendelian randomization further confirmed a direct positive effect of increased FLCN expression on retinopathy in individuals with diabetes. Together, our studies integrating genetic association and gene expression implicate FLCN as a disease gene for diabetic retinopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skol, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokovic, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkar, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverdlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaroop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bebu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DCCT/EDIC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserved efficacy and reduced toxicity with intermittent linezolid dosing in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine TB model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.145334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel regimen of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL) is highly effective against drug resistant tuberculosis, but linezolid toxicities are frequent. We hypothesized that, for a similar total weekly cumulative dose, thrice-weekly administration of linezolid would preserve efficacy while reducing toxicity compared to daily dosing, in the context of the BPaL regimen.Using C3HeB/FeJ and BALB/c mouse models of tuberculosis disease, thrice-weekly linezolid dosing was compared to daily dosing, with intermittent dosing introduced (a) from treatment initiation or (b) following an initial period of daily dosing. In all animals, BPa was dosed daily throughout treatment. Blood counts were used to assess hematologic toxicity. Following unexpected findings of apparent antagonism, we conducted additional experiments to investigate strain-to-strain differences in the contribution of linezolid to regimen efficacy comparing each 1- and 2-drug component to the BPaL regimen in BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv or HN878.Giving linezolid daily for 1-2 months achieved the greatest efficacy, but following that, results were similar if the drug was stopped, dosed thrice-weekly, or continued daily. Erythrocyte counts were lower with daily than thrice-weekly dosing. Linezolid had additive effects with BPa against M. tuberculosis H37Rv but antagonistic effects with BPa against M. tuberculosis HN878. However, overall efficacy of BPaL was high and similar against both strains.Dosing linezolid daily for the first two months, then less frequently thereafter, may optimize its therapeutic margin. Linezolid’s contribution to BPaL regimens may depend on M. tuberculosis strain.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.145334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserved efficacy and reduced toxicity with intermittent linezolid dosing in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine TB model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose transporter expression and regulation following a fast in the ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on nectar sugar and face extreme challenges blood sugar regulation. Transmembrane sugar transport is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the capacity for sugar transport is dependent on both the activity of GLUTs and their localisation to the plasma membrane (PM). In this study, we determined the relative protein abundance in whole-tissue (WT) homogenates and PM fractions via immunoblot using custom antibodies for GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT5 in flight muscle, heart, and, liver of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). GLUTs examined were detected in nearly all tissues tested. Hepatic GLUT1 was minimally present in WT homogenates and absent in PM fractions. GLUT5 was expressed in hummingbird flight muscles at levels comparable to that of their liver, consistent with the hypothesised uniquely high fructose-uptake and oxidation capacity of this tissue. To assess GLUT regulation, we fed ruby-throated hummingbirds 1M sucrose ad libitum for 24 hours followed by either 1 hour of fasting or continued ad libitum feeding until sampling. We measured relative GLUT abundance and concentrations of circulating sugars. Blood fructose concentration in fasted hummingbirds declined from [~]5mM to [~]0.18mM, while fructose-transporting PM GLUT2 and PM GLUT5 did not change in abundance. Blood glucose concentrations remained elevated in both fed and fasted hummingbirds, at [~]30mM, while glucose-transporting PM GLUT1 and PM GLUT3 in the flight muscle and liver, respectively, declined in fasted birds. Our results suggest that glucose uptake capacity is dynamically reduced in response to fasting, allowing for maintenance of elevated blood glucose levels, while fructose uptake capacity remains constitutively elevated promoting depletion of blood total fructose within the first hour of a fast.

Summary statementHummingbird ingest nectar rich in glucose and fructose. When fasted, tissue capacity for circulating glucose import declines while remaining elevated for fructose. This may underlie maintenance of high blood glucose and rapid depletion of blood fructose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose transporter expression and regulation following a fast in the ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Field Sampling Techniques for Environmental Microbial Exposure: Assessing Efficacy and Feasibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures in schools, including microbial exposures, can lead to detrimental childhood health outcomes. We evaluated two sampling techniques - standard flocked swabs versus sterile electrostatic cloths - to quantify Staphylococcus bacterial burden from school surfaces. Electrostatic cloths demonstrated higher test sensitivity and yielded higher surface area-standardized colony forming units compared to swabs. Despite protocol standardization, consistently larger surface areas were sampled with electrostatic cloths. This suggest that electrostatic cloths were more effective and practical for fieldwork.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalton, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemons-Erby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rule, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.150722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Field Sampling Techniques for Environmental Microbial Exposure: Assessing Efficacy and Feasibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Selection Pressure Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Pancreatic tumors are minimally infiltrated by T cells and are largely refractory to immunotherapy. Accordingly, the role of T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer has been somewhat overlooked. Here, we hypothesized that immune evasion in pancreatic cancer is induced in response to T cell-based immune selection pressure, and that understanding how pancreatic tumors respond to immune attack may facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. We now provide the first evidence that T cell-dependent host immune responses induce a PDAC-derived myeloid mimicry phenomenon and stimulate immune evasion. mT3-2D cells derived from a Kras+/LSL-G12D; Trp53+/LSL-R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mouse model of pancreatic cancer were grown in immunocompetent and immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice, and analyzed to determine the impacts of adaptive immunity specifically on malignant epithelial cells as well as on whole tumors. We found that immune selection pressure, via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), stimulates malignant epithelial pancreatic cells to induce the expression of genes typically expressed by myeloid cells and alters intratumoral immunosuppressive myeloid cell profiles. Targeting the Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway using the FDA approved drug, ruxolitinib, overcomes these tumor-protective responses and improves anti-PD1 antibody therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide future directions for treatments that specifically disable this mechanism of resistance in PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moussa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalfamo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.151274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Selection Pressure Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microinfarcts are common among the elderly, and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the potential effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the detrimental effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke in mice. Microinfarct was induced using two-photon laser and photothrombotic stroke was induced in the cortex contralateral to microinfarct four weeks later. We found that CMI could trigger the formation of innate immune memory, which exacerbated the pro-inflammatory response and ischemic injury in second photothrombotic stroke. Furthermore, we clarified the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the nuclei of microglia, which interacts with the MLL1 complex and thereby increases H3K4 methylation, suggesting that NLRP3 is critical in microinfarct-induced innate immune memory. Additionally, NLRP3 knockout in microglia attenuated microinfarct-induced detrimental effects on recurrent stroke. Our study highlights the detrimental effect of trained immunity on the recurrent stroke and reveals the important role of NLRP3 in mediating the formation of this memory, which may be a therapeutic target to mitigate recurrent strokes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.146423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype-phenotype association studies often combine phenotype data from multiple studies to increase power. Harmonization of the data usually requires substantial effort due to heterogeneity in phenotype definitions, study design, data collection procedures, and data set organization. Here we describe a centralized system for phenotype harmonization that includes input from phenotype domain and study experts, quality control, documentation, reproducible results, and data sharing mechanisms. This system was developed for the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, which is generating genomic and other omics data for >80 studies with extensive phenotype data. To date, 63 phenotypes have been harmonized across thousands of participants from up to 17 TOPMed studies per phenotype. We discuss the challenges faced in this undertaking and how they were addressed. The harmonized phenotype data and associated documentation have been submitted to National Institutes of Health data repositories for controlled-access by the scientific community. We also provide materials to facilitate future harmonization efforts by the community, which include (1) the code used to generate the 63 harmonized phenotypes, enabling others to reproduce, modify or extend these harmonizations to additional studies; and (2) results of labeling thousands of phenotype variables with controlled vocabulary terms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Augustine, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohensee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graffelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.146423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A system for phenotype harmonization in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial carrier SFXN1 is critical for Complex III integrity and cellular metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial carriers (MC) mediate the passage of small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) enabling regulated crosstalk between compartmentalized reactions. Despite MCs representing the largest family of solute carriers in mammals, most have not been subjected to a comprehensive investigation, limiting our understanding of their metabolic contributions. Here, we functionally characterized SFXN1, a member of the non-canonical, sideroflexin MC family. We find that SFXN1, an integral membrane protein in the IMM with an uneven number of transmembrane domains, is a novel TIM22 substrate. SFXN1 deficiency specifically impairs Complex III (CIII) biogenesis, activity, and assembly, compromising coenzyme Q levels. This CIII dysfunction is independent of one-carbon metabolism, the known primary role for SFXN1 as a mitochondrial serine transporter. Instead, SFXN1 supports CIII function by participating in heme and central carbon metabolism. Our findings highlight the multiple ways that SFXN1-based amino acid transport impacts mitochondrial and cellular metabolic efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acoba, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpergin, E. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-del-Rio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.157495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial carrier SFXN1 is critical for Complex III integrity and cellular metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-enhancer RET regulatory code is disrupted in Hirschsprung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major genetic risk factors for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) are three common polymorphisms within cis regulatory elements (CREs) of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase gene that reduce its gene expression during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. These variants have synergistic effects on RET gene expression and additionally dysregulate other ENS and HSCR genes in the RET-EDNRB gene regulatory network (GRN). Here, we use siRNA, ChIP and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion analyses in the SK-N-SH cell line to ask, how many HSCR-associated risk variants reside in CREs and affect RET gene expression? We demonstrate that 31 HSCR-associated variants reside in candidate RET CREs, ten with differential allele-specific in vitro enhancer activity and seven affecting RET gene expression; of these, five bind the transcription factors PAX3, RARB, GATA2 and SOX10. These and our prior results demonstrate that common sequence variants in at least 10 RET enhancers affect HSCR risk, extending the known RET-EDNRB GRN to reveal an extensive regulatory code modulating disease risk even at a single gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasaki, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-enhancer RET regulatory code is disrupted in Hirschsprung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Classification from Network Connectivity via Adjacency Spectral Embedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work presents a novel strategy for classifying neurons, represented by nodes of a directed graph, based on their circuitry (edge connectivity). We assume a stochastic block model (SBM) where neurons belong together if they connect to neurons of other groups according to the same probability distributions. Following adjacency spectral embedding (ASE) of the SBM graph, we derive the number of classes and assign each neuron to a class with a Gaussian mixture model-based expectation-maximization (EM) clustering algorithm. To improve accuracy, we introduce a simple variation using random hierarchical agglomerative clustering to initialize the EM algorithm and picking the best solution over multiple EM restarts. We test this procedure on a large (n ~ 212 - 215 neurons), sparse, biologically inspired connectome with eight neuron classes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach is broadly stable to the choice of dimensional embedding and scales extremely well as the number of neurons in the network increases. Clustering accuracy is robust to variations in model parameters and highly tolerant to simulated experimental noise, achieving perfect classifications with up to 40% of swapped edges. Thus, this approach may be useful to analyze and interpret large-scale brain connectomics data in terms of underlying cellular components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Classification from Network Connectivity via Adjacency Spectral Embedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the effects of lymph node swelling on T-cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swelling of lymph nodes is commonly observed during the adaptive immune response, yet the impact on T cell trafficking and subsequent immune response is not well known. To better understand the effect of macro-scale alterations, we developed an agent-based model of the lymph node para-cortex, describing T cell trafficking and response to antigen-presenting dendritic cells alongside swelling-induced changes in T cell recruitment and egress, and regulation of expression of egress-modulating T cell receptor Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. Analysis of effector T cell response under varying swelling conditions showed that swelling consistently aided T cell activation. However, subsequent effector CD8+ T cell production could be reduced if swelling occurred too early in the T cell proliferative phase or if T cell cognate frequency was low due to increased opportunity for T cell exit. Temporarily extending retention of newly differentiated effector T cells, mediated by Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 expression, mitigated any negative effects of swelling by allowing facilitation of activation to outweigh increased access to exit areas. These results suggest targeting temporary effector T cell retention and egress associated with swelling may offer new ways to modulate effector TC responses in, for example, immuno-suppressed patients and optimisation of vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frattolin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafarnejad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the effects of lymph node swelling on T-cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.160499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors in ImmuneCode reveals cross-reactivity to immunodominant Influenza M1 epitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.160499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive Biotechnologies and Microsoft have recently partnered to release ImmuneCode, a database containing SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors derived through MIRA, a T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing based sequencing approach to identify antigen-specific TCRs. Herein, we query the extent of cross reactivity between these derived SARS-CoV-2 specific TCRs and other known antigens present in McPas-TCR, a manually curated catalogue of pathology-associated TCRs. We reveal cross reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 specific TCRs and the immunodominant Influenza GILGFVFTL M1 epitope, suggesting the importance of further work in characterizing the implications of prior Influenza exposure or co-exposure to the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhom, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baras, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.160499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell receptors in ImmuneCode reveals cross-reactivity to immunodominant Influenza M1 epitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining the specificity of phosphoinositide-binding by human PH domain-containing proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are presumed to bind phosphoinositides (PIPs), but specific interaction with and regulation by PIPs for most PH domain-containing proteins are unclear. Here we employed a single-molecule pulldown assay to study interactions of lipid vesicles with full-length proteins in mammalian whole cell lysates. Of 67 human PH domaincontaining proteins examined, 36 (54%) were found to have affinity for PIPs with various specificity, the majority of which had not been reported before. Further investigation of ARHGEF3 revealed structural requirements and functional relevance of its newly discovered PI(4,5)P2 binding. A recursive-learning algorithm based on the assay results of the 67 proteins was generated to analyze the sequences of 246 human PH domains, which predicted 48% of them to bind PIPs. A collection of the predicted PIP-binding proteins was assayed, with the vast majority found to bind PIPs. Collectively, our findings reveal unexpected lipid-binding specificity of PH domain-containing proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Ordonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compagnone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno Castillo, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining the specificity of phosphoinositide-binding by human PH domain-containing proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Puromycin reactivity does not accurately localize translation at the subcellular level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Puromycin is a tyrosyl-tRNA mimic that blocks translation by labeling and releasing elongating polypeptide chains from translating ribosomes. Puromycin has been used in molecular biology research for decades as a translation inhibitor. The development of puromycin antibodies and derivatized puromycin analogs has enabled the quantification of active translation in bulk and single-cell assays. More recently, in vivo puromycylation assays have become popular tools for localizing translating ribosomes in cells. These assays often use elongation inhibitors to purportedly inhibit the release of puromycin-labeled nascent peptides from ribosomes. Here, using in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrate that, even in the presence of elongation inhibitors, puromycylated peptides are released and diffuse away from ribosomes. Puromycylation assays reveal subcellular sites, such as nuclei, where puromycylated peptides accumulate post-release and which do not necessarily coincide with sites of active translation. Our findings urge caution when interpreting puromycylation assays in the in vivo context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enam, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Puromycin reactivity does not accurately localize translation at the subcellular level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) tests (the {chi}2 test and the exact test) have long been used as a metric for evaluating genotype quality, as technical artifacts leading to incorrect genotype calls often can be identified as deviations from HWE. However, in datasets comprised of individuals from diverse ancestries, HWE can be violated even without genotyping error, complicating the use of HWE testing to assess genotype data quality. In this manuscript, we present the Robust Unified Test for HWE (RUTH) to test for HWE while accounting for population structure and genotype uncertainty, and evaluate the impact of population heterogeneity and genotype uncertainty on the standard HWE tests and alternative methods using simulated and real sequence datasets. Our results demonstrate that ignoring population structure or genotype uncertainty in HWE tests can inflate false positive rates by many orders of magnitude. Our evaluations demonstrate different tradeoffs between false positives and statistical power across the methods, with RUTH consistently amongst the best across all evaluations. RUTH is implemented as a practical and scalable software tool to rapidly perform HWE tests across millions of markers and hundreds of thousands of individuals while supporting standard VCF/BCF formats. RUTH is publicly available at https://www.github.com/statgen/ruth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Analysis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypomyelination leads to alterations in inhibitory function and parvalbumin-positive neuron density in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a long time, myelin was thought to be restricted to excitatory neurons, and studies on dysmyelination focused primarily on excitatory cells. Recent evidence showed that axons of inhibitory neurons in the neocortex are also myelinated, but the role of myelin on inhibitory circuits remains unknown. Here we studied the impact of mild hypomyelination on both excitatory and inhibitory connectivity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) with well-characterized mouse models of hypomyelination due to loss of oligodendrocyte ErbB receptor signaling. Using laser-scanning photostimulation, we found that mice with mild hypomyelination have reduced functional inhibitory connections to A1 L2/3 neurons without changes in excitatory connections, resulting in altered excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are not associated with altered expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with reduced density of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons, which reflects reduced PV expression by interneurons rather than PV+ neuronal loss. While immunostaining shows that hypomyelination occurs in both PV+ and PV- axons, there is a strong correlation between MBP and PV expression suggesting that myelination influences PV expression. Together, the results demonstrate that mild hypomyelination impacts A1 neuronal networks, reducing inhibitory activity, and shifting networks towards excitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corfas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypomyelination leads to alterations in inhibitory function and parvalbumin-positive neuron density in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse scientific benchmarks for implicit membrane energy functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy functions are fundamental to biomolecular modeling. Their success depends on robust physical formalisms, efficient optimization, and high-resolution data for training and validation. Over the past 20 years, progress in each area has advanced soluble protein energy functions. Yet, energy functions for membrane proteins lag behind due to sparse and low-quality data, leading to overfit tools. To overcome this challenge, we assembled a suite of 12 tests on independent datasets varying in size, diversity, and resolution. The tests probe an energy functions ability to capture membrane protein orientation, stability, sequence, and structure. Here, we present the tests and use the franklin2019 energy function to demonstrate them. We then present a vision for transforming these "small" datasets into "big data" that can be used for more sophisticated energy function optimization. The tests are available through the Rosetta Benchmark Server (https://benchmark.graylab.jhu.edu/) and GitHub (https://github.com/rfalford12/Implicit-Membrane-Energy-Function-Benchmark).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse scientific benchmarks for implicit membrane energy functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liftoff: an accurate gene annotation mapping tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in DNA sequencing technology and computational methods have led to a substantial increase in the creation of high-quality genome assemblies of many species. To understand the biology of these genomes, annotation of gene features and other functional elements is essential; however for most species, only the reference genome is well-annotated. One strategy to annotate new or improved genome assemblies is to map or  lift over the genes from a previously-annotated reference genome. Here we describe Liftoff, a new genome annotation lift-over tool capable of mapping genes between two assemblies of the same or closely-related species. Liftoff aligns genes from a reference genome to a target genome and finds the mapping that maximizes sequence identity while preserving the structure of each exon, transcript, and gene. We show that Liftoff can accurately map 99.9% of genes between two versions of the human reference genome with an average sequence identity >99.9%. We also show that Liftoff can map genes across species by successfully lifting over 98.4% of human protein-coding genes to a chimpanzee genome assembly with 98.7% sequence identity.

AvailabilityThe source code for Liftoff is available at https://github.com/agshumate/Liftoff
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liftoff: an accurate gene annotation mapping tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNAc-T) enzyme family initiates O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. The family constitutes 20 isozymes in humans--an unusually large number--unique to O-glycosylation. GalNAc-Ts exhibit both redundancy and finely tuned specificity for a wide range of peptide substrates. In this work, we deciphered the sequence and structural motifs that determine the peptide substrate preferences for the GalNAc-T2 isoform. Our approach involved sampling and characterization of peptide-enzyme conformations obtained from Rosetta Monte Carlo-minimization-based flexible docking. We computationally scanned 19 amino acid residues at positions -1 and +1 of an eight-residue peptide substrate, which comprised a dataset of 361 (19x19) peptides with previously characterized experimental GalNAc-T2 glycosylation efficiencies. The calculations recapitulated experimental specificity data, successfully discriminating between glycosylatable and non-glycosylatable peptides with a probability of 96.5% (ROC-AUC score), a balanced accuracy of 85.5% and a false positive rate of 7.3%. The glycosylatable peptide substrates viz. peptides with proline, serine, threonine, and alanine at the -1 position of the peptide preferentially exhibited cognate sequon-like conformations. The preference for specific residues at the -1 position of the peptide was regulated by enzyme residues R362, K363, Q364, H365 and W331, which modulate the pocket size and specific enzyme-peptide interactions. For the +1 position of the peptide, enzyme residues K281 and K363 formed gating interactions with aromatics and glutamines at the +1 position of the peptide, leading to modes of peptide-binding sub-optimal for catalysis. Overall, our work revealed enzyme features that lead to the finely tuned specificity observed for a broad range of peptide substrates for the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. We anticipate that the key sequence and structural motifs can be extended to analyze specificities of other isoforms of the GalNAc-T family and can be used to guide design of variants with tailored specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisa, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for peptide substrate specificities of glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TFEB/Mitf links impaired nuclear import to autophagolysosomal dysfunction in C9-ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which impaired NCT causes neurodegeneration remain unclear. In a Drosophila screen, we identified Ref(2)p/p62, a key regulator of autophagy, as a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration caused by the GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion (G4C2 HRE) in C9orf72 that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We found that p62 is increased and forms ubiquitinated aggregates due to decreased autophagic cargo degradation. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of Drosophila tissues demonstrate an accumulation of lysosome-like organelles that precedes neurodegeneration. These phenotypes are partially caused by cytoplasmic mislocalization of Mitf/TFEB, a key transcriptional regulator of autophagolysosomal function. Additionally, TFEB is mislocalized and downregulated in human cells expressing GGGGCC repeats and in C9-ALS patient motor cortex. Our data suggest that the C9orf72-HRE impairs Mitf/TFEB nuclear import, thereby disrupting autophagy and exacerbating proteostasis defects in C9-ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senturk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TFEB/Mitf links impaired nuclear import to autophagolysosomal dysfunction in C9-ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A collection of programs for one-dimensional Ising analysis of linear repeat proteins with point substitutions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A collection of programs is presented to analyze the thermodynamics of folding of linear repeat proteins using a 1D Ising model to determine intrinsic folding and interfacial coupling free energies. Expressions for folding transitions are generated for a series of constructs with different repeat numbers and are globally fitted to transitions for these constructs. These programs are designed to analyze Ising parameters for capped homopolymeric consensus repeat constructs as well as heteropolymeric constructs that contain point substitutions, providing a rigorous framework for analysis of the effects of mutation on intrinsic and directional (i.e., N- versus C-terminal) interfacial coupling free-energies. A bootstrap analysis is provided to estimate parameter uncertainty as well as correlations among fitted parameters. Rigorous statistical analysis is essential for interpreting fits using the complex models required for Ising analysis of repeat proteins, especially heteropolymeric repeat proteins. Programs described here are available at https://github.com/barricklab-at-jhu/Ising_programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sforza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger-Schuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poliakova-Georgantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A collection of programs for one-dimensional Ising analysis of linear repeat proteins with point substitutions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution mapping of glycoprotein structure-activity relationships by shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a common protein modification, asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence the biological and biophysical properties of proteins. However, the routine use of glycosylation at naive sites as a strategy for engineering proteins with advantageous properties is currently limited by our inability to construct large collections of glycoproteins for interrogating the structural and functional consequences of glycan installation. To address this challenge, we describe a combinatorial strategy termed shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis (SSGM) in which DNA libraries encoding all possible glycosylation site variants of a given protein are constructed and subsequently expressed in glycosylation-competent bacteria, thereby enabling rapid determination of glycosylatable sites in the protein. Moreover, the resulting neoglycoproteins can be readily subjected to available medium- to high-throughput assays, making it possible to systematically investigate the structural and functional consequences of glycan conjugation along a protein backbone. The utility of this approach was demonstrated with three different acceptor proteins, namely bacterial immunity protein Im7, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, and a human anti-HER2 single-chain Fv antibody, all of which were found to tolerate N-glycan attachment at a large number of positions and with relatively high efficiency. The stability and activity of many glycovariants was measurably altered by the N-linked glycan in a manner that critically depended on the precise location of the modification. Importantly, we anticipate that our workflow for creating and characterizing large ensembles of neoglycoproteins should provide access to unexplored regions of glycoprotein structural space and to custom-made glycoproteins with desirable properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaroentomeechai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisa, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution mapping of glycoprotein structure-activity relationships by shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Analysis Probes the Role of the Chaperone Hfq in E. coli Sugar Shock Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs (sRNAs) play a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial gene expression by silencing the translation of target mRNAs. SgrS is an sRNA that relieves glucose-phosphate stress, or "sugar shock" in E. coli. The power of single cell measurements is their ability to obtain population level statistics that illustrate cell-to-cell variation. Here, we utilize single molecule super-resolution microscopy in single E. coli cells coupled with stochastic modeling to analyze glucose-phosphate stress regulation by SgrS. We present a kinetic model that captures the combined effects of transcriptional regulation, gene replication and chaperone mediated RNA silencing in the SgrS regulatory network. This more complete kinetic description, simulated stochastically, recapitulates experimentally observed cellular heterogeneity and characterizes the binding of SgrS to the chaperone protein Hfq as a slow process that not only stabilizes SgrS but also may be critical in restructuring the sRNA to facilitate association with its target ptsG mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthey-Schulten, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.178566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Analysis Probes the Role of the Chaperone Hfq in E. coli Sugar Shock Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eEF3 promotes late stages of tRNA translocation on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryIn addition to the conserved translation elongation factors eEF1A and eEF2, fungi require a third essential elongation factor, eEF3. While eEF3 has been implicated in tRNA binding and release at the A and E sites, its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Here we show that eEF3 acts at the mRNA–tRNA translocation step by promoting the dissociation of the tRNA from the E site, but independent of aminoacyl-tRNA recruitment to the A site. Depletion of eEF3 in vivo leads to a general slow-down in translation elongation due to accumulation of ribosomes with an occupied A site. Cryo-EM analysis of ex vivo eEF3-ribosome complexes shows that eEF3 facilitates late steps of translocation by favoring non-rotated ribosomal states as well as by opening the L1 stalk to release the E-site tRNA. Additionally, our analysis provides structural insights into novel translation elongation states, enabling presentation of a revised yeast translation elongation cycle.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochopien, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodnina, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eEF3 promotes late stages of tRNA translocation on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loop extrusion model predicts CTCF interaction specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play an important role in constraining enhancer-promoter interactions and mediating transcriptional gene regulation. CTCF is thought to play a critical role in the formation of these loops, but the specificity of which CTCF binding events form loops and which do not is difficult to predict. Loops often have convergent CTCF binding site motif orientation, but this constraint alone is only weakly predictive of genome-wide interaction data. Here we present an easily interpretable and simple mathematical model of CTCF mediated loop formation which is consistent with Cohesin extrusion and can predict ChIA-PET CTCF looping interaction measurements with high accuracy. Competition between overlapping loops is a critical determinant of loop specificity. We show that this model is consistent with observed chromatin interaction frequency changes induced by CTCF binding site deletion, inversion, and mutation, and is also consistent with observed constraints on validated enhancer-promoter interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loop extrusion model predicts CTCF interaction specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the fascinating phenomena studied in cell biology emerge from interactions among highly organized multi-molecular structures and rapidly propagating molecular signals embedded into complex and frequently dynamic cellular morphologies. For the exploration of such systems, computational simulation has proved to be an invaluable tool, and many researchers in this field have developed sophisticated computational models for application to specific cell biological questions. However it is often difficult to reconcile conflicting computational results that use different simulation approaches (for example partial differential equations versus particle-based stochastic methods) to describe the same phenomenon. Moreover, the details of the computational implementation of any particular algorithm may give rise to quantitatively or even qualitatively different results for the same set of starting assumptions and parameters. In an effort to address this issue systematically, we have defined a series of computational test cases ranging from very simple (bimolecular binding in solution) to moderately complex (spatial and temporal oscillations generated by proteins binding to membranes) that represent building blocks for comprehensive three-dimensional models of cellular function. Having used two or more distinct computational approaches to solve each of these test cases with consistent parameter sets, we generally find modest but measurable differences in the solutions of the same problem, and a few cases where significant deviations arise. We discuss the strengths and limitations of commonly used computational approaches for exploring cell biological questions and provide a framework for decision-making by researchers wishing to develop new models for cell biology. As computational power and speed continue to increase at a remarkable rate, the dream of a fully comprehensive computational model of a living cell may be drawing closer to reality, but our analysis demonstrates that it will be crucial to evaluate the accuracy of such models critically and systematically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraru, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier-Schellersheim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prustel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhrmacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Roles of Space and Stochasticity in Computational Simulations of Cellular Biochemistry: Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.182873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evoked pain intensity representation is distributed across brain systems: A multistudy mega-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.182873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is coded in the brain at different scales for different phenomena: locally, distributed across regions and networks, and globally. For pain, the scale of representation is controversial. Although generally believed to be an integrated cognitive and sensory phenomenon implicating diverse brain systems, quantitative characterizations of which regions and networks are sufficient to represent pain are lacking. In this meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) using data from 289 participants across 10 studies, we use model comparison combined with multivariate predictive models to investigate the spatial scale and location of acute pain representation. We compare models based on (a) a single most pain-predictive module, either previously identified elementary regions or a single best large-scale cortical resting-state network module; (b) selected cortical-subcortical systems related to evoked pain in prior literature ( multi-system models); and (c) a model spanning the full brain. We estimate the accuracy of pain intensity predictions using cross validation (7 studies) and subsequently validate in three independent holdout studies. All spatial scales convey information about pain intensity, but distributed, multi-system models better characterize pain representations than any individual region or network (e.g. multisystem models explain >20% more of individual subject pain ratings than the best elementary region). Full brain models showed no predictive advantage over multi-system models. These findings quantify the extent that representation of evoked pain experience is distributed across multiple cortical and subcortical systems, show that pain representation is not circumscribed by any elementary region or conical network, and provide a blueprint for identifying the spatial scale of information in other domains.

Significance StatementWe define modular, multisystem and global views of brain function, use multivariate fMRI decoding to characterize pain representations at each level, and provide evidence for a multisystem representation of evoked pain. We further show that local views necessarily exclude important components of pain representation, while a global full brain representation is superfluous, even though both are viable frameworks for representing pain. These findings quantitatively juxtapose and reconcile divergent conclusions from evoked pain studies within a generalized neuroscientific framework, and provide a blueprint for investigating representational architecture for diverse brain processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.182873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evoked pain intensity representation is distributed across brain systems: A multistudy mega-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder with limited effective treatment options. Although highly heritable, risk for this polygenic disorder depends on the complex interplay of hundreds of common and rare variants. Translating the growing list of genetic loci significantly associated with disease into medically actionable information remains an important challenge. Thus, establishing platforms with which to validate the impact of risk variants in cell-type-specific and donor-dependent contexts is critical. Towards this, we selected and characterize a collection of twelve human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines derived from control donors with extremely low and high SZ polygenic risk scores (PRS). These hiPSC lines are publicly available at the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). The suitability of these extreme PRS hiPSCs for CRISPR-based isogenic comparisons of neurons and glia was evaluated across three independent laboratories, identifying 9 out of 12 meeting our criteria. We report a standardized resource of publicly available hiPSCs, with which we collectively commit to conducting future CRISPR-engineering, in order to facilitate comparison and integration of functional validation studies across the field of psychiatric genetics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rehbach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Abdollahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prorok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.185348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purifying selection acts on germline methylation to modify the CpG mutation rate at promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the study of molecular features like epigenetic marks, it is appealing to ascribe observed patterns to the action of natural selection. However, this conclusion requires a test for selection based on a well-defined notion of neutrality. Here, focusing on epigenetic marks at gene loci, we formalize what it means for an epigenetic mark to be neutral, and develop a test for selection. Our test respects the foundational aspect of epigenetics: trans-regulation by transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. It also enables adjustment for confounders. We establish that promoter DNA methylation, promoter H3K4me3 and exonic H3K36me3 are all under selection, and that this is unlikely to be a passive consequence of selection on gene expression. The effect of these epigenetic marks on fitness is arguably partly explained by a causal involvement in gene regulation. However, we also investigate the complementary explanation that DNA methylation and H3K36me3 are under selection in part because they modify the mutation rate of important genomic regions. We show that this explanation is consistent with empirical observations as well as population genetics theory, because of the trans-regulation. Exemplifying the protection of important regions from high mutability, we demonstrate that in humans the more intolerant to loss-of-function mutations a gene is, the lower its coding mutation rate is. Our framework for selection inference is simple but general, and we speculate that its core ideas will be useful for additional molecular features beyond epigenetic marks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purifying selection acts on germline methylation to modify the CpG mutation rate at promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astroglial Calcium Signaling Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is under homeostatic control, whereby increasing wakefulness generates sleep need and triggers sleep drive. However, the molecular and cellular pathways by which sleep need is encoded are poorly understood. In addition, the mechanisms underlying both how and when sleep need is transformed to sleep drive are unknown. Here, using ex vivo and in vivo imaging, we show in Drosophila that astroglial Ca2+ signaling increases with sleep need. We demonstrate that this signaling is dependent on a specific L-type Ca2+ channel and is required for homeostatic sleep rebound. Thermogenetically increasing Ca2+ in astrocytes induces persistent sleep behavior, and we exploit this phenotype to conduct a genetic screen for genes required for the homeostatic regulation of sleep. From this large-scale screen, we identify TyrRII, a monoaminergic receptor required in astrocytes for sleep homeostasis. TyrRII levels rise following sleep deprivation in a Ca2+-dependent manner, promoting further increases in astrocytic Ca2+ and resulting in a positive-feedback loop. These data suggest that TyrRII acts as a gate to enable the transformation of sleep need to sleep drive at the appropriate time. Moreover, our findings suggest that astrocytes then transmit this sleep need to the R5 sleep drive circuit, by upregulation and release of the interleukin-1 analog Spatzle. These findings define astroglial Ca2+ signaling mechanisms encoding sleep need and reveal dynamic properties of the sleep homeostatic control system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baz, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, M. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astroglial Calcium Signaling Encodes Sleep Need in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike employs mobile receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to engage the ACE2 receptor and to facilitate virus entry. Antibodies can engage RBD but some, such as CR3022, fail to inhibit entry despite nanomolar spike affinity. Here we show the SARS-CoV-2 spike to have low unfolding enthalpy at serological pH and up to 10-times more unfolding enthalpy at endosomal pH, where we observe significantly reduced CR3022 affinity. Cryo-EM structures -at serological and endosomal pH- delineated spike recognition of up to three ACE2 molecules, revealing RBD to freely adopt the  up conformation. In the absence of ACE2, single-RBD-up conformations dominated at pH 5.5, resolving into a locked all-down conformation at lower pH. Notably, a pH-dependent refolding region (residues 824-858) at the spike-interdomain interface displayed dramatic structural rearrangements and mediated RBD positioning and spike shedding of antibodies like CR3022. An endosomal mechanism involving spike-conformational change can thus facilitate immune evasion from RBD- up-recognizing antibody.

HighlightsO_LIReveal spike at serological pH to have only ~10% the unfolding enthalpy of a typical globular protein, explaining how antibodies like CR3022 can bind with avidity
C_LIO_LIDefine an endosomal mechanism whereby spike binds ACE2, but sheds CR3022, enabling immune evasion from potentially neutralizing antibody
C_LIO_LIDetermine cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike along its endosomal entry pathway-at pH 5.5, 4.5, and 4.0, and in complexes with ACE2 receptor at pH 7.4 and 5.5
C_LIO_LIShow spike to exclusively adopt an all RBD-down conformation at the low pH of the late endosome-early lysosome
C_LIO_LIReveal structural basis by which a switch domain mediates RBD position in response to pH
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olia, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazzari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.Competing Interest StatementThomas G. Beach is a consultant for Prothena, Vivid Genomics and Avid Radiopharmaceuticals. He is a scientific advisory board member for Vivid Genomics. John A. Hardy, Huw R. Morris, Stuart Pickering-Brown, Andrew B. Singleton, and Bryan J. Traynor hold US, EU and Canadian patents on the clinical testing and therapeutic intervention for the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9orf72. Michael A. Nalls is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; as a possible conflict of interest Dr. Nalls also consults for Neuron23 Inc., Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation and Vivid Genomics among others. Jose A. Palma is an editorial board member of Movement Disorders, Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders, BMC Neurology, and Clinical Autonomic Research. Bradley F. Boeve, James Leverenz, and Sonja W. Scholz serve on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Sonja W. Scholz is an editorial board member for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. Bryan J. Traynor is an editorial board member for JAMA Neurology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry; Brain; and Neurobiology of Aging. Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on Abbvie, Inc. (M15-562 and M15-563), Biogen, Inc. (228PD201) grant, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BHV4157-206 and BHV3241-301). Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as the principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Information and Referral Center, and as co-principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic APDA Center for Advanced Research. All other authors report no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.185066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil extracellular traps impair regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a major health burden across diseases and organs. To remedy this, we study wound induced hair follicle regeneration (WIHN) as a model of non-fibrotic healing that recapitulates embryogenesis for de novo hair follicle morphogenesis after wounding. We have previously demonstrated that TLR3 promotes WIHN through binding dsRNA, but the source of which is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that multiple distinct contexts of high WIHN all show a strong neutrophil signature, and given the likelihood of nuclear dsRNA release during the production of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs), we hypothesized that mature neutrophils and NETs might promote WIHN. Consistent with this, in addition to the presence of mature neutrophils shortly after wounding, neutrophils remain within the wound after the barrier is reestablished, where they produce extracellular traps (NETs) that likely release spliceosomal U1 dsRNA. Contrary to our hypothesis, genetic models of neutrophil depletion show enhanced WIHN. Pad4 null mice that are defective in NET production also augment WIHN. Finally, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a dramatic increase in mature neutrophils in the wound beds of low regenerating Tlr3-/- mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that although mature neutrophils are stimulated by a common pro-regenerative cue, their presence and NETs hinder WIHN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil extracellular traps impair regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau forms oligomeric complexes on microtubules that are distinct from pathological oligomers in disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein, which promotes neuronal microtubule assembly and stability. Accumulation of tau into insoluble aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. The current hypothesis is that small, soluble oligomeric tau species preceding NFT formation cause toxicity. However, thus far visualizing the spatial distribution of tau monomers and oligomers inside cells under physiological or pathological conditions has not been possible. Here, using single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we show that, in vivo, tau forms small oligomers on microtubules under physiological conditions. These physiological oligomers are distinct from those found in cells exhibiting tau aggregation and could be pre-cursors of aggregated tau in pathology. Further, using an unsupervised shape classification algorithm that we developed, we show that different tau phosphorylation states are associated with distinct tau aggregate species. Our work elucidates taus nanoscale composition under physiological and pathological conditions in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyparaki, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokina, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Ruiz, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakadamyali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau forms oligomeric complexes on microtubules that are distinct from pathological oligomers in disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 during post-natal life causes reduced lifespan, dermatitis, splenomegaly and systemic inflammation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an essential signaling molecule. Global knockout of the atRA clearing enzymes Cyp26a1 or Cyp26b1 is embryonic lethal. In adults, inhibition of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 increases atRA concentrations and signaling. However, post-natal knockout of Cyp26a1 does not cause a severe phenotype. We hypothesized that Cyp26b1 is the main atRA clearing Cyp in post-natal mammals. This hypothesis was tested by generating tamoxifen inducible knockout mouse models of Cyp26b1 alone or with Cyp26a1. Both mouse models showed dermatitis, blepharitis and splenomegaly. Histology showed infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils and T-lymphocytes into the skin and hyperkeratosis/hyperplasia of the non-glandular stomach. The mice lacking both Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 also failed to gain weight and showed fat atrophy. There were significant changes in vitamin A homeostasis demonstrating the paramount role of Cyp26b1 in regulating retinoid homeostasis in post-natal life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jessica M Snyder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo Zhong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathryn Hogarth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weize Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traci Topping</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey LaFrance</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Palau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay C Czuba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Griswold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Ghiaur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina Isoherranen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.196170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1 during post-natal life causes reduced lifespan, dermatitis, splenomegaly and systemic inflammation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2-expressing endothelial cells in aging mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key receptor mediating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Through a systematic analysis of publicly available mouse brain sc/snRNA-seq data, we found that ACE2 is specifically expressed in small sub-populations of endothelial cells and mural cells, namely pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Further, functional changes in viral mRNA transcription and replication, and impaired blood-brain barrier regulation were most prominently implicated in the aged, ACE2-expressing endothelial cells, when compared to the young adult mouse brains. Concordant EC transcriptomic changes were further found in normal aged human brains. Overall, this work reveals an outline of ACE2 distribution in the mouse brain and identify putative brain host cells that may underlie the selective susceptibility of the aging brain to viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SU Bin Lim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valina L. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ted M. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung-Ung Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2-expressing endothelial cells in aging mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in C. neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary virulence-associated trait of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is the production of melanin pigments that are deposited into the cell wall and interfere with the host immune response. Previously, our solid-state NMR studies of isolated melanized cell walls (melanin  ghosts) revealed that the pigments are strongly associated with lipids, but their identities, origins, and potential roles were undetermined. Herein, we exploited spectral editing techniques to identify and quantify the lipid molecules associated with pigments in melanin ghosts. The lipid profiles were remarkably similar in whole C. neoformans cells, grown under either melanizing or non-melanizing conditions; triglycerides (TGs), sterol esters (SEs) and polyisoprenoids (PPs) were the major constituents. Although no quantitative differences were found between melanized and non-melanized cells, melanin ghosts were relatively enriched in SEs and PPs. In contrast to lipid structures reported during early stages of fungal growth in nutrient-rich media, variants found herein could be linked to nutrient stress, cell aging, and subsequent production of substances that promote chronic fungal infections. The fact that TGs and SEs are the typical cargo of lipid droplets suggests that these organelles could be connected to C. neoformans melanin synthesis. Moreover, the discovery of PPs is intriguing because dolichol is a well-established constituent of human neuromelanin. The presence of these lipid species even in non-melanized cells suggests that they could be produced constitutively under stress conditions in anticipation of melanin synthesis. These findings demonstrate that C. neoformans lipids are more varied compositionally and functionally than previously recognized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in C. neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.196055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural engraftment and topographic spacing of transplanted human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.196055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement and optic nerve regeneration hold potential for restoring vision lost to optic neuropathy. Following transplantation, RGCs must integrate into the neuroretinal circuitry in order to receive afferent visual signals for processing and transmission to central targets. To date, the efficiency of RGC retinal integration following transplantation has been limited. We sought to characterize spontaneous interactions between transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived RGCs and the recipient mature mammalian retina, and to identify and overcome barriers to the structural integration of transplanted neurons. Using an in vitro model system, following transplantation directly onto the inner surface of organotypic mouse retinal explants, human RGC somas form compact clusters and extend bundled neurites that remain superficial to the neural retinal tissue, hindering any potential for afferent synaptogenesis. To enhance integration, we explored methods to increase the cellular permeability of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Digestion of extracellular matrix components using proteolytic enzymes was titrated to achieve disruption of the ILM while minimizing retinal toxicity and preserving endogenous retinal glial reactivity. Such ILM disruption is associated with dispersion rather than clustering of transplanted RGC bodies and neurites, and with a marked increase in transplanted RGC neurite extension into retinal parenchyma. The ILM appears to be a barrier to afferent retinal connectivity by transplanted RGCs and its circumvention may be necessary for successful functional RGC replacement through transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.196055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural engraftment and topographic spacing of transplanted human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a genetically-encoded oxytocin sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, with a role in influencing various social behaviors. However, pinpointing its actions only during the time animals are performing specific behaviors has been difficult to study. Here we developed an optogenetic gene expression system designed to selectively label neuronal populations activated by OXT in the presence of blue-light, named "OXTR-iTango2". The OXTR-iTango2 was capable of inducing gene expression of a reporter gene in both human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and neurons in a quantitative manner. In vivo expression of OXTR-iTango2 selectively labeled OXT-sensitive neurons in a blue-light dependent manner. Furthermore, we were able to detect a subset of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that receive OXT activation during social interaction. Thus, we provide a genetically-encoded, scalable optogenetic toolset to target neural circuits activated by OXT in behaving animals with a high temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mignocchi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a genetically-encoded oxytocin sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale label-free volumetric holographic histopathology of thick-tissue slides with subcellular resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histopathology relies upon the staining and sectioning of biological tissues, which can be laborious and may cause artefacts and distort tissues. Here, we demonstrate label-free volumetric imaging of thick-tissue slides, exploiting refractive index distributions as intrinsic imaging contrast. The present method systematically exploits label-free quantitative phase imaging techniques, volumetric reconstruction of intrinsic refractive index distributions in tissues, and numerical algorithms for the seamless stitching of multiple 3D tomograms and for reducing scattering-induced image distortion. We demonstrate demonstrated label-free volumetric imaging of thick tissues with the field of view of 2 mm x 1.75 mm x 0.2 mm with a spatial resolution of 170 nm x 170 nm x 1200 nm. The number of optical modes, calculated as the reconstructed volume divided by the size of the point spread function, was approximately 20 Giga voxels. We have also demonstrated that different tumour types, and a variety of precursor lesions and pathologies can be visualized with the present method.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/205633v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hugonnet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale label-free volumetric holographic histopathology of thick-tissue slides with subcellular resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Basal Core Promoter/Precore region molecular variants among HIV/HBV co-infected and HBV mono-infected patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionEvolution of phenotypic diversity among viruses occurs as an escape mechanism against host immune pressure or drug selective pressure. Among HIV/HBV co-infected individuals, various HBV basal core promoter (BCP)/precore (PC) region molecular mutants had been reported with associated phenotypic defect in HBeAg production. The emergence of HBeAg negative variants of HBV in HIV co-infected individuals have profound implication on the diagnosis, management and prognosis of this subset of individuals. This includes delayed clearance of HBV, early development of adverse hepatic events such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, little is known about HBV BCP/PC region genomic heterogeneity in HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was focussed on investigating evidence of precore/core region genomic variability among HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria.

Materials and methodsA total of 40 patients (20 HIV/HBV co-infected and 20 HBV mono-infected samples) were enrolled into the study and subsequently tested for HBsAg, HBeAg and HBeAb using specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The BCP/PC genome regions (nucleotides 1653-1959) were amplified using a nested PCR assay and then subjected to BCP/PC mutational analysis in genome sites affecting HBeAg expression especially at the BCP transcriptional and PC Translational stop codon sites.

ResultsOverall, 5(83.3%) of the six exploitable sequences after analysis showed various BCP/PC mutations. Only 1(16.6%) sequence from an HIV/HBV co-infected patient had the BCP transcriptional (double mutation; A1762T/G1764A) mutant. Analysis of the PC translational stop codon showed 4 (66.6%) having the G1896A mutants while 33.3% (2) had G1899A mutants.

ConclusionThis study has broadened the available evidence of BCP/PC region molecular mutants among HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Nigeria and assessed the difference of mutation prevalence in comparison with HBV mono-infected cohort. We therefore recommend that HIV/HBV co-infected patients be routinely screened for hepatitis B virus precore region mutants to improve their patient outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osasona, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudarene, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewale-Fasoro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariyo, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olumade, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewumi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniji, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Basal Core Promoter/Precore region molecular variants among HIV/HBV co-infected and HBV mono-infected patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratin 17 regulates nuclear morphology and chromatin organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Keratin 17 (KRT17; K17), a non-lamin intermediate filament protein, was recently found to occur in the nucleus. We report here on K17-dependent differences in nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, and cell proliferation. Human tumor keratinocyte cell lines lacking K17 exhibit flatter nuclei relative to normal. Re-expression of wildtype K17, but not a mutant form lacking an intact nuclear localization signal (NLS), rescues nuclear morphology in KRT17 null cells. Analyses of primary cultures of skin keratinocytes from a mouse strain expressing K17 with a mutated NLS corroborated these findings. Proteomics screens identified K17-interacting nuclear proteins with known roles in gene expression, chromatin organization, and RNA processing. Key histone modifications and LAP2{beta} localization within the nucleus are altered in the absence of K17, correlating with decreased cell proliferation and suppression of GLI1 target genes. Nuclear K17 thus impacts nuclear morphology with an associated impact on chromatin organization, gene expression, and proliferation in epithelial cells.

SummaryKeratin 17 (K17) is one of two non-lamin intermediate filament proteins recently identified to localize to and function in the cell nucleus. K17 is here shown to regulate nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, LAP2 localization, and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poll, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulombe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratin 17 regulates nuclear morphology and chromatin organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of redundancy between electrophysiological measures of long-range neuronal communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.207001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between brain areas has been implicated in a wide range of cognitive and emotive functions and is impaired in numerous mental disorders. In rodent models, various functional connectivity metrics have been used to quantify inter-regional neuronal communication. However, in individual studies, typically only very few measures of coupling are reported and, hence, redundancy across such indicators is implicitly assumed. In order to test this assumption, we here comparatively assessed a broad range of directional and non-directional metrics like coherence, weighted Phase-Lag-Index (wPLI), Granger causality (GC), spike-phase coupling (SPC), cross-regional phase-amplitude coupling, amplitude cross-correlations, and others. We applied these analyses to simultaneous field recordings from the prefrontal cortex and the ventral and dorsal hippocampus in the schizophrenia-related Gria1-knockout mouse model which displays a robust novelty-induced hyperconnectivity phenotype. We find that across such measures there is a considerable lack of functional redundancy. While coherence and GC yielded similar results, other measures, especially wPLI and SPC, often produced deviating conclusions. Bivariate correlations within animals revealed that virtually none of the metrics consistently co-varied with any of the other measures across the three connections and two genotypes analysed. Parametric GC showed the qualitatively highest degree of redundancy with other metrics and would be most suitable for connectivity analysis. We conclude that analysis of multiple metrics is necessary to characterise functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strahnen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaetzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.207001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of redundancy between electrophysiological measures of long-range neuronal communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-derived mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with gene expression across multiple tissues and is predictive for incident neurodegenerative disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) can be used as a proxy for mitochondrial function and is associated with a number of aging-related diseases. However, it is unclear how mtDNA-CN measured in blood can reflect risk for diseases that primarily manifest in other tissues. Using the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project, we interrogated the relationships between mtDNA-CN measured in whole blood and gene expression from whole blood as well as 47 additional tissues.

ResultsWe evaluated associations between blood-derived mtDNA-CN and gene expression in whole blood for 418 individuals, correcting for known confounders and surrogate variables derived from RNA-sequencing. Using a permutation-derived cutoff (p<2.70e-6), mtDNA-CN was significantly associated with expression for 721 genes in whole blood, including nuclear genes that are required for mitochondrial DNA replication. Significantly enriched pathways included splicing (p=1.03e-8) and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (p=2.4e-10). Genes with target sequences for the mitochondrial transcription factor NRF1 were also enriched (p=1.76e-35).

In non-blood tissues, there were more significantly associated genes than expected in 30 out of 47 tested tissues, suggesting that global gene expression in those tissues is correlated with mtDNA-CN. Pathways that were associated in multiple tissues included RNA-binding, catalysis, and neurodegenerative disease. We evaluated the association between mtDNA-CN and incident neurodegenerative disease in an independent dataset, the UK Biobank, using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Higher mtDNA-CN was significantly associated with lower risk for incident neurodegenerative disease (HR=0.73, 95% CI= 0.66;0.90).

ConclusionsThe observation that mtDNA-CN measured in whole blood is associated with gene expression in other tissues suggests that blood-derived mtDNA-CN can reflect metabolic health across multiple tissues. Key pathways in maintaining cellular homeostasis, including splicing, RNA binding, and catalytic genes were significantly associated with mtDNA-CN, reinforcing the importance of mitochondria in aging-related disease. As a specific example, genes involved in neurodegenerative disease were significantly enriched in multiple tissues. This finding, validated in a large independent cohort study showing an inverse association between mtDNA-CN and neurodegenerative disease, solidifies the link between blood-derived mtDNA-CN, altered gene expression in both blood and non-blood tissues, and aging-related disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillalamarri, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guallar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-derived mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with gene expression across multiple tissues and is predictive for incident neurodegenerative disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.212183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal Peptide of HIV-1 Envelope Functions to Modulate Glycosylation Impacting Exposure of V1V2 Epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.212183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. Each trimer is swathed by [~]90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including the conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex. Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against the V2i, V2p and V2q epitopes. Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations. These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 epitopes on Env.

Author SummaryHIV-1 Env glycoprotein is produced by a precursor gp160 that has a signal peptide at its N-terminus. The SP is highly diverse among the HIV-1 isolates and no two SP are same. This study presents site-specific analyses of N-linked glycosylation on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from infectious viruses produced with different envelope signal peptides. We show that signal peptide swapping alters the envelope glycan shield, including the conserved N156 and N160 located in the V1V2 region on the trimer apex, to impact Env recognition and virus neutralization by antibodies, particularly those targeting the the V1V2 region. The data offer crucial insights into the role of signal peptide in the interplay between HIV-1 and antibodies and its potential utility to control Env glycosylation in the development of Env-based HIV-1 vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyznezhad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolla-Pazner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hioe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.212183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal Peptide of HIV-1 Envelope Functions to Modulate Glycosylation Impacting Exposure of V1V2 Epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kv1.2 contributes to pattern separation by regulating the hippocampal CA3 neuronal ensemble size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kv1.2 expression in rodent CA3 pyramidal cells (CA3-PC) is polarized to distal apical dendrites, and regulate the synaptic responses to perforant pathway (PP) inputs. Accordingly, Kv1.2 haploinsufficiency (Kcna2+/-) in CA3-PCs, but not Kv1.1 (Kcna1+/-), lowered the threshold for long-term potentiation at PP-CA3 synapses. The Kcna2+/- mice, but not Kcna1+/-, displayed impairments in contextual fear discrimination task. The size and overlap of CA3 ensembles activated by the first visits to slightly different contexts were not different between wildtype and Kcna2+/- mice, but these ensemble parameters diverged over training days between genotypes, suggesting abnormal plastic changes in the CA3 network of Kcna2+/- mice. Eventually, the Kcna2+/- mice exhibited larger ensemble size and overlap upon retrieval of two contexts, compared to wildtype or Kcna1+/- mice. These results suggest that Kv1.2 subunits prevent promiscuous plastic changes at PP-CA3 synapses, and contribute to sparse representation of memories and pattern separation in the CA3 network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.213538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kv1.2 contributes to pattern separation by regulating the hippocampal CA3 neuronal ensemble size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frailty is a clinical syndrome often present in older adults and characterized by a heightened vulnerability to stressors. The biological antecedents and etiology of frailty are unclear despite decades of research: frailty is associated with dysregulation in a wide range of physiological systems, but no specific cause has been identified. Here, we test predictions stemming from the hypothesis that there is no specific cause: that frailty is an emergent property arising from the complex systems dynamics of the broad loss of organismal homeostasis. Specifically, we use dysregulation of six physiological systems using the Mahalanobis distance approach in two cohorts of older adults to test the breadth, diffuseness, and nonlinearity of associations between frailty and system-specific dysregulation. We find clear support for the breadth of associations between frailty and physiological dysregulation: positive associations of all systems with frailty in at least some analyses. We find partial support for diffuseness: the number of systems or total amount of dysregulation is more important than the identity of the systems dysregulated, but results only partially replicate across cohorts. We find partial support for nonlinearity: trends are exponential but not always significantly so, and power is limited for groups with very high levels of dysregulation. Overall, results are consistent with - but not definitive proof of - frailty as an emergent property of complex systems dynamics. Substantial work remains to understand how frailty relates to underlying physiological dynamics across systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghachem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legault, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeen-Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.214718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The frailty syndrome as an emergent state of parallel dysregulation in multiple physiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Mast Cell Phenotypes in Benign versus Cancer Tissues and Prostate Cancer Oncologic Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously reported that high numbers of mast cells in benign (extra-tumoral) regions of the prostate are associated with worse outcomes after radical prostatectomy including biochemical recurrence and the development of metastases. Herein, on a cohort of 384 men, we performed mast cell subtyping and report that higher minimum number of the tryptase-only (MCT) subset of extra-tumoral mast cells is associated with increased risk of biochemical recurrence (comparing highest to lowest tertiles: HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.32-3.65; P-trend 0.004), metastases (HR 3.60, 95% CI 1.77-7.36; P-trend 0.001), and death from prostate cancer (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.23-7.08; P-trend 0.02). RNAsequencing of benign versus cancer tissue mast cells revealed differential expression of additional site-specific genes. We demonstrate that genes more highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating mast cells, such as CXCR4 and TFE3, represent an altered tumor microenvironment. C-kit variants were also differentially expressed in benign versus cancer tissue mast cells, with C-kit variant 1 (GNNK+) mast cells identified as more prevalent in extra-tumoral regions of the prostate. Finally, using an established mouse model, we found that mast cells do not infiltrate Hi-Myc tumors, providing a model to specifically examine the role of extra-tumoral mast cells in tumorigenesis. Hi-Myc mice crossed to mast cell knockout (Wsh) mice and aged to one year revealed a higher degree of pre-invasive lesions and invasive cancer in wildtype mice versus heterozygous and knockout mice. This suggests a dosage effect where higher numbers of extra-tumoral mast cells resulted in higher cancer invasion. Overall, our studies provide further evidence for a role of extra-tumoral mast cells in driving adverse prostate cancer outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hempel Sullivan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.216408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Mast Cell Phenotypes in Benign versus Cancer Tissues and Prostate Cancer Oncologic Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Feedback Mechanism Regulates Odorant Receptor Expression in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes locate and approach humans ( host-seek) when specific Olfactory Neurons (ORNs) in the olfactory periphery activate a specific combination of glomeruli in the mosquito Antennal Lobe (AL). We hypothesize that dysregulating proper glomerular activation in the presence of human odor will prevent host-seeking behavior. In experiments aimed at ectopically activating most ORNs in the presence of human odor, we made a surprising finding: ectopic expression of an AgOr (AgOr2) in Anopheles gambiae ORNs dampens the activity of the expressing neuron. This contrasts studies in Drosophila melanogaster, the typical insect model of olfaction, in which ectopic expression of non-native ORs in ORNs confers ectopic neuronal responses without interfering with native olfactory physiology. To gain insight into this dysfunction in mosquitoes, RNA-seq analyses were performed comparing wild-type antennae to those ectopically expressing AgOr2 in ORNs. Remarkably, almost all Or transcripts were significantly downregulated (except for AgOr2), and additional experiments suggest that it is AgOR2 protein rather than mRNA that mediates this downregulation. Our study shows that ORNs of Anopheles mosquitoes (in contrast to Drosophila) employ a currently unexplored regulatory mechanism of OR expression, which may be adaptable as a vector-control strategy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStudies in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) do not contain mechanisms by which Odorant Receptors (ORs) regulate OR expression. This has proved useful in studies where ectopic expression of an OR in Drosophila ORNs confers responses to the odorants that activate the newly expressed OR. In experiments in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, we found that ectopic expression of an OR in most Anopheles ORNs dampened the activity of the expressing neurons. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that ectopic OR expression in Anopheles ORNs leads to downregulation of endogenous Or transcripts. Additional experiments suggest that this downregulation required ectopic expression of a functional OR protein. These findings reveal that Anopheles mosquitoes, in contrast to Drosophila, contain a feedback mechanism to regulate OR expression. Mosquito ORNs might employ regulatory mechanisms of OR expression previously thought to occur only in non-insect olfactory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maguire, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Feedback Mechanism Regulates Odorant Receptor Expression in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain and can be measured with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Conflicting accounts report decreases and increases in cortical GABA levels across the lifespan. This incompatibility may be an artifact of the size and age-range of the samples utilized in these studies. No single study to date has included the entire lifespan. In this study, 8 suitable datasets were integrated to generate a model of the trajectory of GABA across the lifespan. Data were fit using both a log-normal curve and a nonparametric spline as regression models using a multi-level Bayesian model utilizing the Stan language. Integrated data show the lifespan trajectory of GABA involves an early period of rapid increase, followed by a period of stability during early adulthood, with a gradual decrease during adulthood and aging that is described well by both spline and log-normal models. The information gained will provide a general framework to inform expectations of future studies based on the age of the population being studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trajectory of cortical GABA levels across thelifespan: An individual participant datameta-analysis of edited MRS studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) benchmarks have been widely used to help validate clinical sequencing pipelines and develop new variant calling and sequencing methods. Here, we use accurate linked reads and long reads to expand the prior benchmarks in 7 samples to include difficult-to-map regions and segmental duplications that are not readily accessible to short reads. Our new benchmark adds more than 300,000 SNVs, 50,000 indels, and 16 % new exonic variants, many in challenging, clinically relevant genes not previously covered (e.g., PMS2). For HG002, we include 92% of the autosomal GRCh38 assembly, while excluding problematic regions for benchmarking small variants (e.g., copy number variants and reference errors) that should not have been in the previous version, which included 85% of GRCh38. By including difficult-to-map regions, this benchmark identifies eight times more false negatives in a short read variant call set relative to our previous benchmark.We have demonstrated the utility of this benchmark to reliably identify false positives and false negatives across technologies in more challenging regions, which enables continued technology and bioinformatics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome in a Bottle Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.212712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base-pairing interactions mediate intermolecular target recognition in many biological systems and applications, including DNA repair, CRISPR, microRNA, small RNA (sRNA) and antisense oligo therapies. Even a single base-pair mismatch can cause a substantial difference in biological activity but presently we do not yet know how the target search kinetics in vivo are influenced by single nucleotide level changes. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to identify functionally relevant single point mutants of the bacterial sRNA, SgrS, and quantitative super-resolution microscopy to probe the mutational impact on the regulation of its primary target, ptsG mRNA. Our super-resolution imaging and analysis platform allowed us to further dissect mutational effects on SgrS lifetimes, and even subtle changes in the in vivo rates of target association, kon, and dissociation, koff. Mutations that disrupt binding of a chaperone protein, Hfq, and are distal to the mRNA annealing region still decreased kon and increased koff, providing an in vivo demonstration that Hfq directly facilitates sRNA-mRNA annealing. Single base-pair mismatches in the annealing region reduced kon by 24-31% and increased koff by 14-25%, extending the time it takes to find and destroy the target mRNA by about a third, depending on whether an AU or GC base-pair is disrupted. The effects of disrupting contiguous base-pairing are much more modest than that expected from thermodynamics, suggesting that Hfq also buffers base-pair disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labhsetwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthey-Schulten, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.215095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domino: reconstructing intercellular signaling dynamics with transcription factor activation in model biomaterial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomaterials serve as the basis of implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and multiple other biomedical therapeutics. New technologies, such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), are enabling characterization of the biomaterial response to an unprecedented level of detail, facilitating new discoveries in the complex cellular environment surrounding materials. We performed scRNAseq and integrated data sets from multiple experiments to create a single cell atlas of the biomaterials response that contains 42,156 cells from biological extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived and synthetic polyester (polycaprolactone, PCL) scaffold biomaterials implanted in murine muscle wounds. We identified 18 clusters of cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, multiple subsets of fibroblasts, and myeloid cells, many of which were previously unknown in the biomaterial response. To determine intra and intercellular signaling occurring between the numerous cell subsets, including immune-stromal interactions in the biomaterial response, we developed Domino (github.com/chris-cherry/domino), a computational tool which allows for identification of condition specific intercellular signaling patterns connected to transcription factor activation from single cell data. The Domino networks self-assembled into signaling modules and cellular subsets involved in signaling independent of clustering, defining interactions between immune, fibroblast, and tissue-specific modules with biomaterials-specific communication patterns. Further compilation and integration of biomaterials single cell data sets will delineate the impact of materials chemical and physical properties and biological factors, such as anatomical placement, age, or systemic disease, that will direct biomaterials design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garmire, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.218537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domino: reconstructing intercellular signaling dynamics with transcription factor activation in model biomaterial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.218776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Walking is the primary mode of human locomotion. Accordingly, people have been interested in studying human gait since at least the fourth century BC. Human gait analysis is now common in many fields of clinical and basic research, but gold standard approaches - e.g., three-dimensional motion capture, instrumented mats or footwear, and wearables - are often expensive, immobile, data-limited, and/or require specialized equipment or expertise for operation. Recent advances in video-based pose estimation have suggested exciting potential for analyzing human gait using only two-dimensional video inputs collected from readily accessible devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets). However, we currently lack: 1) data about the accuracy of video-based pose estimation approaches for human gait analysis relative to gold standard measurement techniques and 2) an available workflow for performing human gait analysis via video-based pose estimation. In this study, we compared a large set of spatiotemporal and sagittal kinematic gait parameters as measured by OpenPose (a freely available algorithm for video-based human pose estimation) and three-dimensional motion capture from trials where healthy adults walked overground. We found that OpenPose performed well in estimating many gait parameters (e.g., step time, step length, sagittal hip and knee angles) while some (e.g., double support time, sagittal ankle angles) were less accurate. We observed that mean values for individual participants - as are often of primary interest in clinical settings - were more accurate than individual step-by-step measurements. We also provide a workflow for users to perform their own gait analyses and offer suggestions and considerations for future approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.218776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.208595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and function of a novel osmoregulated periplasmic fiber-forming high-molecular-weight carbohydrate of Myxococcus xanthus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.208595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmoregulation is of central importance for living cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, strategies for osmoregulation and turgor maintenance in hypotonic environments include the synthesis, accumulation, and modification of periplasmic oligosaccharides. These osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs, formerly known as membrane-derived oligosaccharides or MDOs) promote water uptake and retention, keeping the cells in an optimal state of hydration. While our understanding of OPG-dependent osmoregulation in a number of model organisms like Escherichia coli is quite detailed, less is known about these processes in bacteria that live in environments characterized by strongly fluctuating osmolarity, such as soil. Here we describe that the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus lacks a canonical low-molecular-weight OPG, but instead possesses a novel high-molecular-weight, fiber-forming polysaccharide. Chemical analysis reveals that this polysaccharide is several thousand kilodaltons in size, composed of a highly branched decasaccharide repeat unit containing mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and rhamnose. Physiological experiments indicate that the polysaccharide is osmoregulated thereby functionally replacing the canonical OPG. Moreover, experiments indicate that this high-molecular-weight periplasmic polysaccharide forms a fibrillar meshwork that stabilizes the cell envelope during glycerol spore formation, a process during which the entire peptidoglycan of the cell is degraded and the rod-shaped vegetative cells convert into spherical spores.

SignificanceOsmoprotection is a necessity for every living cell, particularly in an environment with fluctuating osmolarity. In Gram-negative bacteria, low-molecular-weight osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) are an important component of the osmotic stress response in hypotonic environments. Here, we describe that the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus does not possess such an OPG but instead accumulates a novel high-molecular-weight fiber-forming polysaccharide in the periplasm in response to hypotonic conditions. This polymer is important for osmoprotection of the cells and plays a key role in the stabilization of the cell envelope during the conversion of rod-shaped vegetative cells into spherical spores. These results indicate that bacteria may use non-OPG carbohydrates for osmoprotection and cell wall stabilization during processes like cellular differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, J. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semeijn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoiczyk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.208595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and function of a novel osmoregulated periplasmic fiber-forming high-molecular-weight carbohydrate of Myxococcus xanthus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense reconstruction of elongated cell lineages: overcoming suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring both lineage and cell-type information during brain development could elucidate transcriptional programs underling neuronal diversification. This is now feasible with single-cell RNA-seq combined with CRISPR-based lineage tracing, which generates genetic barcodes with cumulative CRISPR edits. This technique has not yet been optimized to deliver high-resolution lineage reconstruction of protracted lineages. Drosophila neuronal lineages are an ideal model to consider, as multiple lineages have been morphologically mapped at single-cell resolution. Here we find the parameter ranges required to encode a representative neuronal lineage emanating from 100 stem cell divisions. We derive the optimum editing rate to be inversely proportional to lineage depth, enabling encoding to persist across lineage progression. Further, we experimentally determine the editing rates of a Cas9-deaminase in cycling neural stem cells, finding near ideal rates to map elongated Drosophila neuronal lineages. Moreover, we propose and evaluate strategies to separate recurring cell-types for lineage reconstruction. Finally, we present a simple method to combine multiple experiments, which permits dense reconstruction of protracted cell lineages despite suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyares, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense reconstruction of elongated cell lineages: overcoming suboptimum lineage encoding and sparse cell sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larger organ size caused by obesity is a mechanism for higher cancer risk. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity increases significantly cancer risk in various organs. Although this has been recognized for decades, the mechanism through which this happens has never been explained. Here, we show that obese people (BMI [&ge;]30) have on average 55% (95%CI: 46%-66%), 68% (95%CI: 59%-76%), and 39% (95%CI: 29%-49%) larger kidneys, liver, and pancreas, respectively. We also find a significant linear relationship between the increase in organ volume and the increase in cancer risk (P-value<10-12). These results provide a mechanism explaining why obese individuals have higher cancer risk in several organs: the larger the organ volume the more cells at risk of becoming cancerous. These findings are important for a better understanding of the effects that obesity has on cancer risk and, more generally, for the development of better preventive strategies to limit the mortality caused by obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penisson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouladi, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayesteh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinreich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larger organ size caused by obesity is a mechanism for higher cancer risk.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-cost 3D-printed inverted microscope to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a MODS culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe MODS is an important assay for early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug susceptibility. MODS is based in the microscopic observation, underneath, of the characteristic cords of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies grown in liquid media. An inverted optical microscope is required to observe and interpret MODS cultures. Unfortunately, the cost of commercial inverted microscopes is not affordable in low resource settings in developing countries.

MethodologyTo perform a diagnosis of tuberculosis using the MODS assay, images with modest quality are enough for proper interpretation. Therefore, the use of a high cost commercial inverted optical microscope is not indispensable. In this study, we designed a prototype of an optical inverted microscope created with a 3D printer and based on a smartphone. The system was evaluated by comparison of manual interpretations of 226 TB positive MODS culture images and 207 negative MODS culture images.

SignificanceThe prototype resulted in a low-cost inverted optical microscope, with simple functioning, and whose parts have been manufactured using 3D printing techniques. The quality of the images was good enough and achieved a 100% concordance between the manual inspection with the developed microscope, and the standard diagnostics of MODS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salguedo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-cost 3D-printed inverted microscope to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a MODS culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic gene fusions in non-neoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection initiates prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and the initiating factors are unknown. Oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions are facilitated by DNA breaks and occur in up to 50% of prostate cancers1,2. Infection-driven inflammation is implicated in the formation of ERG+ fusions3, and we hypothesized that these fusions initiate in early inflammation-associated prostate cancer precursor lesions, such as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prior to cancer development. We investigated whether bacterial prostatitis is associated with ERG+ precancerous lesions in unique cases with active bacterial infections at time of radical prostatectomy. We identified a high frequency of ERG+ non-neoplastic-appearing glands in these cases, including ERG+ PIA transitioning to early invasive cancer. We verified TMPRSS2:ERG genomic rearrangements in precursor lesions using tri-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Identification of rearrangement patterns combined with whole prostate mapping in 3 dimensions confirmed multiple (up to 8) distinct ERG+ precancerous lesions in infected cases. Finally, we identified the pathogen-derived genotoxin colibactin as a potential source of DNA breaks in clinical cases as well as cultured prostate cells. Overall, we provide evidence that bacterial infections initiate driver gene alterations in prostate cancer. Furthermore, infection-induced ERG+ fusions are an early alteration in the carcinogenic process and PIA may serve as a direct precursor to prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.224154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic gene fusions in non-neoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection initiates prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Analysis of Human Coronaviruses Focusing on Nucleotide Variability and Synonymous Codon Usage Pattern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevailing pandemic across the world due to SARSCoV-2 drawing great attention towards discovering its evolutionary origin. We perform an exploratory study to understand the variability of the whole coding region of possible proximal evolutionary neighbours of SARSCoV-2. We consider seven (07) human coronavirus strains from six different species as a candidate for our study.

First, we observe a good variability of nucleotides across candidate strains. We did not find a significant variation of GC content across the strains for codon position first and second. However, we interestingly see huge variability of GC-content in codon position 3rd (GC3), and pairwise mean GC-content (SARSCoV, MERSCoV), and (SARSCoV-2, hCoV229E) are quite closer. While observing the relative abundance of dinucleotide feature, we find a shared typical genetic pattern, i.e., high usage of GC and CT nucleotide pair at the first two positions (P12) of codons and the last two positions (P23) of codons, respectively. We also observe a low abundance of CG pair that might help in their evolution bio-process. Secondly, Considering RSCU score, we find a substantial similarity for mild class coronaviruses, i.e., hCoVOC43, hCoVHKU1, and hCoVNL63 based on their codon hit with high RSCU value ([&ge;] 1.5), and minim number of codons hit (count-9) is observed for MERSCoV. We see seven codons ATT, ACT, TCT, CCT, GTT, GCT and GGT with high RSCU value, which are common in all seven strains. These codons are mostly from Aliphatic and Hydroxyl amino acid group. A phylogenetic tree built using RSCU feature reveals proximity among hCoVOC43 and hCoV229E (mild). Thirdly, we perform linear regression analysis among GC content in different codon position and ENC value. We observe a strong correlation (significant p-value) between GC2 and GC3 for SARSCoV-2, hCoV229E and hCoVNL63, and between GC1 and GC3 for hCoV229E, hCoVNL63, SARSCoV. We believe that our findings will help in understanding the mechanism of human coronavirus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.224386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Analysis of Human Coronaviruses Focusing on Nucleotide Variability and Synonymous Codon Usage Pattern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. While SARS-CoV-2, the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function are not well understood, and experimental models using human brain cells are urgently needed. Here we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found modest numbers of infected neurons and astrocytes, but greater infection of choroid plexus epithelial cells. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs, which revealed productive SARS-CoV-2 infection that leads to increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our results provide evidence for SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate the cellular susceptibility, disease mechanisms, and treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pather, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubitt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact Analysis of SARS-CoV2 on Signaling Pathways during COVID19 Pathogenesis using Codon Usage Assisted Host-Viral Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular mechanism of COVID19 disease pathogenesis helps in the rapid development of therapeutic targets. Usually, viral protein targets host proteins in an organized fashion. The pathogen may target cell signaling pathways to disrupt the pathway genes regular activities, resulting in disease. Understanding the interaction mechanism of viral and host proteins involved in different signaling pathways may help decipher the attacking mechanism on the signal transmission during diseases, followed by discovering appropriate therapeutic solutions.

The expression of any viral gene depends mostly on the host translational machinery. Recent studies report the great significance of codon usage biases in establishing host-viral protein-protein interactions (PPI). Exploiting the codon usage patterns between a pair of co-evolved host and viral proteins may present novel insight into the host-viral protein interactomes during disease pathogenesis. Leveraging the codon usage pattern similarity (and dissimilarity), we propose a computational scheme to recreate the hostviral protein interaction network (HVPPI). We use seventeen (17) essential signaling pathways for our current work and study the possible targeting mechanism of SARS-CoV2 viral proteins on such pathway proteins. We infer both negatively and positively interacting edges in the network. We can find a relationship where one host protein may target by more than one viral protein.

Extensive analysis performed to understand the network topologically and the attacking behavior of the viral proteins. Our study reveals that viral proteins, mostly utilize codons, rare in the targeted host proteins (negatively correlated interaction). Among non-structural proteins, NSP3 and structural protein, Spike (S) protein, are the most influential proteins in interacting multiple host proteins. In ranking the most affected pathways, MAPK pathways observe to be worst affected during the COVID-19 disease. A good number of targeted proteins are highly central in host protein interaction networks. Proteins participating in multiple pathways are also highly connected in their own PPI and mostly targeted by multiple viral proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrobarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.226217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact Analysis of SARS-CoV2 on Signaling Pathways during COVID19 Pathogenesis using Codon Usage Assisted Host-Viral Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell cytometry via multiplexed fluorescence prediction by label-free reflectance microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional imaging cytometry uses fluorescence markers to identify specific structures, but is limited in throughput by the labeling process. Here we develop a label-free technique that alleviates the physical staining and provides highly multiplexed readouts via a deep learning-augmented digital labeling method. We leverage the rich structural information and superior sensitivity in reflectance microscopy and show that digital labeling predicts highly accurate subcellular features after training on immunofluorescence images. We demonstrate up to 3x improvement in the prediction accuracy over the state-of-the-art. Beyond fluorescence prediction, we demonstrate that single-cell level structural phenotypes of cell cycles are correctly reproduced by the digital multiplexed images, including Golgi twins, Golgi haze during mitosis and DNA synthesis. We further show that the multiplexed readouts enable accurate multi-parametric single-cell profiling across a large cell population. Our method can dramatically improve the throughput for imaging cytometry toward applications for phenotyping, pathology, and high-content screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell cytometry via multiplexed fluorescence prediction by label-free reflectance microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved expression analysis comparing two selective retinal cell ablation paradigms in zebrafish reveals shared and cell-specific regenerative regulatory networks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal Muller glia (MG) can act as stem-like cells to generate new neurons in both zebrafish and mice. In zebrafish, retinal regeneration is innate and robust, resulting in the replacement of lost neurons and restoration of visual function. In mice, exogenous stimulation of MG is required to reveal a dormant and, to date, limited regenerative capacity. Zebrafish studies have been key in revealing factors that promote regenerative responses in the mammalian eye. Increased understanding of how the regenerative potential of MG is regulated in zebrafish may therefore aid efforts to promote retinal repair therapeutically. Developmental signaling pathways are known to coordinate regeneration following widespread retinal cell loss. In contrast, less is known about how regeneration is regulated in the context of retinal degenerative disease, i.e., following the loss of specific retinal cell types. To address this knowledge gap, we compared transcriptomic responses underlying regeneration following targeted loss of rod photoreceptors or bipolar cells. In total, 2,531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with the majority being paradigm specific, including during early MG activation phases, suggesting the nature of the injury/cell loss informs the regenerative process from initiation onward. For example, early modulation of Notch signaling was implicated in the rod but not bipolar cell ablation paradigm and components of JAK/STAT signaling were implicated in both paradigms. To examine candidate gene roles in rod cell regeneration, including several immune-related factors, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to create G0 mutant larvae (i.e., "crispants"). Rod cell regeneration was inhibited in stat3 crispants, while mutating stat5a/b, c7b and txn accelerated rod regeneration kinetics. These data support emerging evidence that discrete responses follow from selective retinal cell loss and that the immune system plays a key role in regulating "fate-biased" regenerative processes.

Author SummaryBlinding diseases are linked to the loss of specific types of neurons in the retina. In humans, this eventually leads to loss of sight. In zebrafish, however, lost retinal neurons are regenerated resulting in restored vision. Our lab has developed zebrafish models that induce the loss of disease-relevant retinal neurons, thereby allowing us to study how individual cell types are regenerated. Here, to better understand how these processes are regulated, we compared gene expression changes occurring during loss and regeneration of two different retinal cell types, rod photoreceptors and bipolar interneurons. The majority of gene changes were specific to each cell type studied, providing strong evidence that genetic programs underlying stem cell activation vary depending on the cell type lost. We also found that the immune system was implicated as a regulator of regeneration in both models, but that individual immune-related genes were more strongly associated with one of the two models. Furthermore, disrupting multiple genes involved in immune system signaling led to enhanced rod regeneration. We hope that a better understanding of how retinal cell regeneration is regulated in zebrafish will aid efforts to develop regenerative therapeutics designed to restore sight to patients who have lost their vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved expression analysis comparing two selective retinal cell ablation paradigms in zebrafish reveals shared and cell-specific regenerative regulatory networks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of extracellular vesicles and artificial nanoparticles with four orthogonal single-particle analysis platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We compared four orthogonal technologies for sizing, counting, and phenotyping of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic particles. The platforms were: single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS) with fluorescence, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with fluorescence, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS), and nanoflow cytometry measurement (NFCM). EVs from the human T lymphocyte line H9 (high CD81, low CD63) and the promonocytic line U937 (low CD81, high CD63) were separated from culture conditioned medium (CCM) by differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) or a combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot (WB). Mixtures of synthetic particles (silica and polystyrene spheres) with known sizes and/or concentrations were also tested. MRPS and NFCM returned similar particle counts, while NTA detected counts approximately one order of magnitude lower for EVs, but not for synthetic particles. SP-IRIS events could not be used to estimate particle concentrations. For sizing, SP-IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM returned similar size profiles, with smaller sizes predominating (per power law distribution), but with sensitivity typically dropping off below diameters of 60 nm. NTA detected a population of particles with a mode diameter greater than 100 nm. Additionally, SP-IRIS, MRPS, and NFCM were able to identify at least three of four distinct size populations in a mixture of silica or polystyrene nanoparticles. Finally, for tetraspanin phenotyping, the SP-IRIS platform in fluorescence mode was able to detect at least two markers on the same particle, while NFCM detected either CD81 or CD63. Based on the results of this study, we can draw conclusions about existing single-particle analysis capabilities that may be useful for EV biomarker development and mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallick, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivkovic, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vreeland, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulaitis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.237156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of extracellular vesicles and artificial nanoparticles with four orthogonal single-particle analysis platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis of Human Induced Excitatory Neurons Supports a Strong Effect of Clozapine on Cholesterol Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antipsychotics are known to modulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters which is often thought to be the mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, other less studied consequences of antipsychotics on neuronal function may contribute to their efficacy. Revealing the complete picture behind their action is of paramount importance for precision medicine and accurate drug selection. Progress in cell engineering allows the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their differentiation to a variety of neuronal types, providing new tools to study antipsychotics. Here we use excitatory cortical neurons derived from iPSCs to explore their response to therapeutic levels of Clozapine as measured by their transcriptomic output, a proxy for neuronal homeostasis. To our surprise, but in agreement with the results of many investigators studying glial-like cells, Clozapine had a very strong effect on cholesterol metabolism. More than a quarter (12) of all annotated cholesterol genes (46) in the genome were significantly changed at FDR<0.1, all upregulated. This is a 35-fold enrichment with an adjusted p = 8 x10-11. Notably no other functional category showed evidence of enrichment. Cholesterol is a major component of the neuronal membrane and myelin but it does not cross the blood brain barrier, it is produced locally mostly by glia but also by neurons. By singling out increased expression of cholesterol metabolism genes as the main response of cortical excitatory neurons to antipsychotics, our work supports the hypothesis that cholesterol metabolism may be a contributing mechanism to the beneficial effects of Clozapine and possibly other antipsychotics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis of Human Induced Excitatory Neurons Supports a Strong Effect of Clozapine on Cholesterol Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendrimer-targeted immunosuppression of microglia reactivity super-accelerates photoreceptor regeneration in the zebrafish retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muller glia (MG) function as injury-induced retinal stem cells in zebrafish but not mammals. Insights from zebrafish, however, have been used to stimulate limited regenerative responses from mammalian MG. Microglia/macrophages regulate MG stem cell activity in the chick, zebrafish and mouse. We previously showed that dexamethasone can accelerate retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Similarly, microglia ablation enhances regenerative outcomes in the mouse retina. Targeted immunomodulation may therefore enhance the regenerative potential of human MG. Nanoparticle-based immunomodulation is an emerging field with immense therapeutic potential. Here, we investigated how regeneration-enhancing dexamethasone treatments alter microglia behavior and how dendrimer-based targeting of dexamethasone to reactive microglia impact retinal regeneration kinetics. Intravital time-lapse imaging revealed specific dexamethasone-induced changes in microglia reactivity. Dendrimer-conjugated dexamethasone treatments resulted in: 1) decreased toxicity, 2) selective targeting of reactive microglia and, 3) "super-accelerated" retinal regeneration kinetics. These data support the use of dendrimer-based drug formulations for modulating microglia reactivity in degenerative disease contexts, especially as therapeutic strategies for promoting regenerative responses to neuronal cell loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhamptati, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendrimer-targeted immunosuppression of microglia reactivity super-accelerates photoreceptor regeneration in the zebrafish retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-4 receptor targeting as an effective immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many solid tumors including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) upregulation has been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation, apoptotic resistance, metastatic potential and a Th2 response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunosuppressive cells in the TME including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also express the IL4-R. We hypothesized that selective depletion of IL4-R bearing cells in TNBC may have dual cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic benefit. To selectively target IL-4R+ cells, we genetically constructed, expressed and purified DABIL-4, a fusion protein toxin consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin fused to murine IL-4. We found that DABIL-4 has potent and specific cytotoxic activity against TNBC cells in vitro. In murine TNBC models, DABIL-4 significantly reduced tumor growth, splenomegaly and lung metastases, and this was associated with reductions in MDSC, TAM and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) populations with a concomitant increase in the proportion of IFN{gamma}+ CD8 T-cells. The anti-tumor activity of DABIL-4 was absent in IL-4R KO mice directly implicating IL-4R directed killing as the mechanism of anti-tumor activity. Moreover, NanoString analysis of DABIL-4 treated TNBC tumors revealed marked decline in mRNA transcripts that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our findings demonstrate that DABIL-4 is a potent targeted antitumor agent which depletes both IL-4R bearing tumor cells as well as immunosuppressive cell populations in the TME.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEIn solid tumors like breast cancer, Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression in the tumor microenvironment aids tumor growth and metastasis. IL-4R expression upon host immune cells further dampens antitumor immunity. In this study, we have genetically constructed a fusion protein toxin, DABIL-4, composed of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin and murine IL-4. DABIL-4 showed specific cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro. DABIL-4 also markedly inhibited TNBC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The primary activity of DABIL-4 was found to be depletion of IL-4R+ immune cells in combination with direct elimination of tumor cells. In conclusion, DABIL-4 targeting of both tumor and immunosuppressive host cells is a versatile and effective treatment strategy for TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddharth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-4 receptor targeting as an effective immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single amino acid mutations effect Zika virus replication in vitro and virulence in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2014-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas resulted in large deposits of next-generation sequencing data from clinical samples. This resource was mined to identify emerging mutations and trends in mutations as the outbreak progressed over time. Information on transmission dynamics, prevalence and persistence of intra-host mutants, and the position of a mutation on a protein were then used to prioritize 544 reported mutations based on their ability to impact ZIKV phenotype. Using this criteria, six mutants (representing naturally occurring mutations) were generated as synthetic infectious clones using a 2015 Puerto Rican epidemic strain PRVABC59 as the parental backbone. The phenotypes of these naturally occurring variants were examined using both cell culture and murine model systems. Mutants had distinct phenotypes, including changes in replication rate, embryo death, and decreased head size. In particular, a NS2B mutant previously detected during in vivo studies in rhesus macaques was found to cause lethal infections in adult mice, abortions in pregnant females, and increased viral genome copies in both brain tissue and blood of female mice. Additionally, mutants with changes in the region of NS3 that interfaces with NS5 during replication displayed reduced replication in the blood of adult mice. This analytical pathway, integrating both bioinformatic and wet lab experiments, provides a foundation for understanding how naturally occurring single mutations affect disease outcome and can be used to predict the of severity of future ZIKV outbreaks.

Author summaryTo determine if naturally occurring individual mutations in the Zika virus epidemic genotype effect viral virulence or replication rate in vitro or in vivo, we generated an infectious clone representing the epidemic genotype of stain Puerto Rico, 2015. Using this clone, six mutants were created by changing nucleotides in the genome to cause one to two amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins. The six mutants we generated represent mutations that differentiated the early epidemic genotype from genotypes that were either ancestral or that occurred later in the epidemic. We assayed each mutant for changes in growth rate, and for virulence in adult mice and pregnant mice. Three of the mutants caused catastrophic embryo effects including increased embryonic death or significant decrease in head diameter. Three other mutants that had mutations in a genome region associated with replication resulted in changes in in vitro and in vivo replication rates. These results illustrate the potential impact of individual mutations in viral phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collette, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weilhammer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borucki, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single amino acid mutations effect Zika virus replication in vitro and virulence in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNPC-1.3 is a sex-specific transcription factor that drives male piRNA expression in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play essential roles in silencing repetitive elements to promote fertility in metazoans. Studies in worms, flies, and mammals reveal that piRNAs are expressed in a sex-specific manner. However, the mechanisms underlying this sex-specific regulation are unknown. Here we identify SNPC-1.3, a variant of a conserved subunit of the snRNA activating protein complex, as a male-specific piRNA transcription factor in C. elegans. Binding of SNPC-1.3 at male piRNA loci drives spermatogenic piRNA transcription and requires the core piRNA transcription factor SNPC-4. Loss of snpc-1.3 leads to depletion of male piRNAs and defects in male-dependent fertility. Furthermore, TRA-1, a master regulator of sex determination, binds to the snpc-1.3 promoter and represses its expression during oogenesis. Loss of TRA-1 targeting causes ectopic expression of snpc-1.3 and male piRNAs during oogenesis. Thus, sexual dimorphic regulation of snpc-1.3 coordinates male and female piRNA expression during germline development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNPC-1.3 is a sex-specific transcription factor that drives male piRNA expression in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for cost-efficient long-read population sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasingly important scenario in population genetics is when a large cohort has been genotyped using a low-resolution approach (e.g. microarrays, exome capture, short-read WGS), from which a few individuals are selected for resequencing using a more comprehensive approach, especially long-read sequencing. The subset of individuals selected should ensure that the captured genetic diversity is fully representative and includes variants across all subpopulations. For example, human variation has historically been focused on individuals with European ancestry, but this represents a small fraction of the overall diversity.

To address this goal, SVCollector (https://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/SVCollector) identifies the optimal subset of individuals for resequencing. SVCollector analyzes a population-level VCF file from a low resolution genotyping study. It then computes a ranked list of samples that maximizes the total number of variants present from a subset of a given size. To solve this optimization problem, SVCollector implements a fast greedy heuristic and an exact algorithm using integer linear programming. We apply SVCollector on simulated data, 2504 human genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project, and 3024 genomes from the 3K Rice Genomes Project and show the rankings it computes are more representative than widely used naive strategies. Notably, we show that when selecting an optimal subset of 100 samples in these two cohorts, SV-Collector identifies individuals from every subpopulation while naive methods yield an unbalanced selection. Finally, we show the number of variants present in cohorts of different sizes selected using this approach follows a power-law distribution that is naturally related to the population genetic concept of the allele frequency spectrum, allowing us to estimate the diversity present with increasing numbers of samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranallo-Benavidez, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SVCollector: Optimized sample selection for cost-efficient long-read population sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.238477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human muscle stem cells are refractory to aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.238477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is widely attributed to limitation in the capacity of muscle resident satellite cells to perform their myogenic function. This idea contains two notions that have not been comprehensively evaluated by experiment. First, it entails the idea that we damage and lose substantial amounts of muscle in the course of our normal daily activities. Second, it suggests that mechanisms of muscle repair are in some way exhausted, thus limiting muscle regeneration. A third option is that the aged environment becomes inimical to the conduct of muscle regeneration. In the present study we used our established model of human muscle xenografting to test whether muscle samples taken from cadavers, of a range of ages, maintained their myogenic potential after being transplanted into immunodeficient mice. We find no measurable difference in regeneration across the range of ages investigated up to 78 years of age. Moreover, we report that satellite cells maintained their myogenic capacity even when muscles were grafted 11 days postmortem in our model. We conclude that the loss of muscle mass with increasing age is not attributable to any intrinsic loss of myogenicity and is most likely a reflection of progressive and detrimental changes in the muscle micro-environment such as to disfavor the myogenic function of these cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novak, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioffe, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidelia-Lambert, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley Hill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.238477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human muscle stem cells are refractory to aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amoeba predation of Cryptococcus neoformans results in pleiotropic changes to traits associated with virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytic amoeboid predators such as amoeba have been proposed to select for survival traits in soil microbes such as Cryptococcus neoformans that can also function in animal virulence by defeating phagocytic immune cells, such as macrophages. Several prior studies have shown that incubation of various fungal species with amoeba can enhance their virulence. However, the mechanisms by which fungi adapt to amoeba and thus change their virulence are unknown. In this study we exposed three strains of C. neoformans (1 clinical and 2 environmental) to predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii for prolonged periods of time and then analyzed surviving colonies phenotypically and genetically. Surviving colonies were comprised of cells that expressed either pseudohyphal or yeast phenotypes, which demonstrated variable expression of such traits associated with virulence such as capsule size, urease production and melanization. Phenotypic changes were associated with aneuploidy and DNA sequence mutations in some amoeba-passaged isolates, but not in others. Mutations in the gene encoding for the oligopeptide transporter (CNAG_03013; OPT1) were observed among amoeba-passaged isolates from each of the three strains. In addition, isolates derived from environmental strains gained the capacity for enhanced macrophage toxicity after amoeba selection and carried mutations on the CNAG_00570 gene, which encodes Pkr1 (AMP-dependent protein kinase regulator) but were less virulence in mice because they elicited more effective fungal-clearing immune responses. Our results indicate that C. neoformans survival under constant amoeba predation involves the generation of strains expressing pleiotropic phenotypic and genetic changes, which confer increase resistance against protozoal predation. Given the myriad of potential predators in soils the diversity observed among amoeba-selected strains suggests a bet-hedging strategy whereby variant diversity increases the likelihood that some will survive predation.

Author summaryCryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental fungus that is also a leading cause of fatal fungal infection in humans, especially among immunocompromised patients. Cryptococcosis is a worldwide concern due to its high mortality rate. A major question in the field is how an environmental yeast such as C. neoformans becomes a human pathogen when it has no need for animal host in its life cycle. Previous studies showed evidence that C. neoformans increases its pathogenicity after interacting with its environmental predator amoebae. Amoebae behave like macrophages, an important immune cell in human body, so it is considered as a training ground for pathogens to resist macrophages. However, how C. neoformans changes its virulence through interacting with amoebae is unknown. Here, we exposed C. neoformans to amoebae for a long period of time. We found that C. neoformans cells recovered from amoebae manifested numerous changes to phenotypes related to its virulence and one of the amoeba-passaged C. neoformans cells had enhanced ability to kill macrophages. We further analyzed their genome sequences and found various mutations in different cells of amoeba-passaged C. neoformans, showing that DNA mutations may be the major cause of the phenotypic changes after interacting with amoebae. Our study indicates that fungal survival in the face of amoeba predation is associated with the emergence of pleiotropic phenotypic and genomic changes that increase the chance of fungal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liporagi-Lopes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.241190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amoeba predation of Cryptococcus neoformans results in pleiotropic changes to traits associated with virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The female-specific VC neurons are mechanically activated, feed-forward motor neurons that facilitate serotonin-induced egg laying in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful execution of behavior requires coordinated activity and communication between multiple cell types. Studies using the relatively simple neural circuits of invertebrates have helped to uncover how conserved molecular and cellular signaling events shape animal behavior. To understand the mechanisms underlying neural circuit activity and behavior, we have been studying a simple circuit that drives egg-laying behavior in the nematode worm C. elegans. Here we show that the sex-specific, Ventral C (VC) motor neurons are important for vulval muscle contractility and egg laying in response to serotonin. Ca2+ imaging experiments show the VCs are active during times of vulval muscle contraction and vulval opening, and optogenetic stimulation of the VCs promotes vulval muscle Ca2+ activity. Blocking VC neurotransmission inhibits egg laying in response to serotonin and increases the failure rate of egg-laying attempts, indicating that VC signaling facilitates full vulval muscle contraction and opening of the vulva for efficient egg laying. We also find the VCs are mechanically activated in response to vulval opening. Optogenetic stimulation of the vulval muscles is sufficient to drive VC Ca2+ activity and requires muscle contractility, showing the presynaptic VCs and the postsynaptic vulval muscles can mutually excite each other. Together, our results demonstrate that the VC neurons facilitate efficient execution of egg-laying behavior by coordinating postsynaptic muscle contractility in response to serotonin and mechanosensory feedback.

Significance StatementMany animal motor behaviors are modulated by the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine. Such motor circuits also respond to mechanosensory feedback, but how neurotransmitters and mechanoreceptors work together to coordinate behavior is not well understood. We address these questions using the egg-laying circuit in C. elegans where we can manipulate presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic muscle activity in behaving animals while recording circuit responses through Ca2+ imaging. We find that the cholinergic VC motoneurons are important for proper vulval muscle contractility and egg laying in response to serotonin. Muscle contraction also activates the VCs, forming a positive feedback loop that promotes full contraction for egg release. In all, mechanosensory feedback provides a parallel form of modulation that shapes circuit responses to neurotransmitters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopchock, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The female-specific VC neurons are mechanically activated, feed-forward motor neurons that facilitate serotonin-induced egg laying in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Midkine in chick and mouse retinas: neuroprotection, glial reactivity and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that midkine (MDK), a basic heparin-binding growth factor, is involved in the development and regeneration of the zebrafish retina. However, very little is known about MDK in the retinas of warm-blooded vertebrates. We investigate the expression patterns of MDK and related factors, roles in neuronal survival, and influence upon the formation of Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in chick and mouse model systems. By using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we find that MDK is upregulated during Muller glia (MG) maturation in chick development and when stimulated to reprogram into MGPCs after NMDA damage or FGF2/Insulin treatment. Interestingly, MDK is significantly up-regulated by MG in damaged chick retinas, but down-regulated by MG in damaged mouse retinas. In both chick and mouse retinas, exogenous MDK selectively up-regulates cFOS and pS6 (a readout of mTOR-signaling) in MG. In the chick, intraocular injections of MDK before injury is neuroprotective with an observed decrease in dying neurons and microglial reactivity, inducing fewer proliferating MGPCs. Blocking MDK signaling with Na3VO4 following blocks neuroprotective effects with an increase the number of dying cells and negates the pro-proliferative effects on MGPCs. Inhibitors of PP2A and Pak1 associated with MDK integrin {beta}1 signaling had MG specific inhibitory effects on MGPC formation. In mice, MDK administration with NMDA damage drives a small but significant increase in MGPCs. We conclude that MDK expression is dynamically regulated in reactive Muller glia and during reprogramming into MGPCs. MDK acts to coordinate glial activity, neuronal survival, and may act in an autocrine manner to influence the re-programming of Muller glia into proliferating MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch-Kelleher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Midkine in chick and mouse retinas: neuroprotection, glial reactivity and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing in situ Virus-Host Range and Interaction Dynamics through Gene Fusion with epicPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.250803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impact microbial diversity, phenotype, and gene flow through virus-host interactions that in turn alter ecology and biogeochemistry. Though metagenomics surveys are rapidly cataloging viral diversity, capturing specific virus-host interactions in situ would identify hosts for novel viruses and reveal influential ecological or environmental factors. We leveraged metagenomics and a high-throughput, cultivation-independent gene fusion technique (epicPCR) to investigate viral diversity and virus-host interactions over time in a critical estuarine environment, the Chesapeake Bay. EpicPCR captured in situ virus-host interactions for viral clades with no closely related database representatives. Abundant freshwater Actinobacteria lineages were the most common hosts for these poorly characterized viruses, and observed viral interactions with one abundant Actinobacterial population (Rhodoluna) were correlated with environmental factors. Tracking virus-host interaction dynamics also revealed ecological differences between multi-host (generalist) and single-host (specialist) viruses. Generalist viruses had significantly longer periods with observed virus-host interactions but specialist viruses were observed interacting with hosts at lower minimum abundances, suggesting more efficient interactions. Together, these observations reveal ecological differences between generalist and specialist viruses that provide insight into evolutionary trade-offs. Capturing in situ interactions with epicPCR revealed environmental and ecological factors that shape virus-host interactions, highlighting epicPCR as a scalable new tool in viral ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakowski, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora-Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zablocki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preheim, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.250803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing in situ Virus-Host Range and Interaction Dynamics through Gene Fusion with epicPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric histone inheritance regulates stem cell fate in Drosophila midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how distinct cell fates are established and maintained through epigenetic mechanisms in multicellular organisms. Here, we report that preexisting (old) and newly synthesized (new) histones H3 and H4 are asymmetrically inherited by the distinct daughter cells during asymmetric division of Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs). By contrast, in symmetrically dividing ISCs that produce two self-renewed stem cells, old and new H3 and H4 show symmetric inheritance patterns. These results indicate that asymmetric histone inheritance is tightly associated with the distinct daughter cell fates. To further understand the biological significance of this asymmetry, we express a mutant histone that compromises asymmetric histone inheritance pattern. We find increased symmetric ISC division and ISC tumors during aging under this condition. Together, our results demonstrate that asymmetric histone inheritance is important for establishing distinct cell identities in a somatic stem cell lineage, consistent with previous findings in asymmetrically dividing male germline stem cells in Drosophila. Therefore, this work sheds light on the principles of histone inheritance in regulating stem cell fate in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zion, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric histone inheritance regulates stem cell fate in Drosophila midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleavage Site Specificity for Processing of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integral membrane zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is important for human health and longevity. ZMPSTE24 performs a key proteolytic step in maturation of prelamin A, the precursor of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. Mutations in the genes encoding either prelamin A or ZMPSTE24 that prevent cleavage cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and related progeroid disorders. ZMPSTE24 has a novel structure, with seven transmembrane spans that form a large water-filled membrane chamber whose catalytic site faces the chamber interior. Prelamin A is the only known mammalian substrate for ZMPSTE24, however, the basis of this specificity remains unclear. To define the sequence requirements for ZMPSTE24 cleavage, we mutagenized the eight residues flanking the prelamin A scissile bond (TRSY{downarrow}LLGN) to all other 19 amino acids, creating a library of 152 variants. We also replaced these eight residues with sequences derived from putative ZMPSTE24 cleavage sites from amphibian, bird, and fish prelamin A. Cleavage of prelamin A variants was assessed using an in vivo yeast assay that provides a sensitive measure of ZMPSTE24 processing efficiency. We found that residues on the C-terminal side of the cleavage site are most sensitive to changes. Consistent with other zinc metalloproteases, including thermolysin, ZMPSTE24 preferred hydrophobic residues at the P1 position (Leu647), but in addition, showed a similar, albeit muted, pattern at P2. Our findings begin to define a consensus sequence for ZMPSTE24 that helps to clarify how this physiologically important protease functions and may ultimately lead to identifying additional substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babatz, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleavage Site Specificity for Processing of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring DNA mechanics on the genome scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.255042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical deformations of DNA such as bending are ubiquitous and implicated in diverse cellular functions1. However, the lack of high-throughput tools to directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA limits our understanding of whether and how DNA sequences modulate DNA mechanics and associated chromatin transactions genome-wide. We developed an assay called loop-seq to measure the intrinsic cyclizability of DNA - a proxy for DNA bendability - in high throughput. We measured the intrinsic cyclizabilities of 270,806 50 bp DNA fragments that span the entire length of S. cerevisiae chromosome V and other genomic regions, and also include random sequences. We discovered sequence-encoded regions of unusually low bendability upstream of Transcription Start Sites (TSSs). These regions disfavor the sharp DNA bending required for nucleosome formation and are co-centric with known Nucleosome Depleted Regions (NDRs). We show biochemically that low bendability of linker DNA located about 40 bp away from a nucleosome edge inhibits nucleosome sliding into the linker by the chromatin remodeler INO80. The observation explains how INO80 can create promoter-proximal nucleosomal arrays in the absence of any other factors2 by reading the DNA mechanical landscape. We show that chromosome wide, nucleosomes are characterized by high DNA bendability near dyads and low bendability near the linkers. This contrast increases for nucleosomes deeper into gene bodies, suggesting that DNA mechanics plays a previously unappreciated role in organizing nucleosomes far from the TSS, where nucleosome remodelers predominate. Importantly, random substitution of synonymous codons does not preserve this contrast, suggesting that the evolution of codon choice has been impacted by selective pressure to preserve sequence-encoded mechanical modulations along genes. We also provide evidence that transcription through the TSS-proximal nucleosomes is impacted by local DNA mechanics. Overall, this first genome-scale map of DNA mechanics hints at a  mechanical code with broad functional implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eustermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hejna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rube, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopfner, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.255042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring DNA mechanics on the genome scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of histone inheritance patterns in the Drosophila female germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells have the unique ability to undergo asymmetric division which produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical, but commit to different cell fates. The loss of this balanced asymmetric outcome can lead to many diseases, including cancer and tissue dystrophy. Understanding this tightly regulated process is crucial in developing methods to treat these abnormalities. Here, we report that produced from a Drosophila female germline stem cell asymmetric division, the two daughter cells differentially inherit histones at key genes related to either maintaining the stem cell state or promoting differentiation, but not at constitutively active or silenced genes. We combined histone labeling with DNA Oligopaints to distinguish old versus new histone distribution and visualize their inheritance patterns at single-gene resolution in asymmetrically dividing cells in vivo. This strategy can be widely applied to other biological contexts involving cell fate establishment during development or tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahney, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viets-Layng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.255455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of histone inheritance patterns in the Drosophila female germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Botanical Medicines with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bartonella henselae is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium which is the causative agent of cat scratch disease. In humans, infections with B. henselae can result in acute or chronic systemic infections with various clinical symptoms including local skin lesions, malaise, aches, chills, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, or meningoencephalitis. The current treatment for Bartonella infections with antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin is not always effective presumably due to bacterial persistence. There have been various anecdotal reports of herbal extracts used for treating patients with persistent Bartonella infections but their activity on B. henselae is unknown. To test the potential antimicrobial activity of botanical or herbal medicines and develop better therapies for persistent Bartonella infections, in this study, we screened an herbal product collection against stationary phase B. henselae in vitro using SYBR Green I/ propidium iodide (PI) viability assay. These herbal medicines were selected by the fact that they are commonly used to treat Lyme and co-infections by patients and herbalists, and as a follow-up to our recent study where these herbs were tested against B. burgdorferi. We identified five herbal product extracts that had high activity against stationary phase B. henselae at 0.5% (v/v), including Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, Polygonum cuspidatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Scutellaria barbata. Among them, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, and Polygonum cuspidatum could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at 0.25% (v/v) in drug exposure time-kill assay, whereas Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria barbata showed relatively poor activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. Our findings may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.256768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Botanical Medicines with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenine DNA demethylase ALKBH1 regulates mammalian axon regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have shown that DNA N6-methyladenine (N6-mA) modification is emerging to be a novel and important epigenetic regulator of mammalian gene transcription. Several studies demonstrated DNA N6-mA in human or rodents was regulated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1. Moreover, studies in mouse brain or human glioblastoma cells showed that reduced level of N6-mA or higher level of ALKBH1 was correlated with up regulated levels of genes associated with neuronal development. We thus investigated the functional roles of ALKBH1 in sensory axon regeneration. Our results showed that ALKBH1 regulated the level of N6-mA in sensory neurons, and upon peripheral nerve injury ALKBH1 was up regulated in mouse sensory neurons. Functionally, knocking down ALKBH1 in sensory neurons resulted in reduced axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, which could be rescued by simultaneously knocking down N6AMT1. Moreover, knocking down ALKBH1 led to decreased levels of many neurodevelopment regulatory genes, including neuritin that is well known to enhance axon growth and regeneration. Our study not only revealed a novel physiological function of DNA N6-mA, but also identified a new epigenetic mechanism regulating mammalian axon regeneration.

Significance StatementThe study demonstrated that DNA N6-methyladenine (N6-mA) modification played important roles in regulation of sensory axon regeneration, likely through controlling the expression of neurodevelopmental associated genes. The results will add new evidence about the physiological function of DNA N6-mA and its regulatory demethylase ALKBH1 in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.258038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenine DNA demethylase ALKBH1 regulates mammalian axon regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans and mice. Understanding human norovirus (HuNoV) cell tropism has important implications for our understanding of viral pathogenesis. Murine norovirus (MNoV) is extensively used as a surrogate model for HuNoV. We previously identified CD300lf as the receptor for MNoV. Here, we generated a Cd300lf conditional knockout (CD300lfF/F) mouse to elucidate the cell tropism of persistent and non-persistent strains of murine norovirus. Using this mouse model, we demonstrate that CD300lf expression on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and on tuft cells in particular, is essential for transmission of the persistent MNoV strain CR6 (MNoVCR6) in vivo. In contrast, the nonpersistent MNoV strain CW3 (MNoVCW3) does not require CD300lf expression on IECs for infection. However, deletion of CD300lf in myelomonocytic cells (LysM Cre+) partially reduces CW3 viral load in lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Disruption of CD300lf expression on B cells (CD19 Cre), neutrophils (Mrp8 Cre), and dendritic cells (CD11c Cre) did not affect CW3 viral RNA levels. Finally, we show that the transcription factor STAT1, which is critical for the innate immune response, partially restricts the cell tropism of MNoVCW3 to LysM+ cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD300lf expression on tuft cells is essential for MNoVCR6, that myelomonocytic cells are a major, but not exclusive, target cell of MNoVCW3, and that STAT1 signaling restricts the cellular tropism of MNoVCW3. This provides the first genetic system to study the cell type-specific role of CD300lf in norovirus pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting in up to 200,000 deaths each year. The receptor and cell tropism of HuNoV in immunocompetent humans are unclear. We use murine norovirus (MNoV) as a model for HuNoV. We recently identified CD300lf as the sole physiologic receptor for MNoV. Here, we leverage this finding to generate a Cd300lf conditional knockout mouse to decipher the contributions of specific cell types to MNoV infection. We demonstrate that persistent MNoVCR6 requires CD300lf expression on tuft cells. In contrast, multiple CD300lf+ cell types, dominated by myelomonocytic cells, are sufficient for non-persistent MNoVCW3 infection. CD300lf expression on epithelial cells, B cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells is not critical for MNoVCW3 infection. Mortality associated with MNoVCW3 strain in Stat1-/- mice does not require CD300lf expression on LysM+ cells, highlighting that both CD300lf receptor expression and innate immunity regulate MNoV cell tropism in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graziano, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.258467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the mechanical code of genome and epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence features have long been known to influence the local mechanical properties and shapes of DNA. However, a mechanical code (i.e. a comprehensive mapping between DNA sequence and mechanical properties), if it exists, has been difficult to experimentally determine because direct means of measuring the mechanical properties of DNA are typically limited in throughput. Here we use Loop-seq - a recently developed technique to measure the intrinsic cyclizabilities (a proxy for bendability) of DNA fragments in genomic-scale throughput - to characterize the mechanical code. We tabulate how DNA sequence features (distribution patterns of all possible dinucleotides and dinucleotide pairs) influence intrinsic cyclizability, and build a linear model to predict intrinsic cyclizability from sequence. Using our model, we predict that DNA mechanical landscape shapes nucleosome organization around the promoters of various organisms and at the binding site of the transcription factor CTCF, and that hyperperiodic DNA in C. elegans leads to globally curved DNA segments. By performing loop-seq on random libraries in the presence or absence of CpG methylation, we show that CpG methylation leads to global stiffening of DNA in a wide sequence context, and predict based on our model that CpG methylation widely changes the mechanical landscape around mouse promoters. It suggests how epigenetic modifications of DNA might alter gene expression and mediate cellular adaptation by affecting critical processes around promoters that require mechanical deformations of DNA, such as nucleosome organization and transcription initiation. Finally, we show that the genetic code and the mechanical code are linked: sequence-dependent mechanical properties of coding DNA constrains the amino acid sequence despite the degeneracy in the genetic code. Our measurements explain why the pattern of nucleosome organization along genes influences the distribution of amino acids in the translated polypeptide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the mechanical code of genome and epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-emitting diode-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement of sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation in hypoxic neonatal piglets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a light-emitting diode (LED)-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement (LED-trPA) of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation at superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in hypoxic neonatal piglets. The optimal LED imaging wavelengths and frame averaging scheme were determined based on in vivo characterization of transcranial sensitivity. Based on the framework (690/850 nm with >20 frame averaging), graded hypoxia was successfully identified in neonatal piglets in vivo with less than 10.0 % of root mean squared error (RMSE). This preclinical study suggests the feasibility of a rapid, cost-effective, and safe LED-trPA monitoring of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and prompt interventions for clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-emitting diode-based transcranial photoacoustic measurement of sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation in hypoxic neonatal piglets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository of high-resolution postmortem magnetic resonance imaging: the second phase of the archive of digital records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comparison of neuroanatomical features of the brain between humans and our evolutionary relatives, nonhuman primates, is key to understanding the human brain system and the neural basis of mental and neurological disorders. Although most comparative MRI studies of human and nonhuman primate brains have been based on brains of primates that had been used as subjects in experiments, it is essential to investigate various species of nonhuman primates in order to elucidate and interpret the diversity of neuroanatomy features among humans and nonhuman primates. To develop a research platform for this purpose, it is necessary to harmonize the scientific contributions of studies with the standards of animal ethics, animal welfare, and the conservation of brain information for long-term continuation of the field. In previous research, we first developed an open-resource repository of anatomical images obtained using 9.4-T ex vivo MRI of postmortem brain samples from 12 nonhuman primate species, and which are stored at the Japan Monkey Centre. In the present study, as a second phase, we released a collection of T2-weighted images and diffusion tensor images obtained in nine species: white-throated capuchin, Bolivian squirrel monkey, stump-tailed macaque, Tibet monkey, Sykes monkey, Assamese macaque, pig-tailed macaque, crested macaque, and chimpanzee. Our image repository should facilitate scientific discoveries in the field of comparative neuroscience. This repository can also promote animal ethics and animal welfare in experiments with nonhuman primate models by optimizing methods for in vivo and ex vivo MRI scanning of brains and supporting veterinary neuroradiological education. In addition, the repository is expected to contribute to conservation, preserving information about the brains of various primates, including endangered species, in a permanent digital form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shintaku, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minamimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.263517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository of high-resolution postmortem magnetic resonance imaging: the second phase of the archive of digital records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.262832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural crest-derived neurons are replaced by a newly identified mesodermal lineage in the post-natal and aging enteric nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.262832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system (ENS), a collection of neural cells contained in the wall of the gut, is of fundamental importance to gastrointestinal and systemic health. According to the prevailing paradigm, the ENS arises from progenitor cells migrating from the neural crest and remains largely unchanged thereafter. Here, we show that the lineage composition of maturing ENS changes with time, with a decline in the canonical lineage of neural-crest derived neurons and their replacement by a newly identified lineage of mesoderm-derived neurons. Single cell transcriptomics and immunochemical approaches establish a distinct expression profile of mesoderm-derived neurons. The dynamic balance between the proportions of neurons from these two different lineages in the post-natal gut is dependent on the availability of their respective trophic signals, GDNF-RET and HGF-MET. With increasing age, the mesoderm-derived neurons become the dominant form of neurons in the ENS, a change associated with significant functional effects on intestinal motility which can be reversed by GDNF supplementation. Transcriptomic analyses of human gut tissues show reduced GDNF-RET signaling in patients with intestinal dysmotility which is associated with reduction in neural crest-derived neuronal markers and concomitant increase in transcriptional patterns specific to mesoderm-derived neurons. Normal intestinal function in the adult gastrointestinal tract therefore appears to require an optimal balance between these two distinct lineages within the ENS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.262832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural crest-derived neurons are replaced by a newly identified mesodermal lineage in the post-natal and aging enteric nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy subjects and patients with first episode psychosis (FEP): a 7-Tesla MRS study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective7 Tesla (T) longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers a precise measurment of metabolic levels in human brain via a non-invasive approach. Studying longitudinal changes in neurometabolites could help identify trait and state markers for diseases and understand inconsistent findings from different researchers due to differences in the age of study participants and duration of illness. This study is the first to report novel longitudinal patterns in young adulthood from both physiological and pathological viewpoints using 7T MRS.

MethodsUtilizing a four-year longitudinal cohort with 38 first episode psychosis (FEP) patients (onset within 2 years) and 48 healthy controls (HC), the authors examined the annual percentage changes of 9 neurometabolites in 5 brain regions.

ResultsBoth FEP patients and HC subjects were found to have significant longitudinal reductions in glutamate (Glu) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Only FEP patients were found to have a significant decrease over time in {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), and total choline (tCho: phosphocholine plus glycerophosphocholine) in the ACC. Uniquely, glutathione (GSH) was found to have a near zero annual percentage change in both FEP patients and HC subjects in all 5 brain regions over a four-year timespan in young adulthood.

ConclusionsGSH could be a trait marker for diagnostic applications at least in young adulthood. Glu, GABA, NAA, mI, and tCho in the ACC are associated with the patients status and could be state markers for mechanistic studies of psychotic disorders, including those for progressive pathological changes and medication effects in young adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy subjects and patients with first episode psychosis (FEP): a 7-Tesla MRS study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis is associated with worse clinical outcomes and greater cortical pathology. Despite progress in identification of this process in multiple sclerosis patients using post-contrast FLAIR imaging, early trials attempting to target meningeal inflammation have been unsuccessful. There is a lack of appropriate model systems to screen potential therapeutic agents targeting meningeal inflammation. We utilized ultra-high field (11.7 Tesla) MRI to perform post-contrast FLAIR imaging in SJL/J mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced using immunization with proteolipid protein peptide (PLP139-151) and complete Freunds adjuvant. Imaging was performed in both a cross-sectional and longitudinal fashion at time-points ranging from 2 to 14 weeks post-immunization. Following imaging, we euthanized animals and collected tissue for pathological evaluation, which identified dense cellular infiltrates corresponding to areas of contrast-enhancement involving the leptomeninges. These areas of meningeal inflammation contained B cells (B220+), T cells (CD3+) and myeloid cells (Mac2+). We also noted features consistent with tertiary lymphoid tissue within these areas - presence of peripheral node addressin (PNAd) positive structures, CXCL13 producing cells and FDC-M1+ follicular dendritic cells. In the cortex adjacent to areas of meningeal inflammation we identified astrocytosis, microgliosis, demyelination and evidence of axonal stress/damage. Since areas of meningeal contrast enhancement persisted over several weeks in longitudinal experiments, we utilized this model to test the effects of a therapeutic intervention on established meningeal inflammation. We randomized mice with evidence of meningeal contrast enhancement on MRI scans performed at 6 weeks post-immunization, to treatment with either vehicle or evobrutinib (a Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibitor) for a period of 4 weeks. These mice underwent serial imaging and we examined the effect of treatment on the areas of meningeal contrast enhancement and noted a significant reduction in the evobrutinib group compared to vehicle (30% reduction versus 5% increase; P = 0.003). We utilized ultra-high field MRI imaging to identify areas of meningeal inflammation and to track them over time in SJL/J mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and then utilized this model to identify Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to target meningeal inflammation. The results of this study provide support for future studies in multiple sclerosis patients with imaging evidence of meningeal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenningloh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshcert, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absinta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Villamizar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Zijl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Phased Canis lupus familiaris Labrador Retriever Reference Genome Utilizing High Molecular Weight DNA Extraction Methods and High Resolution Sequencing Technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reference genome fidelity is critically important for genome wide association studies (GWAS), yet many are incomplete or too dissimilar from the study population. A typical whole genome sequencing approach implies short-read technologies resulting in fragmented assemblies with regions of ambiguity low complexity. Further information is lost by economic necessity when genotyping populations, as lower resolution technologies such as genotyping arrays are commonly utilized. Here we present a phased reference genome for Canis lupus familiaris utilizing high molecular weight sequencing technologies. We tested wet lab and bioinformatic approaches to demonstrate a minimum workflow to generate the 2.4 gigabase genome for a Labrador Retriever. The resulting de novo assembly required eight Oxford Nanopore R9.4 flowcells (~23X depth) and running a 10X Genomics library on the equivalent of one lane of an Illumina NovaSeq S1 flowcell (~88X depth), bringing the cost of generating a nearly complete reference genome to less than $10K. Mapping of publicly available short-read data from ten Labrador Retrievers against this breed-specific reference resulted in an average of approximately 1% more aligned reads compared to mapping against the current gold standard reference (CanFam3.1, p<0.001), indicating a more complete breed-specific reference. An average 15% reduction of variant calls was observed from the same mapped data, which increases the chance of identifying low effect size variants in a GWAS. We believe that by incorporating the cost to produce a full genome assembly into any large-scale canine genotyping study, an investigator can make an informed cost/benefit analysis regarding genotyping technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verratti, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburne, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Phased Canis lupus familiaris Labrador Retriever Reference Genome Utilizing High Molecular Weight DNA Extraction Methods and High Resolution Sequencing Technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynapsEM: computer-assisted synapse morphometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural features of a synapse, in part, determine its output. Synapses are extremely small and tightly packed with vesicles and other organelles. Visualizing synaptic structure requires imaging by electron microscopy, and the features in micrographs must be quantified using morphometry. Three parameters are typically assessed from each specimen: 1) the sizes of individual vesicles and organelles, 2) the absolute number and densities of organelles, and 3) distances between organelles and key features at synapses such as active zone membranes and dense projections. For data to be valid, the analysis must be repeated from hundreds or thousands of images from several biological replicates, a daunting task. Here we report a custom computer program to analyze these features: SynapsEM. In short, we developed macros for ImageJ/Fiji to record x,y-coordinates of segmented structures; the coordinates are then exported as text files. Independent investigators can reload the images and text files to confirm or re-evaluate the segmentation using ImageJ. The Matlab program calculates and reports key synaptic parameters from the coordinates. Since the values are calculated, rather than measured from each micrograph, other parameters can be extracted in Matlab by additional scripting. Thus, this program can accelerate morphometry of synapses and promote a more comprehensive analysis of synaptic ultrastructure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynapsEM: computer-assisted synapse morphometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gEAR portal (gene Expression Analysis Resource, umgear.org) is an open access community-driven tool for multi-omic and multi-species data visualization, analysis and sharing. The gEAR supports visualization of multiple RNA-seq data types (bulk, sorted, single cell/nucleus) and epigenomics data, from multiple species, time points and tissues in a single-page, user-friendly browsable format. An integrated scRNA-seq workbench provides access to raw data of scRNA-seq datasets for de novo analysis, as well as marker-gene and cluster comparisons of pre-assigned clusters. Users can upload, view, analyze and privately share their own data in the context of previously published datasets. Short, permanent URLs can be generated for dissemination of individual or collections of datasets in published manuscripts. While the gEAR is currently curated for auditory research with over 90 high-value datasets organized in thematic profiles, the gEAR also supports the BRAIN initiative (via nemoanalytics.org) and is easily adaptable for other research domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottfried, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matern, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azaiez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gEAR: gene Expression Analysis Resource portal for community-driven, multi-omic data exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.273110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Refoldability is Pervasive Across the E. coli Proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.273110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foundational paradigm of protein folding is that the primary sequence of a protein contains all the information needed for it to adopt a specific native structure1,2. This remarkable property is explained by Anfinsens thermodynamic hypothesis3,4, which asserts that because native states minimize the Gibbs free energy of a protein molecule under physiological conditions, proteins can reliably navigate to their native structures and remain in those states by ergodically sampling their free energy landscapes5. Most experiments of protein folding - conducted on purified, small, single-domain soluble proteins - follow the proportion of protein molecules that are folded as a function of time, temperature, denaturant concentration, or sequence6-8, and have yielded immense insight into the molecular determinants that underpin stable globular folds9,10. However, our reliance on the thermodynamic hypothesis as a ground truth to interpret these experiments has limited our ability to study the folding of complex proteins or to consider alternative non-thermodynamic scenarios11,12. Here, we introduce an experimental approach to probe protein refolding for whole proteomes. We accomplish this by first unfolding and refolding E. coli lysates, and then interrogating the resulting protein structures using a permissive protease that preferentially cleaves at flexible regions. Using mass spectrometry, we analyze the digestion patterns to globally assess structural differences between native and  refolded proteins. These studies reveal that following denaturation, many proteins are incapable of navigating back to their native structures. Our results signal a pervasive role for co-translational folding in shaping protein biogenesis, and suggest that the apparent stability of many native states derive from kinetic persistence rather than thermodynamic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarbox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.273110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Refoldability is Pervasive Across the E. coli Proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.270983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo genome assembly of the Tobacco Hornworm moth (Manduca sexta) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.270983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is a lepidopteran insect that is used extensively as a model system for studying insect biology, development, neuroscience and immunity. However, current studies rely on the highly fragmented reference genome Msex_1.0, which was created using now-outdated technologies and is hindered by a variety of deficiencies and inaccuracies. We present the new reference genome for M. sexta, JHU_Msex_v1.0, applying a combination of modern technologies in a de novo assembly to increase continuity, accuracy, and completeness. The assembly is 470 Mb and is ~20x more continuous than the original assembly, with scaffold N50 >14 Mb. We annotated the assembly by lifting over existing annotations and supplementing with additional supporting RNA-based data for a total of 25,256 genes. The new reference assembly is accessible in annotated form for public use. We demonstrate that improved continuity of the M. sexta genome improves resequencing studies and benefits future research on M. sexta as a model organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romer, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.270983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo genome assembly of the Tobacco Hornworm moth (Manduca sexta)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity of age-related neural hyperactivity along the CA3 transverse axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related memory deficits are correlated with neural hyperactivity in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Abnormal CA3 hyperactivity in aged rats has been proposed to contribute to an imbalance between the normal tradeoff between pattern separation and pattern completion, resulting in overly rigid representations. Recent evidence of functional heterogeneity along the CA3 transverse axis suggests that proximal CA3 supports pattern separation while distal CA3 supports pattern completion. It is not known whether age-related CA3 hyperactivity is uniformly represented along the CA3 transverse axis. We examined the firing rates of CA3 neurons from male young and aged Long-Evans rats along the CA3 transverse axis. Consistent with prior studies, young CA3 cells showed an increasing gradient in mean firing rate from proximal to distal CA3. However, aged CA3 cells showed an opposite trend, with a decreasing gradient from proximal to distal CA3. Thus, CA3 cells in aged rats were hyperactive in proximal CA3, but possibly hypoactive in distal CA3, compared to young rats. We suggest that, in combination with altered inputs from the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, the proximal CA3 region of aged rats may switch from its normal function that reflects the pattern separation output of the DG and instead performs a computation that reflects an abnormal bias toward pattern completion. In parallel, distal CA3 of aged rats may create weaker attractor basins that promote bistable representations under certain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity of age-related neural hyperactivity along the CA3 transverse axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Common Marmosets: Differences with Colony of Origin and Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of the gut microbiome may aid understanding and management of natural and experimental disease states in research animals, thereby promoting reproducibility. In this study, the rectal bacterial communities of three separate common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) breeding colonies were defined using 16S rRNA sequencing of rectal swab samples. Study animals originated from two German colonies and a United States colony (JHU). The two German cohorts, previously fed the same diet, were imported into the JHU facility; they were then isolated, transitioned onto JHU diet, and then moved into rooms housing JHU animals. To dissect the contributions of diet and integration in shaping the rectal bacterial community, samples were collected from German origin marmosets upon JHU arrival (baseline), following diet transition (100 d), and following cohousing (390 d). Baseline and 390 d samples were collected from stably maintained JHU marmosets. Bacterial community composition was distinct between all three cohorts at baseline, suggesting that factors other than primary diet confer significant differences between captive populations. Beta-diversity of the animals from the two German colonies converged by 100 d but remained distinct from JHU sample beta-diversity throughout the 390-d study, indicating that diet had greater influence on bacterial community composition than did housing animals within the same room. Our results demonstrate substantial differences in gut bacteria between different captive marmoset colonies, with persistence of these differences following husbandry standardization and housing integration. Goals of rigor and reproducibility in research underscore the need to consider microbial differences between marmosets of diverse origin.

ImportanceCharacterizing gut microbial populations is expected to promote health and enhance research reproducibility in animal studies. As use of common marmosets as animal models of human diseases expands, evaluating the marmoset gut bacterial community will be critical for interpreting research findings, especially as marmosets are prone to gastrointestinal inflammation. In this study, using 16S rRNA sequencing of rectal swab samples, we compared bacterial community among three captive colonies of marmosets at baseline and following importation of cohorts from two of the colonies into the third colony. Diet history had sustained influence on bacterial community composition, while housing the animals within the same room over a period of eight months did not appear to be a major factor. These persistent differences in marmoset gut bacterial community highlight the need for careful consideration of animal origin as a variable in marmoset research studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonvisky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLimans, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen See, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamendella, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Common Marmosets: Differences with Colony of Origin and Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and childrens health in the United States. A cohort of n= 11,880 children aged 9-10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping. Here, we describe the ABCD Study aims and design, as well as issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations using its data, including population inferences, hypothesis testing, power and precision, control of covariates, interpretation of associations, and recommended best practices for reproducible research, analytical procedures and reporting of results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeringa, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariyadath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water Controls Membrane Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through the insertion of nonpolar side chains into the bilayer, the hydrophobic effect has long been accepted as a driving force for membrane protein folding. However, how the changing chemical composition of the bilayer affects the magnitude side chain transfer free energies [Formula] has historically not been well understood. A particularly challenging region for experimental interrogation is the bilayer interfacial region that is characterized by a steep polarity gradient. In this study we have determined the [Formula] for nonpolar side chains as a function of bilayer position using a combination of experiment and simulation. We discovered an empirical correlation between the surface area of nonpolar side chain, the transfer free energies, and the local water concentration in the membrane that allows for [Formula] to be accurately estimated at any location in the bilayer. Using these water-to-bilayer [Formula] values, we calculated the interface-to-bilayer transfer free energy [Formula]. We find that the [Formula] are similar to the "biological", translocon-based transfer free energies, indicating that the translocon energetically mimics the bilayer interface. Together these findings can be applied to increase the accuracy of computational workflows used to identify and design membrane proteins, as well as bring greater insight into our understanding of how disease-causing mutations affect membrane protein folding and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water Controls Membrane Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Substrate Requirements for Cleavage of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Integral Membrane Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integral membrane zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 plays a key role in the proteolytic processing of farnesylated prelamin A, the precursor of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. Failure of this processing step results in the accumulation of permanently farnesylated forms of prelamin A which cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), as well as related progeroid disorders, and may also play a role in physiological aging. ZMPSTE24 is an intriguing and unusual protease because its active site is located inside of a closed intramembrane chamber formed by seven transmembrane spans with side portals in the chamber permitting substrate entry. The specific features of prelamin A that make it the sole known substrate for ZMPSTE24 in mammalian cells are not well-defined. At the outset of this work it was known that farnesylation is essential for prelamin A cleavage in vivo and that the C-terminal region of prelamin A (41 amino acids) is sufficient for recognition and processing. Here we investigated additional features of prelamin A that are required for cleavage by ZMPSTE24 using a well-established humanized yeast system. We analyzed the 14-residue C-terminal region of prelamin A that lies between the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site and the farnesylated cysteine, as well 23-residue region N-terminal to the cleavage site, by generating a series of alanine substitutions, alanine additions, and deletions in prelamin A. Surprisingly, we found that there is considerable flexibility in specific requirements for the length and composition of these regions. We discuss how this flexibility can be reconciled with ZMPSTE24s selectivity for prelamin A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossberg, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odinammadu, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Substrate Requirements for Cleavage of Farnesylated Prelamin A by the Integral Membrane Zinc Metalloprotease ZMPSTE24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-cell interactions and innate immune response to an enteric pathogen in a human intestinal enteroid-neutrophil co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are recruited to the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to inflammation, injury, and infection. Herein, we report the development and the characterization of an ex vivo tissue co-culture model consisting of human primary intestinal enteroid monolayers and PMN, and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN-epithelial cell interaction and response to Shigella, a primary cause of childhood dysentery. Cellular adaptation and tissue integration, barrier function, PMN phenotypic and functional attributes, and innate immune responses were examined. PMN within the enteroid monolayers acquired a distinct activated/migratory phenotype that was influenced by direct epithelial cell contact as well as by molecular signals. Seeded on the basal side of the intestinal monolayer, PMN intercalated within the epithelial cells and moved paracellularly toward the apical side. Co-cultured PMN also increased basal secretion of IL-8. Shigella added to the apical surface of the monolayers evoked additional PMN phenotypic adaptations, including increased expression of cell surface markers associated with chemotaxis and cell degranulation (CD47, CD66b, and CD88). Apical Shigella infection triggered rapid transmigration of PMN to the luminal side, NET formation as well as bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Shigella infection modulated cytokine production in the co-culture; apical MCP-1, TNF-, and basolateral IL-8 production were downregulated, while basolateral IL-6 secretion was increased. We demonstrated, for the first time, PMN phenotypic adaptation, mobilization, and coordinated epithelial cell-PMN innate response upon Shigella infection in the human intestinal environment. The enteroid monolayer-PMN co-culture represents a technical innovation for mechanistic interrogation of gastrointestinal physiology, host-microbe interaction, innate immunity, and evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.

ImportanceStudies of mucosal immunity and microbial host cell interaction have traditionally relied on animal models and in vitro tissue culture using immortalized cancer cell lines, which render non-physiological and often unreliable results. Herein we report the development and characterization of an ex vivo enteroid-PMN co-culture consisting of normal human intestinal epithelium and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN and epithelial cell interaction and function in the context of Shigella infection. We demonstrated tissue-driven phenotypic and functional adaptation of PMN and a coordinated epithelial cell and PMN response to Shigella, a primary cause of dysentery in young children in the developing world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemme-Dumit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasetti, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-cell interactions and innate immune response to an enteric pathogen in a human intestinal enteroid-neutrophil co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Scores for Kidney Function to the Circulating Proteome, and Incident Kidney Diseases: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed numerous loci for kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR). The relationship of polygenic predictors of eGFR, risk of incident adverse kidney outcomes, and the plasma proteome is not known. We developed a genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) using a weighted average of 1.2 million SNPs for eGFR using the LDpred algorithm, summary statistics generated by a European-ancestry (EA) meta-analysis of the CKDGen Consortium (N=558,423) and UK Biobank GWAS for eGFR (90% of the cohort; N=289,432), followed by best parameter selection using data from the remaining 10% of the UK Biobank (N=32,159). We then tested the association of the PRS among 8,886 EA participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (mean age: 54{+/-}6 years, 53% female) with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage kidney disease (ESKD), kidney failure (KF), and acute kidney injury (AKI). We also examined 4,877 plasma proteins measured at two time points (visit 3 (1993-95) and visit 5 (2011-13)) in relation to the PRS and compared associations between the proteome and eGFR itself. All models were adjusted for age, sex, center, and the first 10 principal components of ancestry. The developed PRS had an R2 for eGFR of 0.07 in ARIC. Over 30 years of follow up, the number of incident CKD, ESKD, KF, and AKI were 2,959, 137, 470, and 1,723, respectively. The PRS showed significant associations with all outcomes: hazard ratios (95% CI) per 1 SD lower PRS were 1.33 (1.28, 1.39), 1.20 (1.00, 1.42), 1.17 (1.06, 1.28), and 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) for incident CKD, ESKD, KF, and AKI respectively. The PRS was significantly associated (Bonferroni threshold P<1.02 x 10-5) with 108 proteins at both time points. The strongest associations were with cystatin-C (a marker of kidney function used in clinical practice), collagen alpha-1 (XV) chain, and desmocollin-2. All significant correlations with the PRS were negative, except those of testican-2 and angiostatin. Correlations of proteins with eGFR were much stronger than those with the PRS. Overall, we demonstrated that the PRS for eGFR is now sufficiently strong to capture risk for a spectrum of incident kidney diseases as well as broadly influence the plasma proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surapaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogeveen, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Scores for Kidney Function to the Circulating Proteome, and Incident Kidney Diseases: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balrog: A universal protein model for prokaryotic gene prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-cost, high-throughput sequencing has led to an enormous increase in the number of sequenced microbial genomes, with well over 100,000 genomes in public archives today. Automatic genome annotation tools are integral to understanding these organisms, yet older gene finding methods must be retrained on each new genome. We have developed a universal model of prokaryotic genes by fitting a temporal convolutional network to amino-acid sequences from a large, diverse set of microbial genomes. We incorporated the new model into a gene finding system, Balrog (Bacterial Annotation by Learned Representation Of Genes), which does not require genome-specific training and which matches or outperforms other state-of-the-art gene finding tools. Balrog is freely available under the MIT license at https://github.com/salzberg-lab/Balrog.

Author summaryAnnotating the protein-coding genes in a newly sequenced prokaryotic genome is a critical part of describing their biological function. Relative to eukaryotic genomes, prokaryotic genomes are small and structurally simple, with 90% of their DNA typically devoted to protein-coding genes. Current computational gene finding tools are therefore able to achieve close to 99% sensitivity to known genes using species-specific gene models.

Though highly sensitive at finding known genes, all current prokaryotic gene finders also predict large numbers of additional genes, which are labelled as "hypothetical protein" in GenBank and other annotation databases. Many hypothetical gene predictions likely represent true protein-coding sequence, but it is not known how many of them represent false positives. Additionally, all current gene finding tools must be trained specifically for each genome as a preliminary step in order to achieve high sensitivity. This requirement limits their ability to detect genes in fragmented sequences commonly seen in metagenomic samples.

We took a data-driven approach to prokaryotic gene finding, relying on the large and diverse collection of already-sequenced genomes. By training a single, universal model of bacterial genes on protein sequences from many different species, we were able to match the sensitivity of current gene finders while reducing the overall number of gene predictions. Our model does not need to be refit on any new genome. Balrog (Bacterial Annotation by Learned Representation of Genes) represents a fundamentally different yet effective method for prokaryotic gene finding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balrog: A universal protein model for prokaryotic gene prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.288258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility of Integrating Canine Olfaction with Chemical and Microbial Profiling of Urine to Detect Lethal Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.288258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the developed world. A more sensitive and specific detection strategy for lethal prostate cancer beyond serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) population screening is urgently needed. Diagnosis by canine olfaction, using dogs trained to detect cancer by smell, has been shown to be both specific and sensitive. While dogs themselves are impractical as scalable diagnostic sensors, machine olfaction for cancer detection is testable. However, studies bridging the divide between clinical diagnostic techniques, artificial intelligence, and molecular analysis remains difficult due to the significant divide between these disciplines. We tested the clinical feasibility of a cross-disciplinary, integrative approach to early prostate cancer biosensing in urine using trained canine olfaction, volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) artificial neural network (ANN)-assisted examination, and microbial profiling in a double-blinded pilot study. Two dogs were trained to detect Gleason 9 prostate cancer in urine collected from biopsy-confirmed patients. Biopsy-negative controls were used to assess canine specificity as prostate cancer biodetectors. Urine samples were simultaneously analyzed for their VOC content in headspace via GC-MS and urinary microbiota content via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing. In addition, the dogs diagnoses were used to train an ANN to detect significant peaks in the GC-MS data. The canine olfaction system was 71% sensitive and between 70-76% specific at detecting Gleason 9 prostate cancer. We have also confirmed VOC differences by GC-MS and microbiota differences by 16S rDNA sequencing between cancer positive and biopsy-negative controls. Furthermore, the trained ANN identified regions of interest in the GC-MS data, informed by the canine diagnoses. Methodology and feasibility are established to inform larger-scale studies using canine olfaction, urinary VOCs, and urinary microbiota profiling to develop machine olfaction diagnostic tools. Scalable multi-disciplinary tools may then be compared to PSA screening for earlier, non-invasive, more specific and sensitive detection of clinically aggressive prostate cancers in urine samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guest, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partin, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangold, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mclean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathatou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mershin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.288258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility of Integrating Canine Olfaction with Chemical and Microbial Profiling of Urine to Detect Lethal Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling molecular mechanisms of immunity and cancer-resistance using the genomes of the Neotropical bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are exceptional among mammals for their powered flight, extended lifespans, and robust immune systems. To investigate the genomic underpinnings of unique bat adaptations, we sequenced the genomes of the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Mesoamerican mustached bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus) and compared them to a diverse collection of 13 additional bat species together with other mammals. We used the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read platform to generate highly complete assemblies (N50: 28-29Mb) and facilitate analysis of complex genomic regions containing duplicated genes. Using gene family size analysis, we found that the type I interferon locus was contracted by eight genes in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of bats, shifting the proportion of interferon-{omega} to interferon- and making interferon-{omega} the most common type I interferon in bats. Antiviral genes stimulated by type I interferons were also rapidly evolving, with interferon-induced transmembrane genes experiencing a lineage-specific duplication and strong positive selection in the gene IFIT2. Moreover, the lineage of phyllostomid bats showed an unprecedented expansion of PRDM9, a recombination-related gene also involved in infection responses, raising the possibility that this gene contributes to bat antiviral defenses. These modifications in the bat innate immune system may be important adaptations allowing them to harbor viruses asymptomatically. We additionally found evidence of positive selection on the branch leading to the MRCA of bats acting on 33 tumor suppressors and six DNA repair genes, which may contribute to the low cancer rates and longevity observed across bats. These new genomic resources enable insights into the extraordinary adaptations of bats, with implications for mammalian evolutionary studies and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheben, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendivil Ramos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheim, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling molecular mechanisms of immunity and cancer-resistance using the genomes of the Neotropical bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supraphysiological testosterone induces ferroptosis and activates NF-kappaB mediated immune pathways in prostate cancer through nucleophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery that androgens play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) has led to the development of androgen deprivation therapy as a first line of treatment against PCa. However, paradoxical growth inhibition has been observed, both experimentally and clinically, in a subset of PCa upon administration of supraphysiological levels of testosterone (SupraT). Here we report that SupraT activates cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors and induces growth inhibition of SupraT-sensitive PCa cells. This is initiated by induction of two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, namely, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy. Consequently, autophagosomal DNA activates nucleic acid sensors that converge on NF-kappaB to drive immune signaling pathways. Chemokines and cytokines secreted by the tumor cells in response to SupraT results in increased migration of cytotoxic immune cells to tumor beds of animal xenografts and patient tumors. Collectively, our findings indicate that SupraT may inhibit a subset of PCa by activating nucleic acid sensors and downstream immune signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owoyemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyapati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanacharoen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topiwala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.286252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supraphysiological testosterone induces ferroptosis and activates NF-kappaB mediated immune pathways in prostate cancer through nucleophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DETECTION OF INCIPIENT PANCREATIC CANCER WITH NOVEL TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN MOUSE MODELS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy, as 90% of patients do not survive beyond five years from diagnosis. This dismal prognosis is largely due to the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis, which precludes potentially curative surgical resection. Although early detection strategies hold significant promise for improving patient outcomes, there is still no accurate diagnostic tool to detect incipient PDAC. Here, we sought to develop antibodies for the early detection of PDAC by positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. Accordingly, we establish a pipeline to generate novel tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell-surface proteins of PDAC patient-derived organoids (PDOs). We identify a panel of 16 tumor organoid-binding antibodies (TOBi-bodies) that display high reactivity to human PDAC tissues but not to matched adjacent normal pancreas. We then employ biochemical, flow cytometric, mass spectrometric, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout methods to determine the cognate antigens of these TOBi-bodies. We identify two mAbs that bind to tumor-specific variants of the surface protein CEACAM6 and show minimal binding to normal tissues. PET imaging in mouse models using these TOBi-bodies enables the detection of incipient human organoid-derived PDAC tumors that are rather undetectable by palpation or high-resolution ultrasound imaging techniques. We propose that further development of these mAbs as PET radiotracers could facilitate the early detection and accurate staging of PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oni, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goos, J. A. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyabayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biffi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plenker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaritano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DETECTION OF INCIPIENT PANCREATIC CANCER WITH NOVEL TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN MOUSE MODELS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of AmpC-mediated-βlactam resistance requires a single lytic transglycosylase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The remarkable ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to plant cells has allowed the generation of important transgenic crops. One challenge of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation is eliminating the bacteria after plant transformation to prevent detrimental effects to plants and the release of engineered bacteria to the environment. Here we use a reverse genetics approach to identify genes involved in ampicillin resistance with the goal of utilizing these antibiotic-sensitive strains for plant transformations. We show that treating A. tumefaciens C58 with ampicillin led to increased {beta}-lactamase production, a response dependent on the broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase AmpC and its transcription factor AmpR. Loss of the putative ampD orthologue, atu2113, led to constitutive production of AmpC-dependent {beta}-lactamase activity and ampicillin resistance. Finally, one cell wall remodeling enzyme, MltB3, was necessary for the AmpC-dependent {beta}-lactamase activity and its loss elicited ampicillin and carbenicillin sensitivity in the A. tumefaciens C58 and GV3101 strains. Furthermore, GV3101{Delta} mltB3 transforms plants with comparable efficiency to wildtype but can be cleared with sub-lethal concentrations of ampicillin. The functional characterization of the genes involved in the inducible ampicillin resistance pathway of A. tumefaciens constitutes a major step forward in efforts to reduce the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of this bacterium.

IMPORTANCEAgrobacterium tumefaciens, a significant biotechnological tool for production of transgenic plant lines, is highly resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics, posing challenges for various applications. One challenge is the efficient elimination of A. tumefaciens from transformed plant tissue without using levels of antibiotics that are toxic to the plants. Here, we present the functional characterization of genes involved in {beta}-lactam resistance in A. tumefaciens. Knowledge about proteins that promote or inhibit {beta}-lactam resistance will enable the development of strains to improve the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated plant genetic transformations. Effective removal of Agrobacterium from transformed plant tissue has the potential to maximize crop yield and food production, improving the outlook for global food security.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Cuilan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of AmpC-mediated-βlactam resistance requires a single lytic transglycosylase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in fbiD(Rv2983) as a novel determinant of resistance to pretomanid and delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nitroimidazole pro-drugs delamanid and pretomanid comprise one of only two new antimicrobial classes approved to treat tuberculosis (TB) in 50 years. Prior in vitro studies suggest a relatively low barrier to nitroimidazole resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but clinical evidence is limited to date. We selected pretomanid-resistant M. tuberculosis mutants in two mouse models of TB using a range of pretomanid doses. The frequency of spontaneous resistance was approximately 10-5 CFU. Whole genome sequencing of 161 resistant isolates from 47 mice revealed 99 unique mutations, 91% of which occurred in 1 of 5 genes previously associated with nitroimidazole activation and resistance: fbiC (56%), fbiA (15%), ddn (12%), fgd (4%) and fbiB (4%). Nearly all mutations were unique to a single mouse and not previously identified. The remaining 9% of resistant mutants harbored mutations in Rv2983, a gene not previously associated with nitroimidazole resistance but recently shown to be a guanylyltransferase necessary for cofactor F420 synthesis. Most mutants exhibited high-level resistance to pretomanid and delamanid, although Rv2983 and fbiB mutants exhibited high-level pretomanid resistance, but relatively small changes in delamanid susceptibility. Complementing an Rv2983 mutant with wild-type Rv2983 restored susceptibility to pretomanid and delamanid. By quantifying intracellular F420 and its precursor Fo in overexpressing and loss-of-function mutants, we provide further evidence that Rv2983 is necessary for F420 biosynthesis. Finally, Rv2983 mutants and other F420H2-deficient mutants displayed hypersusceptibility to some antibiotics and to concentrations of malachite green found in solid media used to isolate and propagate mycobacteria from clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rifat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanoix, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashiri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacchettini, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in fbiD(Rv2983) as a novel determinant of resistance to pretomanid and delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of varicella-zoster virus VLT-ORF63 fusion transcript induces broad viral gene expression during reactivation from neuronal latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) establishes lifelong neuronal latency in most humans world-wide, reactivating in one-third to cause herpes zoster and occasionally chronic pain. How VZV establishes, maintains and reactivates from latency is largely unknown. Latent VZV gene expression is restricted to VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT) and open reading frame 63 (ORF63) in naturally VZV-infected human trigeminal ganglia (TG). Notably, these transcript levels positively correlated suggesting co-regulated transcription during latency. Here, we used direct RNA-sequencing to identify fusion transcripts that combine VLT and ORF63 loci (VLT-ORF63) and are expressed during both lytic and latent VZV infections. Furthermore, real-time PCR, RNA in situ hybridization and 5 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) all confirmed VLT-ORF63, but not canonical ORF63, expression in human TG. During lytic infection, one of the two major VLT-ORF63 isoforms encodes a novel fusion protein combining VLT and ORF63 proteins (pVLT-ORF63). In vitro, VLT is transcribed in latently VZV-infected human sensory neurons, whereas VLT-ORF63 expression is induced by reactivation stimuli. Moreover, the pVLT-ORF63-encoding VLT-ORF63 isoform induced transcription of lytic VZV genes. Collectively, our findings show that VZV expresses a unique set of VLT-ORF63 transcripts, potentially involved in the transition from latency to lytic VZV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouwendijk, W. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depledge, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbhandari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovis, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonjic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verjans, G. M. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of varicella-zoster virus VLT-ORF63 fusion transcript induces broad viral gene expression during reactivation from neuronal latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation characterizes multiple neurologic diseases, including primary inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and classical neurodegenerative diseases. Aberrant activation of the innate immune system contributes to disease progression in these conditions, but drugs that modulate innate immunity, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS), are lacking. The CNS-pene-trant natural product bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) attenuates neuroinflammation by targeting innate myeloid cells. Supplies of natural bryo-1 are limited but a recent scalable synthesis has enabled access to it and its analogs (termed bryologs), the latter providing a path to more efficacious, better tolerated, and more accessible agents. Here, we show that multiple synthetically accessible bryologs replicate the anti-inflammatory effects of bryo-1 on innate immune cells in vitro, and a lead bryolog attenuates neuroinflammation in vivo - actions mechanistically dependent on PKC binding. Our findings identify bryologs as promising drug candidates for targeting innate immunity in neuroinflammation and create a platform for evaluation of synthetic PKC modulators in neuroinflammatory diseases such as MS.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wender, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed PKC-targeting bryostatin analogs modulate innate immunity and neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) maintains cardiovascular and renal homeostasis but also serves as the entry receptor for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. COVID-19 disease severity, while highly variable, is typically lower in pediatric patients than adults (particularly the elderly), but increased rates of hospitalizations requiring intensive care are observed in infants than in older children. The reasons for these differences are unknown. To detect potential age-based correlates of disease severity, we measured ACE2 protein expression at the single cell level in human lung tissue specimens from over 100 donors from [~]4 months to 75 years of age. We found that expression of ACE2 in distal lung epithelial cells generally increases with advancing age but exhibits extreme intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity. Notably, we also detected ACE2 expression on neonatal airway epithelial cells and within the lung parenchyma. Similar patterns were found at the transcript level: ACE2 mRNA is expressed in the lung and trachea shortly after birth, downregulated during childhood, and again expressed at high levels in late adulthood in alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, we find that apoptosis, which is a natural host defense system against viral infection, is also dynamically regulated during lung maturation, resulting in periods of heightened apoptotic priming and dependence on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins including MCL-1. Infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2 triggers an unfolded protein stress response and upregulation of the endogenous MCL-1 inhibitor Noxa; in juveniles, MCL-1 inhibition is sufficient to trigger apoptosis in lung epithelial cells - this may limit virion production and inflammatory signaling. Overall, we identify strong and distinct correlates of COVID-19 disease severity across lifespan and advance our understanding of the regulation of ACE2 and cell death programs in the mammalian lung. Furthermore, our work provides the framework for potential translation of apoptosis modulating drugs as novel treatments for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inde, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deskin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghelfi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarosiek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.276923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a top-ten cause of death worldwide. Successful treatment is often limited by insufficient diagnostic capabilities, especially at the point of care in low-resource settings. The ideal diagnostic must be fast, cheap, and require minimal clinical resources while providing high sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to differentiate live from dead bacteria. We describe here the development of a Fast, Luminescent, and Affordable Sensor of Hip1 (FLASH) for the diagnosis and monitoring of drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). FLASH is a selective chemiluminescent substrate for the Mtb protease Hip1 that when processed, produces visible light that can be measured with a high signal to noise ratio using inexpensive sensors. FLASH is sensitive to fmol of recombinant Hip1 enzyme in vitro and can detect as few as thousands of Mtb cells in culture or in human sputum samples within minutes. The probe is highly selective for Mtb compared to other non-tuberculous mycobacteria and can distinguish live from dead cells. Importantly, FLASH can be used to measure antibiotic killing of Mtb in culture with greatly accelerated timelines compared to traditional protocols. Overall, FLASH has the potential to enhance both TB diagnostics and drug resistance monitoring in resource-limited settings.

One Sentence SummaryA luminescent probe enables sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and drug susceptibility testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Cuervo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting ischemia-induced KCC2 hypofunction rescues refractory neonatal seizures and mitigates epileptogenesis in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.298596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal seizures pose a clinical challenge for their early detection, acute management, and mitigation of long-term comorbidities. A major cause of neonatal seizures is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy that results in seizures that are frequently refractory to the first-line anti-seizure medication phenobarbital (PB). One proposed mechanism for PB-inefficacy during neonatal seizures is the reduced expression and function of the neuron-specific K+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), the main neuronal Cl- extruder that maintains chloride homeostasis and influences the efficacy of GABAergic inhibition. To determine if PB-refractoriness after ischemic neonatal seizures is dependent upon KCC2 hypofunction and can be rescued by KCC2 functional enhancement, we investigated the recently developed KCC2 functional enhancer CLP290 in a CD-1 mouse model of refractory ischemic neonatal seizures quantified with vEEG. We report that acute CLP290 intervention can rescue PB-resistance, KCC2 expression, and the development of epileptogenesis after ischemic neonatal seizures. KCC2 phosphorylation sites have a strong influence over KCC2 activity and seizure susceptibility in adult experimental epilepsy models. Therefore, we investigated seizure susceptibility in two different knock-in mice in which either phosphorylation of S940 or T906/T1007 was prevented. We report that KCC2 phosphorylation regulates both neonatal seizure susceptibility and CLP290-mediated KCC2 functional enhancement. Our results validate KCC2 as a clinically relevant target for refractory neonatal seizures and provide insights for future KCC2 drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.298596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting ischemia-induced KCC2 hypofunction rescues refractory neonatal seizures and mitigates epileptogenesis in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.303826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Msp1/ATAD1 restores mitochondrial function in Zellweger Spectrum Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.303826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders (PBDs) are a class of inherited metabolic disorders with profound neurological and other phenotypes. The most severe PBDs are caused by mutations in peroxin genes, which result in nonfunctional peroxisomes typically through impaired protein import. In order to better understand the molecular causes of Zellweger Spectrum Disease (ZSD) -the most severe PBDs -, we investigated the fate of peroxisomal mRNAs and proteins in ZSD model systems. We found that loss of peroxisomal import has no effect on peroxin mRNA expression or translational efficiency. Instead, peroxin proteins--still produced at high levels-- aberrantly accumulate on the mitochondrial membrane, impairing respiration and ATP generation. Finally, we rescued mitochondrial function in fibroblasts derived from human patients with ZSD by overexpressing ATAD1, an AAA-ATPase that functions in mitochondrial quality control. These findings might provide a new focus of PBD therapies in supporting quality control pathways that protect mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuebel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettlova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidwell, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyriou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh-Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.303826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Msp1/ATAD1 restores mitochondrial function in Zellweger Spectrum Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.300913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid detection of inter-clade recombination in SARS-CoV-2 with Bolotie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.300913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to detect recombination in pathogen genomes is crucial to the accuracy of phylogenetic analysis and consequently to forecasting the spread of infectious diseases and to developing therapeutics and public health policies. However, previous methods for detecting recombination and reassortment events cannot handle the computational requirements of analyzing tens of thousands of genomes, a scenario that has now emerged in the effort to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, the low divergence of near-identical genomes sequenced in short periods of time presents a statistical challenge not addressed by available methods. In this work we present Bolotie, an efficient method designed to detect recombination and reassortment events between clades of viral genomes. We applied our method to a large collection of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and discovered hundreds of isolates that are likely of a recombinant origin. In cases where raw sequencing data was available, we were able to rule out the possibility that these samples represented co-infections by analyzing the underlying sequence reads. Our findings further show that several recombinants appear to have persisted in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.300913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid detection of inter-clade recombination in SARS-CoV-2 with Bolotie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.304279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A causal study of bumetanide on a marker of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.304279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bumetanide has received much interest as a potential pharmacological modulator of the putative imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) signaling that is thought to characterize autism spectrum conditions. Yet, currently, no studies of bumetanide efficacy have used an outcome measure that is modeled to depend on E/I balance in the brain. In this manuscript, we present the first causal study of the effect of bumetanide on an objective marker of E/I balance in the brain, binocular rivalry, which we have previously shown to be sensitive to pharmacological manipulation of GABA. Using a within-subjects placebo-control crossover design study, we show that, contrary to expectation, acute administration of bumetanide does not alter binocular rivalry dynamics in neurotypical adult individuals. Neither changes in response times nor response criteria can account for these results. These results raise important questions about the efficacy of acute bumetanide administration for altering E/I balance in the human brain, and highlight the importance of studies using objective markers of the underlying neural processes that drugs hope to target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botch, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.304279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A causal study of bumetanide on a marker of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline DNA replication shapes the recombination landscape in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGenetic recombination generates novel trait combinations and understanding how recombination is distributed across the genome is key to modern genetics. The PRDM9 protein defines recombination hotspots, however megabase-scale recombination patterning is independent of PRDM9. The single round of DNA replication, which precedes recombination in meiosis, may establish these patterns, therefore we devised a novel approach to study meiotic replication that includes robust and sensitive mapping of replication origins. We find that meiotic DNA replication is distinct; reduced origin firing slows replication in meiosis and a distinctive replication pattern in human males underlies the sub-telomeric increase in recombination. We detected a robust correlation between replication and both contemporary and ancestral recombination and found that replication origin density coupled with chromosome size determines the recombination potential of individual chromosomes. Our findings and methods have far-reaching implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying DNA replication, genetic recombination, and the landscape of mammalian germline variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pratto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.-W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloutier, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellard, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camerini-Otero, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.308874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline DNA replication shapes the recombination landscape in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.309138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coarse Raman and optical diffraction tomographic imaging enable label-free phenotyping of isogenic breast cancer cells of varying metastatic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.309138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of the metastatic potential represents one of the most important tasks for molecular imaging of cancer. While molecular imaging of metastases has witnessed substantial progress as an area of clinical inquiry, determining precisely what differentiates the metastatic phenotype has proven to be more elusive underscoring the need to marry emerging imaging techniques with tumor biology. In this study, we utilize both the morphological and molecular information provided by 3D optical diffraction tomography and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, to propose a label-free route for optical phenotyping of cancer cells at single-cell resolution. By using an isogenic panel of cell lines derived from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that vary in their metastatic potential, we show that 3D refractive index tomograms can capture subtle morphological differences among the parental, circulating tumor cells, and lung metastatic cells. By leveraging the molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate that coarse Raman microscopy is capable of rapidly mapping a sufficient number of cells for training a random forest classifier that can accurately predict the metastatic potential of cells at a single-cell level. We also leverage multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares decomposition of the spectral dataset to demarcate spectra from cytoplasm and nucleus, and test the feasibility of identifying metastatic phenotypes using the spectra only from the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. Overall, our study provides a rationale for employing coarse Raman mapping to substantially reduce measurement time thereby enabling the acquisition of reasonably large training datasets that hold the key for label-free single-cell analysis and, consequently, for differentiation of indolent from aggressive phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.309138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coarse Raman and optical diffraction tomographic imaging enable label-free phenotyping of isogenic breast cancer cells of varying metastatic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable element control disrupted by meiotic drive in a stalk-eyed fly genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some stalk-eyed flies in the genus Teleopsis carry selfish genetic elements that induce sex ratio meiotic drive (SR) and impact the fitness of male and female carriers. Here, we produced a chromosome-level genome assembly of the stalk-eyed fly, T. dalmanni, to elucidate patterns of genomic divergence associated with the presence of drive elements. We find evidence for multiple nested inversions along the sex ratio haplotype and widespread differentiation and divergence between XSR and XSR along the entire chromosome. These include a striking XSR-specific expansion of an array of partial copies of JASPer, a gene necessary for maintenance of euchromatin and regulation of transposable element expression (TEs). In addition, the genome contains tens of thousands of TE insertions and hundreds of transcriptionally and insertionally active TE families. Moreover, we find that several TE families are differentially expressed and/or present at a different copy number in SR male testes, suggesting an association between these two categories of selfish genetic elements in this species. We identify T. dalmanni orthologs of genes involved in genome defense via the piRNA pathway, including core members maelstrom, piwi and Argonaute3, that have diverged in sequence, expression or copy number between the SR and standard (ST) X chromosomes, consistent with altered TE regulation in flies carrying a sex ratio X chromosome. Overall, the evidence suggests that this ancient XSR polymorphism has had a variety of impacts on repetitive DNA and its regulation in this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paczolt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable element control disrupted by meiotic drive in a stalk-eyed fly genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phospho-regulated ensemble signal motif of α-TAT1 drives dynamic microtubule acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporally dynamic microtubule acetylation underlies diverse physiological events ranging from cell migration to intracellular trafficking, autophagy and viral infections. Despite its ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sole microtubule acetylating agent, -tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (-TAT1) remain obscure. Here we report that dynamic intracellular localization of -TAT1 unexpectedly determines the efficiency of microtubule acetylation. Specifically, we newly identified a conserved signal motif in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of -TAT1, consisting of three competing regulatory elements - nuclear export, nuclear import and cytosolic retention. Their balance is tuned via phosphorylation by serine-threonine kinases including CDK1 and CK2. While the un-phosphorylated form resides both in the cytosol and nucleus, the phosphorylated form binds to specific 14-3-3 adapters and accumulates in the cytosol for maximal substrate access. Cytosolic localization of -TAT1 predominantly mediates microtubule acetylation, cell proliferation and DNA damage response. In contrast to other molecules with a similar phospho-regulated signal motif including transcription factors, -TAT1 uniquely uses the nucleus as a hideout. As amino acid mutations to the motif have been reported in cancer patients, the present mechanism of subcellular -TAT1 localization may help uncover a spatiotemporal code of microtubule acetylation in normal and aberrant cell functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phospho-regulated ensemble signal motif of α-TAT1 drives dynamic microtubule acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.298851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADP-ribosylation is a protein modification responsible for biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA regulation, cell cycle, and biomolecular condensate formation. Dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation is implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viral infection. We developed ADPriboDB (adpribodb.leunglab.org) to facilitate studies in uncovering insights into the mechanisms and biological significance of ADP-ribosylation. ADPriboDB 2.0 serves as a one-stop repository comprising 48,346 entries and 9,097 ADP-ribosylated proteins, of which 6,708 were newly identified since the original database release. In this updated version, we provide information regarding the sites of ADP-ribosylation in 32,946 entries. The wealth of information allows us to interrogate existing databases or newly available data. For example, we found that ADP-ribosylated substrates are significantly associated with the recently identified human protein interaction networks associated with SARS-CoV-2, which encodes a conserved protein domain called macrodomain that binds and removes ADP-ribosylation. In addition, we create a new interactive tool to visualize the local context of ADP-ribosylation, such as structural and functional features as well as other post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination). This information provides opportunities to explore the biology of ADP-ribosylation and generate new hypotheses for experimental testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivelo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visanpattanasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sazeides, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.298851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADPriboDB v2.0: An Updated Database of ADP-ribosylated Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread methylation quantitative trait loci and their role in schizophrenia risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm) regulates gene expression and may represent gene-environment interactions. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, we surveyed DNAm in a large sample (n=344) of human brain tissues. We identify widespread genetic influence on local methylation levels throughout the genome, with 76% of SNPs and 38% of CpGs being part of methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs). These associations can further be clustered into regions that are differentially methylated by a given SNP, highlighting putative functional regions that explain much of the heritability associated with risk loci. Furthermore, some CpH sites associated with genetic variation. We have established a comprehensive, single base resolution view of association between genetic variation and genomic methylation, and implicate schizophrenia GWAS-associated variants as influencing the epigenetic plasticity of the brain.

One-sentence summaryMost genetic variants associated with DNA methylation levels, and implicated schizophrenia GWAS variants in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perzel Mandell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semick, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread methylation quantitative trait loci and their role in schizophrenia risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.314252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting and phasing minor single-nucleotide variants from long-read sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.314252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular genetic heterogeneity is common in many biological conditions including cancer, microbiome, co-infection of multiple pathogens. Detecting and phasing minor variants, which is to determine whether multiple variants are from the same haplotype, play an instrumental role in deciphering cellular genetic heterogeneity, but are still difficult because of technological limitations. Recently, long-read sequencing technologies, including those by Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore, have provided an unprecedented opportunity to tackle these challenges. However, high error rates make it difficult to take full advantage of these technologies. To fill this gap, we introduce iGDA, an open-source tool that can accurately detect and phase minor single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), whose frequencies are as low as 0.2%, from raw long-read sequencing data. We also demonstrated that iGDA can accurately reconstruct haplotypes in closely-related strains of the same species (divergence[&ge;] 0.011%) from long-read metagenomic data. Our approach, therefore, presents a significant advance towards the complete deciphering of cellular genetic heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schadt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.314252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting and phasing minor single-nucleotide variants from long-read sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of retinal neurogenesis by somatostatin signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptides have been reported to regulate progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis in the central nervous system. However, these studies have typically been conducted using pharmacological agents in ex vivo preparations, and in vivo evidence for their developmental function is generally lacking. Recent scRNA-Seq studies have identified multiple neuropeptides and their receptors as being selectively expressed in neurogenic progenitors of the embryonic mouse and human retina. This includes Sstr2, whose ligand somatostatin is transiently expressed by immature retinal ganglion cells. By analyzing retinal explants treated with selective ligands that target these receptors, we found that Sstr2-dependent somatostatin signaling induces a dose-dependent inhibition of photoreceptor generation while increasing the relative fraction of primary progenitor cells. These effects were confirmed by scRNA-Seq analysis of retinal explants and abolished in Sstr2-deficient retinas. Although no changes in the relative fraction of primary progenitors or photoreceptor precursors were observed in Sstr2-deficient retinas in vivo, scRNA-Seq analysis demonstrated accelerated differentiation of neurogenic progenitors. We conclude that Sstr2 signaling may act to negatively regulate retinal neurogenesis in combination with other retinal ganglion cell-derived secreted factors such as Shh, although in vivo Sstr2 is dispensable for normal retinal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of retinal neurogenesis by somatostatin signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic auxotrophy remains stable after continuous evolution and in co-culture with mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolutionary stability and possible context-dependence of biological containment techniques is critical as engineered microbes are increasingly under consideration for applications beyond biomanufacturing. While batch cultures of synthetic auxotrophic Escherichia coli previously exhibited undetectable escape throughout 14 days of monitoring, the long-term effectiveness of synthetic auxotrophy is unknown. Here, we report automated continuous evolution of a synthetic auxotroph using custom chemostats that supply a decreasing concentration of essential biphenylalanine (BipA). After 100 days of evolution in three separate trials, populations exhibit no observable escape and are capable of normal growth rates at 10-fold lower BipA concentration than the ancestral synthetic auxotroph. Allelic reconstruction of three proteins implicated in small molecule transport reveals their contribution to increased fitness at low BipA concentrations. Mutations do not appear in orthogonal translation machinery nor in synthetic auxotrophic markers. Based on its evolutionary stability, we introduce the progenitor synthetic auxotroph directly to mammalian cell culture. We observe containment of bacteria without detrimental effects on HEK293T cells. Overall, our findings reveal that synthetic auxotrophy is effective on timescales and in contexts that enable diverse applications.

One Sentence SummaryTo ascertain whether life inevitably finds a way, we continuously evolve an Escherichia coli strain that was not able to escape from engineered biocontainment before, and we find that it does not escape even after 100 days of evolution, nor does it escape when added to mammalian cell culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunjapur, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hysolli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic auxotrophy remains stable after continuous evolution and in co-culture with mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting blood GLUcose data with R package iglu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data play an increasing role in clinical practice as they provide detailed quantification of blood glucose levels during the entire 24-hour period. The R package iglu implements a wide range of CGM-derived metrics for measuring glucose control and glucose variability. The package also allows to visualize CGM data using time-series and lasagna plots. A distinct advantage of iglu is that it comes with a point-and-click graphical user interface (GUI) which makes the package widely accessible to users regardless of their programming experience. Thus, open-source and easy to use iglu package will help advance CGM research and CGM data analyses. R package iglu is publicly available on CRAN and at https://github.com/irinagain/iglu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punjabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynanova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.310482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting blood GLUcose data with R package iglu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity can lead to recurrent upper airway obstruction (obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) during sleep as well as alveolar hypoventilation. We have previously shown that leptin stimulates breathing and treats OSA in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin-resistant diet-induced obese mice. Our previous data also suggest that leptins respiratory effects may occur in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). We selectively expressed leptin receptor LepRb in the DMH neurons of obese LepRb-deficient db/db mice (LepRb-DMH mice), which hypoventilate at baseline, and showed that intracerebroventricular injection of leptin in these animals increased inspiratory flow, tidal volume and minute ventilation during NREM sleep without any effect on the quality of NREM sleep or CO2 production. Leptin had no effect on upper airway obstruction in LepRb-DMH animals. We conclude that leptin stimulates breathing and treats obesity related hypoventilation acting on LepRb-positive neurons in the DMH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosamane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabassa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dergacheva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury-Curado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polotsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional dynamics and heterogeneity of limbal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived limbal stem cells (hPSC-derived LSCs) provide a promising cell source for corneal transplants and ocular surface reconstruction. Although recent efforts in the identification of LSC markers have increased our understanding of the biology of LSCs, the lack of knowledge of the developmental origin, cell fate determination, and identity of human LSCs hindered the establishment of differentiation protocols for hPSC-derived LSCs and hold back their clinical application. Here, we performed a time-course single-cell RNA-seq to investigate transcriptional heterogeneity and expression changes of LSCs derived from human embryonic stem cells. Based on current protocol, expression heterogeneity of reported LSC markers were identified in subpopulations of differentiated cells. EMT has been shown to occur during differentiation process, which could possibly result in generation of untargeted cells. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed transcriptional changes and signatures of commitment of hPSCs-derived LSCs and their progeny - the transit amplifying cells. Furthermore, several new makers of LSCs were identified, which could facilitate elucidating the identity and developmental origin of human LSCs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional dynamics and heterogeneity of limbal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pseudomolecule assembly of the Rocky Mountain elk genome reveals putative immune system gene loss near chromosomal fissions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) is a major reservoir for Brucella abortus in the Greater Yellowstone area, which has significant economic implications to the cattle industry. Vaccination attempts against intracellular bacterial diseases in elk populations have not been successful due to a negligible adaptive cellular immune response. A lack of genomic resources has impeded attempts to better understand why vaccination does not induce protective immunity. To overcome this limitation, PacBio, Illumina, and HiC sequencing with a total of 686-fold coverage was used to assemble the elk genome into 35 pseudomolecules. A robust gene annotation was generated resulting in 18,013 gene models and 33,422 mRNAs. The accuracy of the assembly was assessed using synteny to the red deer and cattle genomes identifying several chromosomal rearrangements, fusions and fissions. Because this genome assembly and annotation provide a foundation for genome-enabled exploration of Cervus species, we demonstrate its utility by exploring the conservation of immune system-related genes. We conclude by comparing cattle immune system-related genes to the elk genome, revealing nine putative gene losses in elk.

Author SummaryBrucellosis, also known as contagious abortion, is a bacterial disease that commonly affects livestock and remains prevalent in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis). Since the 1920s the USDA has led a program to eradicate Brucellosis from cattle, yet wild Rocky Mountain elk continue to be a source of transmission. Attempts to vaccinate wild elk herds have been unsuccessful, due to a poor and short-lived immune response. To investigate the genetic basis for this inherent difference, we created the first genome and annotation for the Rocky Mountain elk. This genome assembly is of the highest quality and contains single linear sequences for all 35 chromosomes. In order to generate gene models, an array of RNA-Seq data and proteins from many different organ tissues and cells were used in gene prediction software. Specifically, we compare cattle immune system genes with the Rocky Mountain elk, revealing the putative loss of nine immune-system related genes in elk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masonbrink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayles, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggiatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson-Welder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.320150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pseudomolecule assembly of the Rocky Mountain elk genome reveals putative immune system gene loss near chromosomal fissions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.314245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying Machine Learning to Increase Efficiency and Accuracy of Meta-Analytic Review 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.314245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapidly burgeoning quantity and complexity of publications makes curating and synthesizing information for meta-analyses ever more challenging. Meta-analyses require manual review of abstracts for study inclusion, which is time consuming, and variation among reviewer interpretation of inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting a paper to be included in a review can impact a studys outcome. To address these challenges in efficiency and accuracy, we propose and evaluate a machine learning approach to capture the definition of inclusion/exclusion criteria using a machine learning model to automate the selection process. We trained machine learning models on a manually reviewed dataset from a meta-analysis of resilience factors influencing psychopathology development. Then, the trained models were applied to an oncology dataset and evaluated for efficiency and accuracy against trained human reviewers. The results suggest that machine learning models can be used to automate the paper selection process and reduce the abstract review time while maintaining accuracy comparable to trained human reviewers. We propose a novel approach which uses model confidence to propose a subset of abstracts for manual review, thereby increasing the accuracy of the automated review while reducing the total number of abstracts requiring manual review. Furthermore, we delineate how leveraging these models more broadly may facilitate the sharing and synthesis of research expertise across disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorelik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorelik, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridout, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimarko, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peisch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuramkote, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nrusimha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.314245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying Machine Learning to Increase Efficiency and Accuracy of Meta-Analytic Review]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in drug vapor exposure systems utilizing e-cigarette technology have enabled evaluation of {Delta}-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor effects in laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to 1) establish a range of parameters of THC vapor exposure in rats sufficient to produce a behavioral dose-effect curve in a battery of tasks sensitive to THC; 2) to investigate sex differences in the effects of THC vapor exposure and THC injection (intraperitoneal, IP) on these behaviors in two strains of outbred rats. Male and female Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats (N=22, 5-6/group) received THC via IP injection (1-20 mg/kg) and passive exposure to THC vapor (200 mg/ml; 5 conditions) in a within subject design. The effects of vaped and injected THC were determined using the tail-withdrawal assay for nociception, rectal measurements of body temperature, and progressive-ratio responding for food pellets. Plasma THC concentrations were assessed after 10 mg/kg IP THC or THC vapor. THC produced dose and exposure-dependent antinociception and hypothermia. THC vapor produced inverted U-shaped effects in motivation to obtain food, while IP THC reduced PR breakpoints. Plasma THC concentrations were higher after 10 mg/kg IP THC (152 ng/mL) compared to the highest vapor exposure condition tested (38 ng/mL). THC vapor exposure produces reliable, dose-orderly effects on nociception, body temperature, and food-maintained behavior that is comparable to effects observed after IP THC. There are considerable differences between the time course of behavioral outcomes produced by these two different routes of administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A network of myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal in the corpus of the stomach serves as its "pacemaker", continuously generating a ca. 0.05 Hz electrical slow wave, which is transmitted to the brain chiefly by vagal afferents. A recent study combining resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) with concurrent surface electrogastrography (EGG), with cutaneous electrodes placed on the epigastrium, found 12 brain regions with activity that was significantly phase-locked with this gastric basal electrical rhythm. Therefore, we asked whether fluctuations in brain resting state networks (RSNs), estimated using a spatial independent component analysis (ICA) approach, might be synchronized with the stomach. In the present study, in order to determine whether any RSNs are phase-locked with the gastric rhythm, an individual participant underwent 22 scanning sessions; in each, two 15-minute runs of concurrent EGG and rsfMRI data were acquired. EGG data from three sessions had weak gastric signals and were excluded; the other 19 sessions yielded a total of 9.5 hours of data. The rsfMRI data were analyzed using group ICA; RSN time courses were estimated using dual regression; for each run, the phase-locking value (PLV) was computed between each RSN and the gastric signal. To assess statistical significance, PLVs from all pairs of "mismatched" data (EGG and rsfMRI data acquired on different days) were used as surrogate data to generate a null distribution for each RSN. Of a total of 18 RSNs, three were found to be significantly phase-locked with the basal gastric rhythm, namely, a cerebellar network, a dorsal somatosensory-motor network, and a default mode network. Disruptions to the gut-brain axis, which sustains interoceptive feedback between the central nervous system and the viscera, are thought to be involved in various disorders; manifestation of the infra-slow rhythm of the stomach in brain rsfMRI data could be useful for studies in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-locking of resting-state brain networks with the gastric basal electrical rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Adaptive Electrode Selection to Maximize Simultaneously Recorded Neuron Yield 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural-Matrix style, high-density electrode arrays for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and neuroscientific research require the use of multiplexing: Each recording channel can be routed to one of several electrode sites on the array. This capability allows the user to flexibly distribute recording channels to the locations where the most desirable neural signals can be resolved. For example, in the Neuropixel probe, 960 electrodes can be addressed by 384 recording channels. However, currently no adaptive methods exist to use recorded neural data to optimize/customize the electrode selections per recording context. Here, we present an algorithm called classification-based selection (CBS) that optimizes the joint electrode selections for all recording channels so as to maximize isolation quality of detected neurons. We show, in experiments using Neuropixels in non-human primates, that this algorithm yields a similar number of isolated neurons as would be obtained if all electrodes were recorded simultaneously. Neuron counts were 41-85% improved over previously published electrode selection strategies. The neurons isolated from electrodes selected by CBS were a 73% match, by spike timing, to the complete set of recordable neurons around the probe. The electrodes selected by CBS exhibited higher average per-recording-channel signal-to-noise ratio. CBS, and selection optimization in general, could play an important role in development of neurotechnologies for BMI, as signal bandwidth becomes an increasingly limiting factor. Code and experimental data have been made available1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Adaptive Electrode Selection to Maximize Simultaneously Recorded Neuron Yield]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Diversity of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injury and loss of oligodendrocytes can cause demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. To improve our understanding of oligodendrocyte development, which could facilitate development of remyelination-based treatment strategies, we performed single-cell-transcriptomic-analysis of developing human oligodendrocyte-precursor-cells (hOPCs). We engineered knock-in hESC-reporter lines in which an Identification-and-Purification tag is expressed under control of the endogenous, OPC-specific, PDGFR promoter, and performed time-course single-cell-RNA-sequencing of purified hOPCs. Our analysis uncovered marked transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFR+ hOPCs and identified regulatory genes and networks that control their differentiation and myelination competence. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed two distinct trajectories for the development of oligodendrocytes vs astrocytes from hOPCs. We also identified novel transcription factors and other genes that developing hOPCs potentially use to choose between oligodendrocyte vs astrocyte lineages. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis followed by pharmacological intervention of those pathways confirm that mTOR and cholesterol biosynthesis signaling pathways are involved in maturation of oligodendrocytes from hOPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devkota, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.328971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Diversity of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals cell type-specific molecular signatures across reward circuitry in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell/nucleus technologies are powerful tools to study cell type-specific expression in the human brain, but most large-scale efforts have focused on characterizing cortical brain regions and their constituent cell types. However, additional brain regions - particularly those embedded in basal ganglia and limbic circuits - play important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders and addiction, suggesting a critical need to better understand their molecular characteristics. We therefore created a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) resource across five human brain regions (hippocampus, HPC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC; subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, sACC; nucleus accumbens, NAc; and amygdala, AMY), with emphasis on the NAc and AMY, given their involvement in reward signaling and emotional processing. We identified distinct and potentially novel neuronal subpopulations, which we validated by smFISH for various subclasses of NAc interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs). We additionally benchmarked these datasets against published datasets for corresponding regions in rodent models to define cross-species convergence and divergence across analogous cell subclasses. We characterized the transcriptomic architecture of regionally-defined neuronal subpopulations, which revealed strong patterns of similarities in specific neuronal subclasses across the five profiled regions. Finally, we measured genetic associations between risk for psychiatric disease and substance use behaviors with each of the regionally-defined cell types. This analysis further supported NAc and AMY involvement in risk for psychiatric illness by implicating specific neuronal subpopulations, and highlighted potential involvement of an MSN population associated with stress signaling in genetic risk for substance use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadashivaiah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.329839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals cell type-specific molecular signatures across reward circuitry in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting Brain Disease-Related Connectome Subgraphs by Adaptive Dense Subgraph Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group-level brain connectome analysis has attracted increasing interest in neuropsychiatric research with the goal of identifying connectomic subnetworks (subgraphs) that are systematically associated with brain disorders. However, extracting disease-related subnetworks from the whole brain connectome has been challenging, because no prior knowledge is available regarding the sizes and locations of the subnetworks. In addition, neuroimaging data is often mixed with substantial noise that can further obscure informative subnetwork detection. We propose a likelihood-based adaptive dense subgraph discovery (ADSD) model to extract disease-related subgraphs from the group-level whole brain connectome data. Our method is robust to both false positive and false negative errors of edge-wise inference and thus can lead to a more accurate discovery of latent disease-related connectomic subnetworks. We develop computationally efficient algorithms to implement the novel ADSD objective function and derive theoretical results to guarantee the convergence properties. We apply the proposed approach to a brain fMRI study for schizophrenia research and identify well-organized and biologically meaningful subnetworks that exhibit schizophrenia-related salience network centered connectivity abnormality. Analysis of synthetic data also demonstrates the superior performance of the ADSD method for latent subnetwork detection in comparison with existing methods in various settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culbreth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting Brain Disease-Related Connectome Subgraphs by Adaptive Dense Subgraph Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence evaluation and comparative analysis of novel assays for intact proviral HIV-1 DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV proviral reservoir is the major barrier to cure. The predominantly replication-defective proviral landscape makes the measurement of virus that is likely to cause rebound upon ART-cessation challenging. To address this issue, novel assays to measure intact HIV proviruses have been developed. The Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) is a high-throughput assay that uses two probes to exclude the majority of defective proviruses and determine the frequency of intact proviruses, albeit without sequence confirmation. Quadruplex PCR with four probes (Q4PCR), is a lower-throughput assay that uses limiting dilution long distance PCR amplification followed by qPCR and near-full length genome sequencing (nFGS) to estimate the frequency of sequence-confirmed intact proviruses and provide insight into their clonal composition. To explore the advantages and limitations of these assays, we compared IPDA and Q4PCR measurements from 39 ART-suppressed people living with HIV. We found that IPDA and Q4PCR measurements correlated with one another but frequencies of intact proviral DNA differed by approximately 19-fold. This difference may be in part due to inefficiencies in long distance PCR amplification of proviruses in Q4PCR, leading to underestimates of intact proviral frequencies. In addition, nFGS analysis within Q4PCR explained that some of this difference is explained by proviruses that are classified as intact by IPDA but carry defects elsewhere in the genome. Taken together, this head-to-head comparison of novel intact proviral DNA assays provides important context for their interpretation in studies to deplete the HIV reservoir and shows that together the assays bracket true reservoir size.

ImportanceThe Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) and Quadruplex PCR (Q4PCR) represent major advances in accurately quantifying and characterizing the replication competent HIV reservoir. This study compares the two novel approaches for measuring intact HIV proviral DNA in samples from 39 ART-suppressed people living with HIV, thereby informing ongoing efforts to deplete the HIV reservoir in cure-related trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcinelli, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtagh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchherr, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruc, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence evaluation and comparative analysis of novel assays for intact proviral HIV-1 DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging alters the mediating effect of endogenous GABA on the interaction between functional connectivity and motor-state transitions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flexible adjustment of ongoing behavior challenges the nervous systems dynamic control mechanisms and has shown to be specifically susceptible to age-related decline. Previous work links endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with behavioral efficiency across perceptual and cognitive domains, with potentially the strongest impact on those behaviors that require a high level of dynamic control. Based on the integrated analyses of behavior and modulation of interhemispheric phase-based connectivity during dynamic motor state transitions and endogenous GABA concentration, we provide converging evidence for age-related differences in the behaviorally more beneficial state of endogenous GABA concentration. We suggest that the increased interhemispheric connectivity seen in the older adults represents a compensatory mechanism caused by rhythmic entrainment of neural populations in homotopic motor cortices. This mechanism appears to be most relevant in the presence of a less optimal tuning of the inhibitory tone to uphold the required flexibility of behavioral action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heise, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda Delgado, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Monteiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinnen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging alters the mediating effect of endogenous GABA on the interaction between functional connectivity and motor-state transitions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss in primary prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTEN is the most frequently lost tumor suppressor in primary prostate cancer (PCa) and its loss is associated with aggressive disease. However, the transcriptional changes associated with PTEN loss in PCa have not been described in detail. Here, we applied a meta-analysis approach, leveraging two large PCa cohorts with experimentally validated PTEN and ERG status, to derive a transcriptomic signature of PTEN loss, while also accounting for potential confounders due to ERG rearrangements. Strikingly, the signature indicates a strong activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems upon PTEN loss, as well as an expected activation of cell-cycle genes. Moreover, we made use of our recently developed FC-R2 expression atlas to expand this signature to include many non-coding RNAs recently annotated by the FANTOM consortium. With this resource, we analyzed the TCGA-PRAD cohort, creating a comprehensive transcriptomic landscape of PTEN loss in PCa that comprises both the coding and an extensive non-coding counterpart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebot, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyekucheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.332049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss in primary prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.327114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the Galaxy's reference data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.327114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryProperly and effectively managing reference datasets is an important task for many bioinformatics analyses. Refgenie is a reference asset management system that allows to easily organize, retrieve, and share such datasets. Here, we describe the integration of refgenie into the Galaxy platform. Server administrators are able to configure Galaxy to make use of reference datasets made available on a refgenie instance. Additionally, a Galaxy Data Manager tool has been developed to provide a graphical interface to refgenies remote reference retrieval functionality. A large collection of reference datasets has also been made available using the CVMFS repository from GalaxyProject.org, with mirrors across the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia, enabling easy use outside of Galaxy.

Availability and implementationThe ability of Galaxy to use refgenie assets was added to the core Galaxy framework in version 20.05, which is available from https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy under the Academic Free License version 3.0. The refgenie Data Manager tool can be installed via the Galaxy ToolShed, with source code managed at https://github.com/BlankenbergLab/galaxy-tools-blankenberg/tree/main/data_managers/data_manager_refgenie_pull and released using an MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VijayKrishna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman-Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguinoa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golitsynskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolarczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccuru, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langhorst, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornika, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima Morais, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heusden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puertas-Gallardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.327114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the Galaxy's reference data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related differences in network structure and dynamic synchrony of cognitive control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive trajectories vary greatly across older individuals, and the neural mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a mechanistic framework of cognitive variability in older adults, linking the influence of white matter microstructure on fast and effective communications between brain regions. Using diffusion tensor imaging and electroencephalography, we show that individual differences in white matter network organization are associated with network clustering and efficiency in the alpha and high-gamma bands, and that functional network dynamics partly explain individual cognitive control performance in older adults. We show that older individuals with high versus low structural network clustering differ in task-related network dynamics and cognitive performance. These findings were corroborated by investigating magnetoencephalography networks in an independent dataset. This multimodal brain connectivity framework of individual differences provides a holistic account of how differences in white matter microstructure underlie age-related variability in dynamic network organization and cognitive performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mijalkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related differences in network structure and dynamic synchrony of cognitive control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.305565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronin-1 is necessary for enteric pathogen-induced transcytosis across human ileal enteroid monolayers expressing M cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.305565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the intestine, luminal sampling by microfold (M) cells is crucial for inducing protective mucosal immune responses but can also serve as an entry pathway for pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. Enteric pathogens can influence intestinal M cell function; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of uptake and transcytosis of gut cargo by human M cells remain to be determined. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for regulating human M cell function requires a relevant human model. In this study, human ileal enteroids established from healthy donors were grown as confluent monolayers on permeable supports and differentiated to express mature M cells. Enteric pathogens including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC), and human rotavirus were apically exposed to M cell enteroid monolayers. M cell-mediated uptake and transcytosis was compared in enteroids infected by pathogenic or commensal bacteria (HS strain). EPEC and AIEC, but not HS, stimulated M cell uptake and transcytosis. We discovered that this pathogenspecific effect was dependent on expression of coronin 1a, a cytoskeletal remodeling protein. Using stable coronin 1a knockdown (KD) enteroids, we observed that EPEC-stimulated transcytosis of fluorescent beads was lost and associated with a significant decrease in the number of glycoprotein-2 positive (Gp-2+ve) M cells. The results of these studies demonstrate that coronin 1a is required for uptake and transcytosis of luminal cargo across human M cells and that coronin 1a is necessary for differentiation of mature M cells that actively transcytose luminal gut antigens in response to pathogenic, but not commensal, microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staab, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latanich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaper, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.305565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronin-1 is necessary for enteric pathogen-induced transcytosis across human ileal enteroid monolayers expressing M cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.333807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature and species-dependent regulation of browning in retrobulbar fat. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.333807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrobulbar fat deposits surround the posterior retina and optic nerve head, but their function and origin are obscure. We report that mouse retrobulbar fat is a neural crest-derived tissue histologically and transcriptionally resembles interscapular brown fat. In contrast, human retrobulbar fat closely resembles white adipose tissue. Retrobulbar fat is also brown in other rodents, which are typically housed at temperatures below thermoneutrality, but is white in larger animals. We show that retrobulbar fat in mice housed at thermoneutral temperature show reduced expression of the brown fat marker Ucp1, and histological properties intermediate between white and brown fat. We conclude that retrobulbar fat can potentially serve as a site of active thermogenesis, that this capability is both temperature and species-dependent, and that this may facilitate regulation of intraocular temperature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.333807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature and species-dependent regulation of browning in retrobulbar fat.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation of redox homeostasis by the small RNA SHOxi in haloarchaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haloarchaea are highly resistant to oxidative stress, however, a comprehensive understanding of the processes regulating this remarkable response is lacking. Oxidative stress-responsive small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have been reported in the model archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, but targets and mechanisms have not been elucidated. Using a combination of high throughput and reverse molecular genetic approaches, we elucidated the functional role of the most up-regulated intergenic sRNA during oxidative stress in H. volcanii, named Small RNA in Haloferax Oxidative Stress (SHOxi). SHOxi was predicted to form a stable secondary structure with a conserved stem-loop region as the potential binding site for trans-targets. NAD-dependent malic enzyme mRNA, identified as a putative target of SHOxi, interacted directly with a putative "seed" region within the predicted stem loop of SHOxi. Malic enzyme is an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate into pyruvate using NAD+ as a cofactor. The destabilization of malic enzyme mRNA, and the decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio, resulting from the direct RNA-RNA interaction between SHOxi and its trans-target was essential for the survival of H. volcanii to oxidative stress. These findings indicate that SHOxi likely regulates redox homeostasis during oxidative stress by the post-transcriptional destabilization of malic enzyme mRNA. SHOxi-mediated regulation provides evidence that the fine-tuning of metabolic cofactors could be a core strategy to mitigate damage from oxidative stress and confer resistance. This study is the first to establish the regulatory effects of sRNAs on mRNAs during the oxidative stress response in Archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional regulation of redox homeostasis by the small RNA SHOxi in haloarchaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By collecting data continuously over 24 hours, accelerometers and other wearable devices can provide novel insights into circadian rhythms and their relationship to human health. Existing approaches for analyzing diurnal patterns using these data, including the cosinor model and functional principal components analysis, have revealed and quantified population-level diurnal patterns, but considerable subject-level variability remained uncaptured in features such as wake/sleep times and activity intensity. This remaining informative variability could provide a better understanding of chronotypes, or behavioral manifestations of ones underlying 24-hour rhythm. Curve registration, or alignment, is a technique in functional data analysis that separates "vertical" variability in activity intensity from "horizontal" variability in time-dependent markers like wake and sleep times; this data-driven approach is well-suited to studying chronotypes using accelerometer data. We develop a parametric registration framework for 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles represented as dichotomized into epoch-level states of activity or rest. Specifically, we estimate subject-specific piecewise linear time-warping functions parametrized with a small set of parameters. We apply this method to data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and illustrate how estimated parameters give a more flexible quantification of chronotypes compared to traditional approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipunnikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrack, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-invariant time registration of 24-hour accelerometric rest-activity profiles and its application to human chronotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamins are highly conserved actin-crosslinking proteins that regulate organization of the actin cytoskeleton. As key components of versatile signaling scaffolds, filamins are implicated in developmental anomalies and cancer. Multiple isoforms of filamins exist, raising the possibility of distinct functions for each isoform during development and in disease. Here, we provide an initial characterization of jitterbug (jbug), which encodes one of the two filamin-type proteins in Drosophila. We generate Jbug antiserum that recognizes all of the spliced forms and reveals differential expression of different Jbug isoforms during development, and a significant maternal contribution of Jbug protein. To reveal the function of Jbug isoforms, we create new genetic tools, including a null allele that deletes all isoforms, hypomorphic alleles that affect only a subset, and UAS lines for Gal4-driven expression of the major isoforms. Using these tools, we demonstrate that Jbug is required for viability and that specific isoforms are required in the formation of actin-rich protrusions including thoracic bristles in adults and ventral denticles in the embryo. We also show that specific isoforms of Jbug show differential localization within epithelia and that maternal and zygotic loss of jbug disrupts Crumbs (Crb) localization in several epithelial cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity alters Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in lung, trachea, and esophagus in a sex-dependent manner: Implications for COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. The underlying basis of this association is likely complex in nature. The host-cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) are important for viral cell entry. It is unclear whether obesity alters expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 in the lower respiratory tract. Here, we show that: 1) Ace2 expression is elevated in the lung and trachea of diet-induced obese male mice and reduced in the esophagus of obese female mice relative to lean controls; 2) Tmprss2 expression is increased in the trachea of obese male mice but reduced in the lung and elevated in the trachea of obese female mice relative to lean controls; 3) in chow-fed lean mice, females have higher expression of Ace2 in the lung and esophagus as well as higher Tmprss2 expression in the lung but lower expression in the trachea compared to males; and 4) in diet-induced obese mice, males have higher expression of Ace2 in the trachea and higher expression of Tmprss2 in the lung compared to females, whereas females have higher expression of Tmprss2 in the trachea relative to males. Our data indicate diet- and sex-dependent modulation of Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in the lower respiratory tract and esophagus. Given the high prevalence of obesity worldwide and a sex-biased mortality rate, we discuss the implications and relevance of our results for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity alters Ace2 and Tmprss2 expression in lung, trachea, and esophagus in a sex-dependent manner: Implications for COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Brain Glutathione is Higher in Older Age and Correlates with Mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain markers of oxidative damage increase with advancing age. In response, brain antioxidant levels may also increase with age, although this has not been well investigated. Here we used edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify endogenous levels of glutathione (GSH, one of the most abundant brain antioxidants) in 37 young (mean: 21.8 (2.5) years; 19 F) and 23 older adults (mean: 72.8 (8.9) years; 19 F). Accounting for age-related atrophy, we identified higher frontal and sensorimotor GSH levels for the older compared to the younger adults. For the older adults only, higher sensorimotor (but not frontal) GSH was correlated with poorer balance, gait, and manual dexterity. This suggests a regionally-specific relationship between higher brain oxidative stress levels and motor performance declines with age. We suggest these findings reflect a compensatory upregulation of GSH in response to increasing brain oxidative stress with normal aging. Together, these results provide insight into age differences in brain antioxidant levels and implications for motor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyatt, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hass, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.339507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Brain Glutathione is Higher in Older Age and Correlates with Mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current treatment options for lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections have limited effectiveness. To maximize the use of existing antibacterials and to help inform regimen design for treatment, we assessed the in vitro bactericidal activity of single drugs against actively multiplying and net non-replicating M. abscessus populations in nutrient-rich and nutrient starvation conditions, respectively. As single drugs, bedaquiline and rifabutin exerted bactericidal activity only against nutrient-starved and actively growing M. abscessus, respectively. However, when combined, both bedaquiline and rifabutin were able to specifically contribute bactericidal activity at relatively low, clinically relevant concentrations against both replicating and non-replicating bacterial populations. The addition of a third drug, amikacin, further enhanced the bactericidal activity of the bedaquiline-rifabutin combination against nutrient-starved M. abscessus. Overall, these in vitro data suggest that bedaquiline-rifabutin may be a potent backbone combination to support novel treatment regimens for M. abscessus infections. This rich dataset of differential time-and concentration-dependent activity of drugs, alone and together, against M. abscessus also highlights several issues affecting interpretation and translation of in vitro findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of RNA and protein condensation by the P granule protein MEG-3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ granules are RNA-protein condensates in germ cells. The mechanisms that drive germ granule assembly are not fully understood. MEG-3 is an intrinsically-disordered protein required for germ (P) granule assembly in C. elegans. MEG-3 forms gel-like condensates on liquid condensates assembled by PGL proteins. MEG-3 is related to the GCNA family and contains an N-terminal disordered region (IDR) and a predicted ordered C-terminus featuring an HMG-like motif (HMGL). Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, we find the MEG-3 C-terminus is necessary and sufficient to build MEG-3/PGL co-condensates independent of RNA. The HMGL domain is required for high affinity MEG-3/PGL binding in vitro and for assembly of MEG-3/PGL co-condensates in vivo. The MEG-3 IDR binds RNA in vitro and is required but not sufficient to recruit RNA to P granules. Our findings suggest that P granule assembly depends in part on protein-protein interactions that drive condensation independent of RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.340570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of RNA and protein condensation by the P granule protein MEG-3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflight head stabilization associated with wingbeat cycle and sonar emissions in the Egyptian fruit bat. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory processing of environmental stimuli during locomotion is critical for the successful execution of goal-directed behaviors and navigating around obstacles. The outcome of these sensorimotor processes can be challenged by head movements that perturb the sensory coordinate frames directing behaviors. In the case of visually-guided behaviors, visual gaze stabilization results from the integrated activity of the vestibuloocular reflex and motor efference copy originating within circuits driving locomotor behavior. A recent videographic study showed that echolocating bats exhibit inflight head stabilization during a target identification and landing task, though compensatory timing of the bats sonar signals was not reported. In the present investigation we tested hypotheses that head stabilization is more broadly implemented during epochs of exploratory flight, and is temporally associated with emitted sonar signals, which would optimize acoustic gaze. This was achieved by measuring head and body kinematics with motion sensors secured to the head and body of free-flying Egyptian fruit bats. These devices were integrated with ultrasonic microphones to record the bats sonar emissions and elucidate their temporal association with periods of head stabilization. Head accelerations in the Earth-vertical axis were asymmetric with respect to wing downbeat and upbeat relative to body accelerations. This indicated that inflight head and body accelerations were uncoupled, outcomes consistent with the implementation of head movements that limit vertical acceleration during wing downbeat. Furthermore, sonar emissions during stable flight occurred most often during wing downbeat and head stabilization, supporting the conclusion that head stabilization behavior optimized sonar gaze and environmental interrogation via echolocation.

Summary statementDirect measurements of head and body kinematics from affixed motion sensors revealed head stabilization behaviors during exploratory flights in bats. Most sonar emissions were temporally correlated with this behavior, thereby contributing to the optimization of acoustic gaze.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossborough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stidsholt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflight head stabilization associated with wingbeat cycle and sonar emissions in the Egyptian fruit bat.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic exposure of ErbB TKIs inhibits DRA expression and activity through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea is the major side effect of first- and second-generation ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the mechanism of which remains incompletely understood. The current studies were carried out over the time frame that ErbB TKIs usually initiate diarrhea. We report in Caco-2/bbe cells that exposure of ErbB TKIs, but not non-ErbB TKIs for six days at clinically-relevant concentrations significantly reduced the expression of DRA and inhibited apical Cl-/HCO3-exchange activity. The ErbB TKIs decreased DRA expression through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway. The blockade of ERK phosphorylation by ErbB TKIs decreased the phosphorylation of Elk-1 and the amount of total and p-CREB, and reduced the expression of C-Fos, which is part of the AP-1 complex that maintain DRA expression. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that ErbB TKIs decrease expression and activity of DRA, which occurs over the time frame that these drugs clinically cause diarrhea, and since DRA is part of the intestinal neutral NaCl absorptive process, the reduced absorption is likely to represent a major contributor to the ErbB TKI-associated diarrhea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic exposure of ErbB TKIs inhibits DRA expression and activity through an ERK/Elk-1/CREB/AP-1 dependent pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CpelTdm.jl: a Julia package for targeted differential DNA methylation analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIdentifying regions of the genome that demonstrate significant differences in DNA methylation between groups of samples is an important problem in computational epigenetics. Available methods assume that methylation occurs in a statistically independent manner at individual cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites or perform analysis using empirically estimated joint probability distributions of methylation patterns at no more than 4 contiguous CpG sites. These approaches can lead to poor detection performance and loss of reliability and reproducibility due to reduced specificity and sensitivity in the presence of insufficient data.

ResultsTo accommodate data obtained with different bisulfite sequencing technologies, such as RRBS, ERRBS, and WGBS, and improve statistical power, we developed CpelTdm.jl, a Julia package for targeted differential analysis of DNA methylation stochasticity between groups of unmatched or matched samples. This package performs rigorous statistical analysis of methylation patterns within regions of the genome specified by the user that takes into account correlations in methylation and results in robust detection of genomic regions exhibiting statistically significant differences in methylation stochasticity. CpelTdm.jl does not only detect mean methylation differences, as it is commonly done by previous methods, but also differences in methylation entropy and, more generally, between probability distributions of methylation.

Availability and ImplementationThis Julia package is supported for Windows, MacOS, and Linux, and can be freely downloaded from GitHub: https://github.com/jordiabante/CpelTdm.jl.

Contactsjabante1@jhu.edu or goutsias@jhu.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CpelTdm.jl: a Julia package for targeted differential DNA methylation analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urine single cell RNA-sequencing in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis reveals inflammatory signatures in immune cells and podocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) requires a renal biopsy, which is invasive and can be problematic in children and in some adults. We used single cell RNA-sequencing to explore disease-related cellular signatures in 23 urine samples from 12 FSGS subjects. We identified immune cells, predominantly monocytes, and renal epithelial cells, including podocytes. Analysis revealed M1 and M2 monocyte subsets, and podocytes showing high expression of genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We confirmed M1 and M2 gene signatures using published monocyte/macrophage data from lupus nephritis and cancer. Using renal transcriptomic data from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE), we found that urine cell immune and EMT signature genes showed higher expression in FSGS biopsies compared to minimal change disease biopsies. These results suggest that urine cell profiling may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in nephrotic syndrome and aid in identifying novel biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latt, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership in RA and SLE (AMP RA/SLE) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.343285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urine single cell RNA-sequencing in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis reveals inflammatory signatures in immune cells and podocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.346965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of transmembrane beta-barrels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.346965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of naturally occurring transmembrane {beta}-barrel proteins (TMBs) to spontaneously insert into lipid bilayers and form stable transmembrane pores is a remarkable feat of protein evolution and has been exploited in biotechnology for applications ranging from single molecule DNA and protein sequencing to biomimetic filtration membranes. Because it has not been possible to design TMBs from first principles, these efforts have relied on re-engineering of naturally occurring TMBs that generally have a biological function very different from that desired. Here we leverage the power of de novo computational design coupled with a "hypothesis, design and test" approach to determine principles underlying TMB structure and folding, and find that, unlike almost all other classes of protein, locally destabilizing sequences in both the {beta}-turns and {beta}-strands facilitate TMB expression and global folding by modulating the kinetics of folding and the competition between soluble misfolding and proper folding into the lipid bilayer. We use these principles to design new eight stranded TMBs with sequences unrelated to any known TMB and show that they insert and fold into detergent micelles and synthetic lipid membranes. The designed proteins fold more rapidly and reversibly in lipid membranes than the TMB domain of the model native protein OmpA, and high resolution NMR and X-ray crystal structures of one of the designs are very close to the computational model. The ability to design TMBs from first principles opens the door to custom design of TMBs for biotechnology and demonstrates the value of de novo design to investigate basic protein folding problems that are otherwise hidden by evolutionary history.

One sentence summarySuccess in de novo design of transmembrane {beta}-barrels reveals geometric and sequence constraints on the fold and paves the way to design of custom pores for sequencing and other single-molecule analytical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vorobieva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiving, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamm, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.346965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of transmembrane beta-barrels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian Cell Proliferation Requires Noncatalytic Functions of O-GlcNAc Transferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of all mammalian cell types, is essential for cell proliferation. Why OGT is required for cell growth is not known. OGT performs two enzymatic reactions in the same active site. In one, it glycosylates thousands of different proteins, and in the other, it proteolytically cleaves another essential protein involved in gene expression. Deconvoluting OGTs myriad cellular roles has been challenging because genetic deletion is lethal; complementation methods have not been established. Here, we developed approaches to replace endogenous OGT with separation-of-function variants to investigate the importance of OGTs enzymatic activities for cell viability. Using genetic complementation, we found that OGTs glycosyltransferase function is required for cell growth but its protease function is dispensable. We next used complementation to construct a cell line with degron-tagged wild-type OGT. When OGT was degraded to very low levels, cells stopped proliferating but remained viable. Adding back catalytically-inactive OGT rescued growth. Therefore, OGT has an essential noncatalytic role that is necessary for cell proliferation. By developing a method to quantify how OGTs catalytic and noncatalytic activities affect protein abundance, we found that OGTs noncatalytic functions often affect different proteins from its catalytic functions. Proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the actin cytoskeleton were especially impacted by the noncatalytic functions. We conclude that OGT integrates both catalytic and noncatalytic functions to control cell physiology.

SignificanceMammalian cells contain only one glycosyltransferase, OGT, that operates in the nucleus and cytoplasm rather than the secretory pathway. OGT is required for cell proliferation, but a basic unanswered question is what OGT functions are essential. This question is challenging to address because OGT has thousands of glycosylation substrates, two different enzymatic activities, and a large number of binding partners. Here, by establishing genetic tools to replace endogenous OGT with variants that preserve only a subset of its activities, we show that only a low level of glycosylation activity is required to maintain cell viability; however, cell proliferation requires noncatalytic OGT function(s). The ability to replace OGT with variants provides a path to identifying its essential substrates and binding partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian Cell Proliferation Requires Noncatalytic Functions of O-GlcNAc Transferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoprophylaxis vaccination with a Plasmodium liver stage autophagy mutant affords enhanced and long-lasting protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-attenuated sporozoite vaccines can elicit long-lasting protection against malaria but pose risks of breakthrough infection. Chemoprophylaxis vaccination (CVac) has proven to be the most effective vaccine strategy against malaria. Though CVac with WT sporozoites confers better immunity, the overhanging threat of drug resistance limits its use as a vaccine. Here, we demonstrate that a liver stage-specific mutant of Plasmodium berghei when used as a vaccine under a CVac regimen provides superior long-lasting protection, in both inbred and outbred mice, as compared to WT-CVac. Uniquely, the protection elicited by this mutant is predominantly dependent on a CD8+T-cell response through an IFN-{gamma}-independent mechanism and is associated with a stable population of antigen-experienced CD8+T cells. Jointly, our findings support the benefit of liver stage mutants as vaccines over WT, under a CVac protocol. This vaccination strategy is also a powerful model to study the mechanisms of protective immunity and discover new protective antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehrke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoprophylaxis vaccination with a Plasmodium liver stage autophagy mutant affords enhanced and long-lasting protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nearBynding: A flexible pipeline characterizing protein binding to local RNA structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The etiology of diseases driven by dysregulated mRNA metabolism can be elucidated by characterizing the responsible RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Although characterizations of RBPs have been mainly focused on their binding sequences, not much has been investigated about their preferences for RNA structures. We present nearBynding, an R/Bioconductor pipeline that incorporates RBP binding sites and RNA structure information to discern structural binding preferences for an RBP. nearBynding visualizes RNA structure at and proximal to sites of RBP binding transcriptome-wide, analyzes CLIP-seq data without peak-calling, and provides a flexible scaffold to study RBP binding preferences relative to diverse RNA structure data types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.352591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nearBynding: A flexible pipeline characterizing protein binding to local RNA structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.353508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin neurons modulate learning rate through uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.353508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that environment changes. Recognizing stability and detecting change is difficult in environments with noisy relationships between actions and outcomes. Under these conditions, theories propose that uncertainty can be used to modulate learning rates ("meta-learning"). We show that mice behaving in a dynamic foraging task exhibit choice behavior that varied as a function of two forms of uncertainty estimated from a meta-learning model. The activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons tracked both types of uncertainty in the foraging task, as well as in a dynamic Pavlovian task. Reversible inhibition of serotonin neurons in the foraging task reproduced changes in learning predicted by a simulated lesion of meta-learning in the model. We thus provide a quantitative link between serotonin neuron activity, learning, and decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.353508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin neurons modulate learning rate through uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allantoin induces pruritus by activating MrgprD in chronic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease is a disease with decreased, irreversible renal function. Pruritus is the most common skin symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially in end-stage renal disease (AKA chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus [CKD-aP]); however, the underlying molecular and neural mechanism of the CKD-aP in patients remains obscure. Our data show that the level of allantoin increases in the serum of CKD-aP and CKD model mice. Allantoin could induce scratching behavior in mice and active DRG neurons; the calcium influx and the action potential were significantly reduced in DRG neurons of MrgprD KO or TRPV1 KO mice. U73122, an antagonist of PLC, could also block calcium influx in DRG neurons induced by allantoin. Thus, our results concluded that allantoin plays an important role in CKD-aP, mediated by MrgprD and TrpV1, in CKD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>yang, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sun, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>guan, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>liu, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>sheng, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tao, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>shi, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhu, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.354654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allantoin induces pruritus by activating MrgprD in chronic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive and scalable quantification of splicing differences with MntJULiP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.355941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of mRNA is an essential gene regulatory mechanism with important roles in development and disease. We present MntJULiP, a method for comprehensive and accurate quantification of splicing differences between two or more conditions. MntJULiP implements novel Dirichlet-multinomial and zero-inflated negative binomial models within a Bayesian framework to detect both changes in splicing ratios and in absolute splicing levels of introns with high accuracy, and can find classes of variation overlooked by reference tools. Additionally, a mixture model allows multiple conditions to be compared simultaneously. Highly scalable, it processed hundreds of GTEx samples in <1 hour to reveal splicing constituents of tissue differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabunciyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.355941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive and scalable quantification of splicing differences with MntJULiP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA TARGETED HIGH-DEFINITION TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ON INHIBITORY CONTROL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe neural underpinnings of inhibitory control, an executive cognitive control function, has been a topic of interest for several decades due to both its clinical significance and the maturation of cognitive science disciplines. Behavioral, imaging, and electrophysiological studies suggest that the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) serves as a primary hub in a network of regions engaged in inhibition. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) allows us to modulate neural function to assess cortical contribution to cognitive functioning. The present study targeted HD-tDCS modulation of preSMA to affect inhibition. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 20 min of Sham, Anodal, or Cathodal stimulation prior to completing a semantically cued go/nogo task while electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded. Both anodal and cathodal stimulation improved inhibitory performance as measured by faster reaction times and increased (greater negative) N2 event-related potentials (ERPs). In contrast, the Sham group did not show such changes. We did not find support for the anodal/cathodal dichotomy for HD neural stimulation. These findings constitute an early investigation into role of the preSMA in inhibitory control and in exploring application of HD-tDCS to the preSMA in order to improve inhibitory control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeLaRosa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA TARGETED HIGH-DEFINITION TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ON INHIBITORY CONTROL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.332486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The highly evolvable nature of the antibiotic efflux protein TolC limits use of phages and bacterial toxins as antibacterial agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.332486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages and bacterial toxins are promising antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. In fact, bacteriophages have recently been successfully used to treat life-threatening infections caused by MDR bacteria [1-3]. One potential problem with using these antibacterial agents is the evolution of resistance against them in the long term. Here, we studied the fitness landscape of the Escherichia coli TolC protein, an outer membrane protein that is exploited by a pore forming toxin called colicin E1 and by TLS-phage [4, 5]. By systematically assessing the distribution of fitness effects (DFEs) of ~9,000 single amino acid replacements in TolC using either positive (antibiotics and bile salts) or negative (colicin E1 and TLS-phage) selection pressures, we quantified evolvability of the TolC. We demonstrated that the TolC is highly optimized for the efflux of antibiotics and bile salts. In contrast, under colicin E1 and TLS phage selection, TolC sequence is very sensitive to mutation. Our findings suggest that TolC is a highly evolvable target limiting the potential clinical use of bacteriophages and bacterial toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamer, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaszek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toprak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.332486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The highly evolvable nature of the antibiotic efflux protein TolC limits use of phages and bacterial toxins as antibacterial agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.357400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and microscopic evidence of stable high density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.357400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium that can reduce pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, has been detected within populations of Anopheles (An.) malaria vectors. In the An. gambiae complex, the primary vectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolbachia strains are at low density and infection frequencies in wild populations. PCR-independent evidence is required to determine whether Wolbachia strains are true endosymbionts in Anopheles given most studies to date have used nested-PCR to identify strains. Here we report high-density strains found in geographically diverse populations of An. moucheti and An. demeilloni. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized a heavy infection in the ovaries of An. moucheti and maternal transmission was observed. Genome sequencing of both strains obtained genome depths and coverages comparable to other known infections. Notably, homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes were present indicating these strains possess the capacity to induce the phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility which allows Wolbachia to spread through populations. The characteristics of these two strains suggest they are ideal candidates for Wolbachia biocontrol strategies in Anopheles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandibabone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhokiya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messenger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornett, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cansado-Utrilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bantuzeko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagstaff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkondjio, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.357400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and microscopic evidence of stable high density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that drive processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) are expressed at various copy numbers within a cell, from hundreds (e.g. auxilin) to millions (e.g. clathrin). Between cell types with identical genomes, copy numbers further vary significantly both in absolute and relative abundance. These variations contain essential information about each proteins function, but how significant are these variations and how can they be quantified to infer useful functional behavior? Here, we address this by quantifying the stoichiometry of proteins involved in the CME network. We find robust trends across three cell types in proteins that are sub- vs super-stoichiometric in terms of protein function, network topology (e.g. hubs), and abundance. To perform this analysis, we first constructed the interface resolved network of 82 proteins involved in CME in mammals, plus lipid and cargo binding partners, totaling over 600 specific binding interactions. Our model solves for stoichiometric balance by optimizing each copy of a protein interface to match up to its partner interfaces, keeping the optimized copies as close as possible to observed copies. We find highly expressed, structure-forming proteins such as actin and clathrin do tend to be super-stoichiometric, or in excess of their partners, but they are not the most extreme cases. We test sensitivity of network stoichiometry to protein removal and find that hub proteins tend to be less sensitive to removal of any single partner, thus acting as buffers that compensate dosage changes. As expected, tightly coupled protein pairs (e.g. CAPZA2 and CAPZB) are strongly correlated. Unexpectedly, removal of functionally similar cargo adaptor proteins produces widely variable levels of disruption to the network stoichiometry. Our results predict that knockdown of the adaptor protein DAB2 will globally impact the stoichiometry of most other cargo adaptor proteins in Hela cells, with significantly less impact in fibroblast cells. This inexpensive analysis can be applied to any protein network, synthesizing disparate sources of biological data into a relatively simple and intuitive model of binding stoichiometry that can aid in dynamical modeling and experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of LC3-associated phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paracoccidiomycosis is a systemic fungal infection that is endemic in Latin America. The etiologic agents are thermodimorphic fungi from the Paracoccidiodes genus, which are facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages. LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical form of autophagy, is important in the immune response to similar pathogens, so we sought to determine the role LAP plays in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp. By immunofluorescence, we found that LC3 was recruited to phagosomes containing Paracoccidioides spp. in both RAW264.7 and J774.16 cell lines and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Interference with autophagy using RNAi against ATG5 reduced the antifungal activity of J774.16 cells, showing that LC3 recrutiment is important for proper control of the fungus by macrophages. Finally, we used pharmacological Syk kinase and NAPH oxidase inhibitors, which inhibit signalling pathways necessary for macrophage LAP against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, to dissect part of the signaling pathways that trigger LAP agains Paracoccidioides spp. Interestingly, these inhibitors did not decrease LAP against P. brasiliensis, possibly due to differences in the fungal cell surface compositions. These observations suggest a potential role for autophagy as target for host-directed paracoccidioidomycosis therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G. P. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgonha, K. C. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, T. K. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabricant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavo, F. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, L. F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paes, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Pereira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albuquerque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of LC3-associated phagocytosis in the macrophage response to Paracoccidioides spp.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1 proteins compact DNA into mechanically and positionally stable phase separated domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals HP1-mediated heterochromatin forms positionally and mechanically stable genomic domains even though the component HP1 paralogs, HP1, HP1{beta}, and HP1{gamma}, display rapid on-off dynamics. Here we investigate whether phase-separation by HP1 proteins can explain these biological observations. Using bulk and single-molecule methods, we show that, within phase-separated HP1-DNA condensates, HP1 acts as a dynamic liquid, while compacted DNA molecules are constrained in local territories. These condensates are resistant to large forces yet can be readily dissolved by HP1{beta}. Finally, we find that differences in each HP1 paralogs DNA compaction and phase-separation properties arise from their respective disordered regions. Our findings suggest a generalizable model for genome organization in which a pool of weakly bound proteins collectively capitalize on the polymer properties of DNA to produce self-organizing domains that are simultaneously resistant to large forces at the mesoscale and susceptible to competition at the molecular scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keenen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1 proteins compact DNA into mechanically and positionally stable phase separated domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases present a challenge for systems biology, due to the lack of reliable animal models and the difficulties in obtaining samples from patients at early stages of disease, when interventions might be most effective. Studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons could overcome these challenges and dramatically accelerate and broaden therapeutic strategies. Here we undertook a network-based multi-omic characterization of iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients carrying genetically dominant hexanucleotide expansions in C9orf72 to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between DNA, RNA, epigenetics and protein in the same pool of tissue. ALS motor neurons showed the expected C9orf72-related alterations to specific nucleoporins and production of dipeptide repeats. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and data-independent acquisition mass-spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics were then performed on the same motor neuron cultures. Using integrative computational methods that combined all of the omics, we discovered a number of novel dysregulated pathways including biological adhesion and extracellular matrix organization and disruption in other expected pathways such as RNA splicing and nuclear transport. We tested the relevance of these pathways in vivo in a C9orf72 Drosophila model, analyzing the data to determine which pathways were causing disease phenotypes and which were compensatory. We also confirmed that some pathways are altered in late-stage neurodegeneration by analyzing human postmortem C9 cervical spine data. To validate that these key pathways were integral to the C9 signature, we prepared a separate set of C9orf72 and control motor neuron cultures using a different differentiation protocol and applied the same methods. As expected, there were major overall differences between the differentiation protocols, especially at the level of in individual omics data. However, a number of the core dysregulated pathways remained significant using the integrated multiomic analysis. This new method of analyzing patient specific neural cultures allows the generation of disease-related hypotheses with a small number of patient lines which can be tested in larger cohorts of patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The NeuroLINCS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panther, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandefro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocksdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holewenski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassie, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante-Chong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Murray, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamoorthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.362269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of epithelial dectin-1 through an IL-33-STAT3 axis in allergic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allergic diseases arise in susceptible individuals in part because of decrements in protective pathways. The mechanism by which these anti-inflammatory molecules become repressed remains unclear. We have previously reported that epithelial dectin-1 prevents aberrant type 2 responses and is downregulated in the epithelium of allergic patients. Here we report that dectin-1 is constitutively expressed by the respiratory epithelium in humans, and that IL-33 specifically acts as a repressor of dectin-1. Mechanistically, this occurs via IL-33-dependent STAT3 activation and the subsequent repression of the dectin-1 gene, CLEC7A. We have identified a novel enhancer region upstream of the proximal promoter of CLEC7A that is only accessible in epithelial cells, but not in hematopoietic cells. Epigenetic repression of CLEC7A through this newly identified locus, downstream of an aberrant IL-33-STAT3 axis, occurs in the epithelium of allergic individuals. Collectively, our data identify a mechanism of epigenetic fine-tuning of dectin-1 expression in epithelial cells that may participate in allergenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yong, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.364067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of epithelial dectin-1 through an IL-33-STAT3 axis in allergic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glial cells that share many features with neuronal progenitors, generate small numbers of neurons in the postnatal hypothalamus, but the identity of these neurons and the molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that tanycyte-specific disruption of the NFI family of transcription factors (Nfia/b/x) robustly stimulates tanycyte proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis. Single-cell RNA- and ATAC-Seq analysis reveals that NFI factors repress Shh and Wnt signaling in tanycytes, and small molecule modulation of these pathways blocks proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis in Nfia/b/x-deficient mice. We show that Nfia/b/x-deficient tanycytes give rise to multiple mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal subtypes that can mature, integrate into hypothalamic synaptic circuitry, and selectively respond to changes in internal states. These findings identify molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to selectively remodel the hypothalamic neural circuitry that controls homeostatic physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.359992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cortical Atrophy Spread during Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.This study introduces a reaction-diffusion model of atrophy spread across the rhinal cortex during early stages of Alzheimers disease. Our finite elements model of atrophy spread is motivated by histological evidence of a spatio-temporally specific pattern of neurofibrillary tau accumulation, and evidence of grey matter atrophy correlating with sites of neurofibrillary tau accumulation. The goal is to estimate disease-related parameters such as the origin of atrophy, the speed at which atrophy spreads, and the stage of the disease. We solve a constrained optimization problem using the adjoint state method and gradient descent to match modeled cortical thickness to observed cortical thickness as calculated from 3T MRI scans. Simulation testing shows that disease-related parameters can be estimated accurately with as little as 2 years of annual observations, depending on the stage of the disease. Case studies of 3 subjects suggests that we can pinpoint the origin of atrophy to the anterior transentorhinal cortex, and that the speed of atrophy spread is less than 1 mm per year. In the future, this type of modeling could be useful to stage the progression of the disease prior to the onset of clinical symptoms.

2. Author SummaryMisfolded tau proteins are associated with Alzheimers disease. They are known to accumulate and spread across the rhinal cortex, which is an area of the temporal lobe. Recent imaging studies suggest that we can detect grey matter thinning that occurs in pattern similar to tau spread. In this study, we introduce a model of disease spread to examine where thinning begins, how fast it spreads, and the stage of the disease. The results show that the origin of thinning corresponds with the earliest known location of tau accumulation, and spreads at a rate of less than 1 mm per year. Future work may focus on staging the progression of the disease using this type of model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.362855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cortical Atrophy Spread during Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.363440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase is needed for homeostatic control of Sterol Element-Binding Protein-1c driven hepatic lipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.363440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is translated as an inactive precursor-protein that is proteolytically activated to promote fatty-acid (FA) biosynthesis, when unsaturated (u)FAs are scarce. During fasting, however, lipogenesis is low, and adipose-tissue lipolysis supplies the organism with FAs. Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis, and it preferentially hydrolyzes uFAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that ATGL-derived FAs may suppress the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1c in the liver. Here we show that (i) SREBP-1c is inactive during fasting but active after refeeding, (ii) uFA species liberated by ATGL suppress SREBP-1c activation in vitro, (iii) SREBP-1c is hyper-activated in livers of mice lacking ATGL, and (iv) pharmacological inhibition of ATGL selectively activates SREBP-1c in hepatocytes. Our findings highlight an ATGL/SREBP-1c axis, instrumental to coordinate lipogenesis and lipolysis, whose homeostatic regulation is crucial to avoid severe diseases including diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and even cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wieser, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena de la Sancha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breinbauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenshade, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zechner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.363440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipose Triglyceride Lipase is needed for homeostatic control of Sterol Element-Binding Protein-1c driven hepatic lipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti employs olfaction to locate humans. We applied neural activity mapping to define the molecular and cellular logic of how the mosquito brain is wired to detect two human odorants that are attractive when blended together. We determined that the human breath volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected by the largest unit of olfactory coding in the antennal lobe of the mosquito brain. Synergistically, CO2 detection gates pre-synaptic calcium signaling in olfactory sensory neuron axon terminals that innervate unique antennal lobe regions tuned to the human sweat odorant L-(+)-lactic acid. We propose that simultaneous detection of the signature human volatiles CO2 and L-(+)-lactic acid disinhibits a multimodal olfactory network for hunting humans in the mosquito brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauxe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spikol, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-compartment tumor organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoid cultures are widely used because they preserve many features of cancer cells in vivo. Here, we developed high-throughput oil-in-water droplet microtechnology to generate highly uniform, small-volume, multi-compartment organoids. Each organoid culture features a microenvironmental architecture that mimics both the basement membrane and stromal barriers. This matrix architecture, which allows accessing both proliferative and invasive features of cancer cells in a single platform, has profound effect on observed drug responsiveness and tumor progression that correlate well with in vivo and clinical outcomes. The method was tested on multiple types of cancer cells including primary cells and immortalized cell lines, and we determined our platform is suitable even for cells of poor organoid-forming ability. These new organoids also allow for direct orthotopic mouse implantation of cancer cells with unprecedented success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanto, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.367334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-compartment tumor organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative molecular and immunoregulatory analysis of extracellular vesicles from Candida albicans and Candida auris. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris is a recently described multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungus that is increasingly responsible for healthcare associated outbreaks across the world. Bloodstream infections of this fungus cause death in up to 70% of the cases. Aggravating this scenario, C. auris disease-promoting mechanisms are poorly understood. Fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying a broad range of molecules including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and RNA, many of which are virulence factors. Here, we carried out a comparative molecular characterization of C. auris and C. albicans EVs and evaluated their capacity to modulate effector mechanisms of host immune defense. Using proteomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics, we found that C. auris released EVs with payloads that were strikingly different from EVs released by C. albicans. EVs released by C. auris potentiated the adhesion of this yeast to an epithelial cell monolayer. C. auris EVs also induced the expression of surface activation markers and cytokines by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Altogether, our findings show distinct profiles and properties of EVs released by C. auris and by C. albicans, and highlight the potential contribution of C. auris EVs to the pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamith-Miranda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillion, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amatuzzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative molecular and immunoregulatory analysis of extracellular vesicles from Candida albicans and Candida auris.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human, intradermal administration of {beta}-alanine (ALA) and bovine adrenal medulla peptide 8-22 (BAM8-22) evokes the sensation of itch. Currently, it is unknown which human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express the receptors of these pruritogens, MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 respectively, and which cutaneous afferents these pruritogens activate in primate. In situ hybridization studies revealed that MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 are co-expressed in a subpopulation of TRPV1+ human DRG neurons. In electrophysiological recordings in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina), subtypes of polymodal C-fiber nociceptors are preferentially activated by ALA and BAM8-22, with significant overlap. When pruritogens ALA, BAM8-22 and histamine, that activate different subclasses of C-fiber afferents, are administered in combination, human volunteers report itch and nociceptive sensations similar to those induced by a single pruritogen. Our results provide evidence for differences in pruriceptive processing between primates and rodents, and do not support the spatial contrast theory of coding of itch and pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solinski, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malewicz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ieong, H. F.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartke, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMotte, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cadherin promotes cell hyper-proliferation in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of the intercellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is a hallmark of the epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT), during which tumor cells transition into an invasive phenotype. Accordingly, E-cadherin has long been considered a tumor suppressor gene. Using novel multi-compartment spheroids and multiple in vivo models, we show that E-cadherin promotes a hyper-proliferative phenotype in breast cancer cells via interaction with the transmembrane receptor EGFR. This interaction results in the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, leading to a significant increase in proliferation via the activation of transcription factors including c-Fos. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK activity in E-cadherin positive breast cancer cells significantly decreases both tumor growth and macro-metastasis in vivo. This work provides evidence for a novel role of E-cadherin in breast tumor growth and identifies a potential new target to treat hyper-proliferative E-cadherin-positive breast tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cadherin promotes cell hyper-proliferation in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE1 inhibition modulates Cav1.2 channel to stimulate cardiomyocyte contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activation of protein kinase A (PKA) stimulates excitation-contraction coupling, increasing cardiac contractility. This is clinically leveraged by beta-adrenergic stimulation ({beta}-ARs) or phosphodiesterase-3 inhibition (PDE3i), though both approaches are limited by arrhythmia and chronic myocardial toxicity. Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibition (PDE1i) also augments cAMP and was recently shown in rabbit cardiomyocytes to augment contraction independent of {beta}-AR stimulation or blockade, and with less intracellular calcium rise than {beta}-ARs or PDE3i. Early testing of PDE1 inhibition in humans with neuro-degenerative disease and dilated heart failure has commenced. Yet, the molecular mechanisms for PDE1i inotropic effects remain largely unknown.

ObjectiveDefine the mechanism(s) whereby PDE1i increases contractility.

Methods and ResultsPrimary guinea pig myocytes which express the cAMP-hydrolyzing PDE1C isoform found in larger mammals and humans were studied. The potent, selective PDE1i (ITI-214) did not alter cell shortening or Ca2+ transients under resting conditions whereas both increased with {beta}-ARs or PDE3i. However, PDE1i enhanced shortening with less Ca2+ rise in a PKA-dependent manner when combined with low-dose adenylate cyclase stimulation (Forskolin). Unlike PDE3i, PDE1i did not augment {beta}-AR responses. Whereas {beta}-ARs reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and increased sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content in conjunction with greater phosphorylation of troponin I, myosin binding protein C, and phospholamban, PDE1i did none of this. However, PDE1i increased Cav1.2 channel conductance similar to PDE3i in a PKA-dependent manner. Myocyte shortening and peak Ca2+ transients were more sensitive to Cav1.2 blockade with nitrendipine combined with PDE1i versus PDE3i. Lastly, PDE1i was found to be far less arrythmogenic than PDE3i.

ConclusionsPDE1i enhances contractility by a PKA-dependent increase in Cav1.2 conductance without concomitant myofilament desensitization. The result is less rise in intracellular Ca2+ and arrhythmia compared to {beta}-ARs and/or PDE3i. PDE1i could be a novel positive inotrope for failing hearts without the toxicities of {beta}-ARs and PDE3i.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.368852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE1 inhibition modulates Cav1.2 channel to stimulate cardiomyocyte contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosome-Mediated mRNA Delivery For SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression-dependent, Spike-only vaccines have been developed, deployed, and shown to be effective in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. However, additional approaches to vaccine development may be needed to meet existing and future challenges posed by emerging Spike variant strains, as well as a likely need for different antigen-delivery systems that are safe and effective for regular, periodic re-administration. We report here the development of mRNA-loaded exosomes, demonstrate that they can mediate the functional expression of heterologous proteins in vitro and in vivo, and have fewer adverse effects than comparable doses of lipid nanoparticles. Furthermore, we applied this approach to the development of an exosome-based, multiplexed mRNA vaccine that drives expression of immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins. This vaccine elicited long-lasting cellular and humoral responses to Nucleocapsid and to Spike, demonstrating that exosome-based mRNA formulations represent a previously unexplored platform in the fight against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atai, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosome-Mediated mRNA Delivery For SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.355651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Polymodal Chemosensory Receptor Expression in <em>Drosophila</em> Olfactory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.355651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons have long been thought to express only one chemosensory receptor gene family. There are two main olfactory receptor gene families in Drosophila, the Odorant Receptors (ORs) and the Ionotropic Receptors (IRs). The dozens of odorant binding receptors in each family require at least one co-receptor gene in order to function: Orco for ORs, and Ir25a, Ir8a, and Ir76b for IRs. Using a new genetic knock-in strategy, we targeted the four co-receptors representing the main chemosensory families in Drosophila (Orco, Ir8a, Ir76b, Ir25a). Co-receptor knock-in expression patterns were verified as accurate representations of endogenous expression. We find extensive overlap in expression among the different co-receptors. As defined by innervation into antennal lobe glomeruli, Ir25a is broadly expressed in 88% of all olfactory sensory neuron classes and is co-expressed in 82% of Orco+ neuron classes, including all neuron classes in the maxillary palp. Orco, Ir8a, and Ir76b expression patterns are also more expansive than previously assumed. Single sensillum recordings from Orco-expressing Ir25a mutant antennal and palpal neurons identify changes in olfactory responses. These results suggest co-expression of chemosensory receptors is common in olfactory neurons. Together, our data present the first comprehensive map of chemosensory co-receptor expression and reveal their unexpected widespread co-expression in the fly olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Task, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afify, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vulpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.355651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Polymodal Chemosensory Receptor Expression in <em>Drosophila</em> Olfactory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retardation of folding rates of substrate proteins in the nanocage of GroEL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. Coli. ATP-consuming chaperonin machinery, a complex between GroEL and GroES, has evolved to facilitate folding of substrate proteins (SPs) that cannot do so spontaneously. A series of kinetic experiments show that the SPs are encapsulated in the GroEL/ES nano cage for a short duration. If confining the SPs in the predominantly polar cage of GroEL in order to help folding, the assisted folding rate, relative to the bulk value, should always be enhanced. Here, we show that this is not the case for the folding of rhodanese in the presence of the full machinery of GroEL/ES and ATP. The assisted folding rate of rhodanese decreases. Based on our finding and those reported in other studies, we suggest that the ATP-consuming chaperonin machinery has evolved to optimize the product of the folding rate and the yield of the folded SPs on the biological time scale. Neither the rate nor the yield is separately maximized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koculi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirumalai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retardation of folding rates of substrate proteins in the nanocage of GroEL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging the Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery to Systematically Map Functional Epigenetic Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery (MDEMs) have emerged as a class of Mendelian disorders caused by loss-of-function variants in epigenetic regulators. Although each MDEM has a different causative gene, they exhibit several overlapping disease manifestations. Here, we hypothesize that this phenotypic convergence is a consequence of common abnormalities at the epigenomic level, which directly or indirectly lead to downstream convergence at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, we seek to identify abnormalities shared across multiple MDEMs, in order to pinpoint locations where epigenetic variation is causally related to disease phenotypes. To this end, we perform a comprehensive interrogation of chromatin (ATAC-Seq) and expression (RNA-Seq) states in B cells from mouse models of three MDEMs (Kabuki types 1&2 and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes). We build on recent work in covariate-powered multiple testing to develop a new approach for the overlap analysis, which enables us to find extensive overlap primarily localized in gene promoters. We show that disruption of chromatin accessibility at promoters often leads to disruption of downstream gene expression, and identify 463 loci and 249 genes with shared disruption across all three MDEMs. As an example of how widespread dysregulation leads to specific phenotypes, we show that subtle expression alterations of multiple, IgA-relevant genes, collectively contribute to IgA deficiency in KS1 and RT1. In contrast, we predict that KS2 does not have IgA deficiency, and confirm this observation in vivo. We propose that the joint study of MDEMs offers a principled approach for systematically mapping functional epigenetic variation in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilarowski, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinousky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging the Mendelian Disorders of the Epigenetic Machinery to Systematically Map Functional Epigenetic Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay for Determining Recent HIV-1 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGiven the challenges and costs associated with implementing HIV-1 incidence assay testing, there is great interest in evaluating the use of commercial HIV diagnostic tests for determining recent HIV infection. A diagnostic test with the capability of providing reliable data for the determination of recent HIV infection without substantial modifications to the test protocol would have a significant impact on HIV surveillance. The Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay is an antigen/antibody immunoassay, which meets the criteria as the first screening test in the recommended HIV laboratory diagnostic algorithm for the United States.

MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the performance characteristics of the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo signal-to-cutoff ratio (S/Co) for determining recent infection, including estimation of the mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) and false recent rate (FRR), and selection of recency cutoffs.

ResultsThe MDRI estimates for the S/Co recency cutoff of 400 is within the 4 to 12 months range recommended for HIV incidence assays, and the FRR rate for this cutoff was 1.5%. Additionally, ARCHITECT Combo S/Co values were compared relative to diagnostic test results from two prior prospective HIV-1 diagnostic studies in order to validate the use of the S/Co for both diagnostic and recency determination.

ConclusionDual-use of the ARCHITECT Combo assay data for diagnostic and incidence purposes would reduce the need for separate HIV incidence testing and allow for monitoring of recent infection for incidence estimation and other public health applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curtis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHovitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassaye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adimora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofotokun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolivar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Switzer, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.374017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay for Determining Recent HIV-1 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building blocks of protein structures - Physics meets Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The native state structures of globular proteins are stable and well-packed indicating that self-interactions are favored over protein-solvent interactions under folding conditions. We use this as a guiding principle to derive the geometry of the building blocks of protein structures - -helices and strands assembled into {beta}-sheets - with no adjustable parameters, no amino acid sequence information, and no chemistry. There is an almost perfect fit between the dictates of mathematics and physics and the rules of quantum chemistry. Our theory establishes an energy landscape that channels protein evolution by providing sequence-independent platforms for elaborating sequence-dependent functional diversity. Our work highlights the vital role of discreteness in life and has implications for the creation of artificial life and on the nature of life elsewhere in the cosmos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skrbic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maritan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banavar, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.375105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building blocks of protein structures - Physics meets Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LongTron: Automated Analysis of Long Read Spliced Alignment Accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLong read sequencing has increased the accuracy and completeness of assemblies of various organisms genomes in recent months. Similarly, spliced alignments of long read RNA sequencing hold the promise of delivering much longer transcripts of existing and novel isoforms in known genes without the need for error-prone transcript assemblies from short reads. However, low coverage and high-error rates potentially hamper the widespread adoption of long-read spliced alignments in annotation updates and isoform-level expression quantifications.

ResultsAddressing these issues, we first develop a simulation of error modes for both Oxford Nanopore and PacBio CCS spliced-alignments. Based on this we train a Random Forest classifier to assign new long-read alignments to one of two error categories, a novel category, or label them as non-error. We use this classifier to label reads from the spliced-alignments of the popular aligner minimap2, run on three long read sequencing datasets, including NA12878 from Oxford Nanopore and PacBio CCS, as well as a PacBio SKBR3 cancer cell line. Finally, we compare the intron chains of the three long read alignments against individual splice sites, short read assemblies, and the output from the FLAIR pipeline on the same samples.

Our results demonstrate a substantial lack of precision in determining exact splice sites for long reads during alignment on both platforms while showing some benefit from postprocessing. This work motivates the need for both better aligners and additional post-alignment processing to adjust incorrectly called putative splice-sites and clarify novel transcripts support.

Availability and implementationSource code for the random forest implemented in python is available at https://github.com/schatzlab/LongTron under the MIT license. The modified version of GffCompare used to construct Table 3 and related is here: https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/gffcompare/releases/tag/0.11.2LT

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@117255borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@95a815org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14e21faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@98e040org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aab93e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL O_FLOATNOTable 3.C_FLOATNO O_TABLECAPTIONIsoform comparison table, using gene models from Gencode V29, plus the isoforms from all the union of annotations; both exact and fuzz comparisons of the set of long-read derived isoforms which 1) match in number of introns or 2) are contained or contain a reference isoform. Percentages use the "Total Intron Chains" as the denominator for the row.

C_TABLECAPTION C_TBL Supplementary InformationSupplementary notes and figures are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.376871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LongTron: Automated Analysis of Long Read Spliced Alignment Accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Modulation of SPCA2 Reverses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase SPCA2 is a tumor suppressor in triple receptor negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive molecular subtype that lacks tailored treatment options. Low expression of SPCA2 in TNBC confers poor survival prognosis in patients. Previous work has established that re-introducing SPCA2 to TNBC cells restores basal Ca2+ signaling, represses mesenchymal gene expression, mitigates tumor migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. In this study, we examined the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in TNBC cell lines. We show that the pan-HDACi vorinostat and the class I HDACi romidepsin induce dose-dependent upregulation of SPCA2 transcript with concurrent downregulation of mesenchymal markers and tumor cell migration characteristic of epithelial phenotype. Silencing SPCA2 abolished the ability of HDACi to reverse epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Independent of ATPase activity, SPCA2 elevated resting Ca2+ levels to activate downstream components of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. HDACi treatment led to SPCA2-dependent phosphorylation of CAMKII and {beta}-catenin, turning Wnt signaling off. We conclude that SPCA2 mediates the efficacy of HDACi in reversing EMT in TNBC by a novel mode of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. Our findings provide incentive for screening epigenetic modulators that exploit Ca2+ signaling pathways to reverse EMT in breast tumors.

Simple SummaryThe triple receptor negative breast cancer subtype, or TNBC, currently has no tailored treatment options. TNBC is highly metastatic, associated with high patient mortality, and disproportionately occurs in Black/African American women where it contributes to racial disparities in health outcomes. Therefore, we focused on new therapeutic approaches to TNBC. We discovered that levels of the Calcium-ATPase SPCA2 are abnormally low in TNBC and that these low levels correlate with poor survival prognosis in patients. Previously, we showed that recombinant SPCA2 prevented TNBC cells from acquiring aggressive  mesenchymal properties associated with metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. These findings motivated us to search for drugs that turn the SPCA2 gene back on in TNBC cells. In this study, we show that histone deacetylase inhibitors increase SPCA2 levels, activate Ca2+ signaling and convert cancer cells to a less aggressive  epithelial state. These findings could lead to new treatment options for TNBC.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=140 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/379685v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b2565org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14317forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bdbd34org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d0bd83_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.379685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Modulation of SPCA2 Reverses Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate anterior insular cortex represents economic decision variables postulated by Prospect theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, risk attitude is highly context-dependent, varying with wealth levels or for different potential outcomes, such as gains or losses. These behavioral effects are well described by Prospect Theory, with the key assumption that humans represent the value of each available option asymmetrically as gain or loss relative to a reference point. However, it remains unknown how these computations are implemented at the neuronal level. Using a new token gambling task, we found that macaques, like humans, change their risk attitude across wealth levels and gain/loss contexts. Neurons in their anterior insular cortex (AIC) encode the  reference point (i.e. the current wealth level of the monkey) and the  asymmetric value function (i.e. option value signals are more sensitive to change in the loss than in the gain context) as postulated by Prospect Theory. In addition, changes in the activity of a subgroup of AIC neurons are correlated with the inter-trial fluctuations in choice and risk attitude. Taken together, we find that the role of primate AIC in risky decision-making is to monitor contextual information used to guide the animals willingness to accept risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate anterior insular cortex represents economic decision variables postulated by Prospect theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.381749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GABAergic signaling promotes early-life seizures in epileptic SYNGAP1+/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.381749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSYNGAP1 encephalopathy is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by pathogenic loss of function variants. Syngap1-heterozygous (Het+/-) mice demonstrate progressive epilepsy with multiple seizure phenotypes in adulthood. Here, we investigate early-life seizures in Het+/- pups and explore of Syngap1 encephalopathy during development.

MethodsPost-natal day 7 (P7) and P12 mice were investigated by tethered video-electroencephalographic (vEEG). The effects of GABAergic drugs phenobarbital (PB) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) were investigated at P7 and P12, respectively. 24h tethered vEEG was performed at P24, and telemetric 24h vEEG with 6h sleep deprivation was performed at P35. The effect of perampanel (PMP), an AMPA receptor antagonist, was investigated at P24.

ResultsHet+/- mice have spontaneous early-life seizures that lack an overt behavioral phenotype. These subclinical seizures are refractory to PB, but the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) antagonist PTZ significantly reduced seizure frequency suggesting that GABAergic signaling may promote seizure generation in Het+/- pups. At juvenile ages, Het+/- pups recapitulated the early emergence of high gamma (35-50Hz) during NREM and disruption of behavioral-state gamma homeostasis. This biomarker was significantly exacerbated in Het+/- pups after increasing sleep pressure with sleep deprivation.

SignificanceSeizures during development have adverse effects on cognitive function. Therefore, an improved understanding of the SYNGAP1 epilepsy during developmental ages is necessary to delineate the deleterious interactions between aberrant synaptic function and recurrent seizures. The development of evidence-based therapies for early-life intervention will benefit from these insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammanuel, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.381749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GABAergic signaling promotes early-life seizures in epileptic SYNGAP1+/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogel-coating improves the in-vivo stability of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to track the levels of specific molecules, such as drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers, in the living body, in real time and for long durations would improve our understanding of health and our ability to diagnose, treat and monitor disease. To this end, we are developing electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors, a general platform supporting high-frequency, real-time molecular measurements in the living body. Here we report that the addition of an agarose hydrogel protective layer to E-AB sensors significantly improves their baseline stability when deployed in the complex, highly time-varying environments found in vivo. The improved stability is sufficient that these hydrogel-protected sensors achieved good baseline stability when deployed in situ in the veins, muscles, bladder, or tumors of living rats without the use of the drift correction approaches traditionally required in such placements. Finally, this improved stability is achieved without any significant, associated "costs" in terms of detection limits, response times, or biocompatibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo-Curras, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaxco, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogel-coating improves the in-vivo stability of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adding software to package management systems can increase their citation by 280% 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of biomedical methods and protocols are being disseminated as open-source software packages. When put in concert with other packages, they can execute in-depth and comprehensive computational pipelines. Therefore, their integration with other software packages plays a prominent role in their adoption in addition to their availability. Accordingly, package management systems are developed to standardize the discovery and integration of software packages. Here we study the impact of package management systems on software dissemination and their scholarly recognition. We study the citation pattern of more than 18,000 scholarly papers referenced by more than 23,000 software packages hosted by Bioconda, Bioconductor, BioTools, and ToolShed--the package management systems primarily used by the Bioinformatics community. Our results suggest that there is significant evidence that the scholarly papers citation count increases after their respective software was published to package management systems. Additionally, our results show that the impact of different package management systems on the scholarly papers recognition is of the same magnitude. These results may motivate scientists to distribute their software via package management systems, facilitating the composition of computational pipelines and helping reduce redundancy in package development.

Significance StatementSoftware packages are the building blocks of computational pipelines. A myriad of packages are developed; however, the lack of integration and discovery standards hinders their adoption, leaving most scientists scholarly contributions unrecognized. Package management systems are developed to facilitate software dissemination and integration. However, developing software to meet their code and packaging standards is an involved process. Therefore, our study results on the significant impact of the package management systems on scholarly papers recognition can motivate scientists to invest in disseminating their software via package management systems. Dissemination of more software via package management systems will lead to a more straightforward composition of computational pipelines and less redundancy in software packages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adding software to package management systems can increase their citation by 280%]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HTT silencing delays onset and slows progression of Huntington disease like phenotype: Monitoring with a novel neurovascular biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.386631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, coding for pathologic mutant HTT protein (mHTT). Because of its gain-of-function mechanism and monogenic etiology, strategies to lower HTT are being actively investigated as disease-modifying therapies. Most approaches are currently targeted at the manifest HD stage, when clinical outcomes are used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. However, as almost 50% of striatal volume has been lost at the time of onset of manifest HD it would be preferable to begin therapy in the premanifest period. An unmet challenge is how to evaluate therapeutic efficacy before the presence of clinical symptoms as outcome measures. To address this, we have been developing more sensitive biomarkers such as functional neuroimaging with the goal of identifying noninvasive biomarkers that provide insight into the best time to introduce HTT-lowering treatment. In this study, we mapped the temporal trajectories of arteriolar cerebral blood volumes (CBVa) using inflow-based vascular-space-occupancy (iVASO) MRI technique in an HD mouse model. Significantly elevated CBVa was evident in premanifest zQ175 HD mice prior to motor deficits and striatal atrophy, recapitulating altered CBVa in human premanifest HD. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated non-allele-specific HTT silencing in striatal neurons restored altered CBVa in premanifest zQ175 mice, delayed onset of striatal atrophy, and slowed the progression of motor phenotype and brain pathology. This study showed the potential of CBVa as a noninvasive fMRI biomarker for premanifest HD clinical trials and demonstrates long-term benefits of introducing an HTT lowering treatment in the premanifest HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zijl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.386631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HTT silencing delays onset and slows progression of Huntington disease like phenotype: Monitoring with a novel neurovascular biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human methylome variation across Infinium 450K data on the Gene Expression Omnibus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While DNA methylation (DNAm) is the most-studied epigenetic mark, few recent studies probe the breadth of publicly available DNAm array samples. We collectively analyzed 35,360 Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K DNAm array samples published on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We learned a controlled vocabulary of sample labels by applying regular expressions to metadata and used existing models to predict various sample properties including epigenetic age. We found approximately two-thirds of samples were from blood, one-quarter were from brain, and one-third were from cancer patients. 19% of samples failed at least one of Illuminas 17 prescribed quality assessments; signal distributions across samples suggest modifying manufacturer-recommended thresholds for failure would make these assessments more informative. We further analyzed DNAm variances in seven tissues (adipose, nasal, blood, brain, buccal, sperm, and liver) and characterized specific probes distinguishing them. Finally, we compiled DNAm array data and metadata, including our learned and predicted sample labels, into database files accessible via the recountmethylation R/Bioconductor companion package. Its vignettes walk the user through some analyses contained in this paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human methylome variation across Infinium 450K data on the Gene Expression Omnibus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative efficacy of the novel diarylquinoline TBAJ-587 and bedaquiline against a resistant Rv0678 mutant in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since its conditional approval in 2012, bedaquiline (BDQ) has been a valuable tool for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. More recently, a novel short-course regimen combining BDQ with pretomanid and linezolid won approval to treat highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clinical reports of emerging BDQ resistance have identified mutations in Rv0678 that de-repress the expression of the MmpL5/MmpS5 efflux transporter as the most common cause. Because the effect of these mutations on bacterial susceptibility to BDQ is relatively small (e.g., 2-8x MIC shift), increasing the BDQ dose would increase antibacterial activity but also pose potential safety concerns, including QTc prolongation. Substitution of BDQ with another diarylquinoline with superior potency and/or safety has the potential to overcome these limitations. TBAJ-587 has greater in vitro potency than BDQ, including against Rv0678 mutants, and may offer a larger safety margin. Using a mouse model of tuberculosis and different doses of BDQ and TBAJ-587, we found that against wild-type M. tuberculosis H37Rv and an isogenic Rv0678 mutant, TBAJ-587 has greater efficacy against both strains than BDQ, whether alone or in combination with pretomanid and either linezolid or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide. TBAJ-587 also reduced the emergence of resistance to diarylquinolines and pretomanid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative efficacy of the novel diarylquinoline TBAJ-587 and bedaquiline against a resistant Rv0678 mutant in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A short course of Tofacitinib sustains the immunoregulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig in presence of inflammatory cytokines and promotes long-term survival of murine cardiac allografts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.388595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Costimulation blockade-based regimens are a promising strategy for management of transplant recipients. However, maintenance immunosuppression via CTLA4-Ig monotherapy is characterized by high frequency of rejection episodes. Recent evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines contribute to alloreactive T cell activation in a CD28-independent manner, a reasonable contributor to the limited efficacy of CTLA4-Ig. In this study, we investigated the possible synergism of a combined short-term inhibition of cytokine signaling and CD28 engagement on the modulation of rejection. Our results demonstrate that the JAK/STAT inhibitor Tofacitinib restored the immunomodulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig on mouse alloreactive T cells in presence of inflammatory cytokines. Tofacitinib exposure conferred dendritic cells with a tolerogenic phenotype reducing their cytokine secretion and costimulatory molecules expression. JAK inhibition also directly affected T cell activation. In vivo, the combination of CTLA4-Ig and Tofacitinib induced long-term survival of heart allografts and, importantly, it was equally effective when using grafts subjected to prolonged ischemia. Transplant survival correlated with a reduction in effector T cells and intragraft accumulation of regulatory T cells. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a powerful synergism between CTLA4-Ig and Tofacitinib and suggest their combined use is a promising strategy for improved management of transplanted patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandacher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.388595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A short course of Tofacitinib sustains the immunoregulatory effect of CTLA4-Ig in presence of inflammatory cytokines and promotes long-term survival of murine cardiac allografts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related Changes in Memory for Object and Position-In-Context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been considerable focus on investigating age-related memory changes in cognitively healthy older adults, in the absence of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have reported age-related domain-specific changes in older adults, showing increased difficulty encoding and processing object information but minimal to no impairment in processing spatial information compared to younger adults.

However, few of these studies have examined age-related changes in the encoding of concurrently presented object and spatial stimuli, specifically the integration of both spatial and non-spatial (object) information. To more closely resemble real-life memory encoding and the integration of both spatial and non-spatial information, the current study developed a new experimental paradigm with novel environments that allowed for the placement of different objects in different positions within the environment. The current findings show that older adults have decreased performance in recognizing changes of the object position within the spatial context but no significant differences in recognizing changes in the identity of the object within the spatial context compared to younger adults. These findings suggest there may be potential age-related differences in the mechanisms underlying the representations of complex environments and furthermore, the integration of spatial and non-spatial information may be differentially processed relative to independent and isolated representations of object and spatial information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related Changes in Memory for Object and Position-In-Context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of object size, manipulability, and stability on neural responses to inanimate objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human occipitotemporal cortex, brain responses to depicted inanimate objects have a large-scale organization by real-world object size. Critically, the size of objects in the world is systematically related to behaviorally-relevant properties: small objects are often grasped and manipulated (e.g., forks), while large objects tend to be less motor-relevant (e.g., tables), though this relationship does not always have to be true (e.g., picture frames and wheelbarrows). To determine how these two dimensions interact, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants viewed a stimulus set of small and large objects with either low or high motor-relevance. The results revealed that the size organization was evident for objects with both low and high motor-relevance; further, a motor-relevance map was also evident across both large and small objects. Targeted contrasts revealed that typical combinations (small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant) yielded more robust topographies than the atypical covariance contrast (small non-motor-relevant vs. large motor-relevant). In subsequent exploratory analyses, a factor analysis revealed that the construct of motor-relevance was better explained by two underlying factors: one more related to manipulability, and the other to whether an object moves or is stable. The factor related to manipulability better explained responses in lateral small-object preferring regions, while the factor related to object stability (lack of movement) better explained responses in ventromedial large-object preferring regions. Taken together, these results reveal that the structure of neural responses to objects of different sizes further reflect behavior-relevant properties of manipulability and stability, and contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the factors that help the large-scale organization of object representation in high-level visual cortex.

Highlights- Examined the relationship between real-world size and motor-relevant properties in the structure of responses to inanimate objects.
- Large scale topography was more robust for contrast that followed natural covariance of small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant, over contrast that went against natural covariance.
- Factor analysis revealed that manipulability and stability were, respectively, better explanatory predictors of responses in small- and large-object regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caramazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of object size, manipulability, and stability on neural responses to inanimate objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of ancestry-linked peptide variants in disease-relevant patient tissues represents a foundational step to connect patient ancestry with molecular disease pathogenesis. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encoding missense substitutions within tryptic peptides exhibiting high allele frequencies in European, African, and East Asian populations, termed peptide ancestry informative markers (pAIMs), were prioritized from 1000 genomes. In silico analysis shows that as few as 20 pAIMs can determine ancestry proportions similarly to >260K SNPs (R2=0.9905). Multiplexed proteomic analysis of >100 human endometrial cancer cell lines and uterine leiomyoma tissues resulted in the quantitation of 62 pAIMs that correlate with self-described race and genotype-confirmed patient ancestry. Candidates include a D451E substitution in GC vitamin D-binding protein previously associated with altered vitamin D levels in African and European populations. These efforts describe a generalized set of markers for proteoancestry assessment that will further support studies investigating the impact of ancestry on the human proteome and how this relates to the pathogenesis of uterine neoplasms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bateman, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abulez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segars, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hendy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casablanca, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.380337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.392787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine receptor identified as BASP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.392787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cocaine is a behavioral stimulant with substantial abuse potential related to its positively rewarding actions 1,2. Cocaine inhibits the reuptake inactivation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine at high nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations 2. There is evidence for substantially more potent influences of cocaine. For instance, Calligaro and Eldefrawi reported binding of [3H]cocaine to brain membranes with a dissociation constant of about 16 nM 3. At 10 nM concentration, cocaine elicits environmental place conditioning in planarians 4. Furthermore, 1nM cocaine enhances dopamine D2 receptor agonist-mediated signaling 5. Inhibition of amine reuptake by cocaine is substantially less potent than some of these high affinity actions. Thus, evidence for a specific, high affinity receptor for cocaine that mediates its behavioral actions has been lacking. We now report high affinity binding of cocaine to the membrane-associated brain acid soluble protein-1 (BASP1) with a Kd of 7 nM. Knocking down BASP1 in the striatum inhibits [3H]cocaine binding to striatal synaptosomes. Depletion of BASP1 in the nucleus accumbens diminishes locomotor stimulation, acquisition, and expression of locomotor sensitization to cocaine. Our findings indicate that BASP1 is a pharmacologically relevant receptor for cocaine and a putative therapeutic target for psychostimulant addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harraz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishikura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.392787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine receptor identified as BASP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
find-tfbs: a tool to identify functional non-coding variants associated with complex human traits using open chromatin maps and phased whole-genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWhole-genome DNA sequencing (WGS) enables the discovery of non-coding variants, but tools are lacking to prioritize the subset that functionally impacts human phenotypes. DNA sequence variants that disrupt or create transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) can modulate gene expression. find-tfbs efficiently scans phased WGS in large cohorts to identify and count TFBSs in regulatory sequences. This information can then be used in association testing to find putatively functional non-coding variants associated with complex human diseases or traits.

ResultsWe applied find-tfbs to discover functional non-coding variants associated with hematological traits in the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) WGS dataset (Nmax=44,709). We identified >2000 associations at P<1x10-9, implicating specific blood cell-types, transcription factors and causal genes. The vast majority of these associations are captured by variants identified in large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for blood-cell traits. find-tfbs is computationally efficient and robust, allowing for the rapid identification of non-coding variants associated with multiple human phenotypes in very large sample size.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/Helkafen/find-tfbs and https://github.com/Helkafen/find-tfbs-demo

Contactssebastian.meric.de.bellefon@umontreal.ca and guillaume.lettre@umontreal.ca

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meric de Bellefon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibord, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coban-Akdemir, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lettre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[find-tfbs: a tool to identify functional non-coding variants associated with complex human traits using open chromatin maps and phased whole-genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in functional connectivity distribution after transcranial direct-current stimulation: a connectivity density point of view 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this manuscript we consider the problem of relating functional connectivity measurements viewed as statistical distributions to outcomes. We demonstrate the utility of using the distribution of connectivity on a study of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging association with an intervention. Specifically, we consider 47 primary progressive aphasia (PPA) patients with various levels of language abilities. These patients were randomly assigned to two treatment arms, tDCS (transcranial direct-current stimulation and language therapy) vs sham (language therapy only), in a clinical trial. We propose a novel approach to analyze the effect of direct stimulation on functional connectivity. We estimate the density of correlations among the regions of interest (ROIs) and study the difference in the density post-intervention between treatment arms. We discover that it is the tail of the density, rather than the mean or lower order moments of the distribution, that demonstrates a significant impact in the classification. This approach has several benefits. Among them, it drastically reduces the number of multiple comparisons compared to edge-wise analysis. In addition, it allows for the investigation of the impact of functional connectivity on the outcomes where the connectivity is not geometrically localized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapkini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.395160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in functional connectivity distribution after transcranial direct-current stimulation: a connectivity density point of view]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rif1 regulates telomere length through conserved HEAT repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.394866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In budding yeast, Rif1 negatively regulates telomere length, but the mechanism of this regulation has remained elusive. Previous work identified several functional domains of Rif1, but none of these has been shown to mediate telomere length. To define Rif1 domains responsible for telomere regulation, we localized truncations of Rif1 to a single specific telomere and measured telomere length of that telomere compared to bulk telomeres. We found that a domain in the N-terminus containing HEAT repeats, Rif1177-996, was sufficient for length regulation when tethered to the telomere. Charged residues in this region were previously proposed to mediate DNA binding. We found that mutation of these residues disrupted telomere length regulation even when Rif1 was tethered to the telomere. Mutation of other conserved residues in this region, which were not predicted to interact with DNA, also disrupted telomere length maintenance, while mutation of conserved residues distal to this region did not. Our data suggests that conserved amino acids in the region from 436 to 577 play a functional role in telomere length regulation, which is separate from their proposed DNA-binding function. We propose that the Rif1 HEAT repeats region represents a protein-protein binding interface that mediates telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shubin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayangsari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swett, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.394866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rif1 regulates telomere length through conserved HEAT repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and synaptic remodeling. Here we show that though the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system has a limited number of neurons, sleep is necessary for both processes. In addition, it is unclear in any system if sleep collaborates with experience to alter synapses between specific neurons and whether this ultimately affects behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined connections and well-described contributions to behavior. We show that spaced odor-training and post-training sleep induce long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a pair of interneurons, the AIYs, which play a role in odor-seeking behavior. In worms that consolidate memory, both sleep and odor conditioning are required to diminish inhibitory synaptic connections between the AWC chemosensory neurons and the AIYs. Thus, we demonstrate in a living organism that sleep is required for events immediately after training that drive memory consolidation and alter synaptic structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Lobato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saifuddin, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiminez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baradwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujimoto, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churgin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanHoven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Etoile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.395228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COUNTEN an AI-driven tool for rapid, and objective structural analyses of the Enteric Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Healthy gastrointestinal functions require a healthy Enteric Nervous System (ENS). ENS health is often defined by the presence of normal ENS structure. However, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of normal ENS structure as current methodologies of manual enumeration of neurons within tissue and ganglia can only parse limited tissue regions; and are prone to error, subjective bias, and peer-to-peer discordance. Thus, there is a need to craft objective methods and robust tools to capture and quantify enteric neurons over a large area of tissue and within multiple ganglia. Here, we report on the development of an AI-driven tool COUNTEN which parses HuC/D-immunolabeled adult murine myenteric ileal plexus tissues to enumerate and classify enteric neurons into ganglia in a rapid, robust, and objective manner. COUNTEN matches trained humans in identifying, enumerating and clustering myenteric neurons into ganglia but takes a fraction of the time, thus allowing for accurate and rapid analyses of a large tissue region. Using COUNTEN, we parsed thousands of myenteric neurons and clustered them in hundreds of myenteric ganglia to compute metrics that help define the normal structure of the adult murine ileal myenteric plexus. We have made COUNTEN freely and openly available to all researchers, to facilitate reproducible, robust, and objective measures of ENS structure across mouse models, experiments, and institutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espenel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Frittelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltschmidt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COUNTEN an AI-driven tool for rapid, and objective structural analyses of the Enteric Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulating enzymatic reactions in Escherichia coli utilizing light-responsive cellular compartments based on liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.395616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymatic reactions in cells are well organized into different compartments, among which protein-based membraneless compartments formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) are believed to play important roles1,2. Hijacking them for our own purpose has promising applications in metabolic engineering3. Yet, it is still hard to precisely and dynamically control target enzymatic reactions in those compartments4. To address those problems, we developed Photo-Activated Switch in E. coli (PhASE), based on phase separating scaffold proteins and optogenetic tools. In this system, a protein of interest (POI) can be enriched up to 15-fold by LLPS-based compartments from cytosol within only a few seconds once activated by light, and become fully dispersed again within 15 minutes. Furthermore, we explored the potentiality of the LLPS-based compartment in enriching small organic molecules directly via chemical-scaffold interaction. With enzymes and substrates co-localized under light induction, the overall reaction efficiency could be enhanced. Using luciferin and catechol oxidation as model enzymatic reactions, we found that they could accelerate 2.3-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, when regulated by PhASE. We anticipate our system to be an extension of the synthetic biology toolkit, facilitating rapid recruitment and release of POIs, and reversible regulation of enzymatic reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.395616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulating enzymatic reactions in Escherichia coli utilizing light-responsive cellular compartments based on liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling Germline Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire with gAIRR Suite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.399857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic profiling of germline adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR), including T cell receptor (TR) and immunoglobulin (IG), is imaginably relevant to numerous immune-related conditions, but currently insurmountable due to high genetic complexity. Our gAIRR Suite comprises three modules. gAIRR-seq, a probe capture-based targeted sequencing pipeline, profiles AIRR from individual DNA samples. gAIRR-call and gAIRR-annotate call alleles from gAIRR-seq reads and annotate whole-genome assemblies respectively. We gAIRR-seqed TRV and TRJ of seven Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) DNA samples with 100% accuracy, and discovered novel alleles. We also gAIRR-seqed and gAIRR-called a subject from both the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and oral mucosal cells. The calling results from these two cell types have a high concordance (99% for all known AIRR alleles). We gAIRR-annotated 36 genomes to cumulatively unearth 325 novel TRV alleles and 29 novel TRJ alleles. We could further profile the flanking sequences, including the recombination signal sequence (RSS). We validated two structural variants for HG002. We uncovered substantial conflicts of AIRR genes in references GRCh37 and GRCh38. The gAIRR Suite can potentially benefit future genetic study and clinical applications of various immune-related phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A. C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.399857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling Germline Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire with gAIRR Suite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling functions of the visual cortex using task-specific deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human visual cortex enables visual perception through a cascade of hierarchical computations in cortical regions with distinct functionalities. Here, we introduce an AI-driven approach to discover the functional mapping of the visual cortex. We related human brain responses to scene images measured with functional MRI (fMRI) systematically to a diverse set of deep neural networks (DNNs) optimized to perform different scene perception tasks. We found a structured mapping between DNN tasks and brain regions along the ventral and dorsal visual streams. Low-level visual tasks mapped onto early brain regions, 3-dimensional scene perception tasks mapped onto the dorsal stream, and semantic tasks mapped onto the ventral stream. This mapping was of high fidelity, with more than 60% of the explainable variance in nine key regions being explained. Together, our results provide a novel functional mapping of the human visual cortex and demonstrate the power of the computational approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling functions of the visual cortex using task-specific deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In noisy but stationary environments, decisions should be based on the temporal integration of sequentially sampled evidence. This strategy has been supported by many behavioral studies and is qualitatively consistent with neural activity in multiple brain areas. By contrast, decision-making in the face of non-stationary sensory evidence remains poorly understood. Here, we trained monkeys to identify the dominant color of a dynamically refreshed bicolor patch that becomes informative after a variable delay. Animals' behavioral responses were briefly suppressed after evidence changes, and many neurons in the frontal eye field displayed a corresponding dip in activity at this time, similar to that frequently observed after stimulus onset. Generalized drift-diffusion models revealed consistency of behavior and neural activity with brief suppression of motor output, but not with pausing or resetting of evidence accumulation. These results suggest that momentary arrest of motor preparation is an important component of dynamic perceptual decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.403089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation with correlated noise predicts negative interval correlations in neuronal spike trains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative correlations in the sequential evolution of interspike intervals (ISIs) are a signature of memory in neuronal spike-trains. They provide coding benefits including firing-rate stabilization, improved detectability of weak sensory signals, and enhanced transmission of information by improving signal-to-noise ratio. Primary electrosensory afferent spike-trains in weakly electric fish fall into two categories based on the pattern of SCCs: non-bursting units have negative SCCs which remain negative but decay to zero with increasing lags (Type I SCCs), and bursting units have oscillatory (alternating sign) SCCs which damp to zero with increasing lags (Type II SCCs). Here, we predict and match observed ISI serial correlations in these afferents using a stochastic dynamic threshold model. We determine SCCs as a function of an arbitrary discrete noise correlation function Rk, where k is a multiple of the mean ISI. The function permits forward and inverse calculations of SCCs. Both types of SCCs can be generated by adding colored noise to the spike threshold with Type I SCCs generated with slow noise and Type II SCCs generated with fast noise. We show that a first-order autoregressive (AR) process with a single parameter is sufficient to predict and accurately match both types of afferent SCCs, the type being determined by the sign of the AR parameter. The predicted and experimentally observed SCCs are in geometric progression. The theory predicts that the limiting sum of SCCs is -0.5 yielding a perfect DC-block in the power spectrum of the spike train. Observed SCCs from afferents have a limiting sum that is slightly larger at -0.475 {+/-} 0.04 (mean {+/-} s.d.). We conclude that the underlying process for generating ISIs may be a simple combination of low-order autoregressive (AR) processes, and discuss the results from the perspective of optimal coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation with correlated noise predicts negative interval correlations in neuronal spike trains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.402651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.402651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells is a major mechanism of HIV-1 persistence and a barrier to cure. Potential causes are homeostatic proliferation, effects of HIV-1 integration, and interaction with antigens. Here we show that it is possible to link antigen responsiveness, full proviral sequence, integration site, and T cell receptor {beta}-chain (TCR{beta}) sequence to examine the role of recurrent antigenic exposure in maintaining the HIV-1 reservoir. We isolated Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- and Gag-responding CD4+ T cells from 10 treated individuals. Proviral populations in CMV-responding cells were dominated by large clones, including clones harboring replication-competent proviruses. TCR{beta} repertoires showed high clonality driven by converging adaptive responses. Although some proviruses were in genes linked to HIV-1 persistence (BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1), proliferation of infected cells under antigenic stimulation occurred regardless of the site of integration. Paired TCR{beta}-integration site analysis showed that infection could occur early or late in the course of a clones response to antigen and could generate infected cell populations too large to be explained solely by homeostatic proliferation. Together these findings implicate antigen-driven clonal selection as a major factor in HIV-1 persistence, a finding that will be a difficult challenge to eradication efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroosh, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodehouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobles, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolick, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.402651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are complex bridges that connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. However, they must remain dynamic in order to adapt to changing inputs. Here, we report that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key molecules in focal adhesion signaling at the synapse. In challenging mice with a battery of neurocognitive tasks, we first discover that BVR null (BVR-/-) mice exhibit profound deficits in learning and memory. We uncover that these deficits may be explained by a loss of focal adhesion signaling that is both transcriptionally and biochemically disrupted in BVR-/- hippocampi. We learn that BVR mediates focal adhesion signaling by physically bridging the initiatory kinases FAK/Pyk2 to the effector kinase Src. Activated Src normally promotes synaptic plasticity by phosphorylating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but FAK/Pyk2 are unable to bind and stimulate Src without BVR. Src itself is a molecular hub upon which many signaling pathways converge in order to stimulate NMDA neurotransmission, positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokhunts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensorimotor adaptation benefits from learning in two parallel systems: one that has access to explicit knowledge, and another that relies on implicit, unconscious correction. However, it is unclear how these systems interact: does enhancing one systems contributions, for example through instruction, impair the other, or do they learn independently? Here we illustrate that certain contexts can lead to competition between implicit and explicit learning. In some cases, each system is responsive to a task-related visual error. This shared error appears to create competition between these systems, such that when the explicit system increases its response, errors are siphoned away from the implicit system, thus reducing its learning. This model suggests that explicit strategy can mask changes in implicit error sensitivity related to savings and interference. Other contexts suggest that the implicit system can respond to multiple error sources. When these error sources conflict, a second type of competition occurs. Thus, the data show that during sensorimotor adaptation, behavior is shaped by competition between parallel learning systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della-Maggiore, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between parallel sensorimotor learning systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMDAR-independent acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine mediated modulation of synaptic eligibility traces into LTD in mice visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In reward-based learning, synaptic eligibility traces are a well-defined theoretical solution for the conversion of initial co-activation of pre and postsynaptic neurons into long-term changes in synaptic strength by reward-linked neuromodulators. However, the types of neuromodulators involved in such a phenomenon in mouse visual cortex remain unknown. To characterize the Ex vivo condition, we used optogenetic stimulation of channelrhodopsin-(ChR2) expressing Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP); Tph2-Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP); Thi-Cre/Ai32(ChR2-eYFP) homozygous mice, which release acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, respectively. With these mice it is possible to measure the transformation of eligibility traces into long-term changes by endogenous neuromodulators. Here we delineated that layer 2/3 neurons in the visual cortex showed no LTD after conditioning with paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (ppLFS; 2Hz, 15 min). However, if conditioning was paired with acetylcholine, serotonin, or norepinephrine release upon 473 nm optical stimulation in brain slices, LTD occurs in every case. Thus, our data suggests a new pathway to connect the gap between stimulus and reward. Moreover, we found that stimulation by theta-glass or metal stimulators evoked IPSC traces with the same amplitudes but differences in decay kinetics, further questioning the appropriate use of stimulators in brain slices for evoking an event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMDAR-independent acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine mediated modulation of synaptic eligibility traces into LTD in mice visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different functional modalities (e.g., vision, audition, touch) and their associations along a continuous surface. The functional maps of these areas, however, are often investigated in a single modality at a time. Here, we developed and applied to awake primates a polarization-enhanced wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical hemodynamics through the intact skull. Adjacent somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortices were noninvasively localized and rapidly parcellated in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate model featuring a smooth cortex. Detailed somatotopy, tonotopy, and retinotopy were also mapped out on an individual-subject basis, with a new pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient discovered outside the auditory core. Moreover, the motion-sensitive extent surrounding the primate-specific MT/V5 and the location of a face-sensitive patch were both revealed with respect to retinotopy. This approach provides a powerful tool for mapping the functional landscape across modalities in a single non-human primate subject, and thus opens new opportunities for probing how primate cortical system is organized to enable real-world behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic signal integration in Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON) essential for learning and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to associate neutral stimuli with valence information and to store these associations as memories forms the basis for decision making. To determine the underlying computational principles, we build a realistic computational model of a central decision module within the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), the flys center for learning and memory. Our model combines the electron microscopy-based architecture of one MB output neuron (MBON-3), the synaptic connectivity of its 948 presynaptic Kenyon cells (KCs), and its membrane properties obtained from patch-clamp recordings. We show that this neuron is electrotonically compact and that synaptic input corresponding to simulated odor input robustly drives its spiking behavior. Therefore, sparse innervation by KCs can efficiently control and modulate MBON activity in response to learning with minimal requirements on the specificity of synaptic localization. This architecture allows efficient storage of large numbers of memories using the flexible stochastic connectivity of the circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hafez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirtz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic signal integration in Drosophila Mushroom Body Output Neuron (MBON) essential for learning and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omics reveals elevated plasticity and stem-cell-like blasts relevant to the poor prognosis of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant ALL is a devastating malignancy caused by rearrangements of the KMT2A gene (KMT2A-r) in approximately 70% of patients. The outcome is dismal and younger age at diagnosis is associated with increased risk of relapse. To discover age-specific differences and critical drivers that mediate the poor outcome in KMT2A-r ALL, we subjected KMT2A-r leukemias and normal hematopoietic cells from patients of different ages to multi-omic single cell analysis using scRNA-Seq, scATAC-Seq and snmC-Seq2. We uncovered the following critical new insights: Leukemia cells from infants younger than 6 months have a greatly increased lineage plasticity and contain a hematopoietic stem and progenitor-like (HSPC-like) population compared to older infants. We identified an immunosuppressive signaling circuit between the HSPC-like blasts and cytotoxic lymphocytes in younger patients. Both observations offer a compelling explanation for the ability of leukemias in young infants to evade chemotherapy and immune mediated control. Our analysis also revealed pre-existing lymphomyeloid primed progenitor and myeloid blasts at initial diagnosis of B-ALL. Tracking of leukemic clones in two patients whose leukemia underwent a lineage switch documented the evolution of such clones into frank AML. These findings provide critical insights into KMT2A-r ALL and have potential clinical implications for targeted inhibitors or multi-target immunotherapy approaches. Beyond infant ALL, our study demonstrates the power of single cell multi-omics to detect tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting rare but critical subpopulations within a malignant population that ultimately determines patient outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alikarami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flournoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libbrecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felmeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omics reveals elevated plasticity and stem-cell-like blasts relevant to the poor prognosis of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional models of decision making under uncertainty explain human behavior in simple situations with a minimal set of alternatives and attributes. Some of them, such as prospect theory, have been proven successful and robust in such simple situations. Yet, less is known about the preference formation during decision making in more complex cases. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that attention plays a role in the decision process but most theories make simplifying assumptions about where attention is deployed. In this study, we replace these assumptions by measuring where humans deploy overt attention, i.e. where they fixate. To assess the influence of task complexity, participants perform two tasks. The simpler of the two requires participants to choose between two alternatives with two attributes each (four items to consider). The more complex one requires a choice between four alternatives with four attributes each (16 items to consider). We then compare a large set of model classes, of different levels of complexity, by considering the dynamic interactions between uncertainty, attention and pairwise comparisons between attribute values. The task of all models is to predict what choices humans make, using the sequence of observed eye movements for each participant as input to the model. We find that two models outperform all others. The first is the two-layer leaky accumulator which predicts human choices on the simpler task better than any other model. We call the second model, which is introduced in this study, TNPRO. It is modified from a previous model from management science and designed to deal with highly complex decision problems. Our results show that this model performs well in the simpler of our two tasks (second best, after the accumulator model) and best for the complex task. Our results suggest that, when faced with complex choice problems, people prefer to accumulate preference based on attention-guided pairwise comparisons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyngaard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeric, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ characterization of the 3D microanatomy of the pancreas and pancreatic cancer at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates the tumor microenvironment is highly associated with tumorigenesis through regulation of cellular physiology, signaling systems, and gene expression profiles of cancer cells. Yet the mechanisms by which the microenvironment evolves from normal pancreas architecture to precursor lesions and invasive cancer is poorly understood. Obtaining high-content and high-resolution information from a complex tumor microenvironment in large volumetric landscapes represents a key challenge in the field of cancer biology. To address this challenge, we established a novel method to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) centimeter-scale tissues containing billions of cells from serially sectioned histological samples, utilizing deep learning approaches to recognize eight distinct tissue subtypes from hematoxylin and eosin stained sections at micrometer and single-cell resolution. Using samples from a range of normal, precancerous, and invasive pancreatic cancer tissue, we map in 3D modes of cancer invasion in the tumor microenvironment, and emphasize the need for further 3D quantification of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahesh Babu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ characterization of the 3D microanatomy of the pancreas and pancreatic cancer at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, viral load, and transmission but the molecular mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. We report here that spike is trafficked to lysosomes and that the D614G mutation enhances the lysosomal sorting of spike and the lysosomal accumulation of spike-positive punctae in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Spike trafficking to lysosomes is an endocytosis-independent, V-ATPase-dependent process, and spike-containing lysosomes drive lysosome clustering but display poor lysotracker labeling and reduced uptake of endocytosed materials. These results are consistent with a lysosomal pathway of coronavirus biogenesis and raise the possibility that a common mechanism may underly the D614G mutations effects on spike protein trafficking in infected cells and the accelerated entry of SARS-CoV-2 into uninfected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.417022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential expression levels of Sox9 in early neocortical radial glial cells regulate the decision between stem cell maintenance and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) in the dorsal forebrain directly or indirectly produce excitatory projection neurons and macroglia of the neocortex. Recent evidence shows that the pool of RGCs is more heterogeneous than originally thought and that progenitor subpopulations can generate particular neuronal cell types. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we have studied gene expression patterns of two subtypes of RGCs that differ in their neurogenic behavior. One progenitor type rapidly produces postmitotic neurons, whereas the second progenitor remains relatively quiescence before generating neurons. We have identified candidate genes that are differentially expressed between these RGCs progenitor subtypes, including the transcription factor Sox9. Using in utero electroporation, we demonstrate that elevated Sox9 expression in progenitors prevents RGC division and leads to the generation of upper-layer cortical neurons from these progenitors at later ages. Our data thus reveal molecular differences between cortical progenitors with different neurogenic behavior and indicates that Sox9 is critical for the maintenance of RGCs to regulate the generation of upper layer neurons.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe existence of heterogeneity in the pool of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex has been an interesting topic of debate for many years. Here we describe the existence of a subpopulation of RGCs with reduced neurogenic behavior at early embryonic ages presenting a particular molecular signature. This molecular signature consists of differential expression of some genes including the transcription factor Sox9, found to be a specific master regulator of this subpopulation of progenitor cells. Functional experiments perturbing Sox9 expressions levels reveal its instructive role in the regulation of the neurogenic behavior of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of upper layer projection neurons at later ages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabra-Beser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves Medeiros de Araujo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Sanz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.417931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential expression levels of Sox9 in early neocortical radial glial cells regulate the decision between stem cell maintenance and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamics and free energy landscape of BAR-domain dimerization from molecular simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all proteins interact specifically with other proteins, often forming reversible bound structures whose stability is critical to function. Proteins with BAR domains function to bind to, bend, and remodel biological membranes, where the dimerization of BAR domains is a key step in this function. Here we characterize the binding thermodynamics of homodimerization between the LSP1 BAR domain proteins in solution, using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. By combining the MARTINI coarse-grained protein models with enhanced sampling through metadynamics, we construct a two-dimensional free energy surface quantifying the bound versus unbound ensembles as a function of two distance variables. Our simulations portray a heterogeneous and extraordinarily stable bound ensemble for these modeled LSP1 proteins. The proper crystal structure dimer has a large hydrophobic interface that is part of a stable minima on the free energy surface, which is enthalpically the minima of all bound structures. However, we also find several other stable nonspecific dimers with comparable free energies to the specific dimer. Through structure-based clustering of these bound structures, we find that some of these  nonspecific contacts involve extended tail regions that help stabilize the higher-order oligomers formed by BAR-domains, contacts that are separated from the homodimer interface. We find that the known membrane-binding residues of the LSP1 proteins rarely participate in any of the bound interfaces, but that both patches of residues are aligned to interact with the membrane in the specific dimer. Hence, we would expect a strong selection of the specific dimer in binding to the membrane. The effect of a 100mM NaCl buffer reduces the relative stability of nonspecific dimers compared to the specific dimer, indicating that it would help prevent aggregation of the proteins. With these results, we provide the first free energy characterization of interaction pathways in this important class of membrane sculpting domains, revealing a variety of interfacial contacts outside of the specific dimer that may help stabilize its oligomeric assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maisuria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadyani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamics and free energy landscape of BAR-domain dimerization from molecular simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphatidylethanolamine made in mitochondria has long been recognized as an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine production that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, the strict mitochondrial localization of the enzyme that makes PE in the mitochondrion, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1), was questioned. Since a dual localization of Psd1 to the ER would have far-reaching implications, we initiated our study to independently re-assess the subcellular distribution of Psd1. Our results support the unavoidable conclusion that the vast majority, if not all, of functional Psd1 resides in the mitochondrion. Through our efforts, we discovered that mutant forms of Psd1 that impair a self-processing step needed for it to become functional are dually localized to the ER when expressed in a PE-limiting environment. We conclude that severely impaired cellular PE metabolism provokes an ER-assisted adaptive response that is capable of identifying and resolving nonfunctional mitochondrial precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acoba, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatfard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.416495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in elevated numbers in TB patients and have been found to be permissive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proliferation. To determine whether depletion of MDSCs may improve host control of TB, we used a novel diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein known as DABIL-4 that targets and depletes IL-4-receptor positive cells. We show that DABIL-4 depletes both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSC in the mouse TB model, and that it reduces the lung bacillary burden of Mtb. These results indicate that MDSC-depleting therapies targeting the IL4 receptor are beneficial in TB and offer an avenue towards host-directed TB therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed imaging of biosensors in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.419655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent biosensors allow for real-time monitoring of biochemical activities in cells, but their multiplexing capacity is severely limited by the availability of spectral space. We overcome this problem by developing a set of barcoding proteins that are spectrally separable from commonly used FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)-based and single-fluorophore biosensors. Mixed populations of barcoded cells expressing different biosensors can be concurrently imaged and computationally unmixed to achieve highly multiplexed tracking of biochemical activities in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.419655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly multiplexed imaging of biosensors in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with genetic risk factors defined by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania, depression and circadian rhythm abnormalities. While lithium is an effective drug for BD, 30-40% of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that lithium affects the expression of "clock genes" and that lithium responders (Li-R) can be distinguished from non-responders (Li-NR) by differences in circadian rhythms. However, rhythm abnormalities in BD have not been evaluated in neurons and it is unknown if neuronal rhythms differ between Li-R and Li-NR. We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to culture neuronal precursor cells (NPC) and glutamatergic neurons from BD patients and controls. We identified strong circadian rhythms in Per2-luc expression in NPCs and neurons from controls and Li-R. NPC rhythms in Li-R had a shorter circadian period. Li-NR rhythms were low-amplitude and profoundly weakened. In NPCs and neurons, expression of PER2 was higher in both BD groups compared to controls. In neurons, PER2 protein expression was higher in BD than controls, especially in Li-NR samples. In single cells, NPC and neuron rhythms in both BD groups were desynchronized compared to controls. Lithium lengthened period in Li-R and control neurons but failed to alter rhythms in Li-NR. In contrast, temperature entrainment increased amplitude across all groups, and partly restored rhythms in Li-NR neurons. We conclude that neuronal circadian rhythm abnormalities are present in BD and most pronounced in Li-NR. Rhythm deficits in BD may be partly reversible through stimulation of entrainment pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenburgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coryell, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oedegaard, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple technique to classify diffraction data from dynamic proteins according to individual polymorphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One often observes small but measurable differences in diffraction data measured from different crystals of a single protein. These differences might reflect structural differences in the protein and potentially reflect the natural dynamism of the molecule in solution. Partitioning these mixed-state data into single-state clusters is a critical step to extract information about the dynamic behavior of proteins from hundreds or thousands of single-crystal data sets. Mixed-state data can be obtained deliberately (through intentional perturbation) or inadvertently (while attempting to measure highly redundant single-crystal data). State changes may be expressed as changes in morphology, so that a subset of the polystates may be observed as polymorphs. After mixed-state data are deliberately or inadvertently measured, the challenge is to sort the data into clusters that may represent relevant biological polystates. Here we address this problem using a simple multi-factor clustering approach that classifies each data set using independent observables in order to assign each data set to the correct location in conformation space. We illustrate this method using two independent observables (unit cell constants and intensities) to cluster mixed-state data from chymotrypsinogen (ChTg) crystals. We observe that the data populate an arc of the reaction trajectory as ChTg is converted into chymotrypsin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitler, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakoncic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple technique to classify diffraction data from dynamic proteins according to individual polymorphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial pressure (ICP) has been proposed to play an important role in the sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) and susceptibility to glaucoma. However, the in vivo effects of simultaneous, controlled, acute variations in ICP and IOP have not been directly measured. We quantified the deformations of the anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) and scleral canal at Bruchs membrane opening (BMO) under acute elevation of IOP and/or ICP.

Four eyes of three monkeys were imaged in vivo with OCT under four pressure conditions: IOP and ICP either at baseline or elevated. The BMO and ALC were reconstructed from manual delineations. From these, we determined canal area at the BMO (BMO area), BMO aspect ratio and planarity, and ALC median depth relative to the BMO plane. To better account for the pressure effects on the imaging, we also measured ALC visibility as a percent of the BMO area. Further, ALC depths were analyzed only in regions where the ALC was visible in all pressure conditions. Bootstrap sampling was used to obtain mean estimates and confidence intervals, which were then used to test for significant effects of IOP and ICP, independently and in interaction.

Response to pressure manipulation was highly individualized between eyes, with significant changes detected in a majority of the parameters. Significant interactions between ICP and IOP occurred in all measures, except ALC visibility. On average, ICP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.17mm2 at baseline IOP, and contracted BMO area by 0.02 mm2 at high IOP. ICP elevation decreased ALC depth by 10m at baseline IOP, but increased depth by 7 m at high IOP. ALC visibility decreased as ICP increased, both at baseline (-10%) and high IOP (-17%). IOP elevation expanded BMO area by 0.04 mm2 at baseline ICP, and contracted BMO area by 0.09 mm2 at high ICP. On average, IOP elevation caused the ALC to displace 3.3 m anteriorly at baseline ICP, and 22 m posteriorly at high ICP. ALC visibility improved as IOP increased, both at baseline (5%) and high ICP (8%).

In summary, changing IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina of the monkey ONH, regardless of the other pressure level. There were significant interactions between the effects of IOP and those of ICP on LC depth, BMO area, aspect ratio and planarity. On most eyes, elevating both pressures by the same amount did not cancel out the effects. Altogether our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.

Research Highlights- In vivo ONH deformations caused by acute, controlled, simultaneous changes in IOP and/or ICP can be directly visualized and measured in the monkey eye using OCT.
- Acute changes of either IOP or ICP significantly deformed both the scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa, regardless of the other pressure level.
- Pressures interacted, meaning that the effects of one pressure depended significantly on the level of the other pressure.
- Elevating both pressures did not cancel out the effects of one of them being elevated.
- Our results show that ICP affects sensitivity to IOP, and thus that it can potentially also affect susceptibility to glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between intraocular and intracranial pressure effects on the optic nerve head in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Identification of Stiffness Markers in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While essential to our understanding of solid tumor progression, the study of cell and tissue mechanics has yet to find traction in the clinic. Determining tissue stiffness, a mechanical property known to promote a malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo, is not part of the standard algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Instead, clinicians routinely use mammograms to identify malignant lesions and radiographically dense breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. Whether breast density is related to tumor tissue stiffness, and what cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor contribute the most to its stiffness are not well understood. Through training of a deep learning network and mechanical measurements of fresh patient tissue, we create a bridge in understanding between clinical and mechanical markers. The automatic identification of cellular and extracellular features from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides reveals that global and local breast tissue stiffness best correlate with the percentage of straight collagen. Global breast tissue mechanics correlate weakly with the percentage of blood vessels and fibrotic tissue, and non-significantly with the percentage of fat, ducts, tumor cells, and wavy collagen in tissue. Importantly, the percentage of dense breast tissue does not directly correlate with tissue stiffness or straight collagen content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Identification of Stiffness Markers in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megadepth: efficient coverage quantification for BigWigs and BAMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA common way to summarize sequencing datasets is to quantify data lying within genes or other genomic intervals. This can be slow and can require different tools for different input file types.

ResultsMegadepth is a fast tool for quantifying alignments and coverage for BigWig and BAM/CRAM input files, using substantially less memory than the next-fastest competitor. Megadepth can summarize coverage within all disjoint intervals of the Gencode V35 gene annotation for more than 19,000 GTExV8 BigWig files in approximately one hour using 32 threads. Megadepth is available both as a command-line tool and as an R/Bioconductor package providing much faster quantification compared to the rtracklayer package.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/ChristopherWilks/megadepth, https://bioconductor.org/packages/megadepth.

Contactchris.wilks@jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megadepth: efficient coverage quantification for BigWigs and BAMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of PI3-kinase activity of inositol polyphosphate multikinase impairs PDK1-mediated AKT activation, cell migration, and intestinal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the inositol phosphate (IP) pathway which converts IP3 to IP4 and IP5. In mammalian cells, IPMK can also act as a phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3-kinase). We previously found that IPMK is a critical PI3-kinase activator of AKT. Here, we show that IPMK mediates AKT activation by promoting membrane localization and activation of PDK1. The PI3-kinase activity of IPMK is dispensable for membrane localization of AKT, which is entirely controlled by classical PI3-kinase (p110,{beta},{gamma} , {delta}). By contrast, we found that PDK1 membrane localization was largely independent of classical PI3-kinase. Membrane localization of PDK1 stimulates cell migration by dissociating ROCK1 from inhibitory binding to RhoE and promoting ROCK1-mediated myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Deletion of IPMK impairs cell migration associated with the abolition of PDK1-mediated ROCK1 disinhibition and subsequent MLC phosphorylation. To investigate the physiological relevance of IPMK-mediated AKT activation, we generated mice selectively lacking IPMK in epithelial cells of the intestine, where IPMK is highly expressed. Deletion of IPMK in intestinal epithelial cells markedly reduced AKT phosphorylation and diminished numbers of Paneth cells - a crypt-resident epithelial cell type that generates the physiological niche for intestinal stem cells. Ablation of IPMK impaired intestinal epithelial cell regeneration basally and after; chemotherapy-induced damage, suggesting a broad role for IPMK in the activation of AKT and intestinal tissue regeneration. In summary, the PI3-kinase activity of IPMK promotes membrane localization of PDK1, a critical kinase whereby AKT maintains intestinal homeostasis.

One Sentence SummaryPI3-kinase activity of IPMK is essential for activation of AKT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wank, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of PI3-kinase activity of inositol polyphosphate multikinase impairs PDK1-mediated AKT activation, cell migration, and intestinal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional tagging of endogenous proteins and rapid selection of cell pools (Rapid generation of endogenously tagged piwi in ovarian somatic sheath cells.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combination of genome-editing and epitope tagging provides a powerful strategy to study proteins with high affinity and specificity while preserving their physiological expression patterns. However, stably modifying endogenous genes in cells that do not allow for clonal selection has been challenging. Here, we present a simple and fast strategy to generate stable, endogenously tagged alleles in a non-transformed cell culture model. At the example of piwi in Drosophila ovarian somatic sheath cells, we show that this strategy enables the generation of an N-terminally tagged protein that emulates the expression level and subcellular localization of the wild type protein and forms functional Piwi-piRNA complexes. We present a concise workflow to establish modified cells, characterize the edited allele and probe the function of the tagged protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marlin Andrews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elchert, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional tagging of endogenous proteins and rapid selection of cell pools (Rapid generation of endogenously tagged piwi in ovarian somatic sheath cells.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 on bladder-innervating afferents induces peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the sensory mechanisms innervating the bladder is paramount to developing efficacious treatments for chronic bladder hypersensitivity conditions. The contribution of Mas-gene-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr) to bladder signalling is currently unknown. Here we show in mice with single-cell RT-PCR that sub-populations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the mouse bladder express MrgprA3 (14%) and MrgprC11 (38%), either individually or in combination, with high levels of co-expression with Trpv1 (81-89%). Calcium imaging studies demonstrated MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 agonists (chloroquine, BAM8-22 and neuropeptide FF) activated sub-populations of bladder-innervating DRG neurons, showing functional evidence of co-expression between MrgprA3, MrgprC11 and TRPV1. In ex vivo bladder-nerve preparations chloroquine, BAM8-22 and neuropeptide FF all evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in sub-populations (20-41%) of bladder afferents. These effects were absent in recordings from Mrgpr-cluster{Delta}-/- mice. In vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that application of an MrgprA3/C11 agonist cocktail induced neuronal hyper-excitability in 44% of bladder-innervating DRG neurons. Finally, in vivo instillation of an MrgprA3/C11 agonist cocktail into the bladder of wild-type mice induced a significant activation of dorsal horn neurons within the lumbosacral spinal cord, as quantified by pERK-immunoreactivity. This MrgprA3/C11 agonist-induced activation was particularly apparent within the superficial dorsal horn and the sacral parasympathetic nuclei of wild-type, but not Mrgpr-cluster{Delta}-/- mice. This study demonstrates, for the first time, functional expression of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 in bladder afferents. Activation of these receptors is not required for normal bladder function but does trigger hypersensitivity to distension, a critically valuable factor for therapeutic target development.

Significance statementDetermining how bladder afferents become sensitized is the first step in finding effective treatments for common urological disorders such as overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Here we show that two of the key receptors, MrgprA3 and MrgprC11, that mediate itch from the skin are also expressed on afferents innervating the bladder. Activation of these receptors results in sensitization of bladder afferents, resulting in sensory signals being sent into the spinal cord that prematurely indicate bladder fullness. Targeting bladder afferents expressing MrgprA3 or MrgprC11 and preventing their sensitisation may provide a novel approach for treating overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grundy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Caraballo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brierley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of MrgprA3 and MrgprC11 on bladder-innervating afferents induces peripheral and central hypersensitivity to bladder distension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels: a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale gene sequencing studies for complex traits have the potential to identify causal genes with therapeutic implications. We performed gene-based association testing of blood lipid levels with rare (minor allele frequency<1%) predicted damaging coding variation using sequence data from >170,000 individuals from multiple ancestries: 97,493 European, 30,025 South Asian, 16,507 African, 16,440 Hispanic/Latino, 10,420 East Asian, and 1,182 Samoan. We identified 35 genes associated with circulating lipid levels. Ten of these: ALB, SRSF2, JAK2, CREB3L3, TMEM136, VARS, NR1H3, PLA2G12A, PPARG and STAB1 have not been implicated for lipid levels using rare coding variation in population-based samples. We prioritize 32 genes identified in array-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci based on gene-based associations, of which three: EVI5, SH2B3, and PLIN1, had no prior evidence of rare coding variant associations. Most of the associated genes showed evidence of association in multiple ancestries. Also, we observed an enrichment of gene-based associations for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol drug target genes, and for genes closest to GWAS index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Our results demonstrate that gene-based associations can be beneficial for drug target development and provide evidence that the gene closest to the array-based GWAS index SNP is often the functional gene for blood lipid levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornbos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci-Fulton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardissino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barajas-Olmos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnycastle, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bown, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtt, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centeno-Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras-Cubas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels: a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
15-PGDH as a Negative Regulator of Age-Related Organ Fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence implicates the eicosanoid molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in conferring a regenerative phenotype to multiple organ systems following tissue injury. As aging is in part characterized by loss of tissue stem cells regenerative capacity, we tested the hypothesis that the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) contributes to the diminished organ fitness of aged mice. Here we demonstrate that genetic loss of 15-PGDH (Hpgd) confers a protective effect on aging of murine hematopoietic and gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. Aged mice lacking 15-PGDH display increased hematopoietic output as assessed by peripheral blood cell counts, bone marrow and splenic stem cell compartments, and accelerated post-transplantation recovery compared to their WT counterparts. Loss of Hpgd expression also resulted in enhanced GI fitness and reduced local inflammation in response to colitis. Together these results suggest that 15-PGDH negatively regulates aged tissue regeneration, and that 15-PGDH inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy to ameliorate age-associated loss of organ fitness.

ARTICLE SUMMARY15-PGDH as a Driver of Age-Related Tissue Dysfunction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadiono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christo, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jogasuria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broncano, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[15-PGDH as a Negative Regulator of Age-Related Organ Fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARprolink: a photoaffinity probe for identifying poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modification of proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an important component of the DNA damage response. Four PAR synthesis inhibitors have recently been approved for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Despite its clinical significance, a molecular understanding of PAR function, including its binding partners, remains incomplete. In this work, we synthesize a PAR photoaffinity probe that captures and isolates endogenous PAR binders. Our method identified dozens of known PAR-binding proteins and hundreds of novel binders involved in DNA repair, RNA processing, and metabolism. PAR binding by eight candidates was confirmed using pull-down and/or electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Using PAR probes of defined lengths, we detected proteins that preferentially bind to 40-mer over 8-mer PAR, indicating that polymer length may regulate the outcome and timing of PAR signaling pathways. This investigation produces the first census of PAR-binding proteins, provides a proteome-wide view of length-selective PAR binding, and associates PAR binding with RNA metabolism and the formation of biomolecular condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARprolink: a photoaffinity probe for identifying poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resolution copy number inference in cancer using short-molecule nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome copy number is an important source of genetic variation in health and disease. In cancer, clinically actionable Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) can be inferred from short-read sequencing data, enabling genomics-based precision oncology. Emerging Nanopore sequencing technologies offer the potential for broader clinical utility, for example in smaller hospitals, due to lower instrument cost, higher portability, and ease of use. Nonetheless, Nanopore sequencing devices are limited in terms of the number of retrievable sequencing reads/molecules compared to short-read sequencing platforms. This represents a challenge for applications that require high read counts such as CNA inference. To address this limitation, we targeted the sequencing of short-length DNA molecules loaded at optimized concentration in an effort to increase sequence read/molecule yield from a single nanopore run. We show that sequencing short DNA molecules reproducibly returns high read counts and allows high quality CNA inference. We demonstrate the clinical relevance of this approach by accurately inferring CNAs in acute myeloid leukemia samples. The data shows that, compared to traditional approaches such as chromosome analysis/cytogenetics, short molecule nanopore sequencing returns more sensitive, accurate copy number information in a cost effective and expeditious manner, including for multiplex samples. Our results provide a framework for the sequencing of relatively short DNA molecules on nanopore devices with applications in research and medicine, that include but are not limited to, CNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wappel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resolution copy number inference in cancer using short-molecule nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A persistent invasive phenotype in post-hypoxic tumor cells is revealed by novel fate-mapping and computational modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia is a critical factor in solid tumors that has been associated with cancer progression and aggressiveness. We recently developed a hypoxia-fate mapping system that allowed the tracing of post-hypoxic cells within a tumor for the first time. This novel approach, based on an oxygen-dependent fluorescent switch, made the investigation of the post-hypoxic phenotype possible. The system allowed us to measure key biological features such as oxygen distribution, cell proliferation and migration. Using this data, we developed a computational model to investigate the motility and phenotypic persistence of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cells during tumor progression. The behavior of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cells was defined by phenotypic persistence time, cell movement bias and the fraction of cells that respond to an enhanced migratory stimulus. Our studies revealed that post-hypoxic cells have an enhanced persistent migratory phenotype that promotes the formation of invasive structures ("plumes") expanding towards the oxygenated tumor regions. This work combined advanced cell tracking and imaging techniques with mathematical modeling, and revealed for the first time that a persistent invasive migratory phenotype that develops under hypoxic conditions enhances their escape into non-hypoxic tumor regions to invade the surrounding tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtoglu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzcar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhoyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A persistent invasive phenotype in post-hypoxic tumor cells is revealed by novel fate-mapping and computational modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-Temporal Coordination Of Transcription Preinitiation Complex Assembly In Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) requires preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly at gene promoters. In the dynamic nucleus where thousands of promoters are broadly distributed in chromatin, it is unclear how ten individual components converge on any target to establish the PIC. Here, we use live-cell, single-molecule tracking in S. cerevisiae to document subdiffusive, constrained exploration of the nucleoplasm by PIC components and Mediators key functions in guiding this process. On chromatin, TBP, Mediator, and Pol II instruct assembly of a short-lived PIC, which occurs infrequently but efficiently at an average promoter where initiation-coupled disassembly may occur within a few seconds. Moreover, PIC exclusion by nucleosome encroachment underscores regulated promoter accessibility by chromatin remodeling. Thus, coordinated nuclear exploration and recruitment to accessible targets underlies dynamic PIC establishment in yeast. Collectively, our study provides a global spatio-temporal model for transcription initiation in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuguchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-Temporal Coordination Of Transcription Preinitiation Complex Assembly In Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disinhibition is an obligatory initial step in the remodeling of cortical circuits by sensory experience. Our investigation on disinhibitory mechanisms in the classical model of ocular dominance plasticity uncovered an unexpected novel form of experience-dependent circuit plasticity. In layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex monocular deprivation triggers a complete, "all-or-none", elimination of connections from pyramidal cells onto nearby parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PyrPV). This circuit plasticity is unique as it is transient, local and discrete. It lasts only one day, and it does not manifest as widespread changes in synaptic strength, rather, only about half of local connections are lost and the remaining ones are not affected in strength. Mechanistically, the deprivation-induced loss of PyrPV is contingent on a reduction of the protein neuropentraxin2 (NPTX2). Functionally, the loss of PyrPV is absolutely necessary for ODP. We surmise, therefore, that this "all-or-none" loss of local PyrPV circuitry gates experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyruvate oxidase as a key determinant of pneumococcal viability during transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier endothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN / pneumococcus), invades myriad of host tissues following efficient breaching of cellular barriers. However, strategies adopted by pneumococcus for evasion of host intracellular defences governing successful transcytosis across host cellular barriers remain elusive. In this study, using brain endothelium as a model host barrier, we observed that pneumococcus containing endocytic vacuoles (PCVs) formed following SPN internalization into brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), undergo early maturation and acidification, with a major subset acquiring lysosome-like characteristics. Exploration of measures that would preserve pneumococcal viability in the lethal acidic pH of these lysosome-like vacuoles revealed a critical role of the two-component system response regulator, CiaR, which has been previously implicated in induction of acid tolerance response. Pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), a key sugar metabolizing enzyme that catalyses oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate, was found to contribute to acid stress tolerance, presumably via acetyl phosphate-mediated phosphorylation and activation of CiaR, independent of its cognate kinase CiaH. Hydrogen peroxide, the by-product of SpxB catalysed reaction, was also found to improve pneumococcal intracellular survival, by oxidative inactivation of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins, thus compromising the degradative capacity of the host lysosomes. Expectedly, a {Delta}spxB mutant was found to be significantly attenuated in its ability to survive inside the BMEC endocytic vacuoles, reflecting in its reduced transcytosis ability. Collectively, our studies establish SpxB as an important virulence determinant facilitating pneumococcal survival inside host cells, ensuring successful trafficking across host cellular barriers.

AUTHOR SUMMARYEukaryotic cells which constitute host barriers have innate immune defences to restrict microbial passage into sterile compartments. This necessitates need for pathogens to devise strategies to evade these, for successful establishment of disease. In this study, by focussing on the blood-brain barrier endothelium, we investigate the mechanisms which enable the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae to traverse host barriers. Pyruvate oxidase, a pneumococcal sugar metabolizing enzyme was found to play a critical role in this key event, owing to production of acetyl phosphate and hydrogen peroxide via its enzymatic activity. On one hand, acetyl phosphate, by contributing to activation of acid tolerance stress response, enabled pneumococci to maintain viability in the lethal acidic pH of the lysosome-like vacuoles inside brain endothelium. On the other, hydrogen peroxide, was found to oxidise and inactivate a subset of degradative lysosomal enzymes. This two-pronged approach, aided by pyruvate oxidase, enabled pneumococci to evade intracellular degradation for successful transcytosis across the endothelium. Thus, pyruvate oxidase is a key determinant of pneumococcal virulence and hence can potentially serve as a viable candidate for therapeutic interventions for better management of invasive pneumococcal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyruvate oxidase as a key determinant of pneumococcal viability during transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier endothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative timing of sleep and of eating within the circadian day is important for human health. Despite much data on sleep, and a growing data set for eating, there remains a need for an interpretative framework for the understanding of this data for health decisions. This study provides a new statistical and machine learning analysis of more than 500 participants in the Daily24 project. From their data, and the analysis, we propose a framework for determining the classification of participants into different chronotypes and with that the ability to realize the potential impact of daily circadian habits on health. We propose that our resulting distribution curves could be used, similar to NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data for pediatric growth, as a measure for circadian misalignment and used to help guide re-entrainment schedules.

Author summaryDaily habits can be positive, negative or neutral for human health. Generally sleep and eating schedules are assumed without thought for their potential to help or interfere with health. In this study we propose a framework, based on data from more than 500 participants, for evaluating the relative timing of meals and sleep schedules. This evaluation, similar to pediatric growth charts, can guide clinical suggestions for those at the extremes, while helping others to realize that they are unusual relative to the population average
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budavari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human brain region-specific variably methylated regions (VMRs) are enriched for heritability of distinct neuropsychiatric traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.425010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDNA methylation dynamics in the brain are associated with normal development and neuropsychiatric disease and differ across functionally distinct brain regions. Previous studies of genome-wide methylation differences among human brain regions focused on limited numbers of individuals and one to two brain regions.

RESULTSUsing GTEx samples, we have generated a resource of DNA methylation in purified neuronal nuclei from 8 brain regions as well as lung and thyroid tissues from 12-23 donors. We identified differentially methylated regions between brain regions (DMRs) among neuronal nuclei in both CpG (181,146) and non-CpG (264,868) contexts, few of which were unique to a single pair-wise comparison. This significantly expands the knowledge of differential methylation across the brain by 10-fold. In addition, we present the first differential methylation analysis among neuronal nuclei from basal ganglia tissues and identified 2,295 unique CpG DMRs, many associated with ion transport. Consistent with prior studies, CpG DMRs were enriched in regulatory regions while non-CpG DMRs were enriched in intergenic regions. We also identified 81,130 regions of variably CpG methylated regions (VMRs), i.e. variable methylation among individuals in the same brain region, which were enriched in regulatory regions and in CpG DMRs. Many VMRs were unique to a specific brain region, with only 202 common across all brain regions, as well as lung and thyroid. VMRs identified in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus were enriched for heritability of schizophrenia.

CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that epigenetic variation in these particular human brain regions could be associated with the risk for this neuropsychiatric disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzardi, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazanoglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.02.425010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human brain region-specific variably methylated regions (VMRs) are enriched for heritability of distinct neuropsychiatric traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ancient cardioprotective mechanisms of ACE2 bestow SARS-CoV-2 with a wide host range 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infects a broader range of mammalian species than previously anticipated, suggesting there may be additional unknown hosts wherein the virus can evolve and potentially circumvent effective vaccines. We find that SARS-CoV-2 gains a wide host range by binding ACE2 sites essential for ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity. Six mutations found only in rodent species immune to SARS-CoV-2 are sufficient to abolish viral binding to human and dog ACE2. This is achieved through context-dependent mutational effects (intramolecular epistasis) conserved despite ACE2 sequence divergence between species. Across mammals, this epistasis generates sequence-function diversity, but through structures all bound by SARS-CoV-2. Mutational trajectories to the mouse conformation not bound by SARS-CoV-2 are blocked, by single mutations functionally deleterious in isolation, but compensatory in combination, explaining why human polymorphisms at these sites are virtually non-existent. Closed to humans, this path was opened to rodents via permissive cardiovascular phenotypes and ancient increases to ACE2 activity, serendipitously granting SARS-CoV-2 immunity. This reveals how ancient evolutionary trajectories are linked with unprecedented phenotypes such as COVID-19 and suggests extreme caution should be taken to monitor and prevent emerging animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2.

One sentence summaryA conserved mechanism essential for ACE2 catalytic activity is exploited by SARS-CoV-2 binding, allowing the virus to infect a wide range of species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duh, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.425115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ancient cardioprotective mechanisms of ACE2 bestow SARS-CoV-2 with a wide host range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barth syndrome cellular models have dysregulated respiratory chain complex I and mitochondrial quality control due to abnormal cardiolipin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked genetic condition caused by defects in TAZ, which encodes a transacylase involved in the remodeling of the inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). As such, CL has been implicated in numerous mitochondrial functions, and the role of defective CL in the clinical pathology of BTHS is under intense investigation. We used untargeted proteomics, shotgun lipidomics, gene expression analysis, and targeted metabolomics to identify novel areas of mitochondrial dysfunction in a new model of TAZ deficiency in HEK293 cells. Functional annotation analysis of proteomics data revealed abnormal regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (CI), driven by the reduced abundance of 6 CI associated proteins in TAZ-deficient HEK293 cells: MT-ND3, NDUFA5, NDUFAB1, NDUFB2, NDUFB4, and NDUFAF1. This resulted in reduced assembly and function of CI in TAZ-deficient HEK293 cells as well as BTHS patient derived lymphoblast cells. We also identified increased abundance of PARL, a rhomboid protein involved in the regulation of mitophagy and apoptosis, and abnormal downstream processing of PGAM5, another mediator of mitochondrial quality control, in TAZ-deficient cells. Lastly, we modulated CL via the phospholipase inhibitor bromoenol lactone and the CL targeted SS-peptide, SS-31, and showed that each is able to remediate abnormalities in CI abundance as well as PGAM5 processing. Thus, mitochondrial respiratory chain CI and PARL/PGAM5 regulated mitochondrial quality control, both of whose functions localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane, are dysregulated due to TAZ deficiency and are partially remediated via modulation of CL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franca Anzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barth syndrome cellular models have dysregulated respiratory chain complex I and mitochondrial quality control due to abnormal cardiolipin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving variant calling using population data and deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale population variant data is often used to filter and aid interpretation of variant calls in a single sample. These approaches do not incorporate population information directly into the process of variant calling, and are often limited to filtering which trades recall for precision. In this study, we develop population-aware DeepVariant models with a new channel encoding allele frequencies from the 1000 Genomes Project. This model reduces variant calling errors, improving both precision and recall in single samples, and reduces rare homozygous and pathogenic clinvar calls cohort-wide. We assess the use of population-specific or diverse reference panels, finding the greatest accuracy with diverse panels, suggesting that large, diverse panels are preferable to individual populations, even when the population matches sample ancestry. Finally, we show that this benefit generalizes to samples with different ancestry from the training data even when the ancestry is also excluded from the reference panel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving variant calling using population data and deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo deciduous dental eruption in LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing data on bonobo and chimpanzee dental eruption timing are derived predominantly from captive individuals or deceased wild individuals. However, recent advances in noninvasive photographic monitoring of living, wild apes have greatly expanded our knowledge of chimpanzee dental eruption in relatively healthy individuals under naturalistic conditions. We employ similar methods to expand on this knowledge by reporting deciduous dental eruption ages in living, wild bonobos and chimpanzees from LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gombe National Park, Tanzania, respectively. Deciduous dental eruption ages in our sample generally fall within the range of variation previously documented for captive chimpanzees. We also found substantial variation in deciduous canine eruption timing, particularly among bonobos. One bonobo had a deciduous canine present by 227 days old while another did not have a deciduous canine present at 477 days old. As more data accumulate from these populations, future studies should consider sources of variation in deciduous canine eruption timing and relationships with other aspects of life history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonsdorf, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbenz-Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augusto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canington, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo deciduous dental eruption in LuiKotale bonobos and Gombe chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance and identification of a founder variant in the epilepsy-associated gene, SZT2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic pathogenic variants in SZT2 result in a neurodevelopmental disorder with shared features, including early-onset epilepsy, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and corpus callosum abnormalities. SZT2 is as a critical scaffolding protein in the amino acid sensing arm of the mTOR signaling pathway. Due to its large size (3432 amino acids), lack of crystal structure, and absence of functional domains, it is difficult to determine the pathogenicity of SZT2 missense and in-frame deletions. We report a cohort of twelve individuals with biallelic SZT2 variants and phenotypes consistent with SZT2-related neurodevelopmental disorder. The majority of this cohort contained one or more SZT2 variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We developed a novel individualized platform to functionally characterize SZT2 VUSs. We identified a recurrent in-frame deletion (SZT2 p.Val1984del) which was determined to be a loss-of-function variant and therefore likely pathogenic. Haplotype analysis determined this single in-frame deletion is a founder variant in those of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Overall, we present a FACS-based rapid assay to distinguish pathogenic variants from VUSs in SZT2, using an approach that is widely applicable to other mTORopathies including the most common causes of the focal genetic epilepsies, DEPDC5, TSC1/2, MTOR and NPRL2/3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happ, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwaibold, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassevent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accogli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Sahra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekhilevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershkovitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millichap, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvill, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance and identification of a founder variant in the epilepsy-associated gene, SZT2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent inactivation (CDI) of CaV channels is a critical regulatory process required for tuning the kinetics of Ca2+ entry for different cell types and physiologic responses. Calmodulin (CaM) resides on the IQ domain of the CaV carboxy-tail, such that Ca2+ binding initiates a reduction in channel open probability, manifesting as CDI. This regulatory process exerts a significant impact on Ca2+ entry and is tailored by alternative splicing. CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 feature a long-carboxy-tail splice variant that modulates CDI through a competitive mechanism. In these channels, the distal-carboxy-tail (DCT) harbors an inhibitor of CDI (ICDI) module that competitively displaces CaM from the IQ domain, thereby diminishing CDI. While this overall mechanism is now well-described, the detailed interaction loci for ICDI binding to the IQ domain is yet to be elucidated. Here, we perform alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the IQ and ICDI domains and evaluate the contribution of neighboring regions. We identify multiple critical residues within the IQ domain, ICDI and the nearby A region of the channel, which are required for high affinity IQ/ICDI binding. Importantly, disruption of this interaction commensurately diminishes ICDI function, as seen by the re-emergence of CDI in mutant channels. Furthermore, analysis of the homologous ICDI region of CaV1.2 reveals a selective effect of this channel region on CaV1.3 channels, implicating a cross-channel modulatory scheme in cells expressing both channel subtypes. In all, these findings provide new insights into a molecular rheostat that fine tunes Ca2+ entry and supports normal neuronal and cardiac function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the molecular fingerprint of the distal carboxy tail in modulating CaV1 calcium dependent inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-type specificity of dorsal raphe projections to ventral tegmental area 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The midbrain dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) contain two of the brains main ascending neuromodulatory transmitters: serotonin and dopamine. We studied the pathway from DR to VTA using single-cell RNA sequencing, anatomical tracing, and electrophysiology and behavior in mice. Single-cell sequencing confirmed a differential distribution of dopamine cell types between medial and lateral aspects of the VTA. This molecular diversity included differential expression of a subset of glutamatergic and serotonergic receptors. Anatomical data showed that distinct serotonergic and glutamatergic populations of DR neurons project to distinct medial-lateral locations in VTA. Physiological data showed that serotonergic neurons are positioned to excite putative dopaminergic neurons in lateral VTA on short timescales (within trial), and inhibit them on long timescales (on the next trial). Our results reveal precise anatomical specificity of DR projections to VTA, and suggest a functional role for serotonergic modulation of dopaminergic function across multiple timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucantonio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-type specificity of dorsal raphe projections to ventral tegmental area]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online learning for orientation estimation during translation in an insect ring attractor network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect neural systems are a promising source of inspiration for new algorithms for navigation, especially on low size, weight, and power platforms. There have been unprecedented recent neuroscience breakthroughs with Drosophila in behavioral and neural imaging experiments as well as the mapping of detailed connectivity of neural structures. General mechanisms for learning orientation in the central complex (CX) of Drosophila have been investigated previously; however, it is unclear how these underlying mechanisms extend to cases where there is translation through an environment (beyond only rotation), which is critical for navigation in robotic systems. Here, we develop a CX neural connectivity-constrained model that performs sensor fusion, as well as unsupervised learning of visual features for path integration; we demonstrate the viability of this circuit for use in robotic systems in simulated and physical environments. Furthermore, we propose a theoretical understanding of how distributed online unsupervised network weight modification can be leveraged for learning in a trajectory through an environment by minimizing of orientation estimation error. Overall, our results here may enable a new class of CX-derived low power robotic navigation algorithms and lead to testable predictions to inform future neuroscience experiments.

SummaryAn insect neural connectivity-constrained model performs sensor fusion and online learning for orientation estimation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symonette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online learning for orientation estimation during translation in an insect ring attractor network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective enhancement of neural coding in V1 underlies fine discrimination learning in tree shrew. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual discrimination improves with training, a phenomenon that is thought to reflect plastic changes in the responses of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). However, the identity of the neurons that undergo change, the nature of the changes, and the consequences of these changes for other visual behaviors remain unclear. Using chronic in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging to monitor the responses of neurons in V1 of tree shrews learning a Go/No-Go fine orientation discrimination task, we find increases in neural population measures of discriminability for task-relevant stimuli that correlate with performance and depend on a select subset of neurons with preferred orientations that include the rewarded stimulus and nearby orientations biased away from the non-rewarded stimulus. Learning is accompanied by selective enhancement in the response of these neurons to the rewarded stimulus that further increases their ability to discriminate the task stimuli. These changes persist outside of the trained task and predict observed enhancement and impairment in performance of other discriminations, providing evidence for selective persistent learning-induced plasticity in V1 with significant consequences for perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective enhancement of neural coding in V1 underlies fine discrimination learning in tree shrew.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomic analysis and characterization of Staphylococcus sp. AOAB, isolated from a notoriously invasive Mnemiopsis leidyi gut revealed multiple antibiotic resistance determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a coagulase-negative, vancomycin and oxacillin-susceptible novel bacterium of the genus Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus sp. strain AOAB was isolated from the stomodeum (gut) of the Mnemiopsis leidyi from Mobile Bay, Alabama USA. A polyphasic taxonomic approach comprised of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics was used for analysis. The dominant respiratory quinone detected was MK-7 (100%). Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (40.52%), anteiso-C17:0 (13.04 %), C-18:0 (11.53%) and C-20:0 (10.45%). The polar lipid profile consisted of glycolipid, phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Although strain AOAB had a 16SrRNA gene sequence similarity of 99% with S. warneri SG1, S. pasteuri, S. devriesei KS-SP_60, S. lugdunensis HKU09-01, S. epidermidis RP62A, S. haemolyticus JCSC1435 and S. hominis DM 122, it was be distinguished from those species based on Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using 6 marker genes (16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, dnaJ, sodA and tuf). MLSA revealed strain AOAB to be closely related to S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 but distinct from two hitherto known species. These results were confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (closest ANI of 84.93% and 84.58% identity against S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 respectively). In-silico DNA-DNA hybridization was <70% (33.1 % and 32.8% against S. warneri SG1 and S. pasteuri SP1 respectively), which further confirmed that the strain was a potential novel Staphylococcus species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariita, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomic analysis and characterization of Staphylococcus sp. AOAB, isolated from a notoriously invasive Mnemiopsis leidyi gut revealed multiple antibiotic resistance determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low oxygen arrests Babesia duncani schizonts and leads to increased drug susceptibilities in hamster erythrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the effect of oxygen concentrations on the in vitro growth and drug susceptibility of Babesia duncani. We found that the growth of B. duncani required high level oxygen and the culture condition at ambient aerobic condition (21% O2) was optimal. Compared with ambient air, our results further showed that low oxygen (6-16%) could arrest B. duncani schizonts and lead to high susceptibilities to antiparasitic drugs atovaquone, pyrimethamine, quinine, and chloroquine at certain concentrations in vitro. Drug susceptibilities of other Babesia spp impacted by O2 levels need to be studied in the future, and this study indicates that culturing conditions of Babesia spp should be considered and reestablished for generating more comparable and reliable results in drug research in the future.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/426147v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6414b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8ad845org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17cd3bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@30f1f2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIThe in vitro growth of B. duncani requires high level oxygen and the culture condition of 5% CO2 ambient air is optimal
C_LIO_LILow level oxygen results B. duncani in low growth rate and high schizont ratio in vitro
C_LIO_LICompared with 5% CO2 ambient air, in vitro drug susceptibilities of B. duncani can be significantly increased when cultured in microaerobic condition
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzo, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low oxygen arrests Babesia duncani schizonts and leads to increased drug susceptibilities in hamster erythrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modifying TIMER, a slow-folding DsRed derivative, for optimal use in quickly-dividing bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is now well appreciated that members of pathogenic bacterial populations exhibit heterogeneity in growth rates and metabolic activity, and it is known this can impact the ability to eliminate all members of the bacterial population during antibiotic treatment. It remains unclear which pathways promote slowed bacterial growth within host tissues, primarily because it has been difficult to identify and isolate slow growing bacteria from host tissues for downstream analyses. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a novel variant of TIMER, a slow-folding fluorescent protein, to identify subsets of slowly dividing bacteria within host tissues. The original TIMER folds too slowly for fluorescence accumulation in quickly replicating bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis), however this TIMER42 variant accumulates signal in late stationary phase cultures of E. coli and Y. pseudotuberculosis. We show TIMER42 signal also accumulates during exposure to sources of nitric oxide (NO), suggesting TIMER42 signal detects growth-arrested bacterial cells. In a mouse model of Y. pseudotuberculosis deep tissue infection, TIMER42 signal is clearly detected, and primarily accumulates in bacteria expressing markers of stationary phase growth. There was not significant overlap between TIMER42 signal and NO-exposed subpopulations of bacteria within host tissues, suggesting NO stress was transient, allowing bacteria to recover from this stress and resume replication. This novel TIMER42 variant represents a new faster folding TIMER that will enable additional studies of slow-growing subpopulations of bacteria, specifically within bacterial species that quickly divide.

Author SummaryWe have generated a variant of TIMER that can be used to mark slow-growing subsets of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which has a relatively short division time, similar to E. coli. We used a combination of site-directed and random mutagenesis to generate the TIMER42 variant, which has red fluorescent signal accumulation in post-exponential or stationary phase cells. We found that nitric oxide (NO) stress is sufficient to promote TIMER42 signal accumulation in culture, however within host tissues, TIMER42 signal correlates with a stationary phase reporter (dps). These results suggest NO may cause an immediate arrest in bacterial cell division, but during growth in host tissues exposure to NO is transient, allowing bacteria to recover from this stress and resume cell division. Thus instead of indicating a response to host stressors, TIMER42 signal accumulation within host tissues appears to identify slow-growing cells that are experiencing nutrient limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modifying TIMER, a slow-folding DsRed derivative, for optimal use in quickly-dividing bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomaterials direct functional B cell response in a material specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells are an adaptive immune target of biomaterials development in vaccine research but despite their role in wound healing have not been studied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We evaluated the B cell response to biomaterial scaffold materials implanted in a muscle wound; a biological extracellular matrix (ECM) and synthetic polyester polycaprolactone. In the local muscle tissue, small numbers of B cells are recruited in response to tissue injury and biomaterial implantation. ECM materials induced plasmablasts in lymph nodes and antigen presentation in the spleen while the synthetic PCL implants delayed B cell migration and induced an antigen presenting phenotype. In muMt- mice lacking B cells, the fibrotic response to the synthetic biomaterials decreased. Immunofluorescence confirmed antigen presenting B cells in fibrotic tissue surrounding silicone breast implants. In sum, the adaptive B cell immune response to biomaterial depends on composition and induces local, regional and systemic immunological changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeau, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport Huyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosser, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomaterials direct functional B cell response in a material specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial drivers and pre-cancer populations collaborate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with limited treatment options and poor survival. We studied 73 samples from 21 patients (7 treatment-naive and 14 treated with neoadjuvant regimens), analyzing distinct spatial units and performing bulk proteogenomics, single cell sequencing, and cellular imaging. Spatial drivers, including mutant KRAS, SMAD4, and GNAQ, were associated with differential phosphosignaling and metabolic responses compared to wild type. Single cell subtyping discovered 12 of 21 tumors with mixed basal and classical features. Trefoil factor family members were upregulated in classical populations, while the basal populations showed enhanced expression of mesenchymal genes, including VIM and IGTB1. Acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) populations, present in 95% of patients, with 46% reduction of driver mutation fractions compared to tumor populations, exhibited suppressive and oncogenic features linked to morphologic states. We identified coordinated expression of TIGIT in exhausted and regulatory T cells and Nectin receptor expression in tumor cells. Higher expression of angiogenic and stress response genes in dendritic cells compared to tumor cells suggests they have a pro-tumorigenic role in remodeling the microenvironment. Treated samples contain a three-fold enrichment of inflammatory CAFs when compared to untreated samples, while other CAF subtypes remain similar. A subset of tumor and/or ADM-specific biomarkers showed differential expression between treatment groups, and several known drug targets displayed potential cross-cell type reactivities. This resolution that spatially defined single cell omics provides reveals the diversity of tumor and microenvironment populations in PDAC. Such understanding may lead to more optimal treatment regimens for patients with this devastating disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAcinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) cells represent a genetic and morphologic transition state between acinar and tumor cells.
C_LIO_LIInflammatory cancer associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) are a major component of the PDAC TME and are significantly higher in treated samples
C_LIO_LIReceptor-ligand analysis reveals tumor cell-TME interactions through NECTIN4-TIGIT
C_LIO_LITumor and ADM cell proteogenomics differ between treated and untreated samples, with unique and shared potential drug targets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasinghe, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herndon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storrs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyczalkowski, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronick, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thammavong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMichael, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasnoff, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeb, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendl, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serasanambati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashl, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terekhanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naser Al Deen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaubelt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puram, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoghi, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ch</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial drivers and pre-cancer populations collaborate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cost of correcting for error during sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from error is often a slow process. To accelerate learning, previous motor adaptation studies have focused on explicit factors such as reward or punishment, but the results have been inconsistent. Here, we considered the idea that a movement error carries an implicit cost for the organism because the act of correcting for error consumes time and energy. If this implicit cost could be modulated, it may robustly alter how the brain learns from error. To vary the cost of error, we considered a simple saccade adaptation task but combined it with motion discrimination: movement errors resulted in corrective saccades, but those corrections took time away from acquiring information in the discrimination task. We then modulated error cost using coherence of the discrimination task and found that when error cost was large, pupil diameter increased, and the brain learned more from error. However, when error cost was small, the pupil constricted, and the brain learned less from the same error. Thus, during sensorimotor adaptation, the act of correcting for error carried an implicit cost for the brain. Modulating this cost affects how the brain learns from error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cost of correcting for error during sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 Links Inflammation to Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a pathological mediator of he development, progression, and clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. Inflammation is associated with EC dysfunction, but the responsible mechanisms are not well characterized. There is substantial evidence that serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is increased in pro-inflammatory states and that elevated PCSK9 levels are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes after controlling for traditional risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

Here we investigate PCSK9 as a novel link between inflammation and vascular EC dysfunction, as assessed by nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, increased PCSK9 mRNA expression and PCSK9 protein levels in isolated human aortic ECs, which were accompanied by reduced total and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels and NO bioavailability. Finally, genetic PCSK9 reduction utilizing a PCSK9 specific siRNA in human aortic ECs resulted in the rescue of phosphorylated eNOS protein levels and NO bioavailability.

Our results demonstrate that PCSK9 is increased in human aortic ECs exposed to a pro-inflammatory stimulus and that this increase is associated with EC dysfunction. Silencing of TNF-mediated augmentation of PCSK9 expression utilizing a small interfering RNA against PCSK9 rescued the inflammation-induced EC dysfunction. These results indicate that PCSK9 is a causal link between inflammation and EC dysfunction, a potent driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leucker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amat-Codina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstenblith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 Links Inflammation to Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDeficits in social cognition consistently underlie functional disabilities in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that the anterior insula is a  common core brain region that is impaired across neurological and psychiatric disorders, which include social cognition deficits. Nevertheless, neurobiological mechanisms of the anterior insula for social cognition remain elusive.

MethodsTo determine the role of anterior insula in social cognition, we manipulated expression of Cyp26B1, an anterior insula-enriched molecule that is crucial for retinoic acid degradation and involved in the pathology of neuropsychiatric conditions. Social cognition was mainly assayed using the three-chamber social interaction test. We conducted multimodal analyses at the molecular, cellular, circuitry, and behavioral levels.

ResultsAt the molecular/cellular level, anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition is maintained by proper activity of the layer 5 pyramidal neurons, for which retinoic acid-mediated gene transcription can play a role. We also demonstrate that oxytocin influences the anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition, not by direct projection of oxytocin neurons, nor by direct diffusion of oxytocin to the anterior insula, which contrasts the modes of oxytocin regulation onto the posterior insula. Instead, oxytocin affects oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus where serotonergic neurons are projected to the anterior insula. Furthermore, we show that serotonin 5HT2C receptor expressed in the anterior insula influences social novelty recognition.

ConclusionsAnterior insula plays a pivotal role in social novelty recognition that is partly regulated by a local retinoic acid cascade, but also remotely regulated by oxytocin via a non-classic mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannals, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash-Padgett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs and tRFs are classes of small non-coding RNAs, known for their roles in translational regulation of genes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have enabled high-throughput small RNA-seq studies, which require robust alignment pipelines. Our laboratory previously developed miRge and miRge2.0, as flexible tools to process sequencing data for annotation of miRNAs and other small-RNA species and further predict novel miRNAs using a support vector machine approach. Although, miRge2.0 is a leading analysis tool in terms of speed with unique quantifying and annotation features, it has a few limitations. We present miRge3.0 which provides additional features along with compatibility to newer versions of Cutadapt and Python. The revisions of the tool include the ability to process Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) to account for PCR duplicates while quantifying miRNAs in the datasets and an accurate GFF3 formatted isomiR tool. miRge3.0 also has speed improvements benchmarked to miRge2.0, Chimira and sRNAbench. Finally, miRge3.0 output integrates into other packages for a streamlined analysis process and provides a cross-platform Graphical User Interface (GUI). In conclusion miRge3.0 is our 3rd generation small RNA-seq aligner with improvements in speed, versatility, and functionality over earlier iterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR Del/Rei: A simple, flexible and efficient pipeline for scarless genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scarless genome editing of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is crucial for the precise modeling of genetic disease. Here we present CRISPR Del/Rei, a two-step deletion-reinsertion strategy with high editing efficiency and simple PCR-based screening that generates isogenic clones in ~2 months. We apply our strategy to edit iPSCs at 3 loci with only rare off target editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wahbeh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdollahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR Del/Rei: A simple, flexible and efficient pipeline for scarless genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myocardial BDNF regulates cardiac bioenergetics through the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is markedly decreased in heart failure patients. Both BDNF and its receptor, Tropomyosin Related Kinase Receptor (TrkB), are expressed in cardiomyocytes, however the role of myocardial BDNF signaling in cardiac pathophysiology is poorly understood. We found that cardiac-specific TrkB knockout (cTrkB KO) mice displayed a blunted adaptive cardiac response to exercise, with attenuated upregulation of transcription factor networks controlling mitochondrial biogenesis/metabolism, including Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1). The cTrkB KO mice developed an exacerbated heart failure progression with transaortic constriction. The downregulation of PGC-1 in cTrkB KO mice exposed to exercise or TAC resulted in decreased cardiac energetics. We further unraveled that BDNF induces PGC-1 upregulation and bioenergetics through a novel signaling pathway, the pleiotropic transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Taken together, our findings suggest that myocardial BDNF plays a critical role in regulating cellular energetics in the cardiac stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiva, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myocardial BDNF regulates cardiac bioenergetics through the transcription factor Yin Yang 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized Perturbation Profiles Reveal Concordance between Autism Blood Transcriptome Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has made quantifying disease specific molecular changes a challenge. Blood based transcriptomic assays have been performed to isolate these molecular changes and provide biomarkers to aid in ASD diagnoses, etiological understanding, and potential treatment1-6. However, establishing concordance amongst these studies is made difficult in part by the variation in methods used to call putative biomarkers. Here we use personal perturbation profiles to establish concordance amongst these datasets and reveal a pool of 1,189 commonly perturbed genes and new insights into poorly characterized genes that are perturbed in ASD subjects. We find the resultant perturbed gene pools to include the following unnamed genes: C18orf25, C15orf39, C1orf109, C1orf43, C19orf12, C6orf106, C3orf58, C19orf53, C17orf80, C4orf33, C21orf2, C10orf2, C1orf162, C10orf25 and C10orf90. Investigation into these genes using differential correlation analysis and the text mining tool Chilibot reveal interesting connections to DNA damage, ubiquitination, R-loops, autophagy, and mitochondrial damage. Our results support evidence that these cellular events are relevant to ASD molecular mechanisms. The personalized perturbation profile analysis scheme, as described in this work, offers a promising way to establish concordance between seemingly discordant expression datasets and expose the relevance of new genes in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laird, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized Perturbation Profiles Reveal Concordance between Autism Blood Transcriptome Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reagent-free Raman and quantitative phase imaging offer a unique morpho-molecular platform for recognition of malignancy and stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignancies which account for nearly one-third of all pediatric cancers. The current diagnostic assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require expensive reagents. Here, we report a label-free approach featuring diffraction phase imaging and Raman microscopy that can retrieve both morphological and molecular attributes for label-free optical phenotyping of individual B cells. By investigating leukemia cell lines of early and late stages along with the healthy B cells, we show that phase image can capture subtle morphological differences among the healthy, early, and late stages of leukemic cells. By exploiting its biomolecular specificity, we demonstrate that Raman microscopy is capable of accurately identifying not only different stages of leukemia cells, but also individual cell lines at each stage. Overall, our study provides a rationale for employing this hybrid modality to screen leukemia cells using the widefield QPI and using Raman microscopy for accurate differentiation of early and late-stage phenotypes. This contrast-free and rapid diagnostic tool exhibits great promise for clinical diagnosis and staging of leukemia in the near future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandikar, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reagent-free Raman and quantitative phase imaging offer a unique morpho-molecular platform for recognition of malignancy and stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) measured from blood specimens is a minimally invasive marker of mitochondrial function that exhibits both inter-individual and intercellular variation. To identify genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 465,809 White individuals from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 133 SNPs with statistically significant, independent effects associated with mtDNA-CN across 100 loci. A combination of fine-mapping, variant annotation, and co-localization analyses were used to prioritize genes within each of the 133 independent sites. Putative causal genes were enriched for known mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (p = 3.09 x 10-15) and the gene ontology (GO) terms for mtDNA metabolism (p = 1.43 x 10-8) and mtDNA replication (p = 1.2 x 10-7). A clustering approach leveraged pleiotropy between mtDNA-CN associated SNPs and 41 mtDNA-CN associated phenotypes to identify functional domains, revealing three distinct groups, including platelet activation, megakaryocyte proliferation, and mtDNA metabolism. Finally, using mitochondrial SNPs, we establish causal relationships between mitochondrial function and a variety of blood cell related traits, kidney function, liver function and overall (p = 0.044) and non-cancer mortality (p = 6.56 x 10-4).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longchamps, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyatt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacprowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHARGE Aging and Longevity Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitlani, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunetta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals multiple loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tTARGIT AAVs: A sensitive and flexible method to manipulate intersectional neuronal populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Cre-dependent viral systems permit the manipulation of many neuron types, some cell populations cannot be targeted by a single DNA recombinase. Although the combined use of Flp and Cre recombinases can overcome this limitation, insufficient recombinase activity can reduce the efficacy of existing Cre+Flp-dependent viral systems. We developed a sensitive dual recombinase-activated viral approach: tTA-driven Recombinase-Guided Intersectional Targeting (tTARGIT) AAVs. tTARGIT AAVs utilize a Flp-dependent tetracycline transactivator (tTA) "Driver" AAV and a tetracycline response element (TRE)-driven, Cre-dependent "Payload" AAV to express the transgene of interest. We employed this system in Slc17a6FlpO;LeprCre mice to manipulate LepRb neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH; LepRbVMH neurons) while omitting neighboring LepRb populations. We defined the circuitry of LepRbVMH neurons and roles for these cells in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Thus, the tTARGIT system mediates robust recombinase-sensitive transgene expression, permitting the precise manipulation of previously intractable neural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affinati, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flak, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tTARGIT AAVs: A sensitive and flexible method to manipulate intersectional neuronal populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large genomic insertions, deletions, and inversions are a potent source of functional and fitness-altering variation, but are challenging to resolve with short-read DNA sequencing alone. While recent long-read sequencing technologies have greatly expanded the catalog of structural variants (SVs), their costs have so far precluded their application at population scales. Given these limitations, the role of SVs in human adaptation remains poorly characterized. Here, we used a graph-based approach to genotype 107,866 long-read-discovered SVs in short-read sequencing data from diverse human populations. We then applied an admixture-aware method to scan these SVs for patterns of population-specific frequency differentiation--a signature of local adaptation. We identified 220 SVs exhibiting extreme frequency differentiation, including several SVs that were among the lead variants at their corresponding loci. The top two signatures traced to separate insertion and deletion polymorphisms at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, together tagging a 325 Kbp haplotype that swept to high frequency and was subsequently fragmented by recombination. Alleles defining this haplotype are nearly fixed (60-95%) in certain Southeast Asian populations, but are rare or absent from other global populations composing the 1000 Genomes Project. Further investigation revealed that the haplotype closely matches with sequences observed in two of three high-coverage Neanderthal genomes, providing strong evidence of a Neanderthal-introgressed origin. This extraordinary episode of positive selection, which we infer to have occurred between 1700 and 8400 years ago, corroborates the role of immune-related genes as prominent targets of adaptive archaic introgression. Our study demonstrates how combining recent advances in genome sequencing, genotyping algorithms, and population genetic methods can reveal signatures of key evolutionary events that remained hidden within poorly resolved regions of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local adaptation and archaic introgression shape global diversity at human structural variant loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CloudReg: Automatic Terabyte-Scale Cross-Modal Brain Volume Registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying terabyte-scale multi-modal human and animal imaging data requires scalable analysis tools. We developed CloudReg, an open-source, automatic, terabyte-scale, cloud-based image analysis pipeline that pre-processes and registers cross-modal volumetric datasets with artifacts via spatially-varying polynomial intensity transform. CloudReg accurately registers the following datasets to their respective atlases: in vivo human and ex vivo macaque brain magnetic resonance imaging, ex vivo mouse brain micro-computed tomography, and cleared murine brain light-sheet microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CloudReg: Automatic Terabyte-Scale Cross-Modal Brain Volume Registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.427793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.427793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to understand genetic variability involved in an individuals susceptibility to chronic pain support a role for upstream regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. To examine the transcriptomic and epigenetic basis of chronic pain that resides in the peripheral nervous system, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to identify novel molecular pathways associated with pain hypersensitivity in two well-studied persistent pain models induced by Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and intra-plantar injection of Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Our RNA-seq studies identify a variety of biological process related to synapse organization, membrane potential, transmembrane transport, and ion binding. Interestingly, genes that encode transcriptional regulators were disproportionately downregulated in both models. Our ATAC-seq data provide a comprehensive map of chromatin accessibility changes in the DRG. A total of 1123 regions showed changes in chromatin accessibility in one or both models when compared to the naive and 31 shared differentially accessible regions (DAR)s. Functional annotation of the DARs identified disparate molecular functions enriched for each pain model which suggests that chromatin structure may be altered differently following sciatic nerve injury and hind paw inflammation. Motif analysis identified 17 DNA sequences known to bind transcription factors in the CCI DARs and 33 in the CFA DARs. Two motifs were significantly enriched in both models. Our improved understanding of the changes in chromatin accessibility that occur in chronic pain states may identify regulatory genomic elements that play essential roles in modulating gene expression in the DRG.

SummaryShared transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in two animal models improves our understanding of how chromatin structural changes alter DRG gene expression under persistent pain conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfro, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.427793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV-Txnip prolongs cone survival and vision in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease, affecting >20 million people worldwide. Loss of daylight vision typically occurs due to the dysfunction/loss of cone photoreceptors, the cell type that initiates our color and high acuity vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for RP, other than gene therapy for a limited number of specific disease genes. To develop a gene-agnostic therapy, we screened {approx}20 genes for their ability to prolong cone photoreceptor survival in vivo. Here, we report an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing Txnip, which prolongs the survival of cone photoreceptors and improves visual acuity in RP mouse models. A Txnip allele, C247S, which blocks the association of Txnip with thioredoxin, provides an even greater benefit. Additionally, the rescue effect of Txnip depends on lactate dehydrogenase b (Ldhb), and correlates with the presence of healthier mitochondria, suggesting that Txnip saves RP cones by enhancing their lactate catabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV-Txnip prolongs cone survival and vision in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome and transcriptome of a pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a highly contiguous genome and transcriptome of the pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis. We sequenced both the DNA and RNA of this species using both the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Illumina platforms. We assembled the genome into an 11.8 Mb draft composed of 16 contigs with an N50 of 886 Kb, including a circular mitochondrial sequence of 28 Kb. Using direct RNA nanopore sequencing and Illumina cDNA sequencing, we constructed an annotation of our new assembly, supplemented by lifting over genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome and transcriptome of a pathogenic yeast, Candida nivariensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.427517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a devastating disease that kills over half a million people each year1. Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes into mammalian hosts undergo a clinically silent phase of obligatory development and replication in hepatocytes before initiating the life-threatening blood-stage of malaria2. Thus, understanding the immune responses elicited by Plasmodium infection in the liver is key to controlling clinical malaria and transmission3,4. Here, we show that Plasmodium DNA can be detected by AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) sensors in the infected hepatocytes, resulting in Caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell-death. However, Caspase-1 was observed to undergo only partial cleavage in hepatocytes, limiting pyroptosis, and the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines classically associated with Caspase-1 activation. We discovered that the extent of Caspase-1 cleavage in cells is determined by the expression of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). ASC expression is inherently low in hepatocytes, and transgenically enhancing it in the hepatocytes induced complete processing of Caspase-1, efficient secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced pyroptotic cell-death, and markedly improved control of malaria infection in the liver. In addition to describing a novel pathway of natural immunity to malaria, our findings uncover a key aspect of liver biology that may have been exploited during evolution by successful hepatotropic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques-da-Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peissig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancox, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pewe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanneganti, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harty, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurup, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.427517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Similarity Structure of Real-World Memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we mentally organize our memories of life events? Two episodes may be connected because they share a similar location, time period, activity, spatial environment, or social and emotional content. However, we lack an understanding of how each of these dimensions contributes to the perceived similarity of two life memories. We addressed this question with a data-driven approach, eliciting pairs of real-life memories from participants. Participants annotated the social, purposive, spatial, temporal, and emotional characteristics of their memories. We found that the overall similarity of memories was influenced by all of these factors, but to very different extents. Emotional features were the most consistent single predictor of overall memory similarity. Memories with different emotional tone were reliably perceived to be dissimilar, even when they occurred at similar times and places and involved similar people; conversely, memories with a shared emotional tone were perceived as similar even when they occurred at different times and places, and involved different people. A predictive model explained over half of the variance in memory similarity, using only information about (i) the emotional properties of events and (ii) the primary action or purpose of events. Emotional features may make an outsized contribution to event similarity because they provide compact summaries of an events goals and self-related outcomes, which are critical information for future planning and decision making. Thus, in order to understand and improve real-world memory function, we must account for the strong influence of emotional and purposive information on memory organization and memory search.

SignificanceOur brains enable us to understand and act within the present, informed by previous, related life experience. But how are our life experiences organized so that one event can be related to another? Theories have suggested that we use spatiotemporal, social, causal, purposive, and emotional dimensions to inter-relate our memories; however, these organizing principles are usually studied using impersonal laboratory stimuli. Here, we mapped and modeled the connections between peoples own annotated life memories. We found that life events are linked by a variety of factors, but are predominantly connected in memory by their primary activity and emotional character. This highlights a need for theories of memory organization and retrieval to better account for the role of high-level actions and emotions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barense, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Similarity Structure of Real-World Memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric Regulation of the EphA2 Receptor Intracellular Region by Serine/Threonine Kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases play a key role in cell-cell communication. However, lack of structural information on the entire multi-domain intracellular region of any Eph receptor has hindered detailed understanding of their signaling mechanisms. Here, we use an integrative structural biology approach combining X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, to gain the first insights into the structure and dynamics of the entire EphA2 intracellular region. EphA2 promotes cancer malignancy through a poorly understood non-canonical form of signaling that depends on serine/threonine phosphorylation of the linker connecting the EphA2 kinase and SAM domains. We uncovered two distinct molecular mechanisms that may function in concert to mediate the effects of linker phosphorylation through an orchestrated allosteric regulatory network. The first involves a shift in the equilibrium between a "closed" configuration of the EphA2 intracellular region and an "open" more extended configuration induced by the accumulation of phosphorylation sites in the linker. This implies that cooperation of multiple serine/threonine kinase signaling networks is necessary to promote robust EphA2 non-canonical signaling. The second involves allosteric rearrangements in the kinase domain and juxtamembrane segment induced by phosphorylation of some linker residues, suggesting a link between EphA2 non-canonical signaling and canonical signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation. Given the key role of EphA2 in cancer malignancy, this new knowledge can inform therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lechtenberg, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric Regulation of the EphA2 Receptor Intracellular Region by Serine/Threonine Kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic shifts of tumor associated macrophages and STAT3 mediated suppression of myeloid derived suppressor cells drive sensitization of HER2+ tumor immunity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how novel therapeutic combinations alter solid tumor microenvironments (TME) in immunosuppressive tumors such as breast cancer is essential to improve their responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Entinostat, an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been shown to improve responses to ICIs in various tumor models with immunosuppressive TMEs, but the precise alterations induced by entinostat and mechanisms of synergy with ICIs remain unknown. Here, we employ single-cell RNA-sequencing on HER2 overexpressing breast tumors from mice treated with entinostat + ICIs to characterize these changes across cell types in the TME. This analysis demonstrates that treatment with entinostat induces a shift from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor TME signature characterized predominantly by changes in the myeloid cells. Notably, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are shifted toward the less suppressive granulocytic phenotype in association with reduced signaling through the STAT3 pathway. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages are shifted toward an anti-tumor M1 phenotype by epigenetic reprogramming. Overall, these entinostat-induced TME changes reduce immunosuppression and increase mechanisms of tumor cell killing to improve ICI responses and broaden the population of patients who could potentially benefit from immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos-Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic shifts of tumor associated macrophages and STAT3 mediated suppression of myeloid derived suppressor cells drive sensitization of HER2+ tumor immunity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speed limits of protein assembly with reversible membrane localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-assembly is often studied in a three-dimensional (3D) solution, but a significant fraction of binding events involve proteins that can reversibly bind and diffuse along a two-dimensional (2D) surface. In a recent study, we quantified how proteins can exploit the reduced dimension of the membrane to trigger complex formation. Here, we derive a single expression for the characteristic timescale of this multi-step assembly process, where the change in dimensionality renders rates and concentrations effectively time-dependent. We find that proteins can accelerate complex formation due to an increase in relative concentration, driving more frequent collisions which often wins out over slow-downs due to diffusion. Our model contains two protein populations that associate with one another and use a distinct site to bind membrane lipids, creating a complex reaction network. However, by identifying two major rate-limiting pathways to reach an equilibrium steady-state, we derive an accurate approximation for the mean first passage time when lipids are in abundant supply. Our theory highlights how the  sticking rate, or effective adsorption coefficient of the membrane is central in controlling timescales. We also derive a corrected localization rate to quantify how the geometry of the system and diffusion can reduce rates of localization. We validate and test our results using kinetic and reaction-diffusion simulations. Our results establish how the speed of key assembly steps can shift by orders-of-magnitude when membrane localization is possible, which is critical to understanding mechanisms used in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speed limits of protein assembly with reversible membrane localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac progenitors auto-regulate second heart field cell fate via Wnt secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper heart formation requires coordinated development of two anatomically distinct groups of cells - the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF). Given that congenital heart defects are often restricted to derivatives of the FHF or SHF, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms controlling their development. Wnt signaling has previously been implicated in SHF proliferation; however, the source of Wnts remains unknown. Through comparative gene analysis, we found upregulation of Wnts and Wnt receptor/target genes in the FHF and SHF, respectively, raising the possibility that early cardiac progenitors may secrete Wnts to influence SHF cell fate. To probe this further, we deleted Wntless (Wls), a gene required for Wnt ligand secretion, in various populations of precardiac cells. Deletion of Wls in Mesp1+ cells resulted in formation of a single chamber heart with left ventricle identity, implying compromised SHF development. This phenotype was recapitulated by deleting Wls in cells expressing Islet1, a pan-cardiac marker. Similarly, Wls deletion in cells expressing Nkx2.5, a later-expressed pan-cardiac marker, resulted in hypoplastic right ventricle, a structure derived from the SHF. However, no developmental defects were observed when deleting Wls in SHF progenitors. To gain mechanistic insights, we isolated Mesp1-lineage cells from developing embryos and performed single-cell RNA-sequencing. Our comprehensive single cell transcriptome analysis revealed that Wls deletion dysregulates developmental trajectories of both anterior and posterior SHF cells, marked by impaired proliferation and premature differentiation. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of local precardiac mesodermal Wnts in SHF fate decision, providing fundamental insights into understanding heart field development and chamber formation.

Significance StatementThere is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying heart formation to develop treatments and cures for patients suffering from congenital heart disease. In particular, we were interested in the intricacies of first (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) development, as many congenital heart defects present with heart field-specific etiologies. Here, we uncovered a novel relationship between specified cardiac progenitor cells and second heart field progenitors. Through genetic manipulation of Wnt secretion in developing mouse embryos, we identified a population of cardiac progenitor cells that acts as a local source of Wnts which are necessary for proper SHF development. Our single cell transcriptomic analysis of developing anterior mesoderm showed cardiac progenitor-secreted Wnts function through regulation of differentiation and proliferation among SHF progenitors. Thus, this study provides insight into the source and timing of Wnts required for SHF development, and points to the crucial role of co-developing cell populations in heart development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac progenitors auto-regulate second heart field cell fate via Wnt secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory reconstruction identifies dysregulation of perinatal maturation programs in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary limitation in the clinical application of pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) is the failure of these cells to achieve full functional maturity. In vivo, cardiomyocytes undergo numerous adaptive changes during perinatal maturation. By contrast, PSC-CMs fail to fully undergo these developmental processes, instead remaining arrested at an embryonic stage of maturation. To date, however, the precise mechanisms by which directed differentiation differs from endogenous development, leading to consequent PSC-CM maturation arrest, are unknown. The advent of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has offered great opportunities for studying CM maturation at single cell resolution. However, perinatal cardiac scRNA-seq has been limited owing to technical difficulties in the isolation of single CMs. Here, we used our previously developed large particle fluorescence-activated cell sorting approach to generate an scRNA-seq reference of mouse in vivo CM maturation with extensive sampling of perinatal time periods. We subsequently generated isogenic embryonic stem cells and created an in vitro scRNA-seq reference of PSC-CM directed differentiation. Through trajectory reconstruction methods, we identified a perinatal maturation program in endogenous CMs that is poorly recapitulated in vitro. By comparison of our trajectories with previously published human datasets, we identified a network of nine transcription factors (TFs) whose targets are consistently dysregulated in PSC-CMs across species. Notably, we demonstrated that these TFs are only partially activated in common ex vivo approaches to engineer PSC-CM maturation. Our study represents the first direct comparison of CM maturation in vivo and in vitro at the single cell level, and can be leveraged towards improving the clinical viability of PSC-CMs.

Significance StatementThere is a significant clinical need to generate mature cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells. However, to date, most differentiation protocols yield phenotypically immature cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms underlying this poor maturation state are unknown. Here, we used single cell RNA-sequencing to compare cardiomyocyte maturation pathways in endogenous and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We found that in vitro, cardiomyocytes fail to undergo critical perinatal gene expression changes necessary for complete maturation. We found that key transcription factors regulating these changes are poorly expressed in vitro. Our study provides a better understanding of cardiomyocyte maturation both in vivo and in vitro, and may lead to improved approaches for engineering mature cardiomyocytes from stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory reconstruction identifies dysregulation of perinatal maturation programs in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured representation of clinical genetic results is necessary for advancing precision medicine. The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Networks Phase III program initially used a commercially developed XML message format for standardized and structured representation of genetic results for electronic health record (EHR) integration. In a desire to move towards a standard representation, the network created a new standardized format based upon Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR), to represent clinical genomics results. These new standards improve the utility of HL7 FHIR as an international healthcare interoperability standard for management of genetic data from patients. This work advances the establishment of standards that are being designed for broad adoption in the current health information technology landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babb, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimuth, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granite, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangash, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestor, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Video-based quantification of human movement frequency using pose estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessment of repetitive movements (e.g., finger tapping) is a hallmark of motor examinations in several neurologic populations. These assessments are traditionally performed by a human rater via visual inspection; however, advances in computer vision offer potential for remote, quantitative assessment using simple video recordings. Here, we evaluated a pose estimation approach for measurement of human movement frequency from smartphone videos. Ten healthy young participants provided videos of themselves performing five repetitive movement tasks (finger tapping, hand open/close, hand pronation/supination, toe tapping, leg agility) at four target frequencies (1-4 Hz). We assessed the ability of a workflow that incorporated OpenPose (a freely available whole-body pose estimation algorithm) to estimate movement frequencies by comparing against manual frame-by-frame (i.e., ground-truth) measurements for all tasks and target frequencies using repeated measures ANOVA, Pearsons correlations, and intraclass correlations. Our workflow produced largely accurate estimates of movement frequencies; only the hand open/close task showed a significant difference in the frequencies estimated by pose estimation and manual measurement (while statistically significant, these differences were small in magnitude). All other tasks and frequencies showed no significant differences between pose estimation and manual measurement. Pose estimation-based detections of individual events (e.g., finger taps, hand closures) showed strong correlations with manual detections for all tasks and frequencies. In summary, our pose estimation-based workflow accurately tracked repetitive movements in healthy adults across a range of tasks and movement frequencies. Future work will test this approach as a fast, low-cost, accessible approach to quantitative assessment of repetitive movements in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Video-based quantification of human movement frequency using pose estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a central component to cardiometabolic diseases, predisposing patients to both heart failure and diabetes. As therapeutics targeting caloric intake have limited long-term efficacy, greater interest has been on increasing thermogenic energy expenditure. Cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are important second messengers that are critical for the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis. These are regulated not only by their synthesis but also by their degradation. Pharmacological inhibitors of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) increased PKG signaling and UCP1 expression in adipocytes. To elucidate the role of PDE9 on energy balance and glucose homeostasis in vivo, mice carrying a targeted disruption of the PDE9 gene, Pde9a, were fed a nutrient matched high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD). Pde9a-/- mice were resistant to obesity induced by a HFD. Pde9a-/- mice exhibited a global increase in energy expenditure while the brown adipose tissue had elevated expression of Ucp1 and other thermogenic genes. The reduced adiposity of HFD-fed Pde9a-/- mice was associated with improvements in glucose handling and hepatic steatosis. These findings support the conclusion that PDE9 is a critical regulator of energy metabolism and suggest that inhibiting this enzyme may be an important avenue to explore for combating metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonic epithelial adaptation to EGFR-independent growth induces induces chromosomal instability and is accelerated by prior injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much is known about the gene mutations required to drive colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, the tissue-specific selective microenvironments in which neoplasia arises remains less characterized. Here, we determined whether modulation of intestinal stem cell niche morphogens alone can exert a neoplasia-relevant selective pressure on normal colonic epithelium. Using adult stem cell-derived murine colonic epithelial organoids (colonoids), we employed a strategy of sustained withdrawal of EGF and EGFR inhibition to select for and expand survivors. EGFR-signaling-independent (iEGFR) colonoids emerged over rounds of selection and expansion. Colonoids derived from a mouse model of chronic mucosal injury showed an enhanced ability to adapt to EGFR inhibition. Whole-exome and transcriptomic analyses of iEGFR colonoids demonstrated acquisition of deleterious mutations and altered expression of genes implicated in EGF signaling, pyroptosis, and CRC. iEGFR colonoids acquired dysplasia-associated cytomorphologic changes, an increased proliferative rate, and the ability to survive independently of other required niche factors. These changes were accompanied by emergence of aneuploidy and chromosomal instability; further, the observed mitotic segregation errors were significantly associated with loss of interkinetic nuclear migration, a fundamental and dynamic process underlying intestinal epithelial homeostasis. This study provides key evidence that chromosomal instability and other phenotypes associated with neoplasia can be induced ex vivo via adaptation to EGF withdrawal in normal and stably euploid colonic epithelium, without introducing cancer-associated driver mutations. In addition, prior mucosal injury accelerates this evolutionary process.

Key definitionsColonoids: adult stem cell-derived colonic epithelial organoids

iEGFR: in vitro selective conditions devoid of EGF (epidermal growth factor) and including an EGFR (EGF receptor) inhibitor 1

iEGFR colonoids: colonoids tolerant to iEGFR culture conditions with growth and survival similar to unselected passage-matched controls

INM: Interkinetic nuclear migration
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonic epithelial adaptation to EGFR-independent growth induces induces chromosomal instability and is accelerated by prior injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central obesity with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major global contributor to human disease, and effective therapies are needed. Here, we show inhibiting cyclic-GMP selective phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9-I) suppresses established diet-induced obesity and CMS in ovariectomized female and male mice. PDE9-I reduces abdominal, hepatic, and myocardial fat accumulation, stimulates mitochondrial activity in brown and white fat, and improves CMS, without altering activity or food intake. PDE9 localizes to mitochondria, and its inhibition stimulates lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration coupled to PPAR-dependent gene regulation. PPAR upregulation is required for PDE9-I metabolic efficacy and is absent in non-ovariectomized females that also display no metabolic benefits from PDE9-I. The latter is compatible with estrogen receptor- altering PPAR chromatin binding identified by ChIPSeq. In humans with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, myocardial expression of PPARA and its regulated genes is reduced versus control. These findings support testing PDE9-I to treat obesity/CMS in men and postmenopausal women.

SummaryOral inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 9 stimulates mitochondrial fat metabolism and lipolysis, reducing central obesity without changing appetite
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangoiti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in physiologic and pathologic conditions such as pregnancy, infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. In cancer, numerous strategies have been designed to exploit the cytolytic properties of NK cells, with variable success. A major hurdle to NK-cell focused therapies is NK cell recruitment and infiltration into tumors. While the chemotaxis pathways regulating NK recruitment to different tissues are well delineated, the mechanisms human NK cells employ to physically migrate are ill-defined. We show for the first time that human NK cells express fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface protease previously thought to be primarily expressed by activated fibroblasts. FAP degrades the extracellular matrix to facilitate cell migration and tissue remodeling. We used novel in vivo zebrafish and in vitro 3D culture models to demonstrate that FAP knock out and pharmacologic inhibition restrict NK cell migration, extravasation, and invasion through tissue matrix. Notably, forced overexpression of FAP promotes NK cell invasion through matrix in both transwell and tumor spheroid assays, ultimately increasing tumor cell lysis. Additionally, FAP overexpression enhances NK cells invasion into a human tumor in immunodeficient mice. These findings demonstrate the necessity of FAP in NK cell migration and present a new approach to modulate NK cell trafficking and enhance cell-based therapy in solid tumors.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=129 SRC="FIGDIR/small/429622v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d6d9e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17b6790org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc581eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ad2129_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Veken, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast activation protein regulates natural killer cell migration, extravasation and tumor infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LevioSAM: Fast lift-over of alternate reference alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs more population genetics datasets and population-specific references become available, the task of translating ("lifting") read alignments from one reference coordinate system to another is becoming more common. Existing tools generally require a chain file, whereas VCF files are the more common way to represent variation. Existing tools also do not make effective use of threads, creating a post-alignment bottleneck.

ResultsLevioSAM is a tool for lifting SAM/BAM alignments from one reference to another using a VCF file containing population variants. LevioSAM uses succinct data structures and scales efficiently to many threads. When run downstream of a read aligner, levioSAM completes in less than 13% the time required by an aligner when both are run with 16 threads.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/alshai/levioSAM

Contacttmun1@jhu.edu, langmea@cs.jhu.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LevioSAM: Fast lift-over of alternate reference alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Multiple Biomarkers of an Underlying Common Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWMendelian Randomization (MR) analysis is increasingly popular for testing the causal effect of exposures on disease outcomes using data from genome-wide association studies. In some settings, the underlying exposure, such as systematic inflammation, may not be directly observable, but measurements can be available on multiple biomarkers or other types of traits that are coregulated by the exposure. We propose a method for MR analysis on latent exposures (MRLE), which tests the significance for, and the direction of, the effect of a latent exposure by leveraging information from multiple related traits. The method is developed by constructing a set of estimating functions based on the second-order moments of GWAS summary association statistics for the observable traits, under a structural equation model where genetic variants are assumed to have indirect effects through the latent exposure and potentially direct effects on the traits. Simulation studies show that MRLE has well-controlled type I error rates and enhanced power compared to single-trait MR tests under various types of pleiotropy. Applications of MRLE using genetic association statistics across five inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-, and MCP-1) provide evidence for potential causal effects of inflammation on increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, colorectal cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, while standard MR analysis for individual biomarkers fails to detect consistent evidence for such effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using Multiple Biomarkers of an Underlying Common Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force-dependent activation of actin elongation factor mDia1 protects the cytoskeleton from mechanical damage and facilitates stress fiber repair. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity of cell mechanics underlies a wide range of cell and tissue behaviors allowing cells to migrate through narrow spaces, resist shear forces, and safeguard against mechanical damage. Such plasticity depends on spatiotemporal regulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, but mechanisms of adaptive change in cell mechanics remain elusive. Here, we report a mechanism of mechanically activated actin polymerization at focal adhesions, specifically requiring the actin elongation factor mDia1. By combining live-cell imaging with mathematical modelling, we show that actin polymerization at focal adhesions exhibits pulsatile dynamics where spikes of mDia1 activity are triggered by contractile forces. The suppression of mDia1-mediated actin polymerization increases tension on stress fibers leading to an increased frequency of spontaneous stress fiber damage and decreased efficiency of zyxin-mediated stress fiber repair. We conclude that tension-controlled actin polymerization acts as a safety valve dampening excessive tension on the actin cytoskeleton and safeguarding stress fibers against mechanical damage.

SUMMARYValencia et al. report that tension-controlled actin polymerization at focal adhesions mediated by formin mDia1 controls mechanical tension on stress fibers. Suppression of mDia1 increases tension on the actin cytoskeleton leading to a higher rate of stress fiber damage and less efficient stress fiber repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valencia, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force-dependent activation of actin elongation factor mDia1 protects the cytoskeleton from mechanical damage and facilitates stress fiber repair.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human SAGA is an essential co-activator complex that regulates gene expression by interacting with enhancer-bound activators, recruiting transcriptional machinery, and modifying chromatin near promoters. Subunit variations and the metazoan-specific requirement of SAGA in development hinted at unique structural features of the human complex. Our 2.9 [A] structure of human SAGA reveals intertwined functional modules flexibly connected to a core that distinctively integrates mammalian paralogs, incorporates U2 splicing subunits, and features a unique interface between the core and the activator-binding TRRAP. Our structure sheds light on unique roles and regulation of human coactivators with implications for transcription and splicing that have relevance in genetic diseases and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human SAGA coactivator complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible blood-brain barrier opening utilizing the membrane active peptide melittin in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls entry of molecules and cells into the brain, restricting the delivery of therapeutics. Blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) utilizes reversible disruption of cell-cell junctions between brain microvascular endothelial cells to enable transient entry into the brain. Development of BBBO techniques has been hindered by a lack of physiological models for in vitro study. Here, we utilize an in vitro tissue-engineered microvessel model to demonstrate that melittin, a membrane active peptide present in bee venom, supports BBBO. From endothelial and neuronal viability studies, we identify the accessible concentration range for BBBO. We then use a tissue-engineered model of the human BBB to optimize dosing and elucidate the mechanism of opening. Melittin and other membrane active variants transiently increase paracellular permeability via disruption of cell-cell junctions. In mice, we demonstrate a minimum clinically effective intra-arterial dose of 3 M{middle dot}min melittin, which is reversible within one day and neurologically safe. Melittin-induced BBBO represents a novel platform for delivery of therapeutics into the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible blood-brain barrier opening utilizing the membrane active peptide melittin in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin 7 is enriched at the plasma membrane to promote vesicle docking and control synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin (SYT) 7 has emerged as key regulator of presynaptic function, but its localization and precise function in the synaptic vesicle cycle remain unclear. Here, we used iGluSnFR to optically and directly interrogate glutamate release, at the single bouton level, in SYT7 KO dissociated mouse hippocampal neurons. We analyzed asynchronous release, paired pulse facilitation, and synaptic vesicle replenishment, and found that SYT7 contributes to each of these processes to different degrees.  Zap-and-freeze electron microscopy revealed that loss of SYT7 impairs the docking of synaptic vesicles after a stimulus and the recovery of depleted synaptic vesicles after a stimulus train. To execute these functions, SYT7 must be targeted to the plasma membrane via {gamma}-secretase-mediated cleavage of the amino terminus, followed by palmitoylation. The complex sorting itinerary of SYT7 endows this Ca2+-sensor with the ability to control crucial forms of synaptic function and plasticity.

O_LISYT7 mediated asynchronous release, paired pulse facilitation, and synaptic vesicle replenishment was observed optically at individual hippocampal synapses
C_LIO_LILocalization, trafficking, and stability of SYT7 is dependent on processing by {gamma}-secretase
C_LIO_LIShort term plasticity defects arise in SYT7KOs due to decreased docking of synaptic vesicles after stimulation
C_LIO_LISYT7 promotes paired-pulse facilitation and asynchronous release via distinct mechanisms
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vevea, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin 7 is enriched at the plasma membrane to promote vesicle docking and control synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond massive univariate tests: Covariance regression reveals complex patterns of functional connectivity related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, age, sex, and response control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We applied a novel Covariate Assisted Principal (CAP) whole-matrix regression approach to identify resting-state functional connectivity (FC) brain networks associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and response control. Participants included 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n=115, 29 girls) and typically developing controls (n=102, 35 girls) with a resting-state fMRI scan and go/no-go task behavioral data. We modeled three sets of covariates to identify resting-state networks associated with ADHD, age, sex, and response control. Four networks were identified across models revealing complex interactions between subregions of cognitive control, default mode, subcortical, visual, and somatomotor networks that relate to age, response control, and a diagnosis of ADHD among girls and boys. Unique networks were also identified in each of the three models suggesting some specificity to the covariates of interest. These findings demonstrate the utility of our novel covariance regression approach to studying functional brain networks relevant for development, behavior, and psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond massive univariate tests: Covariance regression reveals complex patterns of functional connectivity related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, age, sex, and response control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Fission Regulates Transcription of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Embryonic Hearts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes severe congenital heart diseases and prenatal/neonatal lethality. The lack of sufficient knowledge regarding how mitochondrial abnormalities affect cardiogenesis poses a major barrier for the development of clinical applications that target inborn heart defects due to mitochondrial deficiency. Mitochondrial morphology, which is regulated by fission and fusion, plays key roles in determining mitochondrial activity. Drp1 encodes a dynamin-related GTPase required for mitochondrial fission. To investigate the role of mitochondrial fission on cardiogenesis during the embryonic metabolic shift period, we specifically inactivated Drp1 in second heart field derived structures. Deletion of Drp1 in embryonic cardiomyocytes led to severe defects in mitochondrial morphology, ultrastructure, and activity. These defects caused increased cell death, decreased cell survival, disorganized cardiomyocytes, and embryonic lethality. Through characterizing this model, we reveal a novel AMPK-SIRT7-GABPB axis that relays the mitochondrial fission anomaly to reduced transcription of ribosomal protein genes in mutant cardiomyocytes. We therefore provide the first mouse genetic evidence to show that mitochondrial fission is essential for embryonic heart development. Furthermore, we uncovered a novel signaling cascade that mediates the crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and protein synthesis. Our research provides further mechanistic insight regarding how mitochondrial dysfunction causes pathological molecular and cellular alterations during cardiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Fission Regulates Transcription of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Embryonic Hearts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with GO pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Bellver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito-Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onwumere, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mighty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amponsah-Antwi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einbond, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharbaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchaikovskaya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peinado, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canto-Soler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redenti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Target in Pathologically Distinct Mouse Models of Tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to develop more effective and shorter-course therapies for tuberculosis have included a focus on host-directed therapy (HDT). The goal of HDT is to modulate the host response to infection, thereby improving immune defenses to reduce the duration of antibacterial therapy and/or the amount of lung damage. As a mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses involved in eliminating intracellular pathogens, autophagy is a potential target for HDT in tuberculosis. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to impede autophagy, pharmacologic mTOR inhibition could provide effective HDT. mTOR exists within two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2). Rapamycin and its analogs only partially inhibit mTORC1. We hypothesized that novel mTOR kinase inhibitors blocking both complexes would have expanded therapeutic potential. We compared the effects of two mTOR inhibitors: rapamycin and the orally available mTOR kinase domain inhibitor CC214-2, which blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2, as adjunctive therapies against murine TB, when added to the first-line regimen (RHZE) or the novel bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid (BPaL) regimen. Neither mTOR inhibitor affected lung CFU counts after 4-8 weeks of treatment when combined with BPaL or RHZE. However, addition of CC214-2 to BPaL and RHZE was associated with significantly fewer relapses in C3HeB/FeJ compared to addition of rapamycin and, in RHZE-treated mice, resulted in fewer relapses compared to RHZE alone. Therefore, CC214-2 and related mTOR kinase inhibitors may be more effective candidates for HDT than rapamycin analogs and may have the potential to shorten the duration of TB treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawryluk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Target in Pathologically Distinct Mouse Models of Tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated in vivo tracking of cortical oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes exert a profound influence on neural circuits by accelerating axon potential conduction, altering excitability and providing metabolic support. As oligodendrogenesis continues in the adult brain and is essential for myelin repair, uncovering the factors that control their dynamics is necessary to understand the consequences of adaptive myelination and develop new strategies to enhance remyelination in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, few methods exist for analysis of oligodendrocyte dynamics, and even fewer are suitable for in vivo investigation. Here, we describe the development of a fully automated cell tracking pipeline using convolutional neural networks (Oligo-Track) that provides rapid volumetric segmentation and tracking of thousands of cells over weeks in vivo. This system reliably replicated human analysis, outperformed traditional analytic approaches, and extracted injury and repair dynamics at multiple cortical depths, establishing that oligodendrogenesis after cuprizone-mediated demyelination is suppressed in deeper cortical layers. Volumetric data provided by this analysis revealed that oligodendrocyte soma size progressively decreases after their generation, and declines further prior to death, providing a means to predict cell age and eventual cell death from individual time points. This new CNN-based analysis pipeline offers a rapid, robust method to quantitatively analyze oligodendrocyte dynamics in vivo, which will aid in understanding how changes in these myelinating cells influence circuit function and recovery from injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated in vivo tracking of cortical oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the Physiological Origin of Event-Related Potentials using Electrocorticography in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scientific and clinical value of event-related potentials (ERPs) depends on understanding the contributions to them of three possible mechanisms: (1) additivity of time-locked voltage changes; (2) phase resetting of ongoing oscillations; (3) asymmetrical oscillatory activity. Their relative contributions are currently uncertain. This study uses analysis of human electrocorticographic activity to quantify the origins of movement-related potentials (MRPs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). The results show that MRPs are generated primarily by endogenous additivity (88%). In contrast, P1 and N1 components of AEPs are generated almost entirely by exogenous phase reset (93%). Oscillatory asymmetry contributes very little. By clarifying ERP mechanisms, these results enable creation of ERP models; and they enhance the value of ERPs for understanding the genesis of normal and abnormal auditory or sensorimotor behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moheimanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpaw, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the Physiological Origin of Event-Related Potentials using Electrocorticography in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic modulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of inherited aortic aneurysm conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.431010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a rare systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, neurodevelopmental, cutaneous, and cardiovascular manifestations, including aortic root aneurysm. It has significant phenotypic overlap with both Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). We previously reported that SGS is caused by heterozygous mutations in the Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene (SKI), which encodes a potent suppressor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF{beta}) target gene expression. Herein, we show that mouse lines harboring orthologous amino acid substitutions in Ski recapitulate multiple human SGS phenotypic manifestations, including skin collagen deposition, skeletal kyphosis, behavioral hypoactivity, and aortic root aneurysm. Furthermore, aortic root aneurysm in SGS mice is associated with both increased acetylation of histone H3 at lysine-27 (H3K27) and TGF{beta} target gene expression, all of which can be ameliorated by pharmacological CBP/P300 inhibition in vivo; similar findings were seen in cultured dermal fibroblast from SGS patients. Aortic root growth is also abrogated in a mouse model of MFS by selective CBP/P300 inhibition in association with blunted expression of TGF{beta} target genes. These data document excessive H3K27 acetylation and hence TGF{beta} target gene expression in the pathogenesis of inherited presentations of aortic root aneurysm and the therapeutic potential of pharmacological epigenetic modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagirzadeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacFarlane, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.431010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic modulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of inherited aortic aneurysm conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis, Physiochemical and Biological evaluation of Inclusion Complex of Benzyl Isothiocyanate encapsulated in cyclodextrins for triple negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), an organic dietary compound, is allied with a major role in the potential chemopreventive effects. BITC has acknowledged rising attention as a therapeutic compound to be used in medicine because of its high potency and characteristic biopharmaceutical properties, like high permeability with marginal aqueous solubility. The highly volatile and hydrophobic nature brought a need to provide a suitable delivery-matrix to BITC to exploit its pharmacological potential to the fullest. It has been successfully incorporated in {beta}-CD and HP-{beta}-CD using acoustic forces and thoroughly characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, DSC, TEM, and SAXS. The complexation helped in masking the acute odour, achieving a controlled release of BITC, and made its use viable by prolonging the retention time and thereby sustaining the biological effects. Different models like Higuchi, first-order kinetic decay, Korsmeyer-Peppas model were applied, suggesting a diffusion-controlled mechanism of release. Also, the bioaccessibility and stability of BITC in an in vitro digestion model was evaluated. The main objective of the present work was to systemically study the credibility of BITC-CD complexes in well-established tumor mimicking 2D cell culture models and produce a conclusive report on its chemotherapeutic activity. The in vitro anti-cancer activity of BITC and the formed sonochemical complexes was confirmed by MTT assay and further evaluated using apoptosis assay and production of ROS like moieties. Cell cycle analysis was done to evaluate the growth inhibitory mechanism of BITC. Strikingly, BITC and its complexes showcased ROS generation and lysosome-mediated cell death. Effect on cell migration was assessed using wound healing assay. The results promptly suggest the functional efficacy of the CDs in releasing BITC and attest the ability of the complexes to provide alternate to otherwise remedially sparse triple-negative breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uppal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.430873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis, Physiochemical and Biological evaluation of Inclusion Complex of Benzyl Isothiocyanate encapsulated in cyclodextrins for triple negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corollary discharge prevents signal distortion and enhances sensing during locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory feedback during movement entails sensing a mix of externally- and self-generated stimuli (respectively, exafference and reafference). In many peripheral sensory systems, a parallel copy of the motor command, a corollary discharge, is thought to eliminate sensory feedback during behaviors. However, reafference has important roles in motor control, because it provides real-time feedback on the animals motions through the environment. In this case, the corollary discharge must be calibrated to enable feedback while avoiding negative consequences like sensor fatigue. The undulatory motions of fishes bodies generate induced flows that are sensed by the lateral line sensory organ, and prior work has shown these reafferent signals contribute to the regulation of swimming kinematics. Corollary discharge to the lateral line reduces the gain for reafference, but cannot eliminate it altogether. We develop a data-driven model integrating swimming biomechanics, hair cell physiology, and corollary discharge to understand how sensory modulation is calibrated during locomotion in larval zebrafish. In the absence of corollary discharge, lateral line afferent units exhibit the highly heterogeneous habituation rates characteristic of hair cell systems, typified by decaying sensitivity and phase distortions with respect to an input stimulus. Activation of the corollary discharge prevents habituation, reduces response heterogeneity, and regulates response phases in a narrow interval around the time of the peak stimulus. This suggests a synergistic interaction between the corollary discharge and the polarization of lateral line sensors, which sharpens sensitivity along their preferred axes. Our integrative model reveals a vital role of corollary discharge for ensuring precise feedback, including proprioception, during undulatory locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunsford, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corollary discharge prevents signal distortion and enhances sensing during locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin is primed at endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamin mediates fission of vesicles from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Typically, dynamin is recruited from the cytosol to endocytic sites, requiring seconds to tens of seconds. However, ultrafast endocytosis in neurons internalizes vesicles as quickly as 50 ms during synaptic vesicle recycling. Here we demonstrate that Dynamin 1 is pre-recruited to endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis. Specifically, Dynamin 1xA, a splice variant of Dynamin 1, interacts with Syndapin 1 to form molecular condensates on the plasma membrane when the proline-rich domain of this variant is dephosphorylated. When this domain is mutated to include phosphomimetic residues or Syndapin 1s dynamin-interacting domain is mutated, Dynamin 1xA becomes diffuse, and consequently, ultrafast endocytosis slows down by [~]100-fold. Mechanistically, Syndapin 1 acts as an adaptor by binding the plasma membrane and stores Dynamin 1xA at endocytic sites. This cache bypasses the recruitment step and accelerates endocytosis at synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenske, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumrich, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarebidaki, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohl-Kielczynski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimbuch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenmund, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin is primed at endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D stochastic simulation of chemoattractant-mediated excitability in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last decade, a consensus has emerged that the stochastic triggering of an excitable system drives pseudopod formation and subsequent migration of amoeboid cells. The presence of chemoattractant stimuli alters the threshold for triggering this activity and can bias the direction of migration. Though noise plays an important role in these behaviors, mathematical models have typically ignored its origin and merely introduced it as an external signal into a series of reaction-diffusion equations. Here we consider a more realistic description based on a reaction-diffusion master equation formalism to implement these networks. In this scheme, noise arises naturally from a stochastic description of the various reaction and diffusion terms. Working on a three-dimensional geometry in which separate compartments are divided into a tetrahedral mesh, we implement a modular description of the system, consisting of G-protein coupled receptor signaling (GPCR), a local excitation-global inhibition mechanism (LEGI), and signal transduction excitable network (STEN). Our models implement detailed biochemical descriptions whenever this information is available, such as in the GPCR and G-protein interactions. In contrast, where the biochemical entities are less certain, such as the LEGI mechanism, we consider various possible schemes and highlight the differences between them. Our stimulations show that even when the LEGI mechanism displays perfect adaptation in terms of the mean level of proteins, the variance shows a dose-dependence. This differs between the various models considered, suggesting a possible means for determining experimentally among the various potential networks. Overall, our simulations recreate temporal and spatial patterns observed experimentally in both wild-type and perturbed cells, providing further evidence for the excitable system paradigm. Moreover, because of the overall importance and ubiquity of the modules we consider, including GPCR signaling and adaptation, our results will be of interest beyond the field of directed migration.

Author summaryThough the term noise usually carries negative connotations, it can also contribute positively to the characteristic dynamics of a system. In biological systems, where noise arises from the stochastic interactions between molecules, its study is usually confined to genetic regulatory systems in which copy numbers are small and fluctuations large. However, noise can have important roles when the number of signaling molecules is large. The extension of pseudopods and the subsequent motion of amoeboid cells arises from the noise-induced trigger of an excitable system. Chemoattractant signals bias this triggering thereby directing cell motion. To date, this paradigm has not been tested by mathematical models that account accurately for the noise that arises in the corresponding reactions. In this study, we employ a reaction-diffusion master equation approach to investigate the effects of noise. Using a modular approach and a three-dimensional cell model with specific subdomains attributed to the cell membrane and cortex, we explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of the system. Our simulations recreate many experimentally-observed cell behaviors thereby supporting the biased-excitable hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D stochastic simulation of chemoattractant-mediated excitability in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human breast milk enhances intestinal mucosal barrier function and innate immunity in a pediatric human enteroid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milks impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin expression. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide -defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR expression and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified cellular and molecular pathways involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemme-Dumit, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrerio, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasetti, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human breast milk enhances intestinal mucosal barrier function and innate immunity in a pediatric human enteroid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remyelination restores myelin content on distinct neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons in the cerebral cortex exhibit diverse patterns of myelination, with some axons devoid of myelin, some exhibiting discontinuous patches of myelin, and others continuous myelin that is interrupted only by nodes of Ranvier. Oligodendrocytes establish this pattern by sorting through a high density of potential targets to select a small cohort of axons for myelination; however, the myelination patterns established on distinct excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the cortex remain to be fully defined and little is known about the extent to which these patterns are restored after oligodendrocyte regeneration. Here we show that axons in layer I of the somatosensory cortex, a key region for integration of input from local and distant sources, exhibit an extraordinarily diverse range of myelination patterns, even among distinct neuronal subtypes. Although larger axons were more often selected for myelination, neuronal identity profoundly influenced the probability of myelination. The relative differences in myelination among neuron subtypes were preserved between cortical areas with widely varying myelin density, suggesting that regional differences in myelin abundance arises through local control of oligodendrogenesis, rather than selective reduction of myelin on distinct neuron subtypes. By following the loss and regeneration of myelin sheaths along defined neurons in vivo we show that even though the distribution of myelin on individual PV and VM neuron axons was altered following remyelination, the overall myelin content on these neurons was restored. The findings suggest that local changes in myelin can be tolerated, allowing opportunistic selection of available targets by newly formed oligodendrocytes to restore relative differences in myelin content between functionally distinct neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remyelination restores myelin content on distinct neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finding Druggable Sites in Proteins using TACTICS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-based drug discovery efforts require knowledge of where drug-binding sites are located on target proteins. To address the challenge of finding druggable sites, we developed a machine-learning algorithm called TACTICS (Trajectory-based Analysis of Conformations To Identify Cryptic Sites), which uses an ensemble of molecular structures (such as molecular dynamics simulation data) as input. First, TACTICS uses k-means clustering to select a small number of conformations that represent the overall conformational heterogeneity of the data. Then, TACTICS uses a random forest model to identify potentially bindable residues in each selected conformation, based on protein motion and geometry. Lastly, residues in possible binding pockets are scored using fragment docking. As proof-of-principle, TACTICS was applied to the analysis of simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and methyltransferase and the Yersinia pestis aryl carrier protein. Our approach recapitulates known small-molecule binding sites and predicts the locations of sites not previously observed in experimentally determined structures. The TACTICS code is available at https://github.com/Albert-Lau-Lab/tactics_protein_analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandak, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finding Druggable Sites in Proteins using TACTICS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.431480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.431480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput third-generation sequencing devices, such as the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION sequencer, can generate long reads that span thousands of bases. This new technology opens the possibility of considering a wide range of epigenetic modifications and provides the capability of interrogating previously inaccessible regions of the genome, such as highly repetitive regions, as well as of performing comprehensive allele-specific methylation analysis, among other applications. It is well-known, however, that detection of DNA methylation from nanopore data results in a substantially reduced per-read accuracy when comparing to WGBS, due to noise introduced by the sequencer and its underlying chemistry. It is therefore imperative that methods are developed for the reliable modeling and analysis of the DNA methylation landscape using nanopore data. Here we introduce such method that takes into account the presence of noise introduced by the ONT sequencer and, by using simulations, we provide evidence of its potential. The proposed approach establishes a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive framework for the statistical analysis of DNA methylation, and possibly of other epigenetic marks, using third-generation sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutsias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.431480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating DNA methylation potential energy landscapes from nanopore sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Draft metagenomes of endolithic cyanobacteria and co-habitants from hyper-arid deserts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are essential to microbial communities inhabiting translucent rocks in hyper-arid deserts. Metagenomic studies revealed unique adaptations of these cyanobacteria but validation of the corresponding metabolic pathways remained challenging without access to isolates. Here we present high-quality metagenome assembled genomes for cyanobacteria, and their heterotrophic companions, isolated from endolithic substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Draft metagenomes of endolithic cyanobacteria and co-habitants from hyper-arid deserts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of intrinsic antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium avium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is one of the most prevalent causes of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection in the United States, yet it remains understudied. Current MAC treatment requires more than a year of intermittent to daily combination antibiotic therapy, depending on disease severity. In order to shorten and simplify curative regimens, it is important to identify the innate bacterial factors contributing to reduced antibiotic susceptibility, namely antibiotic tolerance genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide transposon screen to elucidate M. avium genes that play a role in the bacteriums tolerance to first- and second-line antibiotics. We identified a total of 193 unique M. avium mutants with significantly altered susceptibility to at least one of the four clinically used antibiotics we tested, including two mutants (in DFS55_00905 and DFS55_12730) with panhypersusceptibility. The products of the antibiotic tolerance genes we have identified may represent novel targets for future drug development studies aimed at shortening the duration of therapy for MAC infections.

ImportanceThe prolonged treatment required to eradicate Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is likely due to the presence of subpopulations of antibiotic-tolerant bacteria with reduced susceptibility to currently available drugs. However, little is known about the genes and pathways responsible for antibiotic tolerance in MAC. In this study, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify M. avium antibiotic tolerance genes, whose products may represent attractive targets for the development of novel adjunctive drugs capable of shortening curative treatment for MAC infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of intrinsic antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium avium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple and robust method for automating analysis of naïve and regenerating peripheral nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundManual axon histomorphometry (AH) is time- and resource-intensive, which has inspired many attempts at automation. However, there has been little investigation on implementation of automated programs for widespread use. Ideally such a program should be able to perform AH across imaging modalities and nerve states. AxonDeepSeg (ADS) is an open source deep learning program that has previously been validated in electron microscopy. We evaluated the robustness of ADS for peripheral nerve axonal histomorphometry in light micrographs prepared using two different methods.

MethodsAxon histomorphometry using ADS and manual analysis (gold-standard) was performed on light micrographs of naive or regenerating rat median nerve cross-sections prepared with either toluidine-resin or osmium-paraffin embedding protocols. The parameters of interest included axon count, axon diameter, myelin thickness, and g-ratio.

ResultsManual and automatic ADS axon counts demonstrated good agreement in naive nerves and moderate agreement on regenerating nerves. There were small but consistent differences in measured axon diameter, myelin thickness and g-ratio; however, absolute differences were small. Both methods appropriately identified differences between naive and regenerating nerves. ADS was faster than manual axon analysis.

ConclusionsWithout any algorithm retraining, ADS was able to appropriately identify critical differences between naive and regenerating nerves and work with different sample preparation methods of peripheral nerve light micrographs. While there were differences between absolute values between manual and ADS, ADS performed consistently and required much less time. ADS is an accessible and robust tool for AH that can provide consistent analysis across protocols and nerve states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hricz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malapati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Guionneau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Adad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple and robust method for automating analysis of naïve and regenerating peripheral nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic synchronization of dengue epidemics in Thailand: the roles played by temperature and immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial distribution of dengue and its vectors (spp. Aedes) may be the widest it has ever been, and projections suggest that climate change may allow the expansion to continue. However, the largest impacts of climate change on dengue might be in regions where the pathogen is already endemic. In these areas, the waxing and waning of immunity has a large impact on temporal dynamics of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Here, we use 51 years of data across 72 provinces and characterise spatio-temporal patterns of dengue in Thailand, where dengue has caused almost 1.5 million cases over the last thirty years, and examine the roles played by temperature and dynamics of immunity in giving rise to those patterns. We find that timescales of multiannual oscillations in dengue vary in space and time and uncover an interesting spatial phenomenon: Thailand has experienced multiple, periodic synchronization events. We show that patterns in synchrony of dengue are consistent with those observed in temperature. Applying a temperature-driven dengue model, we explore how dynamics of immunity interact with temperature to produce the observed multiannual dynamics and patterns in synchrony. While multiannual oscillations are readily produced by immunity in absence of multiannual timescales in temperature, synchrony in temperature can synchronise dengue dynamics in different locations. However, at higher mean temperatures and lower seasonal variation, immune dynamics become more predominant, and dengue dynamics become more insensitive to multiannual fluctuations in temperature. These findings can help underpin predictions of disease patterns as global temperatures rise.

Author summary
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Carreras, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iamsirithaworn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doung-Ngern, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic synchronization of dengue epidemics in Thailand: the roles played by temperature and immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers such as the SWI/SNF complex coordinate metazoan development through broad regulation of chromatin accessibility and transcription, ensuring normal cell cycle control and cellular differentiation in a lineage-specific and temporally restricted manner. Mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of chromatin, such as histone subunits, and chromatin regulating factors (CRFs) are associated with a variety of disease mechanisms including cancer metastasis, in which cancer co-opts cellular invasion programs functioning in healthy cells during development. Here we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion as an in vivo model to identify the suite of chromatin agents and CRFs that promote cellular invasiveness. We demonstrate that the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a critical regulator of AC invasion, with pleiotropic effects on both G0 cell cycle arrest and activation of invasive machinery. Using targeted protein degradation and enhanced RNA interference (RNAi) vectors, we show that SWI/SNF contributes to AC invasion in a dose-dependent fashion, with lower levels of activity in the AC corresponding to aberrant cell cycle entry and increased loss of invasion. Our data specifically implicate the SWI/SNF BAF assembly in the regulation of the G0 cell cycle arrest in the AC, whereas the SWI/SNF PBAF assembly promotes AC invasion via cell cycle-independent mechanisms, including attachment to the basement membrane (BM) and activation of the pro-invasive fos-1/FOS gene. Together these findings demonstrate that the SWI/SNF complex is necessary for two essential components of AC invasion: arresting cell cycle progression and remodeling the BM. The work here provides valuable single-cell mechanistic insight into how the SWI/SNF assemblies differentially contribute to cellular invasion and how SWI/SNF subunit-specific disruptions may contribute to tumorigeneses and cancer metastasis.

SUMMARY STATEMENTCellular invasion through the basement membrane by the C. elegans anchor cell requires both BAF and PBAF SWI/SNF assemblies to arrest the cell cycle and promote the expression of pro-invasive genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pars, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, F. E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrman, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delos Reyes, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig-Kinney, T. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unbiased antibody profiling can identify the targets of an immune reaction. A number of likely pathogenic autoreactive antibodies have been associated with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 infection; yet, many additional autoantibodies likely remain unknown. Here we present Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA), a technique that produces ORFeome-scale libraries of proteins covalently coupled to uniquely identifying DNA barcodes for analysis by sequencing. We used MIPSA to profile circulating autoantibodies from 55 patients with severe COVID-19 against 11,076 DNA-barcoded proteins of the human ORFeome library. MIPSA identified previously known autoreactivities, and also detected undescribed neutralizing interferon lambda 3 (IFN-{lambda}3) autoantibodies. At-risk individuals with anti-IFN-{lambda}3 antibodies may benefit from interferon supplementation therapies, such as those currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

One-Sentence SummaryMolecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA) identifies neutralizing IFNL3 autoantibodies in patients with severe COVID-19.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/432977v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a3c55aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f1c840org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@920bc7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@43633e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Credle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangkhapreecha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyskind, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.432977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miQC: An adaptive probabilistic framework for quality control of single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has made it possible to profile gene expression in tissues at high resolution. An important preprocessing step prior to performing downstream analyses is to identify and remove cells with poor or degraded sample quality using quality control (QC) metrics. Two widely used QC metrics to identify a  low-quality cell are (i) if the cell includes a high proportion of reads that map to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded genes and (ii) if a small number of genes are detected. Current best practices use these QC metrics independently with either arbitrary, uniform thresholds (e.g. 5%) or biological context-dependent (e.g. species) thresholds, and fail to jointly model these metrics in a data-driven manner. Current practices are often overly stringent and especially untenable on lower-quality tissues, such as archived tumor tissues.

ResultsWe propose a data-driven QC metric (miQC) that jointly models both the proportion of reads mapping to mtDNA genes and the number of detected genes with mixture models in a probabilistic framework to predict the low-quality cells in a given dataset. We demonstrate how our QC metric easily adapts to different types of single-cell datasets to remove low-quality cells while preserving high-quality cells that can be used for downstream analyses.

AvailabilitySoftware available at https://github.com/greenelab/miQC. The code used to download datasets, perform the analyses, and reproduce the figures is available at https://github.com/greenelab/mito-filtering.

ContactStephanie C. Hicks (shicks19@jhu.edu) and Anna Vaharautio (anna.vaharautio@helsinki.fi)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hippen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkan, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vähärautio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miQC: An adaptive probabilistic framework for quality control of single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of Bdnf from promoter I following electroconvulsive seizures contributes to structural plasticity in neurons of the piriform cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) is hypothesized to depend on induction of molecular and cellular events that trigger structural plasticity in neurons. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) in animal models can help to inform our understanding of how electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) impacts the brain. ECS induces structural plasticity in neuronal dendrites in many brain regions, including the piriform cortex, a highly epileptogenic region that has also been implicated in depression. ECS-induced structural plasticity is associated with differential expression of unique isoforms encoding the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but the functional significance of these transcripts in dendritic plasticity is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that different Bdnf isoforms are expressed non-stochastically across neurons of the piriform cortex following ECS. Specifically, cells expressing Bdnf exon 1-containing transcripts show a unique spatial recruitment pattern in response to ECS. We further demonstrate that Bdnf Ex1 expression in these cells is necessary for ECS-induced dendritic spine plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramnauth, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardian, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpurohit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of Bdnf from promoter I following electroconvulsive seizures contributes to structural plasticity in neurons of the piriform cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics Analyses Reveal Dynamic Bioenergetic Pathways and Functional Remodeling of the Heart During Intermittent Fasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsIntermittent fasting (IF) reduces cardiovascular risk factors in animals and humans, and can protect the heart against ischemic injury in models of myocardial infarction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. To delineate molecular and cellular adaptations of the heart to IF, we carried out system-wide comprehensive analyses of proteome and phosphoproteome, complemented with transcriptome profiling, followed by functional analysis.

Methods and resultsIn order to understand molecular and cellular remodeling of the heart during IF, we employed advanced mass spectrometry for system-wide profiling of the proteome and phosphoproteome of heart tissues obtained from mice maintained for 6 months on either daily 12- or 16-hour fasting, every-other-day fasting or ad libitum control feeding regimens. We also performed transcriptome analyses using RNA sequencing to evaluate whether the observed molecular responses to IF occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. IF regimens significantly affected pathways that regulate cyclic GMP signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, cell adhesion, cell death, and inflammation. Comparison of differentially expressed proteome and transcriptome upon IF showed the higher correlation of pathway alternation in short IF regimen but the inverse correlation of metabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and immune processes in longer IF regimens. In addition, functional echocardiographic analyses demonstrated that IF enhances stress-induced cardiac performance.

ConclusionOur systematic multi-omics study elucidates a molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the hearts function and its vulnerability to injury and disease.

Translational perspectiveIntermittent fasting is emerging as a desirable lifestyle adaptation to impact cardiovascular health through the modulation of molecular and cellular mechanisms, and by acting on disease risk factors. Evidence from numerous studies indicates that the fasting cycles are highly and consistently effective in protecting against cardiovascular diseases and improving cardiac health in animals and human. Using multi-omics, here we dissect distinct molecular adaptations of the heart to different intermittent fasting regimens. Our results unveil novel cardioprotective mechanisms and open up new avenues for innovative pharmacological approaches to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-Shaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liehn, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swa, H. L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, D. T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratttanasopa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fann, D. Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, G. Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baik, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallilankaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelderblom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singaraja, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics Analyses Reveal Dynamic Bioenergetic Pathways and Functional Remodeling of the Heart During Intermittent Fasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nrf2 Regulates β-cell Mass by Suppressing Cell Death and Promoting Proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Finding therapies that can protect and expand functional {beta}-cell mass is a major goal of diabetes research. Here we generated {beta}-cell-specific conditional knockout and gain-of-function mouse models and used human islet transplant experiments to examine how manipulating Nrf2 levels affects {beta}-cell survival, proliferation and mass. Depletion of Nrf2 in {beta}-cells resulted in decreased glucose-stimulated {beta}-cell proliferation ex vivo and decreased adaptive {beta}-cell proliferation and {beta}-cell mass expansion after a high fat diet in vivo. Nrf2 protects {beta}-cells from apoptosis after a high fat diet. Nrf2 loss-of-function decreases Pdx1 abundance and insulin content. Activating Nrf2 in a {beta}-cell-specific manner increases {beta}-cell proliferation and {beta}-cell mass. Human islets transplanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice and treated systemically with CDDO-Me, an Nrf2 activator, display increased {beta}-cell proliferation. Thus, Nrf2 regulates {beta}-cell mass and is an exciting therapeutic target for expanding {beta}-cell mass in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumel-Alterzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Pierre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ocana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nrf2 Regulates β-cell Mass by Suppressing Cell Death and Promoting Proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.433705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCOR and BCORL1 mutations disrupt PRC1.1 repressive function in leukemia by unlinking the RING-PCGF1 enzymatic core from target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.433705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BCOR and its paralog BCORL1 encode subunits of the Polycomb repressive complex 1.1 (PRC1.1) and are recurrently mutated in myeloid malignancies. We show that leukemia-associated BCOR/BCORL1 mutations unlink the PRC1.1 RING-PCGF enzymatic core from the KDM2B-containing chromatin targeting auxiliary subcomplex, either by causing complete protein loss or expression of a C-terminally truncated protein lacking the PCGF Ub-like fold discriminator (PUFD) domain. By uncoupling PRC1.1 repressive function from target genes, BCOR/BCORL1 mutations activate aberrant cell signaling programs that confer acquired resistance to treatment. This study provides a mechanistic basis for Polycomb repressive dysfunction as a key oncogenic driver in myeloid malignancies and identifies a potential strategy for targeted therapy in BCOR-mutated cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cejas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearhart, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apffel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luskin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.433705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCOR and BCORL1 mutations disrupt PRC1.1 repressive function in leukemia by unlinking the RING-PCGF1 enzymatic core from target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Ectopic Beat Probability with Simplified Statistical Models that Account for Experimental Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectopic beats (EBs) are cellular arrhythmias that can trigger lethal arrhythmias. Simulations using biophysically-detailed cardiac myocyte models can reveal how model parameters influence the probability of these cellular arrhythmias, however such analyses can pose a huge computational burden. Here, we develop a simplified approach in which logistic regression models (LRMs) are used to define a mapping between the parameters of complex cell models and the probability of EBs (P(EB)). As an example, in this study, we build an LRM for P(EB) as a function of diastolic cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load, and kinetic parameters of the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). This approach, which we refer to as arrhythmia sensitivity analysis, allows for evaluation of the relationship between these arrhythmic event probabilities and their associated parameters. This LRM is also used to demonstrate how uncertainties in experimentally measured values determine the uncertainty in P(EB). In a study of the role of [Ca2+]SR uncertainty, we show a special property of the uncertainty in P(EB), where with increasing [Ca2+]SR uncertainty, P(EB) uncertainty first increases and then decreases. Lastly, we demonstrate that IK1 suppression, at the level that occurs in heart failure myocytes, increases P(EB).

Author summaryAn ectopic beat is an abnormal cellular electrical event which can trigger dangerous arrhythmias in the heart. Complex biophysical models of the cardiac myocyte can be used to reveal how cell properties affect the probability of ectopic beats. However, such analyses can pose a huge computational burden. We develop a simplified approach that enables a highly complex biophysical model to be reduced to a rather simple statistical model from which the functional relationship between myocyte model parameters and the probability of an ectopic beat is determined. We refer to this approach as arrhythmia sensitivity analysis. Given the efficiency of our approach, we also use it to demonstrate how uncertainties in experimentally measured myocyte model parameters determine the uncertainty in ectopic beat probability. We find that, with increasing model parameter uncertainty, the uncertainty in probability of ectopic beat first increases and then decreases. In general, our approach can efficiently analyze the relationship between cardiac myocyte parameters and the probability of ectopic beats and can be used to study how uncertainty of these cardiac myocyte parameters influences the ectopic beat probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winlsow, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Ectopic Beat Probability with Simplified Statistical Models that Account for Experimental Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A viral genome packaging ring-ATPase is a flexibly coordinated pentamer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-subunit ring-ATPases carry out a myriad of biological functions, including genome packaging in viruses. Though the basic structures and functions of these motors have been well-established, the mechanisms of ATPase firing and motor coordination are poorly understood. Here, by direct counting using single-molecule fluorescence, we have determined that the active bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging motor consists of five subunits of gp17. By systematically doping motors with an ATPase-defective subunit and selecting single motors containing a precise count of active/inactive subunit(s), we found, unexpectedly, that the packaging motor can tolerate an inactive sub-unit. However, motors containing an inactive subunit(s) exhibit fewer DNA engagements, a higher failure rate in encapsidation, reduced packaging velocity, and increased pausing. These findings suggest a new packaging model in which the motor, by re-adjusting its grip on DNA, can skip an inactive subunit and resume DNA translocation, contrary to the prevailing notion of strict coordination amongst motor subunits of other packaging motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottadiel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafabakhsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemla, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A viral genome packaging ring-ATPase is a flexibly coordinated pentamer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential condensation of sister chromatids coordinates with Cdc6 to ensure distinct cell cycle progression in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce both a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. During Drosophila male germline stem cell (GSC) asymmetric division, preexisting old histones H3 and H4 are enriched in the self-renewed stem daughter cell, whereas the newly synthesized H3 and H4 are enriched in the differentiating daughter cell. However, the biological consequences in the two daughter cells resulting from asymmetric histone inheritance remained to be elucidated. In this work, we track both old and new histones throughout GSC cell cycle using high spatial and temporal resolution microscopy. We find several unique features differentiating old versus new histone-enriched sister chromatids, including nucleosome density, chromosomal condensation, and H3 Ser10 phosphorylation. These distinct chromosomal features lead to their differential association with Cdc6, an essential component of the pre-replication complex, which subsequently contributes to asynchronous initiation of DNA replication in the two resulting daughter cells. Disruption of asymmetric histone inheritance abolishes both differential Cdc6 association and asynchronous S-phase entry, demonstrating that asymmetric histone acts upstream of these critical events during cell cycle progression. Furthermore, GSC defects are detected under these conditions, indicating a connection between histone inheritance, cell cycle progression and cell fate decision. Together, these studies reveal that cell cycle remodeling as a crucial biological  readout of asymmetric histone inheritance, which precedes and could lead to other well-known readouts such as differential gene expression. This work also enhances our understanding of asymmetric histone inheritance and epigenetic regulation in other stem cells or asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential condensation of sister chromatids coordinates with Cdc6 to ensure distinct cell cycle progression in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex, age, tissue, and disease patterns of matrisome expression in GTEx transcriptome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has historically been explored through proteomic methods. Whether or not global transcriptomics can yield meaningful information on the human matrisome is unknown. Gene expression data from 17,382 samples across 52 tissues, were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Additional datasets were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program and the Gene Expression Omnibus for comparisons. Gene expression levels generally recapitulated proteome-derived matrisome expression patterns. Further, matrisome gene expression properly clustered tissue types, with some matrisome genes including SERPIN family members having tissue-restricted expression patterns. Deeper analyses revealed 388 genes varied by age and 222 varied by sex in at least one tissue, with expression correlating with digitally imaged histologic tissue features. A comparison of TCGA tumor, TCGA adjacent normal and GTEx normal tissues demonstrated robustness of the GTEx samples as a generalized control, while also determining a common primary tumor matrisome. Additionally, GTEx tissues served as a useful non-diseased control in a separate study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis matrix changes. Altogether, these findings indicate that the transcriptome, in general, and GTEx in particular, has value in understanding the state of organ ECM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex, age, tissue, and disease patterns of matrisome expression in GTEx transcriptome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating cell type composition of blood and tissue samples is a biological challenge relevant in both laboratory studies and clinical care. In recent years, a number of computational tools have been developed to estimate cell type abundance using gene expression data. While these tools use a variety of approaches, they all leverage expression profiles from purified cell types to evaluate the cell type composition within samples. In this study, we compare ten deconvolution tools and evaluate their performance while using each of eleven separate reference profiles. Specifically, we have run deconvolution tools on over 4,000 samples with known cell type proportions, spanning both immune and stromal cell types. Twelve of these represent in vitro synthetic mixtures and 300 represent in silico synthetic mixtures prepared using single cell data. A final 3,728 clinical samples have been collected from the Framingham Cohort, for which cell populations have been quantified using electrical impedance cell counting. When tools are applied to the Framingham dataset, the tool EPIC produces the highest correlation while GEDIT produces the lowest error. The best tool for other datasets is varied, but CIBERSORT and GEDIT most consistently produce accurate results. In terms of reference choice, we find that the Human Primary Cell Atlas (HPCA) and references published by the EPIC authors produce accurate results for the largest number of tools and datasets. When applying deconvolution to blood samples, the leukocyte reference matrix LM22 is also a suitable choice, usually (but not always) outperforming HPCA and EPIC. Running time varies substantially across tools. For as many as 5052 samples, SaVanT and dtangle reliably finish in under one minute, while slower tools may require up to two hours. However, when using custom references, CIBERSORT can run very slowly, taking over 24 hours to complete for large datasets. We conclude that combining the best tools with optimal reference datasets can provide significant gains in accuracy when carrying out deconvolution tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhyloCSF++: A fast and user-friendly implementation of PhyloCSF with annotation tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPhyloCSF++ is an efficient and parallelized C++ implementation of the popular PhyloCSF method to distinguish protein-coding and non-coding regions in a genome based on multiple sequence alignments. It can score alignments or produce browser tracks for entire genomes in the wig file format. Additionally, PhyloCSF++ annotates coding sequences in GFF/GTF files using precomputed tracks or computes and scores multiple sequence alignments on the fly with MMseqs2.

AvailabilityPhyloCSF++ is released under the AGPLv3 license. Binaries and source code are available at https://github.com/cpockrandt/PhyloCSFpp. The software can be installed through bioconda. A variety of tracks can be accessed through ftp://ftp.ccb.jhu.edu/pub/software/phylocsfpp/.

Contactpockrandt@jhu.edu, martin.steinegger@snu.ac.kr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhyloCSF++: A fast and user-friendly implementation of PhyloCSF with annotation tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face processing of social cognition in patients with first episode psychosis: Its deficits and association with the right subcallosal anterior cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical importance of social cognition is well acknowledged in patients with psychosis, in particular those with first episode psychosis (FEP). Nevertheless, its brain substrates and circuitries remain elusive, lacking precise analysis between multimodal brain characteristics and behavioral sub-dimensions within social cognition. In the present study, we examined face processing of social cognition in 79 FEP patients and 80 healthy controls (HCs). We looked for a possible correlation between face processing and multimodal MRI characteristics such as resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and brain volume. We observed worse recognition accuracy, longer recognition response time, and longer memory response time in FEP patients when compared with HCs. Of these, memory response time was selectively correlated with specific rsFCs, which included the right subcallosal sub-region of BA24 in the ACC (scACC), only in FEP patients. The volume of this region was also correlated with memory response time in FEP patients. The scACC is functionally and structurally important in FEP-associated abnormalities of face processing measures in social cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piancharoen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schretlen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face processing of social cognition in patients with first episode psychosis: Its deficits and association with the right subcallosal anterior cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community Evaluation of Glycoproteomics Informatics Solutions Reveals High-Performance Search Strategies of Glycopeptide Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycoproteome profiling (glycoproteomics) is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. The complex tandem mass spectra generated from glycopeptide mixtures require sophisticated analysis pipelines for structural determination. Diverse software aiding the process have appeared, but their relative performance remains untested. Conducted through the HUPO Human Proteome Project - Human Glycoproteomics Initiative, this community study, comprising both developers and users of glycoproteomics software, evaluates the performance of informatics solutions for system-wide glycopeptide analysis. Mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics datasets from human serum were shared with all teams. The relative team performance for N- and O-glycopeptide data analysis was comprehensively established and validated through orthogonal performance tests. Excitingly, several high-performance glycoproteomics informatics solutions were identified. While the study illustrated that significant informatics challenges remain, as indicated by a high discordance between annotated glycopeptides, lists of high-confidence (consensus) glycopeptides were compiled from the standardised team reports. Deep analysis of the performance data revealed key performance-associated search variables and led to recommendations for improved "high coverage" and "high accuracy" glycoproteomics search strategies. This study concludes that diverse software for comprehensive glycopeptide data analysis exist, points to several high-performance search strategies, and specifies key variables that may guide future software developments and assist informatics decision-making in glycoproteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kletter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liquet-Weiland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechref, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Khuong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pioch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakalli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulz, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofronov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadlmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakhrushev, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community Evaluation of Glycoproteomics Informatics Solutions Reveals High-Performance Search Strategies of Glycopeptide Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the three-way feedback between cellular contractility, actin polymerization, and adhesion turnover resolves the contradictory effects of RhoA and Rac1 on endothelial junction dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation and recovery of gaps in the vascular endothelium governs a wide range of physiological and pathological phenomena, from angiogenesis to atherosclerosis and tumor cell extravasation. However, the interplay between the mechanical and signaling processes that drive dynamic behavior in vascular endothelial cells is not well understood. In this study, we propose a chemo-mechanical model to investigate the maintenance of endothelial junctions as dependent on the crosstalk between actomyosin contractility, VE-cadherin bond turnover, and actin polymerization, which mediate the forces exerted on the cell-cell interface. Our theoretical model reveals that active cell tension can stabilize cadherin bonds within an adhesion, but excessive RhoA signaling can drive bond dissociation and junction failure. While Rac1-mediated actin polymerization aids gap closure, high levels of Rac1 may also facilitate junction weakening. Combining the modeling framework with novel experiments, we identify how dynamic rupture and heal cycles emerge and, further, describe why gaps tend to localize at multi-cell contacts. Beyond, our analysis also indicates that a critical balance between RhoA and Rac1 expression is required to maintain junction stability and limit endothelial dysfunction. The model predicts how pharmacological modulation of actin polymerization and cell contractility impacts junction stability, with predictions subsequently validated experimentally. Our proposed framework can help guide the development of therapeutics that target the Rho family of GTPases and downstream active mechanical processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeendarbary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spill, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aznar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svitkina, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the three-way feedback between cellular contractility, actin polymerization, and adhesion turnover resolves the contradictory effects of RhoA and Rac1 on endothelial junction dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Bi-Ethnic Study of Plasma Proteome Leads to Comprehensive Mapping of cis-pQTL and Models for Proteome-wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved understanding of genetic regulation of proteome can facilitate the identification of causal mechanisms for complex traits. We analyzed data on 4,657 plasma proteins from 7,213 European American (EA) and 1,871 African American (AA) individuals from the ARIC study, and further replicated findings on 467 AA individuals from the AASK study. Here we identified 2,004 proteins in EA and 1,618 in AA, with majority overlapping, which showed associations with common variants in cis-regions. Availability of AA samples led to smaller credible sets and significant number of population-specific cis-pQTLs. Elastic-net produced powerful models for protein prediction in both populations. An application of proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) to serum urate and gout, implicated several proteins, including IL1RN, revealing the promise of the drug anakinra to treat acute gout flares. Our study demonstrates the value of large and diverse ancestry study for genetic mechanisms of molecular phenotypes and their relationship with complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köttgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Bi-Ethnic Study of Plasma Proteome Leads to Comprehensive Mapping of cis-pQTL and Models for Proteome-wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of electrophysiological data from Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum presents challenges for spike detection. Complex spikes have waveforms that vary significantly from one event to the next, raising the problem of misidentification. Even when complex spikes are detected correctly, the simple spikes may belong to a different P-cell, raising the danger of misattribution. Here, we analyzed data from over 300 P-cells in marmosets, macaques, and mice, using an open-source, semi-automated software called P-sort that addresses the spike identification and attribution problems. Like other sorting software, P-sort relies on nonlinear dimensionality reduction to cluster spikes. However, it also uses the statistical relationship between simple and complex spikes to merge seemingly disparate clusters, or split a single cluster. In comparison with expert manual curation, occasionally P-sort identified significantly more complex spikes, as well as prevented misattribution of clusters. Three existing automatic sorters performed less well, particularly for identification of complex spikes. To improve development of analysis tools for the cerebellum, we provide labeled data for 313 recording sessions, as well as statistical characteristics of waveforms and firing patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soetedjo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate genome-wide predictions and structural modeling of protein-protein interactions using Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions play a crucial role in almost all cellular processes. Identifying interacting proteins reveals insight into living organisms and yields novel drug targets for disease treatment. Here, we present a publicly available, automated pipeline to predict genome-wide protein-protein interactions and produce high-quality multimeric structural models.

Application of our method to the Human and Yeast genomes yield protein-protein interaction networks similar in quality to common experimental methods. We identified and modeled Human proteins likely to interact with the papain-like protease of SARS-CoV2s non-structural protein 3 (Nsp3). We also produced models of SARS-CoV2s spike protein (S) interacting with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein receptor (MOG) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). The presented method is capable of confidently identifying interactions while providing high-quality multimeric structural models for experimental validation.

The interactome modeling pipeline is available at usegalaxy.org and usegalaxy.eu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate genome-wide predictions and structural modeling of protein-protein interactions using Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSES LONG TERM CHANGES IN GOBLETCELL FUNCTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOne of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GC). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to test the hypothesis that GC secretion was abnormal in UC with the changes persistent in colonoids even in the absence of immune cells.

DesignColonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and from patients with UC (inactive and active sites). Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as 3D or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Carbachol and PGE2 mediated stimulation followed by examination of mucus layer by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and TEM were performed.

ResultsColonoids derived from patients with UC can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and TEER compared with colonoids from HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers: ATOH1 and SPDEF, including MUC2 positive GCs and ChgA positive enteroendocrine cells but failed to secrete mucin when exposed to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and PGE2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to TNF- (5days), reduced the number of GC with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared to HS.

ConclusionsAbnormal mucus layer in UC is due to long term changes in epithelial cells that lead to abnormal mucus secretion as well as effects of the inflammatory environment to reduce the number of GC. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may be involved in UC recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSES LONG TERM CHANGES IN GOBLETCELL FUNCTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Water as a Function of Age and Weight in Normal Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats are frequently used to study water content of normal and injured brain, as well as changes in response to various osmotherapeutic regimens. Magnetic resonance imaging in humans has shown that brain water content declines with age as a result of progressive myelination. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in brain water content during rat development and aging. Brain water content was measured by standard techniques in 129 normal male Sprague-Dawley rats that ranged in age (weight) from 13 to 149 days (18 to 759 g). Overall, the results demonstrated a decrease from 85.59% to 76.56% water content with increasing age (weight). Nonlinear allometric functions relating brain water to age and weight were determined. These findings provide age-related context for prior rat studies of brain water, emphasize the importance of using similarly aged controls in studies of brain water, and indicate that age-related changes in brain water content are not specific to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scafidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Water as a Function of Age and Weight in Normal Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific transcript diversity is regulated by a maternal pioneer factor in early Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-transcriptional splicing coordinates the processes of transcription and splicing and is driven by transcription factors (TFs) and diverse RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Yet the mechanisms by which specific TFs and RBPs function together in context-specific ways to drive precise co-transcriptional splicing at each of thousands of genomic loci remains unknown. Therefore, we have used sex-specific splicing in Drosophila as a model to understand how the function of TFs and RBPs is coordinated to transcribe and process specific RNA transcripts at the correct genomic locations. We show widespread sex-specific transcript diversity occurs much earlier than previously thought and present a new pipeline called time2splice to quantify splicing changes over time. We define several mechanisms by which the essential and functionally-conserved CLAMP TF functions with specific RBPs to precisely regulate co-transcriptional splicing: 1) CLAMP links the DNA of gene bodies of sex-specifically spliced genes directly to the RNA of target genes and physically interacts with snRNA and protein components of the splicing machinery; 2) In males, CLAMP regulates the distribution of the highly conserved RBP Maleless (MLE) (RNA Helicase A) to prevent aberrant sex-specific splicing; 3) In females, CLAMP modulates alternative splicing by directly binding to target DNA and RNA and indirectly through regulating the splicing of sex lethal, the master regulator of sex determination. Overall, we provide new insight into how TFs function specifically with RBPs to drive alternative splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larschan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific transcript diversity is regulated by a maternal pioneer factor in early Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a previous series of experiments using virtual stimuli, we found evidence that 3D shape estimation agrees to a superadditivity rule of depth-cue combination. According to this rule, adding depth cues leads to greater perceived depth magnitudes and, in principle, to depth overestimation. The mechanism underlying the superadditivity effect can be fully accounted for by a normative theory of cue integration, through the adaptation of a model of cue integration termed the Intrinsic Constraint (IC) model. As for its nature, it remains unclear whether superadditivity is a byproduct of the artificial nature of virtual environments, causing explicit reasoning to infiltrate behavior and inflate the depth judgments when a scene is richer in depth cues, or the genuine output of the process of depth-cue integration. In the present study, we addressed this question by testing whether the IC models prediction of superadditivity generalizes beyond VR environments to real world situations. We asked participants to judge the perceived 3D shape of cardboard prisms through a matching task. To assay the potential influence of explicit control over those perceptual estimates, we also asked participants to reach and hold the same objects with their fingertips and we analyzed the in-flight grip size during the reaching. Using physical objects ensured that all visual information was fully consistent with the stimulis 3D structure without computer-generated artifacts. We designed a novel technique to carefully control binocular and monocular 3D cues independently from one another, allowing to add or remove depth information from the scene seamlessly. Even with real objects, participants exhibited a clear superadditivity effect in both explicit and implicit tasks. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect was accurately predicted by the IC model. These results confirm that superadditivity is an inherent feature of depth estimation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campagnoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explicit and implicit depth-cue integration: evidence of systematic biases with real objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.435728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-stage Linked Component Analysis for Joint Decomposition of Multiple Biologically Related Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.435728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWIntegrative analysis of multiple data sets has the potential of fully leveraging the vast amount of high throughput biological data being generated. In particular such analysis will be powerful in making inference from publicly available collections of genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data sets which are designed to study shared biological processes, but which vary in their target measurements, biological variation, unwanted noise, and batch variation. Thus, methods that enable the joint analysis of multiple data sets are needed to gain insights into shared biological processes that would otherwise be hidden by unwanted intra-data set variation. Here, we propose a method called two-stage linked component analysis (2s-LCA) to jointly decompose multiple biologically related experimental data sets with biological and technological relationships that can be structured into the decomposition. The consistency of the proposed method is established and its empirical performance is evaluated via simulation studies. We apply 2s-LCA to jointly analyze four data sets focused on human brain development and identify meaningful patterns of gene expression in human neurogenesis that have shared structure across these data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.435728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-stage Linked Component Analysis for Joint Decomposition of Multiple Biologically Related Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-genomic Matching Statistics for Targeted Nanopore Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing is an increasingly powerful tool for genomics. Recently, computational advances have allowed nanopores to sequence in a targeted fashion; as the sequencer emits data, software can analyze the data in real time and signal the sequencer to eject "non-target" DNA molecules. We present a novel method called SPUMONI, which enables rapid and accurate targeted sequencing with the help of efficient pangenome indexes. SPUMONI uses a compressed index to rapidly generate exact or approximate matching statistics (half-maximal exact matches) in a streaming fashion. When used to target a specific strain in a mock community, SPUMONI has similar accuracy as minimap2 when both are run against an index containing many strains per species. However SPUMONI is 12 times faster than minimap2. SPUMONIs index and peak memory footprint are also 15 to 4 times smaller than minimap2, respectively. These improvements become even more pronounced with even larger reference databases; SPUMONIs index size scales sublinearly with the number of reference genomes included. This could enable accurate targeted sequencing even in the case where the targeted strains have not necessarily been sequenced or assembled previously. SPUMONI is open source software available from https://github.com/oma219/spumoni.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-genomic Matching Statistics for Targeted Nanopore Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
minicore: Fast scRNA-seq clustering with various distance measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses typically begin by clustering a gene-by-cell expression matrix to empirically define groups of cells with similar expression profiles. We describe new methods and a new open source library, minicore, for efficient k-means++ center finding and k-means clustering of scRNA-seq data. Minicore works with sparse count data, as it emerges from typical scRNA-seq experiments, as well as with dense data from after dimensionality reduction. Minicores novel vectorized weighted reservoir sampling algorithm allows it to find initial k-means++ centers for a 4-million cell dataset in 1.5 minutes using 20 threads. Minicore can cluster using Euclidean distance, but also supports a wider class of measures like Jensen-Shannon Divergence, Kullback-Leibler Divergence, and the Bhattacharyya distance, which can be directly applied to count data and probability distributions.

Further, minicore produces lower-cost centerings more efficiently than scikit-learn for scRNA-seq datasets with millions of cells. With careful handling of priors, minicore implements these distance measures with only minor (<2-fold) speed differences among all distances. We show that a minicore pipeline consisting of k-means++, localsearch++ and minibatch k-means can cluster a 4-million cell dataset in minutes, using less than 10GiB of RAM. This memory-efficiency enables atlas-scale clustering on laptops and other commodity hardware. Finally, we report findings on which distance measures give clusterings that are most consistent with known cell type labels.

AvailabilityThe open source library is at https://github.com/dnbaker/minicore. Code used for experiments is at https://github.com/dnbaker/minicore-experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyjack, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[minicore: Fast scRNA-seq clustering with various distance measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 and a guide RNA function to target specific genomic loci for generation of a double stranded break. Catalytic dead versions of Cas9 (dCas9) no longer cause double stranded breaks and instead can serve as molecular scaffolds to target additional enzymatic proteins to specific genomic loci. To generate mutations in selected genomic residues, dCas9 can be used for genomic base editing by fusing a cytidine deaminase to induce C>T (or G>A) mutations at targeted sites. Here, we test base editing in Drosophila by expressing a transgenic Drosophila base editor (DBE2, based on the mammalian BE2) which consists of a fusion protein of cytidine deaminase, dCas9, and uracil glycosylase inhibitor. We utilized transgenic lines expressing gRNAs along with pan-tissue expression of the Drosophila Base Editor (Actin5C-DBE2) and found high rates of base editing at multiple targeted loci in the 20 bp target sequence. Highest rates of conversion of C>T were found in positions 3-9 of the gRNA targeted site, with conversion reaching nearly 100% of targeted DNA is somatic tissues. The simultaneous use of two gRNA targeting a genomic region spaced [~]50 bps apart led to mutations between the two gRNA targets, implicating a method to broaden the available sites accessible to targeting. These results indicate base editing is efficient in Drosophila, and could be used to induce point mutations at select loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral Antibody Epitope Selection is a Heritable Trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is enormous variability in human immune responses to viral infections. However, the genetic factors that underlie this variability are not well characterized. We used VirScan, a high-throughput viral epitope scanning technology, to analyze the antibody binding specificities of twins and SNP-genotyped individuals. These data were used to estimate the heritability and identify genomic loci associated with antibody epitope selection, response breadth, and the control of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) viral load. We identified 4 epitopes of EBV that were heritably targeted, and at least two EBNA-2 binding specificities that were associated with variants in the MHC class-II locus. We identified an EBV serosignature that predicted viral load in white blood cells and was associated with genetic variants in the MHC class-I locus. Our study provides a new framework for identifying genes important for pathogen immunity, with specific implications for the genetic architecture of EBV humoral responses and the control of viral load.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clipman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christofidou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral Antibody Epitope Selection is a Heritable Trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide important for maternal physiology and childcare, including parturition and milk ejection during nursing1-8. Suckling triggers oxytocin release, but other sensory cues- specifically infant cries- can elevate oxytocin levels in new human mothers9-11 indicating that cries can activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons. Here we describe a neural circuit routing auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons. We performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings and photometry from identified oxytocin neurons in awake maternal mice presented with pup calls. We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not pure tones, via input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus, and repetitive thalamic stimulation induced lasting disinhibition of oxytocin neurons. This circuit gates central oxytocin release and maternal behavior in response to calls, providing a mechanism for the integration of sensory cues from the offspring in maternal endocrine networks to ensure modulation of brain state for efficient parenting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valtcheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid signaling promotes the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating progenitor cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid-based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during reprogramming of Muller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor-like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and mouse model to characterize expression patterns of eCB-related genes and applied pharmacological agents to examine how the eCB system impacts glial reactivity and the capacity of MG to become Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We probed single cell RNA-seq libraries to identify eCB-related genes and identify cells with dynamic patterns of expression in damaged retinas. MG and inner retinal neurons expressed the eCB receptor CNR1, as well as enzymes involved in eCB metabolism. In the chick, intraocular injections of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Anandamide (AEA) potentiated the formation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, CNR1-agonists and MGLL-inhibitor promoted reprogramming, whereas CNR1-antagonist and inhibitors of eCB synthesis suppressed reprogramming. Surprisingly, retinal microglia were largely unaffected by increases or decreases in eCB signaling in both chick and mouse models. However, eCB-signaling suppressed the activation of NFkB-reporter in MG in damaged mouse retinas. We conclude that the eCB system in the retina influences the reactivity of MG and is important for regulating glial reactivity and the reprogramming of MG into proliferating MGPCs, but not for regulating the reactivity of immune cells in the retina.

Main PointsMuller glia express CNR1 receptor and endocannabinoid synthesis genes.

Endocannabinoids after retinal damage promote the formation of Muller glia derived progenitor cells in chick.

Endocannabinoids reduce NFkB activity in mouse Muller glia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reske, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid signaling promotes the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating progenitor cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Freely accessible ready to use global infrastructure for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic is the first global health crisis to occur in the age of big genomic data.Although data generation capacity is well established and sufficiently standardized, analytical capacity is not. To establish analytical capacity it is necessary to pull together global computational resources and deliver the best open source tools and analysis workflows within a ready to use, universally accessible resource. Such a resource should not be controlled by a single research group, institution, or country. Instead it should be maintained by a community of users and developers who ensure that the system remains operational and populated with current tools. A community is also essential for facilitating the types of discourse needed to establish best analytical practices. Bringing together public computational research infrastructure from the USA, Europe, and Australia, we developed a distributed data analysis platform that accomplishes these goals. It is immediately accessible to anyone in the world and is designed for the analysis of rapidly growing collections of deep sequencing datasets. We demonstrate its utility by detecting allelic variants in high-quality existing SARS-CoV-2 sequencing datasets and by continuous reanalysis of COG-UK data. All workflows, data, and documentation is available at https://covid19.galaxyproject.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambla De Argila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosakovsky Pond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Freely accessible ready to use global infrastructure for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulforaphane exhibits in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has incited a global health crisis. Currently, there are no orally available medications for prophylaxis for those exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and limited therapeutic options for those who develop COVID-19. We evaluated the antiviral activity of sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring, orally available, well-tolerated, nutritional supplement present in high concentrations in cruciferous vegetables with limited side effects. SFN inhibited in vitro replication of four strains of SARS-CoV-2 as well as that of the seasonal coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Further, SFN and remdesivir interacted synergistically to inhibit coronavirus infection in vitro. Prophylactic administration of SFN to K18-hACE2 mice prior to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the viral load in the lungs and upper respiratory tract and reduced lung injury and pulmonary pathology compared to untreated infected mice. SFN treatment diminished immune cell activation in the lungs, including significantly lower recruitment of myeloid cells and a reduction in T cell activation and cytokine production. Our results suggest that SFN is a promising treatment for prevention of coronavirus infection or treatment of early disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villabona-Rueda, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolken, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones-Brando, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulforaphane exhibits in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an oncogenic virus that enters cells by fusion of the viral and endosomal cellular membranes in a process mediated by viral surface glycoproteins. One of the cellular receptors hijacked by HHV-8 to gain access to cells is the EphA2 tyrosine kinase receptor, and the mechanistic basis of EphA2-mediated viral entry remains unclear. Using X-ray structure analysis, targeted mutagenesis and binding studies, we here show that the HHV-8 envelope glycoprotein complex gH/gL binds with sub-nanomolar affinity to EphA2 via molecular mimicry of the receptors cellular ligands, ephrins, revealing a pivotal role for the conserved gH residue E52 and the amino-terminal peptide of gL. Using FSI-FRET and cell contraction assays, we further demonstrate that the gH/gL complex also functionally mimics ephrin ligand by inducing EphA2 receptor association via its dimerization interface, thus triggering receptor signaling for cytoskeleton remodeling. These results now provide novel insight into the entry mechanism of HHV-8, opening avenues for the search of therapeutic agents that could interfere with HHV-8 related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Light, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederzoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neipel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Little evidence that Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) protect their caches by responding to cues about a conspecific's desire and visual perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corvids appear to be capable of adjusting their behaviour according to anothers perspective, knowledge and desire. For example, Eurasian jays have been found to employ a variety of cache protection strategies to minimise cache loss by responding to cues about the visual perspective or current desire of an observing conspecific. However, it is not known whether these jays (or any other corvid) can integrate multiple cues about different mental states and perform the optimal response accordingly. Across five experiments, we found little evidence that our Eurasian jays responded to either the visual perspective or current desire of another agent. In Experiments 1 and 2 we investigated whether Eurasian jays can limit the risk of cache loss by responding simultaneously to cues about the desire and perspective of a potential conspecific pilferer. Building on established paradigms, we used opaque and clear barriers to manipulate the observers visual access to cache locations, and specific satiety to manipulate the observers desire towards different types of food. Across both experiments the jays caching pattern provided no evidence that they could integrate information about the observers desire and perspective. Moreover, the results were also inconsistent with the previously reported effects that jays protect their caches by responding to either the visual access or specific satiety of the observer independently. To gain further insight into these unexpected results, we conducted three more experiments. In Experiments 3 and 4, we attempted to replicate the previous finding that Eurasian jays prefer to cache behind an opaque barrier over a clear barrier when observed by a conspecific than when caching in private. In Experiment 5, we further investigated the previous finding that jays preferentially cache a type of food that had been eaten to satiety by a conspecific over a food that had not been eaten by the conspecific. Experiments 3, 4 and 5 found no significant effects in the direction of the previously reported effects, questioning their robustness. We conclude by discussing the implications of our study for the field of corvid cognition and highlight several key issues that affect the reliability of comparative cognition research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amodio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupenye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostojic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Little evidence that Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) protect their caches by responding to cues about a conspecific's desire and visual perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional selectivity for naturalistic social interaction perception in the human superior temporal sulcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognizing others social interactions is a crucial human ability. Using simple stimuli, previous studies have shown that social interactions are selectively processed in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), but prior work with movies has suggested that social interactions are processed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), part of the theory of mind network. It remains unknown to what extent social interaction selectivity is observed in real world stimuli when controlling for other covarying perceptual and social information, such as faces, voices, and theory of mind. The current study utilizes a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) movie paradigm and advanced machine learning methods to uncover the brain mechanisms uniquely underlying naturalistic social interaction perception. We analyzed two publicly available fMRI datasets, collected while both male and female human participants (n = 17 and 18) watched two different commercial movies in the MRI scanner. By performing voxel-wise encoding and variance partitioning analyses, we found that broad social-affective features predict neural responses in social brain regions, including the STS and mPFC. However, only the STS showed robust and unique selectivity specifically to social interactions, independent from other covarying features. This selectivity was observed across two separate fMRI datasets. These findings suggest that naturalistic social interaction perception recruits dedicated neural circuity in the STS, separate from the theory of mind network, and is a critical dimension of human social understanding.

Significance StatementSocial interaction perception guides our daily behavior, yet it is unknown how our brain processes real-world social interaction scenes. Here, we demonstrate that social brain areas, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are sensitive to broad social-affective information in naturalistic movies, replicating prior results with controlled paradigms. We show for the first time however, that the STS, but not mPFC, selectively processes social interactions in natural movies, independent of other co-occurring perceptual and social features, including motion, presence of faces, speech, and mentalizing about others. Our results suggest that social interaction perception is a crucial dimension of social understanding represented in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional selectivity for naturalistic social interaction perception in the human superior temporal sulcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal regulation of green and red cone specification in human retinas and retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trichromacy is unique to primates among mammals, enabled by blue (short/S), green (medium/M), and red (long/L) cones. In humans and Old World monkeys, cones make a poorly understood choice between M and L cone subtype fates. To determine mechanisms specifying M and L cones, we developed an approach to visualize expression of the highly similar M- and L-opsin mRNAs. M-opsin, but not L-opsin, was observed during early human eye development, suggesting that M cones are generated before L cones. In adult human tissue, the early-developing central retina contained a mix of M and L cones compared to the late-developing peripheral region, which contained a high proportion of L cones. Retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzymes are highly expressed early in retinal development. High RA signaling early was sufficient to promote M cone fate and suppress L cone fate in retinal organoids. Across a human population sample, natural variation in the ratios of M and L cone subtypes was associated with a noncoding polymorphism in the NR2F2 gene, a mediator of RA signaling. Our data suggest that RA promotes M cone fate early in development to generate the pattern of M and L cones across the human retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbecker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal regulation of green and red cone specification in human retinas and retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting skeletal stature using ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesAncient DNA provides an opportunity to separate the genetic and environmental bases of complex traits by allowing direct estimation of genetic values in ancient individuals. Here, we test whether genetic scores for height in ancient individuals are predictive of their actual height, as inferred from skeletal remains. We estimate the contributions of genetic and environmental variables to observed phenotypic variation as a first step towards quantifying individual sources of morphological variation.

Materials and MethodsWe collected stature estimates and femur lengths from West Eurasian skeletal remains with published genome-wide ancient DNA data (n=167, dating from 33,000-850 BP). We also recorded genetic sex, genetic ancestry, date and paleoclimate data for each individual, and{delta} 13C and{delta} 15N stable isotope values where available (n=67).

ResultsA polygenic score (PRS) for height predicts 6.8% of the variance in femur length in our data (n=117, SD=0.0068%, p<0.001), controlling for sex, ancestry, and date. This is consistent with the predictive power of height PRS in present-day populations and the low coverage of ancient samples. Comparatively, sex explains about 15% of the variance in femur length in our sample. Environmental effects also likely play a role in variation, independent of genetics, though with considerable uncertainty (longitude: R2=0.0317, SD=0.009, p=0.019).

DiscussionPolygenic scores explain a small but significant proportion of the variance in height in ancient individuals, though not enough to make useful predictions of individual phenotypes. However, environmental variables also contribute to phenotypic outcomes and understanding their interaction with direct genetic predictions will provide a framework with which to model how plasticity and genetic changes ultimately combine to drive adaptation and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moots, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shbat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitarello, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting skeletal stature using ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Dimensions of Association Link Migraine Symptoms and Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migraine is a heterogeneous disorder with variable symptoms and responsiveness to therapy. Due to previous analytic shortcomings, variance in migraine symptoms has been weakly and inconsistently related to brain function. Taking advantage of neural network organization measured through resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and advanced statistical analysis, sophisticated symptom-brain mapping can now be performed. In the current analysis we used data from two sites (n=102 and 41), and performed Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), relating RSFC with a broad range of migraine symptoms ranging from headache characteristics to sleep abnormalities. This identified three dimensions of covariance between symptoms and RSFC. Importantly, none of these dimensions bore any relationship with subject motion. The first dimension was related to headache intensity, headache frequency, pain catastrophizing, affect, sleep disturbances, and somatic abnormalities, and was associated with frontoparietal and dorsal attention network connectivity, both of which are major cognitive networks. Additionally, RSFC scores from this dimension - both the baseline value and the change from baseline to post-intervention - were associated with clinical responsiveness to mind-body therapy. The second dimension was related to an inverse association between pain and anxiety, and to default mode network connectivity. The final dimension was related to pain catastrophizing, and salience, sensorimotor and default mode network connectivity. These unique symptom/brain-mappings over three dimensions provide novel network targets to modify specific ensembles of symptoms. In addition to performing CCA, we evaluated the current clustering of migraine patients into episodic and chronic subtypes, and found no evidence to support this clustering. However, when using RSFC scores from the three significant dimensions, we identified a novel clustering of migraine patients into four biotypes with unique functional connectivity patterns. These findings provide new insight into individual variability in migraine, and could serve as the foundation for novel therapies that take advantage of migraine heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krimmel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjanwala, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haythornthwaite, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Dimensions of Association Link Migraine Symptoms and Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsomedial striatal activity tracks completion of behavioral sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For proper execution of goal-directed behaviors, individuals require both a general representation of the goal and an ability to monitor their own progress toward that goal. Here, we examine how dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region pivotal for forming associations among stimuli, actions, and outcomes, encodes the execution of goal-directed action sequences that require self-monitoring of behavior. We trained rats to complete a sequence of at least 5 consecutive lever presses (without visiting the reward port) to obtain a reward and recorded the activity of individual cells in DMS while rats performed the task. We found that the pattern of DMS activity gradually changed during the execution of the sequence, permitting accurate decoding of sequence progress from neural activity at a population level. Moreover, this sequence-related activity was blunted on trials where rats did not complete a sufficient number of presses. Overall, these data suggest a link between DMS activity and the execution of behavioral sequences that require monitoring of ongoing behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsomedial striatal activity tracks completion of behavioral sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic audio-movies reveal common spatial organization across "visual" cortices of different blind individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Occipital cortices of different sighted people contain analogous maps of visual information (e.g., foveal vs. peripheral space). In congenital blindness, "visual" cortices enhance responses to nonvisual stimuli. Do deafferented visual cortices of different blind people represent common informational maps? We leverage a naturalistic stimulus paradigm and inter-subject pattern similarity analysis to address this question. Blindfolded sighted (S, n=22) and congenitally blind (CB, n=22) participants listened to three auditory excerpts from movies; a naturalistic spoken narrative; and matched degraded auditory stimuli (i.e., shuffled sentences and backwards speech) while undergoing fMRI scanning. In a parcel-based whole brain analysis, we measured the spatial activity patterns evoked by each unique, ten-second segment of each auditory clip. We then compared each subjects spatial pattern to that of all other subjects in the same group (CB or S) within and across segments. In both blind and sighted groups, segments of meaningful auditory stimuli produced distinctive patterns of activity that were shared across individuals. Crucially, only in the CB group, this segment-specific, cross-subject pattern similarity effect emerged in visual cortex, but only for meaningful naturalistic stimuli and not backwards speech. These results suggest that spatial activity patterns within deafferented visual cortices encode meaningful, segment-level information contained in naturalistic auditory stimuli, and that these representations are spatially organized in a similar fashion across blind individuals.

Significance StatementRecent neuroimaging studies show that the so-called "visual" cortices activate during non-visual tasks in people who are born blind. Do the visual cortices of people who are born blind develop similar representational maps? While congenitally blind individuals listened to naturalistic auditory stimuli (i.e., sound clips from movies), distinct timepoints within each stimulus elicited unique spatial activity patterns in visual cortex, and these patterns were shared across different people. These findings suggest that in blindness, the visual cortices encode meaningful information embedded in naturalistic auditory signals in a spatially distributed manner, and that a common representational map can emerge in visual cortex independent of visual experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiotile, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic audio-movies reveal common spatial organization across "visual" cortices of different blind individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms that ensure speed and fidelity in eukaryotic translation termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation termination, which liberates a nascent polypeptide from the ribosome specifically at stop codons, must occur accurately and rapidly. We established single-molecule fluorescence assays to track the dynamics of ribosomes and two requisite release factors (eRF1 and eRF3) throughout termination using an in vitro-reconstituted yeast translation system. We found that the two eukaryotic release factors bind together to recognize stop codons rapidly and elicit termination via a tightly regulated, multi-step process that resembles tRNA selection during translation elongation. Because the release factors are conserved from yeast to humans, the molecular events that underlie yeast translation termination are likely broadly fundamental to eukaryotic protein synthesis.

One Sentence SummaryDirect visualization of eukaryotic translation reveals the dynamics of termination at stop codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsepius, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puglisi, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms that ensure speed and fidelity in eukaryotic translation termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is it that simple? Linear mapping models in cognitive neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cognitive neuroscience studies use large feature sets to predict and interpret brain activity patterns. Feature sets take many forms, from human stimulus annotations to representations in deep neural networks. Of crucial importance in all these studies is the mapping model, which defines the space of possible relationships between features and neural data. Until recently, most encoding and decoding studies have used linear mapping models. Increasing availability of large datasets and computing resources has recently allowed some researchers to employ more flexible nonlinear mapping models instead; however, the question of whether nonlinear mapping models can yield meaningful scientific insights remains debated. Here, we discuss the choice of a mapping model in the context of three overarching desiderata: predictive accuracy, interpretability, and biological plausibility. We show that, contrary to popular intuition, these desiderata do not map cleanly onto the linear/nonlinear divide; instead, each desideratum can refer to multiple research goals, each of which imposes its own constraints on the mapping model. Moreover, we argue that, instead of categorically treating the mapping models as linear or nonlinear, we should instead aim to estimate the complexity of these models. We show that, in many cases, complexity provides a more accurate reflection of restrictions imposed by various research goals. Finally, we outline several complexity metrics that can be used to effectively evaluate mapping models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzellotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is it that simple? Linear mapping models in cognitive neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males compared with females, including hospitalizations and deaths. Animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Adult male and female golden Syrian hamsters (8-10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 105 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2/USA-WA1/2020 and euthanized at several time points during the acute (i.e., virus actively replicating) and recovery (i.e., after the infectious virus has been cleared) phases of infection. There was no mortality, but infected male hamsters experienced greater morbidity, losing a greater percentage of body mass, developing more extensive pneumonia as noted on chest computed tomography, and recovering more slowly than females. Treatment of male hamsters with estradiol did not alter pulmonary damage. Virus titers in respiratory tissues, including nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs, and pulmonary cytokine concentrations, including IFN{beta} and TNF, were comparable between the sexes. However, during the recovery phase of infection, females mounted two-fold greater IgM, IgG, and IgA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) in both plasma and respiratory tissues. Female hamsters also had significantly greater IgG antibodies against whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and mutant S-RBDs, as well as virus neutralizing antibodies in plasma. The development of an animal model to study COVID-19 sex differences will allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 associated sex differences seen in the human population.

ImportanceMen experience more severe outcomes from COVID-19 than women. Golden Syrian hamsters were used to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of a human clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. After inoculation, male hamsters experienced greater sickness, developed more severe lung pathology, and recovered more slowly than females. Sex differences in disease could not be reversed by estradiol treatment in males and were not explained by either virus replication kinetics or the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. During the recovery period, antiviral antibody responses in the respiratory tract and plasma, including to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, were greater in females than male hamsters. Greater lung pathology during the acute phase combined with reduced antiviral antibody responses during the recovery phase of infection in males than females illustrate the utility of golden Syrian hamsters as a model to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine-induced immunity and protection.

One Sentence SummaryFollowing SARS-CoV-2 infection, male hamsters experience worse clinical disease and have lower antiviral antibody responses than females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in lung imaging and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a COVID-19 golden Syrian hamster model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the neural correlates of habit in the dorsal striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have recently reported sustained inhibition in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and sustained excitation in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) during execution of a lever press sequence in a discrete-trials task promoting habit. This sustained dorsostriatal activity was present early on, and did not clearly change in step with improved performance over ten training sessions. Early onset of sequence-related neural activity could have resulted from rapid habitual learning promoted by presentation of lever cues, predicting reward availability and delivery. To test this hypothesis, we compared DLS and DMS spiking activity in the discrete trials habit-promoting task with two task variants that promote goal-directed behavior. Comparison of the three tasks revealed that mean neuronal spiking activity was generally sustained across the lever press sequence in the task promoting habit and characterized by overall excitation in DLS and inhibition in DMS relative to baseline. In contrast, mean activity differences in DLS and DMS were much less prominent, and most changes occurred transiently around individual lever presses, in the tasks promoting goal-directed behavior. These results indicate that sequence delineation cues, such as the lever cues in these studies, promote habitual behavior and that this habitual behavior is encoded in the striatum by cue-triggered sustained DLS excitation and DMS inhibition that likely reflects cue-elicited behavioral chunking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandaele, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the neural correlates of habit in the dorsal striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each year vast international resources are wasted on irreproducible research. The scientific community has been slow to adopt standard software engineering practices, despite the increases in high-dimensional data, complexities of workflows, and computational environments. Here we show how scientific software applications can be created in a reproducible manner when simple design goals for reproducibility are met. We describe the implementation of a test server framework and 40 scientific benchmarks, covering numerous applications in Rosetta bio-macromolecular modeling. High performance computing cluster integration allows these benchmarks to run continuously and automatically. Detailed protocol captures are useful for developers and users of Rosetta and other macromolecular modeling tools. The framework and design concepts presented here are valuable for developers and users of any type of scientific software and for the scientific community to create reproducible methods. Specific examples highlight the utility of this framework and the comprehensive documentation illustrates the ease of adding new tests in a matter of hours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolf-Bryfogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Aharon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krys, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubetic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey-Kellogg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal prediction of cell cycle position using transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cell cycle is a highly conserved, continuous process which controls faithful replication and division of cells. Single-cell technologies have enabled increasingly precise measurements of the cell cycle both as a biological process of interest and as a possible confounding factor. Despite its importance and conservation, there is no universally applicable approach to infer position in the cell cycle with high-resolution from single-cell RNA-seq data.

ResultsHere, we present tricycle, an R/Bioconductor package, to address this challenge by leveraging key features of the biology of the cell cycle, the mathematical properties of principal component analysis of periodic functions, and the use of transfer learning. We estimate a cell cycle embedding using a fixed reference dataset and project new data into this reference embedding; an approach that overcomes key limitations of learning a dataset dependent embedding. Tricycle then predicts a cell-specific position in the cell cycle based on the data projection. The accuracy of tricycle compares favorably to gold-standard experimental assays, which generally require specialized measurements in specifically constructed in vitro systems. Using internal controls which are available for any dataset, we show that tricycle predictions generalize to datasets with multiple cell types, across tissues, species and even sequencing assays.

ConclusionsTricycle generalizes across datasets, is highly scalable and applicable to atlas-level single-cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosso, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal prediction of cell cycle position using transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-opting propelling and perturbing appendages facilitates strenuous ground self-righting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terrestrial animals must self-right when overturned on the ground, but this locomotor task is strenuous. To do so, the discoid cockroach often pushes its wings against the ground to begin a somersault which rarely succeeds. As it repeatedly attempts this, the animal probabilistically rolls to the side to self- right. During winged self-righting, the animal flails its legs vigorously. Here, we studied whether wing opening and leg flailing together facilitate strenuous ground self-righting. Adding mass to increase hind leg flailing kinetic energy increased the animals self-righting probability. We then developed a robot with similar strenuous self-righting behavior and used it as a physical model for systematic experiments. The robots self-righting probability increased with wing opening and leg flailing amplitudes. A potential energy landscape model revealed that, although wing opening did not generate sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the high pitch potential energy barrier to somersault, it reduced the barrier for rolling, facilitating the small kinetic energy from leg flailing to probabilistically overcome it to self-right. The model also revealed that the stereotyped body motion during self-righting emerged from physical interaction of the body and appendages with the ground. Our work demonstrated the usefulness of potential energy landscape for modeling self-righting transitions.

Impact statementAnimals can, and robots should, use different types of appendages together to propel and perturb themselves to self-right when overturned, a strenuous yet crucial locomotor task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-opting propelling and perturbing appendages facilitates strenuous ground self-righting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE ε4 allele advances the age-dependent decline of amyloid β clearance in the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionOur previous study indicated that the pericapillary clearance of amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) declines with age in APOE 3/3 subjects. Here, we examine whether the APOE {varepsilon}4 allele has an impact on this age-related decline.

MethodsWe examined 69 autopsy brains of APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}4 or APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}3 individuals (30-65 years) for the immunohistochemical localization of intracellular, extracellular, and pericapillary A{beta} in the cerebral cortex.

ResultsIn APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}4 individuals, the percentage of A{beta} positive pericapillary spaces began to decrease (p=0.030), and the number of extracellular A{beta} particles increased in the early 30s (p=0.0008). Those average values were significantly lower (p<0.0001) and higher (p<0.0001), respectively, compared to APOE {varepsilon}3/{varepsilon}3 individuals.

DiscussionOur observations indicate that APOE {varepsilon}4 allele advances by one decade at the onset of age-related decline in A{beta} glymphatic clearance. This finding supports early clinical intervention and stratification by APOE genotype to prevent A{beta} deposition and AD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kageyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudow, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE ε4 allele advances the age-dependent decline of amyloid β clearance in the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of early chick hypothalamic development reveals that hypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like progenitors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.438683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily ancient brain region that regulates many innate behaviors, but its development is still poorly understood. To identify molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic specification and patterning, we used single-cell RNA-Seq to profile multiple stages of early hypothalamic development in the chick. We observe that hypothalamic neuroepithelial cells are initially induced from prethalamic-like cells. Two distinct hypothalamic progenitor populations emerge later, which give rise to paraventricular/mammillary and tuberal hypothalamus. At later developmental stages, the regional organization of the chick and mouse hypothalamus closely resembles one another. This study identifies selective markers for major subdivisions of the developing chick hypothalamus and many uncharacterized candidate regulators of hypothalamic patterning and neurogenesis. As proof of concept for the power of the dataset, we demonstrate that follistatin, a novel prethalamic progenitor-like marker, inhibits hypothalamic induction. This study both clarifies the organization of the early developing hypothalamus and identifies novel molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic induction, regionalization, and neurogenesis.

HighlightsO_LIEarly hypothalamic development was profiled in chick using scRNA-Seq and multiplexed HCR.
C_LIO_LIHypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like neuroepithelial cells.
C_LIO_LIDistinct paraventricular/mammillary and tuberal progenitor populations emerge later, and hypothalamic organization is evolutionarily conserved.
C_LIO_LIPrethalamic progenitor-derived follistatin inhibits hypothalamic specification.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/438683v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.438683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of early chick hypothalamic development reveals that hypothalamic cells are induced from prethalamic-like progenitors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of TDP-43 function and rimmed vacuoles persist after T cell depletion in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common acquired muscle disease in adults over age 50, yet it remains unclear whether the disease is primarily driven by T cell-mediated autoimmunity. IBM muscle biopsies exhibit nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 in muscle cells, a pathologic finding observed initially in neurodegenerative disease, and nuclear loss of TDP-43 in neurons causes aberrant RNA splicing. Here, we show that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, as determined by inclusion of cryptic exons, occurs in skeletal muscle of IBM patients. Out of 119 muscle biopsies tested, RT-PCR-mediated detection of cryptic exon expression is 84% sensitive and 99% specific for diagnosing IBM, indicating utility as a functional and diagnostic biomarker. To determine the role of T cells in pathogenesis, we generated a novel xenograft model by transplanting human IBM muscle into the hindlimb of immunodeficient mice. Xenografts from IBM patients display robust regeneration of human myofibers and recapitulate both inflammatory and degenerative features of the disease. Myofibers in IBM xenografts are invaded by human, oligoclonal CD8+ T cells and exhibit MHC-I upregulation, rimmed vacuoles, mitochondrial pathology, p62-positive inclusions, and nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43, resulting in expression of cryptic exons. Depletion of human T cells within IBM xenografts by treating mice intraperitoneally with anti-CD3 (OKT3) suppresses MHC-I upregulation, but rimmed vacuoles and loss of TDP-43 function persist. These data suggest that myofiber degeneration occurs independent of T cells, and muscle cell-intrinsic mechanisms, such as loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, drive IBM pathogenesis.

One Sentence SummaryDepletion of T cells in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis suppresses inflammation but not TDP-43 pathology or muscle degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenschmidt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinal-Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of TDP-43 function and rimmed vacuoles persist after T cell depletion in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality genome and methylomes illustrate features underlying evolutionary success of oaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Quercus, which emerged ~55 million years ago during globally warm temperatures, diversified into ~450 species. We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of a California endemic oak, Quercus lobata, revealing features consistent with oak evolutionary success. Effective population size remained large throughout history despite declining since the early Miocene. Analysis of 39,373 mapped protein-coding genes outlined copious duplications consistent with genetic and phenotypic diversity, both by retention of genes created during the ancient{gamma} whole genome hexaploid duplication event and by tandem duplication within families, including the numerous resistance genes and also unexpected candidate genes for an incompatibility system involving multiple non-self-recognition genes. An additional surprising finding is that subcontext-specific patterns of DNA methylation associated with transposable elements reveal broadly-distributed heterochromatin in intergenic regions, similar to grasses (another highly successful taxon). Collectively, these features promote genetic and phenotypic variation that would facilitate adaptability to changing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sork, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitz-Gibbon, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gugger, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality genome and methylomes illustrate features underlying evolutionary success of oaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is interconnected with the cerebral cortex via multiple recurrent loops that play a major role in many neuropsychiatric conditions. Primate cortico-striatal connections can be precisely mapped using invasive tract-tracing. However, noninvasive human research has not mapped these connections with anatomical precision, limited by the practice of averaging neuroimaging data across individuals. Here we utilized highly-sampled resting-state functional connectivity MRI for individually-specific precision functional mapping of cortico-striatal connections. We identified ten discrete, individual-specific subnetworks linking cortex--predominately frontal cortex--to striatum. These subnetworks included previously unknown striatal connections to the human language network. The discrete subnetworks formed a stepped rostral-caudal gradient progressing from nucleus accumbens to posterior putamen; this organization was strongest for projections from medial frontal cortex. The stepped gradient organization fit patterns of fronto-striatal connections better than a smooth, continuous gradient. Thus, precision subnetworks identify detailed, individual-specific stepped gradients of cortico-striatal connectivity that include human-specific language networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaggar, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAZ/TEAD complex regulates TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis in iPSC-derived renal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses by replacement of functional tissue compartments with fibrosis, representing a maladaptive repair process. Shifting kidney repair towards a physiologically-intact architecture, rather than fibrosis, is key to blocking CKD progression. In this study, we developed a fibrosis model that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based three-dimensional renal organoids, in which exogenous TGF-{beta}1 induces production of extracellular matrix. In these organoids, TGF- {beta}1 increased transcription factor tafazzin (TAZ) expression. Further, in human kidney biopsies, nuclear TAZ expression was markedly increased in mild and moderate fibrosis. In cultured renal tubular cells expressing a fibrogenic program, TAZ formed a trimeric complex with phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (p-SMAD3) and TEA domain protein (TEAD)-4. Overexpression of TEAD4 protein suppressed collagen-11 (COL1A1) promoter activity, and expression of TAZ attenuated this inhibition. INT-767, a dual bile acid receptor agonist binding farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), decreased the TGF-{beta}1-induced increase in p-SMAD3 and TAZ, and preserved renal organoid architecture. These data demonstrate, in an iPSC-derived renal organoid fibrosis model, that INT767 prevents fibrosis programs early in the course of tubular injury through modulation of the TEAD4/TAZ pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delsante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deneshpajouhnejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAZ/TEAD complex regulates TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis in iPSC-derived renal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the impressive advances in diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition and analysis that have taken place during the Human Connectome era, dMRI tractography is still an imperfect source of information on the circuitry of the brain. In this review, we discuss methods for post mortem validation of dMRI tractography, fiber orientations, and other microstructural properties of axon bundles that are typically extracted from dMRI data. These methods include anatomic tracer studies, Klinglers dissection, myelin stains, label-free optical imaging techniques, and others. We provide an overview of the basic principles of each technique, its limitations, and what it has taught us so far about the accuracy of different dMRI acquisition and analysis approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yendiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Cappellen van Walsum, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface residues and non-additive interactions stabilize a consensus homeodomain protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the widely reported success of consensus design in producing highly stabilized proteins, little is known about the physical mechanisms underlying this stabilization. Here we explore the potential sources of stabilization by performing a systematic analysis of the 29 substitutions that we previously found to collectively stabilize a consensus homeodomain compared to an extant homeodomain. By separately introducing groups of consensus substitutions that alter or preserve charge state, occur at varying degrees of residue burial, and occur at positions of varying degrees of conservation, we determine the extent to which these three features contribute to the consensus stability enhancement. Surprisingly, we find that the largest total contribution to stability comes from consensus substitutions on the protein surface and that the largest per-substitution contributions come from substitutions that maintain charge state, suggesting that although consensus proteins are often enriched in charged residues, consensus stabilization does not result primarily from charge-charge interactions. Although consensus substitutions at strongly conserved positions also contribute disproportionately to stabilization, significant stabilization is also contributed from substitutions at weakly conserved positions. Furthermore, we find that identical consensus substitutions show larger stabilizing effects when introduced into the consensus background than when introduced into an extant homeodomain, indicating that synergistic, stabilizing interactions among the consensus residues contribute to consensus stability enhancement of the homeodomain.

Significance StatementProteins composed of consensus sequences from multiple sequence alignments are often more stable than extant proteins used to create them. Often about half the residues in a consensus protein differ from those of extant proteins. The contributions of these differences to stability are unknown. Here we substitute groups of residues with different properties (conservation, charge variation, solvent accessibility) to determine which substitutions lead to consensus stabilization. We find that surface and charge-conserving substitutions contribute to stability, that weakly-conserved substitutions make a significant collective contribution to stability, and that there is a significant non-additive contribution to stability in the consensus background. These results provide insights to the sequence origins of consensus stabilization and the evolutionary constraints that determine protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface residues and non-additive interactions stabilize a consensus homeodomain protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting PBX1 Transcription Signaling as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic Strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PBX1 (pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 1) is a transcription factor involved in diverse cellular functions including organ development, stem cell renewal, and tumorigenesis. PBX1 is localized at chr1q23.3, a frequently amplified chromosomal region, and it is overexpressed in many human malignancies including breast, lung, melanoma, and ovarian carcinomas. Cancer cells with elevated PBX1 signaling are particularly vulnerable to PBX1-withdrawal. We designed a series of small molecule compounds capable of docking to the interface between PBX1 and its cognate DNA target sequence and identified a lead compound, T417, which efficiently hindered the formation of the PBX1 transcriptional complex and affected the transcription of PBX1 target genes. In cell-based assays, T417 significantly suppressed long-term self-renewal and proliferation of cancer cells expressing high levels of PBX1 but not of those expressing low levels of PBX1. T417 also re-sensitized platinum-resistant ovarian tumor cells to carboplatin and produced synergistic anti-tumorigenic effects in vivo in combination with carboplatin. Normal tissues were spared, likely due to the lower PBX1 expression levels. Since PBX1 functions as a molecular hub in developing cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, our data highlight the potential of targeting the PBX-DNA interface as a therapeutic strategy for patients whose tumors rely on PBX1 activation for survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanto, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting PBX1 Transcription Signaling as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic Strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate assignment of disease liability to genetic variants using only population data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe growing size of public variant repositories prompted us to test the accuracy of predicting pathogenicity of DNA variants using population data alone.

MethodsUnder the a priori assumption that the ratio of the prevalence of variants in healthy and affected populations form two distinct distributions (pathogenic and benign), we used a Bayesian method to assign probability of a variant belonging to either distribution.

ResultsThe approach, termed BayPR, accurately parsed 300 of 313 expertly curated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) variants: 284 of 296 pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in one distribution and 16 of 17 benign/likely benign (B/LB) variants in another. BayPR produced an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.99 for 103 functionally-confirmed missense CFTR variants, equal to or exceeding ten commonly used algorithms (AUC range: 0.54 to 0.99). Application of BayPR to expertly curated variants in eight genes associated with seven Mendelian conditions assigned [&ge;]80% disease-causing probability to 1,350 of 1,374 (98.3%) P/LP variants and [&le;]20% to 22 of 23 (95.7%) B/LB variants.

ConclusionAgnostic to variant type or functional effect, BayPR provides probabilities of pathogenicity for DNA variants responsible for Mendelian disorders using only variant counts in affected and unaffected population samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collaco, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raraigh, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCarrick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogee, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate assignment of disease liability to genetic variants using only population data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS CoV-1 3a protein disrupts Golgi complex morphology and cargo trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses assemble by budding into the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, but the pathway of egress from infected cells is not well understood. Efficient egress of infectious bronchitis virus (a gamma coronavirus, CoV) requires neutralization of Golgi pH by the envelope (E) protein. This results in reduced rates of cargo traffic and disrupts Golgi morphology, but it protects the spike protein from aberrant proteolysis. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV-1 E protein does not disrupt the Golgi, however. We show here that in transfected cells, the ORF3a protein of SARS CoV-1 disrupts Golgi morphology, cargo trafficking and luminal pH. Unlike the infectious bronchitis virus E protein, these functions of the SARS CoV-1 3a protein appear to require its viroporin activity. Thus, neutralization of acidic compartments may be a universal feature of CoV infection, although different viral proteins and mechanisms may be used to achieve this outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS CoV-1 3a protein disrupts Golgi complex morphology and cargo trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nascent clathrin lattices spontaneously disassemble without sufficient adaptor proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-coated structures must assemble on cell membranes to perform their primary function of receptor internalization. These structures show marked plasticity and instability, but what conditions are necessary to stabilize against disassembly have not been quantified. Recent in vitro fluorescence experiments have measured kinetics of stable clathrin assembly on membranes as controlled by key adaptor proteins like AP-2. Here, we combine this experimental data with microscopic reaction-diffusion simulations and theory to quantify mechanisms of stable vs unstable clathrin assembly on membranes. Both adaptor binding and dimensional reduction on the 2D surface are necessary to reproduce the cooperative kinetics of assembly. By applying our model to more physiologic-like conditions, where the stoichiometry and volume to area ratio are significantly lower than in vitro, we show that the critical nucleus contains ~25 clathrin, remarkably similar to sizes of abortive structures observed in vivo. Stable nucleation requires a stoichiometry of adaptor to clathrin that exceeds 1:1, meaning that AP-2 on its own has too few copies to nucleate lattices. Increasing adaptor concentration increases lattice sizes and nucleation speeds. For curved clathrin cages, we quantify both the cost of bending the membrane and the stabilization required to nucleate cages in solution. We find the energetics are comparable, suggesting that curving the lattice could offset the bending energy cost. Our model predicts how adaptor density controls stabilization of clathrin-coated structures against spontaneous disassembly, and shows remodeling and disassembly does not require ATPases, which is a critical advance towards predicting control of productive vesicle formation.

Significance StatementStochastic self-assembly of clathrin-coated structures on the plasma membrane is essential for transport into cells. We show here that even with abundant clathrin available, robust nucleation and growth into stable structures on membranes is not possible without sufficient adaptor proteins. Our results thus provide quantitative justification for why structures observed to form in vivo can still spontaneously disassemble over many seconds. The ATPases that drive clathrin disassembly after productive vesicle formation are therefore not necessary to control remodeling during growth. With parameterization against in vitro kinetics of assembly on membranes, our reaction-diffusion model provides a powerful and extensible tool for establishing determinants of productive assembly in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodt, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nascent clathrin lattices spontaneously disassemble without sufficient adaptor proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Computational Anatomy: Unifying the Molecular to Tissue Continuum via Measure Representations of the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe objective of this research is to unify the molecular representations of spatial transcriptomics and cellular scale histology with the tissue scales of Computational Anatomy for brain mapping.

Impact statementWe present a unified representation theory for brain mapping based on geometric measures of the micro-scale phenotypes of molecular disease simultaneously with the connectomic scales of complex interacting brain circuits.

IntroductionMapping across coordinate systems in computational anatomy allows us to understand structural and functional properties of the brain at the millimeter scale. New measurement technologies in digital pathology and spatial transcriptomics allow us to measure the brain molecule by molecule and cell by cell based on protein and transcriptomic identity. We currently have no mathematical representations for integrating consistently the tissue limits with the molecular particle descriptions. The formalism derived here demonstrates the methodology for transitioning consistently from the molecular scale of quantized particles - as first introduced by Dirac as the class of generalized functions - to the continuum and fluid mechanics scales appropriate for tissue.

MethodsWe introduce two methods based on notions of generalized function geometric measures and statistical mechanics. We use generalized functions expanded to include functional geometric descriptions - electrophysiology, transcriptomic, molecular histology - to represent the molecular biology scale integrated with a Boltzman like procedure to pass from the sparse particles to empirical probability laws on the functional state of the tissue.

ResultsWe demonstrate a unified mapping methodology for transferring molecular information in the transcriptome and histological scales to the human atlas scales for understanding Alzheimers disease.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate a unified brain mapping theory for molecular and tissue scales based on geometric measure representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Computational Anatomy: Unifying the Molecular to Tissue Continuum via Measure Representations of the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM), the capacity to briefly and intentionally maintain mental items, is key to successful goal-directed behaviour and impaired in a range of psychiatric disorders. To date, several brain regions, connections, and types of neural activity have been correlatively associated with WM performance. However, no unifying framework to integrate these findings exits, as the degree of their species- and task-specificity remains unclear. Here, we investigate WM correlates in three task paradigms each in mice and humans, with simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings. We developed a machine learning-based approach to decode WM-mediated choices in individual trials across subjects from hundreds of electrophysiological measures of neural connectivity with up to 90% prediction accuracy. Relying on predictive power as indicator of correlates of psychological functions, we unveiled a large number of task phase-specific WM-related connectivity from analysis of predictor weights in an unbiased manner. Only a few common connectivity patterns emerged across tasks. In rodents, these were thalamus-prefrontal cortex delta- and beta-frequency connectivity during memory encoding and maintenance, respectively, and hippocampal-prefrontal delta- and theta-range coupling during retrieval, in rodents. In humans, task-independent WM correlates were exclusively in the gamma-band. Mostly, however, the predictive activity patterns were unexpectedly specific to each task and always widely distributed across brain regions. Our results suggest that individual tasks cannot be used to uncover generic physiological correlates of the psychological construct termed WM and call for a new conceptualization of this cognitive domain in translational psychiatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strahnen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanaiah, S. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewe, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kätzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly task-specific and distributed neural connectivity in working memory revealed by single-trial decoding in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-weaning social isolation modulates reward-seeking behavior in a sex-specific manner in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social isolation is a growing concern in public health. Although isolation at any age is harmful, previous studies have shown that isolation during adolescence, correlating with critical periods of brain development, can impair cognitive function and increase the risk for psychiatric illness later in life. In this study, we utilized a mouse model of adolescent social isolation (SI) and compared performance of isolated and group-housed mice on touchscreen-based continuous performance test (CPT) and fixed ratio/progressive ratio (FR/PR) tasks in adulthood. SI increased sensitivity in the CPT in male mice and had no effect in female mice. The increase in sensitivity was consistent across time bins within the 45-minute testing session and there were no SI effects on reaction times or reward retrieval latencies. A possible confound for performance in the CPT would be SI-induced changes in reward-seeking or motivation for the strawberry milk reward. We next compared the SI mice to their group-housed littermate controls on both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement and found that male SI mice earned significantly more reinforcers on FR schedules of reinforcement and had higher breakpoints on PR schedules compared to their group-housed littermates. SI had no effect on FR or PR performance in female mice. These data indicate that SI during adolescence has striking, sex-specific effects on reward-seeking behavior in adult mice and may provide a useful behavioral model for studying the link between SI and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-weaning social isolation modulates reward-seeking behavior in a sex-specific manner in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel neuroanatomical integration and scaling define avian brain shape evolution and development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do large and unique brains evolve? Historically, comparative neuroanatomical studies have attributed the evolutionary genesis of highly encephalized brains to deviations along, as well as from, conserved scaling relationships among brain regions. However, the relative contributions of these concerted (integrated) and mosaic (modular) processes as drivers of brain evolution remain unclear, especially in non-mammalian groups. While proportional brain sizes have been the predominant metric used to characterize brain morphology to date, we perform a high-density geometric morphometric analysis on the encephalized brains of crown birds (Neornithes or Aves) compared to their stem taxa--the non-avialan coelurosaurian dinosaurs. When analyzed together with developmental neuroanatomical data of model archosaurs (Gallus, Alligator), crown birds exhibit a distinct allometric relationship that dictates their brain evolution and development. Furthermore, analyses by neuroanatomical regions reveal that the acquisition of this derived shape-to-size scaling relationship occurred in a mosaic pattern, where the  avian-grade optic lobe and cerebellum evolved first among non-avialan dinosaurs, followed by major changes to the evolutionary and developmental dynamics of cerebrum shape after the origin of Avialae.

Notably, the brain of crown birds is a more integrated structure than non-avialan archosaurs, implying that diversification of brain morphologies within Neornithes proceeded in a more coordinated manner, perhaps due to spatial constraints and abbreviated growth period. Collectively, these patterns demonstrate a plurality in evolutionary processes that generate encephalized brains in archosaurs and across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balanoff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignac, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, M. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel neuroanatomical integration and scaling define avian brain shape evolution and development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging of chromatin remodelers reveals role of ATPase in promoting fast kinetics of target search and dissociation from chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conserved ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers establish and maintain genome-wide chromatin architectures of regulatory DNA during cellular lifespan, but the temporal interactions between remodelers and chromatin targets have been obscure. We performed live-cell single-molecule tracking for RSC, SWI/SNF, CHD1, ISW1, ISW2, and INO80 remodeling complexes in budding yeast and detected hyperkinetic behaviors for chromatin-bound molecules that frequently transition to the free state for all complexes. Chromatin-bound remodelers display notably higher diffusion than nucleosomal histones, and strikingly fast dissociation kinetics with 4-7 s mean residence times. These enhanced dynamics require ATP binding or hydrolysis by the catalytic ATPase, uncovering an additional function to its established role in nucleosome remodeling. Kinetic simulations show that multiple remodelers can repeatedly occupy the same promoter region on a timescale of minutes, implicating an unending  tug-of-war that controls a temporally shifting window of accessibility for the transcription initiation machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visanpattanasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule imaging of chromatin remodelers reveals role of ATPase in promoting fast kinetics of target search and dissociation from chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host regulator PARP1 contributes to sex differences and immune responses in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating infectious disease responsible for nearly 2 million deaths annually that has a poorly understood male bias. Elucidating the basis of this male bias may enable precision medicine interventions for TB treatment and prevention. Here, we identify the master regulator Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) as a driver of TB sex differences. We found that infection with M. tuberculosis (M. tb) triggers robust PARP activation in mouse lungs, suggesting that PARP1 activation is a fundamental host response to TB. Remarkably, PARP1 deletion abolished known sex differences in TB cytokine responses and blunted the early induction of TNF, IL-1{beta}, IFN{gamma}, MCP-1, and IL-6, particularly in male mice. In contrast, PARP1 was required for IL-10 induction in male or female mice. PARP1 deletion was protective against TB in female mice, resulting in significantly prolonged survival and reduced bacterial burden, but impaired TB containment in male mice. Our findings indicate that PARP1 contributes to TB sex differences via sexually divergent immune regulation and uniquely enhances early proinflammatory responses in males that prove beneficial for TB containment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host regulator PARP1 contributes to sex differences and immune responses in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional model of genomic data analysis - downloading data from centralized warehouses for analysis with local computing resources - is increasingly unsustainable. Not only are transfers slow and cost prohibitive, but this approach also leads to redundant and siloed compute infrastructure that makes it difficult to ensure security and compliance of protected data. The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL; https://anvilproject.org) inverts this model, providing a unified cloud computing environment for data storage, management, and analysis. AnVIL eliminates the need for data movement, allows for active threat detection and monitoring, and provides scalable, shared computing resources that can be acquired by researchers as needed. This presents many new opportunities for collaboration and data sharing that will ultimately lead to scientific discoveries at scales not previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuichet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AnVIL Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.436044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to developmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral changes, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 1 in 10 pregnant women report alcohol use and more than 3 million women in the USA are at risk of exposing their developing baby to alcohol. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent genetic model to study developmental effects of alcohol exposure because many individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly and economically under controlled environmental conditions. Flies exposed to alcohol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol-related phenotypes. Here, we show that adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium have decreased viability, reduced sensitivity to ethanol, and disrupted sleep and activity patterns. To assess the effects of exposure to alcohol during development on brain gene expression, we performed single cell RNA sequencing and resolved cell clusters with differentially expressed genes which represent distinct neuronal and glial populations. Differential gene expression showed extensive sexual dimorphism with little overlap between males and females. Gene expression differences following developmental alcohol exposure were similar to previously reported differential gene expression following cocaine consumption, suggesting that common neural substrates respond to both drugs. Genes associated with glutathione metabolism, lipid transport, glutamate and GABA metabolism, and vision feature in sexually dimorphic global multi-cluster interaction networks. Our results provide a blueprint for translational studies on alcohol-induced effects on gene expression in the brain that may contribute to or result from FASD in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mokashi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, T. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anholt, R. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A continuum membrane model predicts curvature sensing by helix insertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein domains, such as ENTH (Epsin N-terminal homology) and BAR (bin/amphiphysin/rvs), contain amphipathic helices that drive preferential binding to curved membranes. However, predicting how the physical parameters of these domains control this  curvature sensing behavior is challenging due to the local membrane deformations generated by the nanoscopic helix on the surface of a large sphere. To overcome this challenge, we here use a deformable continuum model that accounts for the physical properties of the membrane and the helix insertion to predict curvature sensing behavior and is in good agreement with existing experimental data. Specifically, we show that the insertion can be modeled as a local change to the membranes spontaneous curvature,[Formula]. Using physically reasonable ranges of the membrane bending modulus [kcy], and a [Formula] of [~]0.2-0.3 nm-1, this approach provides excellent agreement with the energetics extracted from experiment. For small vesicles with high curvature, the insertion lowers the membrane energy by relieving strain on a membrane that is far from its preferred curvature of zero. For larger vesicles with low curvature, however, the insertion has the inverse effect, de-stabilizing the membrane by introducing more strain. The membrane energy cannot be directly predicted analytically, due to shape changes from surface relaxation around the anisotropic insertion. We formulate here an empirical expression that captures numerically calculated membrane energies as a function of both basic membrane properties (bending modulus [kcy] and radius R) as well as stresses applied by the inserted helix ([Formula] and area Ains). We show that the shape relaxation energy has a similar magnitude to the insertion energy, with a strong nonlinear dependence on [Formula]. We therefore predict how these physical parameters will alter the energetics of helix binding to curved vesicles, which is an essential step in understanding their localization dynamics during membrane remodeling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A continuum membrane model predicts curvature sensing by helix insertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citrullination of a phage displayed human peptidome library reveals the fine specificities of rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins can be targeted by antibodies associated with autoimmunity. Despite a growing appreciation for their intrinsic role in disease, there is a lack of highly multiplexed serological assays to characterize the fine specificities of PTM-directed autoantibodies. In this study, we used the programmable phage display technology, Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), to profile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) reactivities. Using both an unmodified and peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD)-modified phage display library consisting of ~250,000 overlapping 90 amino acid peptide tiles spanning the human proteome, PTM PhIP-Seq robustly identifies antibodies to citrulline-dependent epitopes. PTM PhIP-Seq was used to quantify key differences among RA patients, including PAD isoform specific ACPA profiles, and thus represents a powerful tool for proteome-scale antibody-binding analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roman-Melendez, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quizon, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astatke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citrullination of a phage displayed human peptidome library reveals the fine specificities of rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MG53 preserves neuromuscular junction integrity and alleviates ALS disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory failure from progressive respiratory muscle weakness is the most common cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Defects in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and progressive NMJ loss occur at early stages, thus stabilizing and preserving NMJs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to slow ALS disease progression. Here we demonstrate that NMJ damage is repaired by MG53, an intrinsic muscle protein involved in plasma membrane repair. Compromised diaphragm muscle membrane repair and NMJ integrity are early pathological findings in ALS. Diaphragm muscles from ALS mouse models show increased susceptibility to injury and intracellular MG53 aggregation, which is also a hallmark of human muscle samples from ALS patients. We show that systemic administration of recombinant human MG53 protein (rhMG53) in ALS mice protects against injury to diaphragm muscle, preserves NMJ integrity, and slows ALS disease progression. As MG53 is present in circulation in rodents and humans under physiological conditions, our findings provide proof-of-concept data supporting MG53 as a potentially safe and effective therapy to mitigate ALS progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MG53 preserves neuromuscular junction integrity and alleviates ALS disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.440964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An N-terminal Fusion Allele to Study Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.440964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia on neurons play critical roles in both the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). While it remains challenging to elucidate the precise roles for neuronal cilia, it is clear that a subset of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) preferentially localize to the cilia membrane. Further, ciliary GPCR signaling has been implicated in regulating a variety of behaviors. Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), is a GPCR expressed centrally in rodents known to be enriched in cilia. Here we have used MCHR1 as a model ciliary GPCR to develop a strategy to fluorescently tag receptors expressed from the endogenous locus in vivo. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we inserted the coding sequence of the fluorescent protein mCherry into the N-terminus of Mchr1. Analysis of the fusion protein (mCherryMCHR1) revealed its localization to neuronal cilia in the CNS, across multiple developmental time points and in various regions of the adult brain. Our approach simultaneously produced fortuitous in/dels altering the Mchr1 start codon resulting in a new MCHR1 knockout line. Functional studies using electrophysiology show a significant alteration of synaptic strength in MCHR1 knockout mice. A reduction in strength is also detected in mice homozygous for the mCherry insertion, suggesting that while the strategy is useful for monitoring the receptor, activity could be altered. However, both lines should aid in studies of MCHR1 function and contribute to our understanding of MCHR1 signaling in the brain. Additionally, this approach could be expanded to aid in the study of other ciliary GPCRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasso, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamba, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berbari, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.440964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An N-terminal Fusion Allele to Study Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aykin-Burns, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corry, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paccanaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinig, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UNC COVID-19 Pathobiology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapoval, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treangen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mirror overflow is involuntary movement that accompanies unilateral voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body, and is commonly seen in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD show asymmetry in mirror overflow between dominant and non-dominant hand, yet there are competing mechanistic accounts of why this occurs. Using EEG during a sequential, unimanual finger-tapping task, we found that children with ADHD exhibited significantly more mirror overflow than typically developing (TD) controls, especially during the tapping of the non-dominant hand. Furthermore, source-level EEG oscillation analysis revealed that children with ADHD showed decreased alpha (8-12 Hz) event-related desynchronization (ERD) compared with controls in both hemispheres, but only during tapping of the non-dominant hand. Moreover, only the ERD ipsilateral to the mirror overflow during non-dominant hand movement correlated with both magnitude of overflow movements and higher ADHD symptom severity (Conners ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsiveness scale) in children with ADHD. TD controls did not show these relationships. Our findings suggest that EEG differences in finger-tapping in ADHD are related primarily to voluntary movement in the non-dominant hand. Our results are also consistent with the Ipsilateral Corticospinal Tract (CST) Hypothesis, which posits that the atypical persistence of mirror overflow in ADHD may originate in the sensorimotor areas ipsilateral to mirror overflow and be transmitted via non-decussating CST fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important question in organogenesis is how tissue-specific transcription factors interact with signaling pathways. In some cases, transcription factors define the context for how signaling pathways elicit tissue- or cell-specific responses, and in others, they influence signaling through transcriptional regulation of signaling components or accessory factors. We previously showed that during optic vesicle patterning, the Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway to downstream targets without regulating the pathway itself. Here, we show that during early retinal neurogenesis, Lhx2 is a multilevel regulator of Shh signaling. Specifically, Lhx2 acts cell autonomously to control the expression of pathway genes required for efficient activation and maintenance of signaling in retinal progenitor cells. The Shh co-receptors Cdon and Gas1 are candidate direct targets of Lhx2 that mediate pathway activation, whereas Lhx2 directly or indirectly promotes the expression of other pathway components important for activation and sustained signaling. We also provide genetic evidence suggesting that Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Shh pathway to downstream targets. Through these interactions, Lhx2 establishes the competence for Shh signaling in retinal progenitors and the context for the pathway to promote early retinal neurogenesis. The temporally distinct interactions between Lhx2 and the Shh pathway in retinal development illustrate how transcription factors and signaling pathways adapt to meet stage-dependent requirements of tissue formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringuette, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEVINE, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives as Networks: Predicting Memory from the Structure of Naturalistic Events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we remember events, we often do not only recall individual events, but also the connections between them. However, extant research has focused on how humans segment and remember discrete events from continuous input, with far less attention given to how the structure of connections between events impacts memory. Here we conduct a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which subjects watch and recall a series of realistic audiovisual narratives. By transforming narratives into networks of events, we demonstrate that more central events--those with stronger semantic or causal connections to other events--are better remembered. During encoding, central events evoke larger hippocampal event boundary responses associated with memory formation. During recall, high centrality is associated with stronger activation in cortical areas involved in episodic recollection, and more similar neural representations across individuals. Together, these results suggest that when humans encode and retrieve complex real-world experiences, the reliability and accessibility of memory representations is shaped by their location within a network of events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives as Networks: Predicting Memory from the Structure of Naturalistic Events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial chaperone protein Hfq facilitates the annealing of sponge RNAs to small regulatory RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) in association with the chaperone protein Hfq regulate the expression of many target mRNAs. Since sRNAs action is crucial to engender a response to changing environmental conditions, their activity needs to be regulated. One such mechanism occurs at posttranscriptional level and involves sponge RNAs (or anti-sRNAs) which sequester sRNAs affecting their regulatory output. Both types of RNAs were identified on Hfq, but it is not known how Hfq interacts with RNA sponges and stimulates their base-pairing with sRNAs. Here, we used biochemical methods to demonstrate that anti-sRNAs resemble sRNAs by their structure and their modes of Hfq binding. Hfq facilitates sponge RNA annealing to sRNA, and each surface of the protein plays a particular role in the process. Moreover, we found that the efficiency of sponge RNA interactions with sRNAs can be improved, therefore, we propose that natural RNA sponges might not sequester sRNAs optimally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malecka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobanska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olejniczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial chaperone protein Hfq facilitates the annealing of sponge RNAs to small regulatory RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of NRSF/REST via EHMT1 is association with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence indicates disrupted epigenetic regulation as a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms that drive this association are undetermined. EHMT1 is an epigenetic repressor that is causal for Kleefstra Syndrome (KS), a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) leading to ID, and is associated with schizophrenia. Here, we show that reduced EHMT1 activity decreases NRSF/REST protein leading to abnormal neuronal gene expression and progression of neurodevelopment in human iPSC. We further show that EHMT1 regulates NRSF/REST indirectly via repression of miRNA leading to aberrant neuronal gene regulation and neurodevelopment timing. Expression of a NRSF/REST mRNA that lacks the miRNA-binding sites restores neuronal gene regulation to EHMT1 deficient cells. Importantly, the EHMT1-regulated miRNA gene set with elevated expression is enriched for NRSF/REST regulators with an association for ID and schizophrenia. This reveals a molecular interaction between H3K9 dimethylation and NSRF/REST contributing to the aetiology of psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alsaqati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isles, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bree, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of NRSF/REST via EHMT1 is association with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PodoCount: A robust, fully automated whole-slide podocyte quantification tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPodocyte depletion is an established indicator of glomerular injury and predicts clinical outcomes. The semi-quantitative nature of existing podocyte estimation methods or podometrics hinders incorporation of such analysis into experimental and clinical pathologic workflows. Computational image analysis offers a robust approach to automate podometrics through objective quantification of cell and tissue structure. Toward this goal, we developed PodoCount, a computational tool for quantitative analysis of podocytes, and validated the generalizability of the tool across a diverse dataset.

MethodsPodocyte nuclei and glomerular boundaries were labeled in murine whole kidney sections, n = 135, from six disease models and human kidney biopsies, n = 45, from diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. Digital whole slide images (WSIs) of tissues were then acquired. Classical image analysis was applied to obtain podocyte nuclear and glomerular morphometrics. Statistically significant morphometric features, which correlated with each murine disease, were identified. Engineered features were also assessed for their ability to predict outcomes in human DN. PodoCount has been disbursed for other researchers as an open-source, cloud-based computational tool.

ResultsPodoCount offers highly accurate quantification of podocytes. Engineered podometric features were benchmarked against routine glomerular histopathology and were found to be significant predictors of disease diagnosis, proteinuria level, and clinical outcomes.

ConclusionsPodoCount offers high quantification performance in diverse murine disease models as well as in human DN. Resultant podometric features offers significant correlation with associated metadata as well as outcome. Our cloud-based end-user tool will provide a standardized approach for podometric analysis from gigapixel size WSIs in basic research and clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshpajouhnejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedernhofer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PodoCount: A robust, fully automated whole-slide podocyte quantification tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diarrhea occurs in 2-50% of cases of COVID-19 ([~]8% is average across series). The diarrhea does not appear to account for the disease mortality and its contribution to the morbidity has not been defined, even though it is a component of Long Covid or post-infectious aspects of the disease. Even less is known about the pathophysiologic mechanism of the diarrhea. To begin to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 diarrhea, we exposed human enteroid monolayers obtained from five healthy subjects and made from duodenum, jejunum, and proximal colon to live SARS-CoV-2 and virus like particles (VLPs) made from exosomes expressing SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (Spike, Nucleocapsid, Membrane and Envelope). Results: 1) Live virus was exposed apically for 90 min, then washed out and studied 2 and 5 days later. SARS-Cov-2 was taken up by enteroids and live virus was present in lysates and in the apical>>basolateral media of polarized enteroids 48 h after exposure. This is the first demonstration of basolateral appearance of live virus after apical exposure. High vRNA concentration was detected in cell lysates and in the apical and basolateral media up to 5 days after exposure. 2) Two days after viral exposure, cytokine measurements of media showed significantly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. 3) Two days after viral exposure, mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3 and DRA were reduced but there was no change in mRNA of CFTR. NHE3 protein was also decreased. 4) Live viral studies were mimicked by some studies with VLP exposure for 48 h. VLPs with Spike-D614G bound to the enteroid apical surface and was taken up; this resulted in decreased mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3, DRA and CFTR. 4) VLP effects were determined on active anion secretion measured with the Ussing chamber/voltage clamp technique. S-D614G acutely exposed to apical surface of human ileal enteroids did not alter the short-circuit current (Isc). However, VLPS-D614G exposure to enteroids that were pretreated for [~]24 h with IL-6 plus IL-8 induced a concentration dependent increase in Isc indicating stimulated anion secretion, that was delayed in onset by [~]8 min. The anion secretion was inhibited by apical exposure to a specific calcium activated Cl channel (CaCC) inhibitor (AO1) but not by a specific CFTR inhibitor (BP027); was inhibited by basolateral exposure to the K channel inhibit clortimazole; and was prevented by pretreatment with the calcium buffer BAPTA-AM. 5) The calcium dependence of the VLP-induced increase in Isc was studied in Caco-2/BBe cells stably expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6s. 24 h pretreatment with IL-6/IL-8 did not alter intracellular Ca2+. However, in IL-6/IL-8 pretreated cells, VLP S-D614G caused appearance of Ca2+waves and an overall increase in intracellular Ca2+ with a delay of [~]10 min after VLP addition. We conclude that the diarrhea of COVID-19 appears to an example of a calcium dependent inflammatory diarrhea that involves both acutely stimulated Ca2+ dependent anion secretion (stimulated Isc) that involves CaCC and likely inhibition of neutral NaCl absorption (decreased NHE3 protein and mRNA and decreased DRA mRNA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokladny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurwitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>In, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfute, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-based correction of barcode bias in massively parallel reporter assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA) are a high-throughput method for evaluating in vitro activities of thousands of candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs). In these assays, candidate sequences are cloned upstream or downstream of a reporter gene tagged by unique DNA sequences. However, tag sequences may themselves affect reporter gene expression and lead to major potential biases in the measured cis-regulatory activity. Here, we present a sequence-based method for correcting tag sequence-specific effects and demonstrate that our method can significantly reduce this source of variation, and improve the identification of functional regulatory variants by MPRAs. We also show that our model captures sequence features associated with post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. Thus, this new method helps to not only improve detection of regulatory signals in MPRA experiments but also to design better MPRA protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-based correction of barcode bias in massively parallel reporter assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline Sex Determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of sexual identity in germ cells is critical for the development of male and female germline stem cells (GSCs) and production of sperm vs. eggs. Thus, this process is essential for sexual reproduction and human fertility. Germ cells depend on signals from the somatic gonad to determine their sex, but in organisms such as flies, mice and humans, the sex chromosome genotype of the germ cells is also important for germline sexual development. How somatic signals and germ cell-intrinsic cues act together to regulate germline sex determination is a key question about which little is known. We have found that JAK/STAT signaling in the GSC niche promotes male identity in germ cells and GSCs, in part by activating expression of the epigenetic reader Phf7. We have also found that JAK/STAT signaling is blocked in XX (female) germ cells through the intrinsic action of the sex determination gene Sex lethal, which preserves female identity. Thus, an important function of germline sexual identity is to control how GSCs respond to signals in their niche environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline Sex Determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel In Situ Activity Assay for Lysyl Oxidases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes (LOXs) catalyze oxidative deamination of lysine side chains on collagen and elastin to initialize cross-linking that is essential for the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elevated expression of LOXs is highly associated with diverse disease processes. To date, the inability to detect total LOX catalytic function in situ has limited the ability to fully elucidate the role of LOXs in pathobiological mechanisms. Using LOXL2 as a representative member of the LOX family, we developed an in situ activity assay by utilizing the strong reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde to label the LOX-catalyzed allysine (-CHO) residues with biotin-hydrazide. The biotinylated ECM proteins are then labeled via biotin-streptavidin interaction and detected by fluorescence microscopy. This assay detects the total LOX activity in situ for both overexpressed and endogenous LOXs in cells and tissue samples and can be used for studies of LOXs as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel In Situ Activity Assay for Lysyl Oxidases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 Complex facilitates transmission of pathologic alpha-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologic -synuclein (-syn) spreads from cell-to-cell, in part, through binding to the lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3). Here we report that amyloid {beta} precursor-like protein 1 (Aplp1) forms a complex with Lag3 that facilitates the binding, internalization, transmission, and toxicity of pathologic -syn. Deletion of both Aplp1 and Lag3 eliminates the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accompanying behavioral deficits induced by -syn preformed fibrils (PFF). Anti-Lag3 prevents the internalization of -syn PFF by disrupting the interaction of Aplp1 and Lag3, and blocks the neurodegeneration induced by -syn PFF in vivo. The identification of Aplp1 and the interplay with Lag3 for -syn PFF induced pathology advances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission of pathologic -syn and provides additional targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease and related -synucleinopathies.

One Sentence SummaryAplp1 forms a complex with Lag3 that facilitates the binding, internalization, transmission, and toxicity of pathologic -synuclein.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=94 SRC="FIGDIR/small/442157v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d746bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@65acb2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12cf2f0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19d6e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 complex facilitates transmission of pathologic -synuclein.

Aplp1 is a receptor that drives pathologic -syn transmission, and genetic depletion of Aplp1 can significantly reduce the -synuclein pathogenesis. Aplp1 and Lag3 forms an Aplp1-Lag3 complex that accounts for substantial binding of pathologic -syn to cortical neurons. Together Aplp1 and Lag3 play a major role in pathologic -syn internalization, transmission and toxicity. Double knockout of Aplp1 and Lag3 and or a Lag3 antibody that disrupts the Aplp1 and Lag3 complex almost completely blocks -syn PFF-induced neurodegeneration.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppagounder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriparna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aplp1 and the Aplp1-Lag3 Complex facilitates transmission of pathologic alpha-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment resistant (TR) psychosis is considered to be a significant cause of disability and functional impairment. Numerous efforts have been made to identify the clinical predictors of TR. However, the exploration of molecular and biological markers is still at an early stage. To understand the TR condition and identify potential molecular and biological markers, we analyzed demographic information, clinical data, structural brain imaging data, and molecular brain imaging data in 7 Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy, from a first episode psychosis cohort that includes 138 patients. Age, gender, race, smoking status, duration of illness, and antipsychotic dosages were controlled in the analyses. We found that TR patients had a younger age at onset, more hospitalizations, more severe negative symptoms, a significant reduction in the volumes of the hippocampus (HP) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), when compared to non-TR patients. The combination of multiple markers provided a better classification between TR and non-TR patients compared to any individual marker. Our study shows that ACC GSH, HP and SFG volumes, and age at onset could potentially be trait biomarkers for TR diagnosis, while hospitalization and negative symptoms could be used to evaluate the progression of the disease. Multimodal cohorts are essential in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenkare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus and extent of brain damage in the event of vascular insult can be quantitatively established quickly and easily with vascular atlases. Although highly anticipated by clinicians and clinical researchers, no digital MRI arterial atlas is readily available for automated data analyses. We created a digital arterial territory atlas based on lesion distributions in 1,298 patients with acute stroke. The lesions were manually traced in the diffusion-weighted MRIs, binary stroke masks were mapped to a common space, probability maps of lesions were generated and the boundaries for each arterial territory was defined based on the ratio between probabilistic maps. The atlas contains the definition of four major supra- and infra-tentorial arterial territories: Anterior, Middle, Posterior Cerebral Arteries and Vertebro-Basilar, and sub-territories (thalamoperforating, lenticulostriate, basilar and cerebellar arterial territories), in two hierarchical levels. This study provides the first publicly-available, digital, 3D deformable atlas of arterial brain territories, which may serve as a valuable resource for large-scale, reproducible processing and analysis of brain MRIs of patients with stroke and other conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital 3D Brain MRI Arterial Territories Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Basis of Variation in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) protein degradation regulates protein abundance and eliminates mis-folded and damaged proteins from eukaryotic cells. Variation in UPS activity influences numerous cellular and organismal phenotypes. However, to what extent such variation results from individual genetic differences is almost entirely unknown. Here, we developed a statistically powerful mapping approach to characterize the genetic basis of variation in UPS activity. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we systematically mapped genetic influences on the N-end rule, a UPS pathway that recognizes N-degrons, degradation-promoting signals in protein N-termini. We identified 149 genomic loci that influence UPS activity across the complete set of N-degrons. Resolving four loci to individual causal nucleotides identified regulatory and missense variants in ubiquitin system genes whose products process (NTA1), recognize (UBR1 and DOA10), and ubiquitinate (UBC6) cellular proteins. Each of these genes contained multiple causal variants and several individual variants had substrate-specific effects on UPS activity. A cis-acting promoter variant that modulates UPS activity by altering UBR1 expression also alters the abundance of 36 proteins without affecting levels of the corresponding mRNAs. Our results demonstrate that natural genetic variation shapes the full sequence of molecular events in protein ubiquitination and implicate genetic influences on the UPS as a prominent source of post-translational variation in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekonnen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Basis of Variation in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insight into psychiatric disease and development of therapeutics relies on behavioral tasks that study similar cognitive constructs in multiple species. The reversal learning task is one popular paradigm that probes flexible behavior, aberrations of which are thought to be important in a number of disease states. Despite widespread use, there is a need for a high-throughput primate model that can bridge the genetic, anatomic, and behavioral gap between rodents and humans. Here, we trained squirrel monkeys, a promising preclinical model, on an image-guided deterministic reversal learning task. We found that squirrel monkeys exhibited two key hallmarks of behavior found in other species: integration of reward history over many trials and a side-specific bias. We adapted a reinforcement learning model and demonstrated that it could simulate monkey-like behavior, capture training-related trajectories, and provide insight into the strategies animals employed. These results validate squirrel monkeys as a model in which to study behavioral flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedema, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Effinger, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradberry, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of melanotic Plasmodium spp. capsules in mosquitoes reveal eumelanin-pheomelanin composition and identify AgMesh as a modulator of parasite infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanins are structurally complex pigments produced by organisms in all domains of life. In insects, melanins are essential for survival and have key roles in cuticle sclerotization, wound healing and innate immunity. In this study, we used a diverse set of molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches to characterize mosquito melanin involved in innate immune defense (melanotic capsules). We observed that melanotic capsules enclosing Plasmodium berghei ookinetes were composed of an acid-resistant and highly hydrophobic material with granular appearance, which are characteristic properties of melanins. Spectroscopical analyses reveal chemical signatures of eumelanins and pheomelanin. Furthermore, we identified a set of 14 acid-resistant mosquito proteins embedded within the melanin matrix possibly related to an anti-Plasmodium response. Among these, AgMESH, a mucin-related protein highly conserved among insects that is associated with the midgut brush border microvilli proteome of Anopheles gambiae and A. albimanus. AgMESH gene silencing in mosquitos was associated with reduced Plasmodium parasite infection, compromised integrity of the peritrophic matrix, and inability to synthesize a dityrosine network. Our results provide a new approach to study aspects of insect melanogenesis that revealed proteins associated with melanotic capsule, one of which was strongly implicated in the stabilization of the peritrophic matrix and pathogenesis of Plasmodium spp. mosquito infection. Given the conservation of AgMESH among disease-transmitting insect vector species, future analysis of this protein could provide fertile ground for the identification of strategies that block transmission of vector borne diseases to humans.

Significance StatementMalaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquito bites. Here, we adapt methodologies to study fungal melanogenesis to explore the melanin-based immune response of Anopheles gambiae against malaria parasites. We reveal that melanotic capsules against Plasmodium are composed of pheomelanin and eumelanin. We demonstrate that melanin-encapsulated Plasmodium is associated to acid-resistant mosquito gut proteins and identify several putative factors of the melanin-mediated immunity. Disruption of AgMESH, a surface-associated protein conserved among other mosquito vectors, demonstrates its ability to impaired formation of the dityrosine network and peritrophic matrix compromising parasite development within the mosquito gut. Our study provides a new approach to investigate the melanin-based defense mechanism in insects and identified a potential host molecule for developing novel universal vector-control schemes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacomini, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of melanotic Plasmodium spp. capsules in mosquitoes reveal eumelanin-pheomelanin composition and identify AgMesh as a modulator of parasite infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA toxicity and perturbation of rRNA processing in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) gene. The mutant ATXN2 protein with a polyglutamine tract is known to be toxic and contributes to the SCA2 pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVEHere we tested the hypothesis that the mutant ATXN2 transcript with an expanded CAG repeat (expATXN2) is also toxic and contributes to SCA2 pathogenesis.

METHODSThe toxic effect of expATXN2 transcripts on SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse cortical neurons was evaluated by caspase 3/7 activity and nuclear condensation assay, respectively. RNA immunoprecipitation assay was performed to identify RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that bind to expATXN2 RNA. Quantitative PCR was used to examine if rRNA processing is disrupted in SCA2 and Huntington disease (HD) human brain tissue.

RESULTSexpATXN2 RNA induces neuronal cell death, and aberrantly interacts with RBPs involved in RNA metabolism. One of the RBPs, transducin {beta}-like protein 3 (TBL3), involved in rRNA processing, binds to both expATXN2 and expanded huntingtin (expHTT) RNA in vitro. rRNA processing is disrupted in both SCA2 and HD human brain tissue.

CONCLUSIONThese findings provide the first evidence of a contributory role of expATXN2 transcripts in SCA2 pathogenesis, and further support the role expHTT transcripts in HD pathogenesis. The disruption of rRNA processing, mediated by aberrant interaction of RBPs with expATXN2 and expHTT transcripts, suggest a point of convergence in the pathogeneses of repeat expansion diseases with potential therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marque, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedglen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H. Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnicki, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA toxicity and perturbation of rRNA processing in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Wireless Device for Remote Continuous Blood Biomarker Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To perform precision medicine in real-time at home, a device capable of long-distance continuously monitoring target biomolecules in unprocessed blood under dynamic situations is essential. In this study, an integrative buffer-free wireless device is developed to measure drug concentrations in patients blood in real time for remote clinical healthcare. To demonstrate its capability, the drug molecules (i.e., small-molecule drug doxorubicin, DOX) are continuously measured in the unprocessed whole blood of live animals (e.g., rats). The dynamic changes of drug concentrations with sub-minute temporal resolution are recorded for an extended period of time ([~]8 hours). As an advance in remote diagnosis, this device would benefit the public by enabling long-distance precision medicine to prevent pandemics in advance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Wireless Device for Remote Continuous Blood Biomarker Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpinal cord motor neurons (MNs) from human iPS cells (iPSCs) have wide applications in disease modeling and therapeutic development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other MN-associated neurodegenerative diseases. We need highly efficient MN differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived disease models that closely recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic complexity of ALS. An important application of these models is to understand molecular mechanisms of action of FDA-approved ALS drugs that only show modest clinical efficacy. Novel mechanistic insights will help us design optimal therapeutic strategies together with predictive biomarkers to achieve better efficacy.

MethodsWe induce efficient MN differentiation from iPSCs in 4 days using synthetic mRNAs coding two transcription factors (Ngn2 and Olig2) with phosphosite modification. These MNs after extensive characterization were applied in electrophysiological and neurotoxicity assays as well as transcriptomic analysis, to study the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of edaravone, an FDA-approved drug for ALS, for improving its clinical efficacy.

ResultsWe generate highly pure and functional mRNA-induced MNs (miMNs) from normal and ALS iPSCs, as well as embryonic stem cells. Edaravone alleviates H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and electrophysiological dysfunction in miMNs, demonstrating its neuroprotective effect that was also found in the glutamate-induced miMN neurotoxicity model. Guided by the transcriptomic analysis, we show a previously unrecognized effect of edaravone to induce the GDNF receptor RET and the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a clinically translatable strategy to activate this key neuroprotective signaling. Notably, edaravone can replace required neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) to support long-term miMN survival and maturation, further supporting the neurotrophic function of edaravone-activated signaling. Furthermore, we show that edaravone and GDNF combined treatment more effectively protects miMNs from H2O2-induced neurotoxicity than single treatment, suggesting a potential combination strategy for ALS treatment.

ConclusionsThis study provides methodology to facilitate iPSC differentiation and disease modeling. Our discoveries will facilitate the development of optimal edaravone-based therapies for ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443325v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General Finite-Element Framework of the Virtual Fields Method in Nonlinear Elasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper presents a method to derive the virtual fields for identifying constitutive model parameters using the Virtual Fields Method (VFM). The VFM is an approach to identify unknown constitutive parameters using deformation fields measured across a given volume of interest. The general principle for solving identification problems with the VFM is first to derive parametric stress field, where the stress components at any point depend on the unknown constitutive parameters, across the volume of interest from the measured deformation fields. Applying the principle of virtual work to the parametric stress fields, one can write scalar equations of the unknown parameters and solve the obtained system of equations to deduce the values of unknown parameters. However, no rules have been proposed to select the virtual fields in identification problems related to nonlinear elasticity and there are multiple strategies possible that can yield different results. In this work, we propose a systematic, robust and automatic approach to reconstruct the systems of scalar equations with the VFM. This approach is well suited to finite-element implementation and can be applied to any problem provided that full-field deformation data are available across a volume of interest. We also successfully demonstrate the feasibility of the novel approach by multiple numerical examples. Potential applications of the proposed approach are numerous in biomedical engineering where imaging techniques are commonly used to observe soft tissues and where alterations of material properties are markers of diseased states.

List of symbols

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1addce2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1808699org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@104dadeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bd527aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@71ef75_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avril, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General Finite-Element Framework of the Virtual Fields Method in Nonlinear Elasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orc6 at replication fork enables efficient mismatch repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) is required for the initiation of DNA replication. The smallest subunit of ORC, Orc6, is essential for pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly and cell viability in yeast and for cytokinesis in metazoans. However, unlike other ORC components, the role of human Orc6 in replication remains to be resolved. Here, we identify an unexpected role for hOrc6, which is to promote S-phase progression post pre-RC assembly and DNA damage response. Orc6 localizes at the replication fork and is an accessory factor of the mismatch repair (MMR) complex. In response to oxidative damage during S-phase, often repaired by MMR, Orc6 facilitates MMR complex assembly and activity, without which the checkpoint signaling is abrogated. Mechanistically, Orc6 directly binds to MutS and enhances the chromatin-association of MutL, thus enabling efficient mismatch repair. Based on this, we conclude that hOrc6 plays a fundamental role in genome surveillance during S-phase.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=196 SRC="FIGDIR/small/443400v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bfdaa8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac791dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@436d1corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b07689_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIHuman Orc6 is dispensable for G1 licensing, but required for S-phase progression
C_LIO_LIHuman Orc6 at the replication fork is an accessory factor for MMR complex
C_LIO_LIDepletion of hOrc6 sensitizes cells to DNA damage and impairs ATR activation
C_LIO_LIHuman Orc6 regulates MMR complex assembly and activity
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyrova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusumilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadyrov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanth, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasanth, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orc6 at replication fork enables efficient mismatch repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid tetrad effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female rats: sex, dose-effects and time course evaluations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale The legalization of medicinal use of Cannabis sativa in most US states and the removal of hemp from the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) controlled substances act has resulted in a proliferation of products containing {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) for oral consumption (e.g., edibles, oils and tinctures) that are being used for recreational and medicinal purposes. Objective This study examined the effects of cannabinoids THC and CBD when administered orally on measures of pain sensitivity, body temperature, locomotor activity, and catalepsy (i.e., cannabinoid tetrad) in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Methods Rats (N=24, 6 per sex/drug group) were administered THC (1-20 mg/kg), CBD (3-30 mg/kg), or sesame oil via oral gavage. Thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity (tail flick assay, von Frey test), rectal measurements for body temperature, locomotor activity, and the bar-test of catalepsy were completed. A separate group of rats (N=8/4 per sex) were administered morphine (5-20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, IP) and evaluated for pain sensitivity as a positive control. Results We observed classic tetrad effects of antinociception, hypothermia, hyper- and hypolocomotion, and catalepsy after oral administration of THC that were long lasting (>7 hours). CBD modestly increased mechanical pain sensitivity and produced sex-dependent effects on body temperature and locomotor activity. Conclusions Oral THC and CBD produced long lasting effects, that differed in magnitude and time course when compared with other routes of administration. Examination of cannabinoid effects administered via different routes of administration, species, and in both males and females is critical to enhance translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid tetrad effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female rats: sex, dose-effects and time course evaluations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colicin-mediated transport of DNA through the iron transporter FepA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colicins are protein antibiotics used by bacteria to eliminate competing Escherichia coli. Colicins frequently exploit outer membrane (OM) nutrient transporters to penetrate through the strictly impermeable bacterial cellular envelope. Here, applying live-cell fluorescence imaging we were able to follow colicin B (ColB) into E. coli and localize it within the periplasm. We further demonstrate that single-stranded DNA coupled to ColB is also transported into the periplasm, emphasizing that the import routes of colicins can be exploited to carry large cargo molecules into bacteria. Moreover, we characterize the molecular mechanism of ColB association with its OM receptor FepA, applying a combination of photo-activated crosslinking, mass spectrometry, and structural modeling. We demonstrate that complex formation is coincident with a large-scale conformational change in the colicin. Finally In vivo crosslinking experiments and supplementary simulations of the translocation process indicate that part of the colicin engages active transport by disguising itself to part of the cellular receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Khait, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housden, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliston, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleanthous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colicin-mediated transport of DNA through the iron transporter FepA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMNAT promotes glioma growth through regulating post-translational modifications of p53 to inhibit apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis and short survival. NAD+ has been shown to impact multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer; however, anti-cancer therapies targeting NAD+ synthesis have been unsuccessful due to insufficient mechanistic understanding. Here we adapted a Drosophila glial neoplasia model and discovered the genetic requirement for NAD+ synthase nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) in glioma progression in vivo and in human glioma cells. Overexpressing enzymatically active NMNAT significantly promotes glial neoplasia growth and reduces animal viability. Mechanistic analysis suggests that NMNAT interferes with DNA damage-p53-caspase-3 apoptosis signaling pathway by enhancing NAD+-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and deacetylation of p53. Interestingly, NMNAT forms a complex with p53 and PTM enzyme PARP1 to facilitate PARylation. As PARylation and deacetylation reduce p53 pro-apoptotic activity, our results demonstrate that NMNAT promotes glioma progression through regulating p53 post-translational modifications. Our findings reveal a novel tumorigenic mechanism involving protein complex formation of p53 with NAD+ synthetic enzyme NMNAT and NAD+-dependent PTM enzymes that regulates glioma growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMNAT promotes glioma growth through regulating post-translational modifications of p53 to inhibit apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein is an elastic linear spring with a functional role in Plasmodium sporozoite motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) forms a dense coat on the surface of the sporozoite, the infective stage of the malaria parasite. The central repeat region of CSP is a critical component of the only licensed malaria vaccine yet little is known about its structure or function. We found that sporozoite mutants with severely truncated or scrambled repeats have impaired motility due to altered adhesion site formation and dynamics, suggesting that the CSP repeats provide a cohesive environment in which adhesion sites can form. We hypothesized that biophysical properties of the repeats are important in this role and interrogated this using single-molecule fluorescence-force spectroscopy. We show that the repeats are a stiff, linear spring with elastic properties, dependent upon length and lost when the repeats are scrambled. These data are the first evidence that the CSP repeat region serves a functional role during infection and motility, likely mediated through its biophysical properties.

SummaryNo clear function of the central repeat region of the malaria circumsporozoite protein has been described to date, despite its central role in the only licensed malaria vaccine. Here we use mutational analysis and single-molecule fluorescence-force spectroscopy to describe the structural properties and determine the function of this conserved region and important vaccine target.

HighlightsThe CSP repeats have properties of a linear spring

Scrambling or large truncations of the repeats leads to defects in sporozoite motility

Motility defects are attributed to abnormal formation of adhesion sites
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis-Bourozikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frischknecht, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein is an elastic linear spring with a functional role in Plasmodium sporozoite motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used whole-organ mapping to study loco-geographic molecular changes in evolution of human bladder cancer from mucosal field effects. The integrative multi-platform analyses based on genome-wide RNA sequencing, methylation, copy number variations, and whole exome sequencing identified over 100 dysregulated canonical pathways involving immunity, tissue differentiation and transformation as initiators of bladder carcinogenesis. Widespread dysregulation of interleukin signaling was the dominant change signifying the important role of inflammation and immunity in the incipient phases of urothelial carcinogenesis. The analyses of mutational patterns identified three types of mutations based on their geographic distribution and variant allele frequencies. The most common were low frequency subclonal mutations restricted to individual mucosal samples which were the progeny of their respective uroprogenitor cells. The two additional types of mutations were associated with clonal expansion and involved large areas of bladder mucosa. The first group referred to as  mutations, showed a low mutational frequency across the mucosa. The second group referred to as {beta} mutations increased in their frequencies with disease progression and a large proportion of them represented mutated transcriptional regulators controlling proliferation. Time modeling revealed that bladder carcinogenesis is spanning 10-15 years and can be divided into dormant and progressive phases. The progressive phase lasted 1-2 years and was primarily driven by {beta} mutations with high proliferative advantage. This is the first detailed molecular characterization of mucosal field effects initiating bladder carcinogenesis on the whole-organ scale. It provides novel insights into incipient phases of bladder carcinogenesis and biomarkers for early detection of bladder cancer as well as targets for preventive therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondaruk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaksik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogdell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodorescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Origin of Bladder Cancer from Mucosal Field Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they have evolved nutrient interdependencies that regulate their growths. The use of a chemically-defined medium (CDM) supporting the growth of both groups of bacteria would greatly facilitate identification of the precise metabolic interactions between these two groups of bacteria. While numerous such media have been developed that support specific strains of lactobacilli and acetobacters, there has not been a medium formulated to support both genera. We developed such a medium, based on a previous Lactobacillus CDM, by modifying the nutrient abundances to improve growth of both groups of bacteria. We further simplified the medium by substituting casamino acids for individual amino acids and the standard Wolfes vitamins and mineral stocks for individual vitamins and minerals, resulting in a reduction from 40 to 8 stock solutions. The new CDM and variations of it support robust growth of lactobacilli and acetobacters. We provide the composition and an example of its use to measure nutritional interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus-Acetobacter community analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of human orbital fat and differentiating orbital fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.443857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSOrbital fat hyperplasia has a central role in the manifestations of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). To better understand the pathways involved in adipogenesis in TAO, we have used transcriptomic methods to analyze gene expression in control and TAO patients, as well as in differentiating orbital fibroblasts (OFs).

MethodsWe performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on intraconal orbital fat to compare gene expression in control and TAO patients. We treated cultured OFs derived from TAO patients with media containing dexamethasone, insulin, rosiglitazone, and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) to induce adipogenesis. We used single nuclear RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) profiling of treated OFs to compare gene expression over time in order to identify pathways that are involved in orbital adipogenesis in vitro and compared the dynamic patterns of gene expression identify differences in gene expression in control and TAO orbital fat.

ResultsOrbital fat from TAO and control patients segregate with principal component analysis (PCA). Numerous signaling pathways are enriched in orbital fat isolated from TAO patients. SnRNA-Seq of orbital fibroblasts undergoing adipogenesis reveals differential expression of adipocyte-specific genes over the developmental time course. Furthermore, genes that are enriched in TAO orbital fat are also upregulated in orbital adipocytes that differentiate in vitro, while genes that are enriched in control orbital fat are enriched in orbital fibroblasts prior to differentiation.

ConclusionsDifferentiating orbital fibroblasts serve as a model to study orbital fat hyperplasia seen in TAO. We demonstrate that the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and Wnt signaling pathways are differentially expressed early in orbital adipogenesis.

PrecisTo understand the pathways involved in adipogenesis in TAO, we used transcriptomic methods to analyze gene expression in control and TAO patients, as well as in differentiating OFs. We demonstrate that the IGF-1R and Wnt signaling pathways are differentially expressed during orbital adipogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulley, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.443857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of human orbital fat and differentiating orbital fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent macrocycle inhibitors of the human SAGA deubiquitinating module 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SAGA transcriptional coactivator contains a four-protein subcomplex called the DUB module that removes ubiquitin from histone H2B-K120. The human DUB module contains the catalytic subunit, USP22, which is overexpressed in a number of cancers that are resistant to available therapies. We screened a massive combinatorial library of cyclic peptides and identified potent inhibitors of USP22. The top hit was highly specific for USP22 as compared to a panel of 44 other human DUBs. Cells treated with peptide had increased levels of H2B monoubiquitination, demonstrating the ability of the cyclic peptides to enter human cells and inhibit H2B deubiquitination. These macrocycle inhibitors are, to our knowledge, the first reported inhibitors of USP22/SAGA DUB module and show promise for development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikenoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent macrocycle inhibitors of the human SAGA deubiquitinating module]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic shut down undergraduate research programs across the U.S. Twenty-three sites offered remote undergraduate research programs in the life sciences during summer 2020. Given the unprecedented offering of remote research experiences, we carried out a study to describe and evaluate these programs. Using structured templates, we documented how programs were designed and implemented, including who participated. Through focus groups and surveys, we identified programmatic strengths and shortcomings as well as recommendations for improvements from the perspectives of participating students. Strengths included the quality of mentorship, opportunities for learning and professional development, and development of a sense of community. Weaknesses included limited cohort building, challenges with insufficient structure, and issues with technology. Although all programs had one or more activities related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice, these topics were largely absent from student reports even though programs coincided with a peak in national consciousness about racial inequities and structural racism. Our results provide evidence for designing remote REUs that are experienced favorably by students. Our results also indicate that remote REUs are sufficiently positive to further investigate their affordances and constraints, including the potential to scale up offerings, with minimal concern about disenfranchising students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.443632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA Gene Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity and Escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) expression contributes to the activation of anti-tumor immunity through interactions with T cell receptors. However, pan-cancer HLA-mediated immunogenicity and immunoediting mechanisms has not been systematically studied. In a retrospective analysis of 33 tumor types from the Cancer Genome Atlas, we uncovered HLA class I and class II differential expression, which outperformed traditional clinical metrics in predicting patient survival. We also characterized the distribution of HLA supertypes across cancers and showed that patients with high HLA allelic diversity and gene expression had better prognosis. Immune microenvironments with varied survival outcomes could be predicted using a neural network model trained on HLA expression data. Furthermore, we identified a subset of tumors which upregulated HLA class I but not class II genes and exploited HLA-mediated escape strategies. Our results suggest the potential of using HLA expression data to predict patient prognosis. Taken together, we emphasize the crucial role of HLA upregulation in shaping prolonged anti-tumor immunity.

SynopsisIn a retrospective analysis of 11080 patients of 33 TCGA cancer types, we showed HLA class I and class II differential expression shape various immune microenvironments and tumor immunoediting mechanisms, predicting tumor immunogenicity and patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA Gene Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity and Escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-aware inference of human chromosome abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extra or missing chromosomes--a phenomenon termed aneuploidy--frequently arises during human meiosis and embryonic mitosis and is the leading cause of pregnancy loss, including in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). While meiotic aneuploidies affect all cells and are deleterious, mitotic errors generate mosaicism, which may be compatible with healthy live birth. Large-scale abnormalities such as triploidy and haploidy also contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but remain hidden from standard sequencing-based approaches to preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A). The ability to reliably distinguish meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies, as well as abnormalities in genome-wide ploidy may thus prove valuable for enhancing IVF outcomes. Here, we describe a statistical method for distinguishing these forms of aneuploidy based on analysis of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data, which is the current standard in the field. Our approach overcomes the sparse nature of the data by leveraging allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured in a population reference panel. The method, which we term LD-informed PGT-A (LD-PGTA), retains high accuracy down to coverage as low as 0.05x and at higher coverage can also distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II errors based on signatures spanning the centromeres. LD-PGTA provides fundamental insight into the origins of human chromosome abnormalities, as well as a practical tool with the potential to improve genetic testing during IVF.

Significance StatementWhole chromosome gains and losses--termed aneuploidies--are the leading cause of human pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that in addition to harmful meiotic aneuploidies, mitotic aneuploidies (which lead to mosaic embryos harboring cells with different numbers of chromosomes) may also be common in preimplantation embryos but potentially compatible with healthy birth. Here we developed and tested a method for distinguishing these forms of aneuploidy using genetic testing data from 8154 IVF embryos. We re-classified embryos based on signatures of meiotic and mitotic error, while also revealing lethal forms of chromosome abnormality that were hidden to existing approaches. Our method complements standard protocols for preimplantation and prenatal genetic testing, while offering insight into the biology of early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouves, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-aware inference of human chromosome abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein detection in blood with single-molecule imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to identify and characterize individual biomarker protein molecules in patient blood samples could enable diagnosis of diseases at an earlier stage, when treatment is typically more effective. Single-molecule imaging offers a promising approach to accomplish this goal. However, thus far single-molecule imaging methods have only been used to monitor protein molecules in solutions or cell lysates, and have not been translated into the clinical arena. Furthermore, the detection limit of these methods has been confined to the picomolar (10-12 M) range. In many diseases, the circulating concentrations of biomarker proteins fall several orders of magnitude below this range. Here we describe Single-Molecule Augmented Capture (SMAC), a single-molecule imaging technique to visualize, quantify, and characterize individual protein molecules of interest down to the subfemtomolar (<10-15 M) range, even in complex biologic fluids. We demonstrate SMAC in a wide variety of applications with human blood samples, including the analysis of disease-associated secreted proteins, membrane proteins, and rare intracellular proteins. Using ovarian cancer as a model, a lethal malignancy in which high-grade disease is driven almost universally by alterations in the TP53 gene and frequently only diagnosed at a late, incurable stage, we found that mutant pattern p53 proteins are released into the blood in patients at an early stage in disease progression. SMAC opens the door to the application of single-molecule imaging in non-invasive disease profiling and allows for the analysis of circulating mutant proteins as a new class of highly specific disease biomarkers. The SMAC platform can be adapted to multiplex or high-throughput formats to characterize heterogeneous biochemical and structural features of circulating proteins-of-interest.

One Sentence SummaryA single-molecule imaging approach detects individual disease-specific protein molecules, including mutant intracellular proteins, in blood samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein detection in blood with single-molecule imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, behavioral scientists have used the matching law to quantify how animals distribute their choices between multiple options in response to reinforcement they receive. More recently, many reinforcement learning (RL) models have been developed to explain choice by integrating reward feedback over time. Despite reasonable success of RL models in capturing choice on a trial-by-trial basis, these models cannot capture variability in matching. To address this, we developed novel metrics based on information theory and applied them to choice data from dynamic learning tasks in mice and monkeys. We found that a single entropy-based metric can explain 50% and 41% of variance in matching in mice and monkeys, respectively. We then used limitations of existing RL models in capturing entropy-based metrics to construct a more accurate model of choice. Together, our novel entropy-based metrics provide a powerful, model-free tool to predict adaptive choice behavior and reveal underlying neural mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proportional recovery rule (PRR) posits that most stroke survivors can expect to reduce a fixed proportion of their motor impairment. As a statistical model, the PRR explicitly relates change scores to baseline values - an approach that has the potential to introduce artifacts and flawed conclusions. We describe approaches that can assess associations between baseline and changes from baseline while avoiding artifacts due either to mathematical coupling or regression to the mean due to measurement error. We also describe methods that can compare different biological models of recovery. Across several real datasets, we find evidence for non-artifactual associations between baseline and change, and support for the PRR compared to alternative models. We conclude that the PRR remains a biologically-relevant model of recovery, and also introduce a statistical perspective that can be used to assess future models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitago, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia de la Garza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byblow, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwakkel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proportional recovery rule redux: Arguments for its biological and predictive relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
recount3: summaries and queries for large-scale RNA-seq expression and splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present recount3, a resource consisting of over 750,000 publicly available human and mouse RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples uniformly processed by our new Monorail analysis pipeline. To facilitate access to the data, we provide the recount3 and snapcount R/Bioconductor packages as well as complementary web resources. Using these tools, data can be downloaded as study-level summaries or queried for specific exon-exon junctions, genes, samples, or other features. Monorail can be used to process local and/or private data, allowing results to be directly compared to any study in recount3. Taken together, our tools help biologists maximize the utility of publicly available RNA-seq data, especially to improve their understanding of newly collected data. recount3 is available from http://rna.recount.bio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[recount3: summaries and queries for large-scale RNA-seq expression and splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct movement patterns generate stages of spider web-building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geometric complexity and stereotypy of spider webs have long generated interest in their algorithmic origin. Like other examples of animal architecture, web construction is the result of several assembly phases that are driven by distinct behavioral stages coordinated to build a successful structure. Manual observations have revealed a range of sensory cues and movement patterns used during web construction, but methods to systematically quantify the dynamics of these sensorimotor patterns are lacking. Here, we apply an analytical pipeline to quantify web-making behavior of the orb-weaver Uloborus diversus. Position tracking revealed stereotyped stages of construction that could occur in typical or atypical progressions across individuals. Using an unsupervised clustering approach, we identified general and stage-specific leg movements. A Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model revealed that stages of web-building are characterized by stereotyped sequences of actions largely shared across individuals, regardless of whether these stages progress in a typical or atypical fashion. Web stages could be predicted based on action-sequences alone, revealing that web-stages are a physical manifestation of underlying behavioral phases.

HighlightsO_LISpider centroid trajectories indicate stereotyped progression of web-building stages.
C_LIO_LIUnsupervised movement clustering reveals a shared set of movements which correspond to previously defined behaviors that define web-making across individuals.
C_LIO_LIStages of web-building use both stage-specific and non-specific behaviors.
C_LIO_LIStereotyped and distinct action sequences are predictive of stages of web-building.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.444987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct movement patterns generate stages of spider web-building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurotrophin signaling is modulated by specific transmembrane domain interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurotrophin receptors p75 and TrkA play an important role in the development and survival of the nervous system. Biochemical data suggest that p75 and TrkA regulate the activities of each other. For instance, p75 is able to regulate the response of TrkA to lower concentrations of NGF and TrkA promotes p75 shedding by -secretases in a ligand-dependent manner. The current model is that p75 and TrkA are regulated by means of a physical direct interaction, however the nature of such interaction has been elusive so far. Here using NMR in micelles, multiscale molecular dynamics (MD), FRET and functional studies we identified and characterized the direct interaction between TrkA and p75 through the transmembrane domains (TMDs). MD of p75-TMD mutants suggests that although the interaction between TrkA and p75 TMDs is maintained, a specific protein interface is required to facilitate TrkA active homodimerization in the presence of NGF. The same mutations in the TMD protein interface of p75 reduced the activation of TrkA by NGF and cell differentiation. In summary we provide a structural model of the p75/TrkA receptor complex stabilized by transmembrane domain interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadezhdin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncharuk, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineev, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseniev, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurotrophin signaling is modulated by specific transmembrane domain interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GraFT: Graph Filtered Temporal Dictionary Learning for Functional Neural Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical imaging of calcium signals in the brain has enabled researchers to observe the activity of hundreds-to-thousands of individual neurons simultaneously. Current methods predominantly focus on matrix factorization and aim at detecting neurons in the imaged field-of-view, and then inferring the corresponding time-traces. The explicit locality constraints on the cell shapes additionally limits the applicability to optical imaging at different scales (i.e., dendritic or widefield data). Here we present a new method that frames the problem of isolating independent fluorescing components as a dictionary learning problem. Specifically, we focus on the time-traces, which are the main quantity used in scientific discovery, and learn the dictionary of time traces with the spatial maps acting as the presence coefficients encoding which pixels the time traces are active in. Furthermore, we present a novel graph filtering model which redefines connectivity between pixels in terms of their shared temporal activity, rather than spatial proximity. This model greatly eases the ability of our method to handle data with complex non-local spatial structure, such as dendritic imaging. We demonstrate important properties of our method, such as robustness to initialization, implicitly inferring number of neurons and simultaneously detecting different neuronal types, on both synthetic data and real data examples. Specifically, we demonstrate applications of our method to calcium imaging both at the dendritic, somatic, and widefield scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cermak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GraFT: Graph Filtered Temporal Dictionary Learning for Functional Neural Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological Constraints Can Improve Prediction inPrecision Oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many gene signatures have been developed by applying machine learning (ML) on omics profiles, however, their clinical utility is often hindered by limited interpretability and unstable performance in different datasets. Here, we show the importance of embedding prior biological knowledge in the decision rules yielded by ML approaches to build robust classifiers. We tested this by applying different ML algorithms on gene expression data to predict three difficult cancer phenotypes: bladder cancer progression to muscle invasive disease; response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer, and prostate cancer metastatic progression. We developed two sets of classifiers: mechanistic, by restricting the training process to features capturing a specific biological mechanism; and agnostic, in which the training didnt use any a priori biological information. Mechanistic models had a similar or better performance to their agnostic counterparts in the testing data, with enhanced stability, robustness, and interpretability. Our findings support the use of biological constraints to develop robust and interpretable gene signatures with high translational potential.

MotivationOmics-based gene signatures often suffer from overfitting and reduced performance when tested on independent data. This usually results from the discrepancy between the high number of features compared to the much smaller number of samples used in the training process, which results in the machine learning algorithm perfectly fitting the training data with a subsequent deterioration in performance in independent cohorts. We introduce a mechanistic framework to mitigate overfitting and improve interpretability by constraining the training process to simple rank-based decision rules recapitulating relevant, cancer-related, biological mechanisms. Our approach aims at reducing the number of training variables to a pre-defined set of biologically important features in the form of gene pairs. The classification mechanism depends entirely on the relative ordering of these pairs, making it robust to data preprocessing techniques, improving the overall interpretability of the resulting models with significant translational implications. Most importantly, these pairs are configured in such a way that the decision rules resulting from the genes relative order embed and recapitulate specific biological mechanism, inherently enhancing the classifiers interpretability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coady, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanettini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinalankara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological Constraints Can Improve Prediction inPrecision Oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Satellite glia are the major glial type found in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and wrap around cell bodies of sympathetic and sensory neurons that are very diverse. Other than their close physical association with peripheral neurons, little is known about this glial population. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis and identified five different populations of satellite glia from sympathetic and sensory ganglia. We identified three shared populations of satellite glia enriched in immune-response genes, immediate-early genes and ion channels/ECM-interactors, respectively. Sensory- and sympathetic-specific satellite glia are differentially enriched for modulators of lipid synthesis and metabolism. Sensory glia are also specifically enriched for genes involved in glutamate turnover. Further, satellite glia and Schwann cells can be distinguished by unique transcriptional signatures. This study reveals remarkable heterogeneity of satellite glia in the peripheral nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mapps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.443420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere human genome, T2T-CHM13, enables exploration of the full epigenome, removing limitations previously imposed by the missing reference sequence. Existing epigenetic studies omit unassembled and unmappable genomic regions (e.g. centromeres, pericentromeres, acrocentric chromosome arms, subtelomeres, segmental duplications, tandem repeats). Leveraging the new assembly, we were able to measure enrichment of epigenetic marks with short reads using k-mer assisted mapping methods. This granted array-level enrichment information to characterize the epigenetic regulation of these satellite repeats. Using nanopore sequencing data, we generated base level maps of the most complete human methylome ever produced. We examined methylation patterns in satellite DNA and revealed organized patterns of methylation along individual molecules. When exploring the centromeric epigenome, we discovered a distinctive dip in centromere methylation consistent with active sites of kinetochore assembly. Through long-read chromatin accessibility measurements (nanoNOMe) paired to CUT&RUN data, we found the hypomethylated region was extremely inaccessible and paired to CENP-A/B binding. With long-reads we interrogated allele-specific, longrange epigenetic patterns in complex macro-satellite arrays such as those involved in X chromosome inactivation. Using the single molecule measurements we can clustered reads based on methylation status alone distinguishing epigenetically heterogeneous and homogeneous areas. The analysis provides a framework to investigate the most elusive regions of the human genome, applying both long and short-read technology to grant new insights into epigenetic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.443420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Patterns in a Complete Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their importance in disease and evolution, highly identical segmental duplications (SDs) have been among the last regions of the human reference genome (GRCh38) to be finished. Based on a complete telomere-to-telomere human genome (T2T-CHM13), we present the first comprehensive view of human SD organization. SDs account for nearly one-third of the additional sequence increasing the genome-wide estimate from 5.4% to 7.0% (218 Mbp). An analysis of 266 human genomes shows that 91% of the new T2T-CHM13 SD sequence (68.3 Mbp) better represents human copy number. We find that SDs show increased single-nucleotide variation diversity when compared to unique regions; we characterize methylation signatures that correlate with duplicate gene transcription and predict 182 novel protein-coding gene candidates. We find that 63% (35.11/55.7 Mbp) of acrocentric chromosomes consist of SDs distinct from rDNA and satellite sequences. Acrocentric SDs are 1.75-fold longer (p=0.00034) than other SDs, are frequently shared with autosomal pericentromeric regions, and are heteromorphic among human chromosomes. Comparing long-read assemblies from other human (n=12) and nonhuman primate (n=5) genomes, we use the T2T-CHM13 genome to systematically reconstruct the evolution and structural haplotype diversity of biomedically relevant (LPA, SMN) and duplicated genes (TBC1D3, SRGAP2C, ARHGAP11B) important in the expansion of the human frontal cortex. The analysis reveals unprecedented patterns of structural heterozygosity and massive evolutionary differences in SD organization between humans and their closest living relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercuri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulovari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2001, Celera Genomics and the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published their initial drafts of the human genome, which revolutionized the field of genomics. While these drafts and the updates that followed effectively covered the euchromatic fraction of the genome, the heterochromatin and many other complex regions were left unfinished or erroneous. Addressing this remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium has finished the first truly complete 3.055 billion base pair (bp) sequence of a human genome, representing the largest improvement to the human reference genome since its initial release. The new T2T-CHM13 reference includes gapless assemblies for all 22 autosomes plus Chromosome X, corrects numerous errors, and introduces nearly 200 million bp of novel sequence containing 2,226 paralogous gene copies, 115 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The newly completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of linear combination modeling strategies for GABA-edited MRS at 3T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeJ-difference-edited spectroscopy is a valuable approach for the in vivo detection of {gamma}-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) with MRS. A recent expert consensus article recommends linear combination modeling (LCM) of edited MRS but does not give specific details of implementation. This study explores different modeling strategies to adapt LCM for GABA-edited MRS.

Methods61 medial parietal lobe GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS spectra from a recent 3T multi-site study were modeled using 102 different strategies combining six different approaches to account for co-edited macromolecules, three modeling ranges, three baseline knot spacings, and the use of basis sets with or without homocarnosine. The resulting GABA and GABA+ estimates (quantified relative to total creatine), the residuals at different ranges, SDs and CVs, and Akaike information criteria, were used to evaluate the models performance.

ResultsSignificantly different GABA+ and GABA estimates were found when a well-parameterized MM3co basis function was included in the model. The mean GABA estimates were significantly lower when modeling MM, while the CVs were similar. A sparser spline knot spacing led to lower variation in the GABA and GABA+ estimates, and a narrower modeling range - only including the signals of interest - did not substantially improve or degrade modeling performance. Additionally, results suggest that LCM can separate GABA and the underlying co-edited MM3co. Incorporating homocarnosine into the modeling did not significantly improve variance in GABA+ estimates.

ConclusionGABA-edited MRS is most appropriately quantified by LCM with a well-parameterized co-edited MM3co basis function with a constraint to the non-overlapped MM0.93, in combination with a sparse spline knot spacing (0.55 ppm) and a modeling range between 0.5 and 4 ppm.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/445817v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@129ce60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac3797org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1759d69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b190a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG 102 strategies to model GABA-edited MRS with linear combination modeling were evaluated to quantify GABA and GABA+ in Osprey. Significantly different GABA and GABA+ estimates were found when a well-parameterized macro-molecule at 3 ppm was included. The findings suggest that linear combination modeling needs to be adapted for quantification of GABA-edited MRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of linear combination modeling strategies for GABA-edited MRS at 3T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic reversion impacts MDS/AML evolution in the short telomere syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited mutations in telomerase and other telomere maintenance genes manifest in the premature aging short telomere syndromes. Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) account for 75% of associated malignancies, but how these cancers overcome the germline telomere defect is unknown. We used targeted ultra-deep sequencing to detect candidate somatic reversion mutations hypothesizing they may promote MDS/AML evolution. While no controls carried somatic mutations in telomere maintenance genes (0 of 28), 29% of adults with germline telomere maintenance defects carried at least one (16 of 56, P<0.001). In addition to TERT promoter mutations which were present in 19%, we identified POT1 and TERF2IP mutations in 13%. POT1 mutations impaired telomere binding and in some cases were identical to those found in familial melanoma associated with longer telomere length. Exclusively in patients with germline defects in telomerase RNA (TR), we identified somatic mutations in nuclear RNA exosome genes, RBM7, SKIV2L2, and DIS3, where loss-of-function upregulates mature TR levels. Paradoxically, somatic reversion events were more prevalent in patients who were MDS/AML-free (P=0.01, RR 5.0, 95% CI 1.4-18.9), and no MDS/AML patient had more than one mutant clone (P=0.048). Our data identify diverse somatic adaptive mechanisms in the short telomere syndromes, and raise the possibility that their presence alleviates the telomere crisis that promotes transformation to MDS/AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schratz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayasinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosner, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoy, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasch-Semenza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armanios, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic reversion impacts MDS/AML evolution in the short telomere syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jasmine: Population-scale structural variant comparison and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing availability of long-reads is revolutionizing studies of structural variants (SVs). However, because SVs vary across individuals and are discovered through imprecise read technologies and methods, they can be difficult to compare. Addressing this, we present Jasmine (https://github.com/mkirsche/Jasmine), a fast and accurate method for SV refinement, comparison, and population analysis. Using an SV proximity graph, Jasmine outperforms five widely-used comparison methods, including reducing the rate of Mendelian discordance in trio datasets by more than five-fold, and reveals a set of high confidence de novo SVs confirmed by multiple long-read technologies. We also present a harmonized callset of 205,192 SVs from 31 samples of diverse ancestry sequenced with long reads. We genotype these SVs in 444 short read samples from the 1000 Genomes Project with both DNA and RNA sequencing data and assess their widespread impact on gene expression, including within several medically relevant genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jasmine: Population-scale structural variant comparison and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Successful IL-12 cancer immunotherapy requires NK cell-derived CCL5 for anti-tumor DC-T cell crosstalk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell-directed cancer immunotherapy often fails to generate lasting tumor control. Harnessing additional effectors of the immune response against tumors may strengthen the clinical benefit of immunotherapies. Here, we demonstrate that therapeutic targeting of the IFN{gamma}-IL-12 pathway relies on the ability of a population of tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells to orchestrate an anti-tumor microenvironment. Particularly, utilizing an engineered adenoviral platform, we show that paracrine IL-12 enhances functional DC-CD8 T cell interactions to generate adaptive anti-tumor immunity. This effect depends on the abundance of trNK cells and specifically their capacity to produce the cDC1-chemoattractant CCL5. Failure to respond to IL-12 and other IFN{gamma}-inducing therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade in tumors with low trNK cell infiltration could be overcome by intra-tumoral delivery of CCL5. Our findings reveal a novel barrier for T cell-focused therapies and offer mechanistic insights into how T cell-NK cell-DC crosstalk can be enhanced to promote anti-tumor immunity and overcome resistance.

SignificanceWe identified the lack of CCL5-producing, tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells as a barrier to T cell-focused therapies. While IL-12 induces anti-tumoral DC-T cell crosstalk in trNK cellrich tumors, resistance to IL-12 or anti-PD-1 in trNK cellpoor tumors can be overcome by the additional delivery of CCL5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirchhammer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefny, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruecher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoszek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaytseva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thommen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plueckthun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippelius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Successful IL-12 cancer immunotherapy requires NK cell-derived CCL5 for anti-tumor DC-T cell crosstalk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody structure prediction using interpretable deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic antibodies make up a rapidly growing segment of the biologics market. However, rational design of antibodies is hindered by reliance on experimental methods for determining antibody structures. In recent years, deep learning methods have driven significant advances in general protein structure prediction. Here, we present DeepAb, a deep learning method for predicting accurate antibody FV structures from sequence. We evaluate DeepAb on two benchmark sets - one balanced for structural diversity and the other composed of clinical-stage therapeutic antibodies - and find that our method consistently outperforms the leading alternatives. Previous deep learning methods have operated as "black boxes" and offered few insights into their predictions. By introducing a directly interpretable attention mechanism, we show that our network attends to physically important residue pairs. For example, in prediction of one CDR H3 residue conformation, the network attends to proximal aromatics and a key hydrogen bonding interaction that constrain the loop conformation. Finally, we present a novel mutant scoring metric derived from network confidence and show that for a particular antibody, all eight of the top-ranked mutations improve binding affinity. These results suggest that this model will be useful for a broad range of antibody prediction and design tasks.

SignificanceAccurate structure models are critical for understanding the properties of potential therapeutic antibodies. Conventional methods for protein structure determination require significant investments of time and resources and may fail. Although greatly improved, methods for general protein structure prediction still cannot consistently provide the accuracy necessary to understand or design antibodies. We present a deep learning method for antibody structure prediction and demonstrate improvement over alternatives on diverse, therapeutically relevant benchmarks. In addition to its improved accuracy, our method reveals interpretable outputs about specific amino acids and residue interactions that should facilitate design of novel therapeutic antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody structure prediction using interpretable deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of N1-methylation of G37 in tRNA induces ribosome stalling and reprograms gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N1-methylation of G37 is required for a subset of tRNAs to maintain the translational reading-frame. While loss of m1G37 increases ribosomal +1 frameshifting, whether it incurs additional translational defects is unknown. Here we address this question by applying ribosome profiling to gain a genome-wide view of the effects of m1G37 deficiency on protein synthesis. Using E. coli as a model, we show that m1G37 deficiency induces ribosome stalling at codons that are normally translated by m1G37-containing tRNAs. Stalling occurs during decoding of affected codons at the ribosomal A site, indicating a distinct mechanism than that of +1 frameshifting, which occurs after the A site. Enzyme and cell-based assays show that m1G37 deficiency reduces tRNA aminoacylation and in some cases peptide-bond formation. We observe changes of gene expression in m1G37 deficiency similar to those in the starvation-induced stringent response, consistent with the notion that loss of tRNA aminoacylation activates the response. This work demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of m1G37 that emphasizes its role throughout the entire elongation cycle of protein synthesis, providing new insight into its essentiality for bacterial growth and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masuda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of N1-methylation of G37 in tRNA induces ribosome stalling and reprograms gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biologically Interpretable Graph Convolutional Network to Link Genetic Risk Pathways and Neuroimaging Phenotypes of Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe propose a novel end-to-end framework for whole-brain and whole-genome imaging-genetics. Our genetics network uses hierarchical graph convolution and pooling operations to embed subject-level data onto a low-dimensional latent space. The hierarchical network implicitly tracks the convergence of genetic risk across well-established biological pathways, while an attention mechanism automatically identifies the salient edges of this network at the subject level. In parallel, our imaging network projects multimodal data onto a set of latent embeddings. For interpretability, we implement a Bayesian feature selection strategy to extract the discriminative imaging biomarkers; these feature weights are optimized alongside the other model parameters. We couple the imaging and genetic embeddings with a predictor network, to ensure that the learned representations are linked to phenotype. We evaluate our framework on a schizophrenia dataset that includes two functional MRI paradigms and gene scores derived from Single Nucleotide Polymorphism data. Using repeated 10-fold cross-validation, we show that our imaging-genetics fusion achieves the better classification performance than state-of-the-art baselines. In an exploratory analysis, we further show that the biomarkers identified by our model are reproducible and closely associated with deficits in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pergola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biologically Interpretable Graph Convolutional Network to Link Genetic Risk Pathways and Neuroimaging Phenotypes of Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells prune axons in the mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the developing brain undergo extensive structural refinement as nascent circuits adopt their mature form1. This transformation is facilitated by the engulfment and degradation of excess axonal branches and inappropriate synapses by surrounding glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes2,3. However, the small size of phagocytic organelles and the complex, highly ramified morphology of glia has made it difficult to determine the contribution of these and other glial cell types to this process. Here, we used large scale, serial electron microscopy (ssEM) with computational volume segmentation to reconstruct the complete 3D morphologies of distinct glial types in the mouse visual cortex. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the fine processes of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a population of abundant, highly dynamic glial progenitors4, frequently surrounded terminal axon branches and included numerous phagolysosomes (PLs) containing fragments of axons and presynaptic terminals. Single- nucleus RNA sequencing indicated that cortical OPCs express key phagocytic genes, as well as neuronal transcripts, consistent with active axonal engulfment. PLs were ten times more abundant in OPCs than in microglia in P36 mice, and declined with age and lineage progression, suggesting that OPCs contribute very substantially to refinement of neuronal circuits during later phases of cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabaddy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorstad, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleckert, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ih, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartavull, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlateski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarico da Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocyte precursor cells prune axons in the mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic and epigenetic landscape of the Arabidopsis centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres attach chromosomes to spindle microtubules during cell division and, despite this conserved role, show paradoxically rapid evolution and are typified by complex repeats. We used ultra-long-read sequencing to generate the Col-CEN Arabidopsis thaliana genome assembly that resolves all five centromeres. The centromeres consist of megabase-scale tandemly repeated satellite arrays, which support high CENH3 occupancy and are densely DNA methylated, with satellite variants private to each chromosome. CENH3 preferentially occupies satellites with least divergence and greatest higher-order repetition. The centromeres are invaded by ATHILA retrotransposons, which disrupt genetic and epigenetic organization of the centromeres. Crossover recombination is suppressed within the centromeres, yet low levels of meiotic DSBs occur that are regulated by DNA methylation. We propose that Arabidopsis centromeres are evolving via cycles of satellite homogenization and retrotransposon-driven diversification.

One-sentence summaryLong read sequencing and assembly of the Arabidopsis centromeres reveals their genetic and epigenetic topography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naish, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wlodzimierz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tock, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambing, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakutani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.30.446350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic and epigenetic landscape of the Arabidopsis centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput experimental methods in neuroscience have led to an explosion of techniques for measuring complex interactions and multi-dimensional patterns. However, whether sophisticated measures of emergent phenomena can be traced back to simpler low-dimensional statistics is largely unknown. To explore this question, we examine resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data using complex topology measures from network neuroscience. We show that spatial and temporal autocorrelation are reliable statistics which explain numerous measures of network topology. Surrogate timeseries with subject-matched spatial and temporal autocorrelation capture nearly all reliable individual and regional variation in these topology measures. Network topology changes during aging are driven by spatial autocorrelation, and multiple serotonergic drugs causally induce the same topographic change in temporal autocorrelation. This reductionistic interpretation of widely-used complexity measures may help link them to neurobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins reveal selective interaction of mammalian recycling endosomes with the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole in a Rab11- and Arf6-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After invasion of mammalian cells, the parasite Toxoplasma gondii multiplies in a self-made membrane-bound compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). We previously showed that intravacuolar Toxoplasma interacts with many host cell organelles, especially recycling endosomes, and further manipulates the host endocytic recycling through the sequestration of Rab11 vesicles into the PV. Mammalian Rab-PV interactions are likely mediated by Toxoplasma and host proteins that remain to be identified. In this context, we have examined the specificity of host Rab vesicle interaction with the PV by monitoring the recruitment of subtypes of Rab11 vesicles differing in their composition in Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins (FIPs). We found that vesicles with FIPs from Class I (FIP1C, FIP2, FIP5) or Class II (FIP3, FIP4) are distributed at the PV and detected to varying degrees inside the PV. The PV delivery of vesicles with FIPs from Class I, but not Class II, is Rab11-dependent. In addition to Rab11, FIP3 binds to Arf6, and vesicles associated with FIP3-Arf6 complexes are observed within the PV. Binding of FIP3 to either Rab11 or Arf6 significantly increases the internalization of vesicles into the PV. These data point to a selective process of host recycling endosome recognition and scavenging mediated by Toxoplasma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rab11-Family Interacting Proteins reveal selective interaction of mammalian recycling endosomes with the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole in a Rab11- and Arf6-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raman spectroscopy reveals phenotype switches in breast cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accurate analytical characterization of metastatic phenotype at primary tumor diagnosis and its evolution with time are critical for controlling metastatic progression of cancer. Here, we report a label-free optical strategy using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning to identify distinct metastatic phenotypes observed in tumors formed by isogenic murine breast cancer cell lines of progressively increasing metastatic propensities. Our Raman spectra-based random forest analysis provided evidence that machine learning models built on spectral data can allow the accurate identification of metastatic phenotype of independent test tumors. By silencing genes critical for metastasis in highly metastatic cell lines, we showed that the random forest classifiers provided predictions consistent with the observed phenotypic switch of the resultant tumors towards lower metastatic potential. Furthermore, the spectral assessment of lipid and collagen content of these tumors was consistent with the observed phenotypic switch. Overall, our findings indicate that Raman spectroscopy may offer a novel strategy to evaluate metastatic risk during primary tumor biopsies in clinical patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindranathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivers, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaharoff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raman spectroscopy reveals phenotype switches in breast cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Biomarker Screening of Alzheimer's Disease by Machine Learning and Graphene-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most common cause of dementia, the study of Alzheimers disease (AD) faces challenges in terms of understanding the cause, monitoring the pathogenesis, and developing early diagnosis and effective treatment. Rapid and accurate identification of AD biomarkers in the brain is critical to provide key insights into AD and facilitate the development of early diagnosis methods. In this work, we developed a platform that enables a rapid screening of AD biomarkers by employing graphene-assisted Raman spectroscopy and machine learning interpretation in AD transgenic animal brains. Specifically, we collected Raman spectra on slices of mouse brains with and without AD and used machine learning to classify AD and non-AD spectra. By contacting monolayer graphene with the brain slices, the accuracy was significantly increased from 77% to 98% in machine learning classification. Further, using linear supporting vector machine (SVM), we identified a spectral feature importance map that reveals the importance of each Raman wavenumber in classifying AD and non-AD spectra. Based on this spectral feature importance map, we identified AD biomarkers including A{beta} and tau proteins, and other potential biomarkers, such as triolein, phosphatidylcholine, and actin, which have been confirmed by other biochemical studies. Our Raman-machine learning integrated method with interpretability is promising to greatly accelerate the study of AD and can be extended to other tissues, biofluids, and for various other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granzier-Nakajima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biase, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzi, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Biomarker Screening of Alzheimer's Disease by Machine Learning and Graphene-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic and temporally specific gene regulatory changes may underlie unexplained genetic associations with complex disease. During a dynamic process such as cellular differentiation, the overall cell type composition of a tissue (or an in vitro culture) and the gene regulatory profile of each cell can both experience significant changes over time. To identify these dynamic effects in high resolution, we collected single-cell RNA-sequencing data over a differentiation time course from induced pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes, sampled at 7 unique time points in 19 human cell lines. We employed a flexible approach to map dynamic eQTLs whose effects vary significantly over the course of bifurcating differentiation trajectories, including many whose effects are specific to one of these two lineages. Our study design allowed us to distinguish true dynamic eQTLs affecting a specific cell lineage from expression changes driven by potentially non-genetic differences between cell lines such as cell composition. Additionally, we used the cell type profiles learned from single-cell data to deconvolve and re-analyze data from matched bulk RNA-seq samples. Using this approach, we were able to identify a large number of novel dynamic eQTLs in single cell data while also attributing dynamic effects in bulk to a particular lineage. Overall, we found that using single cell data to uncover dynamic eQTLs can provide new insight into the gene regulatory changes that occur among heterogeneous cell types during cardiomyocyte differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elorbany, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P2X4 Purinergic Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Aggressive Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and treatment options for metastatic PCa are limited. There is a critical need to identify new mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression, that distinguish benign from lethal disease, and that have potential for therapeutic targeting. P2X4 belongs to the P2 purinergic receptor family that is commonly upregulated in cancer and is associated with poorer outcomes. Herein, we report that the P2X4 purinergic receptor is overexpressed in PCa, associated with PCa metastasis, and a driver of tumor development in vivo. We observed P2X4 protein expression primarily in epithelial cells of the prostate, a subset of CD66+ neutrophils, and most CD68+ macrophages. Our analysis of tissue microarrays representing 491 PCa cases demonstrated significantly elevated P2X4 expression in cancer compared to benign tissue spots, in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, in cancer from White compared to Black men, and in PCa with ERG positivity or with PTEN loss. High P2X4 expression in benign tissues was likewise associated with the development of metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Treatment with P2X4-specific agonist CTP increased transwell migration and invasion of PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1 PCa cells. P2X4 antagonist 5-BDBD treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability of PC3, DU145, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, TRAMP-C2, Myc-CaP, BMPC1, and BMPC2 cells and decreased DU145 cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of P2X4 attenuated growth, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. Finally, knockdown of P2X4 in Myc-CaP cells resulted in significantly attenuated subcutaneous allograft growth in FVB/NJ mice. Collectively, these data strongly support a role for the P2X4 purinergic receptor in PCa aggressiveness and identifies P2X4 as a candidate for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshu, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.446195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P2X4 Purinergic Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Aggressive Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.444885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a Comprehensive Variation Benchmark for Challenging Medically-Relevant Autosomal Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.444885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repetitive nature and complexity of multiple medically important genes make them intractable to accurate analysis, despite the maturity of short-read sequencing, resulting in a gap in clinical applications of genome sequencing. The Genome in a Bottle Consortium has provided benchmark variant sets, but these excluded some medically relevant genes due to their repetitiveness or polymorphic complexity. In this study, we characterize 273 of these 395 challenging autosomal genes that have multiple implications for medical sequencing. This extended, curated benchmark reports over 17,000 SNVs, 3,600 INDELs, and 200 SVs each for GRCh37 and GRCh38 across HG002. We show that false duplications in either GRCh37 or GRCh38 result in reference-specific, missed variants for short- and long-read technologies in medically important genes including CBS, CRYAA, and KCNE1. Our proposed solution improves variant recall in these genes from 8% to 100%. This benchmark will significantly improve the comprehensive characterization of these medically relevant genes and guide new method development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahraeian, S. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo-Salazar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio-Rodriguez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoln, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebbert, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.444885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a Comprehensive Variation Benchmark for Challenging Medically-Relevant Autosomal Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a method to tag telomeres and measure telomere length by nanopore sequencing in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Nanopore allows long read sequencing through the telomere, subtelomere and into unique chromosomal sequence, enabling assignment of telomere length to a specific chromosome end. We observed chromosome end specific telomere lengths that were stable over 120 cell divisions. These stable chromosome specific telomere lengths may be explained by stochastic clonal variation or may represent a new biological mechanism that maintains equilibrium unique to each chromosomes end. We examined the role of RIF1 and TEL1 in telomere length regulation and found that TEL1 is epistatic to RIF1 at most telomeres, consistent with the literature. However, at telomeres that lack subtelomeric Y sequences, tel1{Delta} rif1{Delta} double mutants had a very small, but significant, increase in telomere length compared to the tel1{Delta} single mutant, suggesting an influence of Y elements on telomere length regulation. We sequenced telomeres in a telomerase-null mutant (est2{Delta}) and found the minimal telomere length to be around 75bp. In these est2{Delta} mutants there were many apparent telomere recombination events at individual telomeres before the generation of survivors, and these events were significantly reduced in est2{Delta} rad52{Delta} double mutants. The rate of telomere shortening in the absence of telomerase was similar across all chromosome ends at about 5 bp per generation. This new method gives quantitative, high resolution telomere length measurement at each individual chromosome end, suggests possible new biological mechanisms regulating telomere length, and provides capability to test new hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sholes, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greider, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical waves mediate the cellular response to electric fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrotaxis, the directional migration of cells in a constant electric field, is important in regeneration, development, and wound healing. Electrotaxis has a slower response and a smaller dynamic range than guidance by other cues, suggesting that the mechanism of electrotaxis share both similarities and differences with chemical-gradient-sensing pathways. We examined a mechanism centered on the excitable system consisting of cortical waves of biochemical signals coupled to cytoskeletal reorganization, which has been implicated in random cell motility. We use electro-fused giant Dictyostelium discoideum cells to decouple waves from cell motion and employ nanotopographic surfaces to limit wave dimensions and lifetimes. We demonstrate that wave propagation in these cells is guided by electric fields. The wave area and lifetime gradually increase in the first 10 minutes after an electric field is turned on, leading to more abundant and wider protrusions in the cell region nearest the cathode. The wave directions display "U-turn" behavior upon field reversal, and this switch occurs more quickly on nanotopography. Our results suggest that electric fields guide cells by controlling waves of signal transduction and cytoskeletal activity, which underlie cellular protrusions. Whereas surface receptor occupancy triggers both rapid activation and slower polarization of signaling pathways, electric fields appear to act primarily on polarization, explaining why cells respond to electric fields more slowly than to other guidance cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campanello, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourwitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourkas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical waves mediate the cellular response to electric fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnhancers are distal cis-regulatory elements required for cell-specific gene expression and cell fate determination. In cancer, enhancer variation has been proposed as a major cause of inter-patient heterogeneity - however, most predicted enhancer regions remain to be functionally tested.

ResultsAnalyzing 128 epigenomic histone modification profiles of primary GC samples, normal gastric tissues, and GC cell lines, we report a comprehensive catalog of 75,730 recurrent predicted enhancers, the majority of which are tumor-associated in vivo (>50,000) and associated with lower somatic mutation rates inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Applying Capture-based Self-Transcribing Active Regulatory Region sequencing (CapSTARR-seq) to the enhancer catalog, we observed significant correlations between CapSTARR-seq functional activity and H3K27ac/H3K4me1 levels. Super-enhancer regions exhibited increased CapSTARR-seq signals compared to regular enhancers even when decoupled from native chromatin contexture. We show that combining histone modification and CapSTARR-seq functional enhancer data improves the prediction of enhancer-promoter interactions and pinpointing of germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), and trans-acting TFs involved in GC expression. Specifically, we identified cancer-relevant genes (e.g. ING1, ARL4C) whose expression between patients is influenced by enhancer differences in genomic copy number and germline SNPs, and HNF4 as a master trans-acting factor associated with GC enhancer heterogeneity.

ConclusionsOur study indicates that combining histone modification and functional assay data may provide a more accurate metric to assess enhancer activity than either platform individually, and provides insights into the relative contribution of genetic (cis) and regulatory (trans) mechanisms to GC enhancer functional heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anene-Nzelu, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen Skanderup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte androgen receptor in females mediates androgen-induced hepatocellular glucose mishandling and systemic insulin resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgen excess is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-aged women, affecting up to 20% of this population. Women with elevated androgens often exhibit hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. The mechanisms of how elevated androgens affect metabolic function are not clear. Hyperandrogenemia in a dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated female mouse model induces whole body insulin resistance possibly through activation of the hepatic androgen receptor (AR). We investigated the role of hepatocyte AR in hyperandrogenemia-induced metabolic dysfunction by using several approaches to delete hepatic AR via animal-, cell-, and clinical-based methodologies. We conditionally disrupted hepatocyte AR in female mice developmentally (LivARKO) or acutely by tail vein injection of an adeno-associated virus with a liver-specific promoter for Cre expression in ARfl/fl mice (adLivARKO). We observed normal metabolic function in littermate female Control (ARfl/fl) and LivARKO (ARfl/fl; Cre+/-) mice. Following chronic DHT treatment, female Control mice treated with DHT (Con-DHT) developed impaired glucose tolerance, pyruvate tolerance, and insulin tolerance, not observed in LivARKO mice treated with DHT (LivARKO-DHT). Further, during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate was improved in LivARKO-DHT mice compared to Con-DHT mice. Liver from LivARKO, and primary hepatocytes derived from LivARKO, and adLivARKO mice were protected from DHT-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis. These data support a paradigm in which elevated androgens in females disrupt metabolic function via hepatic AR and insulin sensitivity was restored by deletion of hepatic AR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauvais-Jarvis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segars, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte androgen receptor in females mediates androgen-induced hepatocellular glucose mishandling and systemic insulin resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive fold switching in a ubiquitous protein superfamily 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of millions of structured proteins sustain life through chemical interactions and catalytic reactions1. Though dynamic, these proteins are assumed to be built upon fixed scaffolds of secondary structure, -helices and {beta}-sheets. Experimentally determined structures of over >58,000 non-redundant proteins support this assumption, though it has recently been challenged by [~]100 fold-switching proteins2. These "metamorphic3" proteins, though ostensibly rare, raise the question of how many uncharacterized proteins have shapeshifting-rather than fixed-secondary structures. To address this question, we developed a comparative sequence-based approach that predicts fold-switching proteins from differences in secondary structure propensity. We applied this approach to the universally conserved NusG transcription factor family of [~]15,000 proteins, one of which has a 50-residue regulatory subunit experimentally shown to switch between -helical and {beta}-sheet folds4. Our approach predicted that 25% of the sequences in this family undergo similar -helix {rightleftharpoons} {beta}-sheet transitions, a frequency two orders of magnitude larger than previously observed. Our predictions evade state-of-the-art computational methods but were confirmed experimentally by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for all 10 assiduously chosen dissimilar variants. These results suggest that fold switching is a pervasive mechanism of transcriptional regulation in all kingdoms of life and imply that numerous uncharacterized proteins may also switch folds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive fold switching in a ubiquitous protein superfamily]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Puerto Rican individual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Until 2019, the human genome was available in only one fully-annotated version, GRCh38, which was the result of 18 years of continuous improvement and revision. Despite dramatic improvements in sequencing technology, no other genome was available as an annotated reference until 2019, when the genome of an Ashkenazi individual, Ash1, was released. In this study, we describe the assembly and annotation of a second individual genome, from a Puerto Rican individual whose DNA was collected as part of the Human Pangenome project. The new genome, called PR1, is the first true reference genome created from an individual of African descent. Due to recent improvements in both sequencing and assembly technology, and particularly to the use of the recently completed CHM13 human genome as a guide to assembly, PR1 is more complete and more contiguous than either GRCh38 or Ash1. Annotation revealed 37,755 genes (of which 19,999 are protein-coding), including 12 additional gene copies that are present in PR1 and missing from CHM13. 57 genes have fewer copies in PR1 than in CHM13, 9 map only partially, and 3 genes (all non-coding) from CHM13 are entirely missing from PR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Puerto Rican individual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related increases in reaction time result from slower preparation, not delayed initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work indicates that healthy younger adults can prepare accurate responses faster than their voluntary reaction times indicate, leaving a seemingly unnecessary delay of 80-100ms before responding. Here we examined how the preparation of movements, initiation of movements, and the delay between them are affected by ageing. Participants made planar reaching movements in two conditions. The  Free Reaction Time condition assessed the voluntary reaction times with which participants responded to the appearance of a stimulus. The  Forced Reaction Time condition assessed the minimum time actually needed to prepare accurate movements by controlling the time allowed for movement preparation. The time taken to both initiate movements in the Free Reaction Time and to prepare movements in the Forced Response condition increased with age. Notably, the time required to prepare accurate movements was significantly shorter than participants self-selected initiation times; however, the delay between movement preparation and initiation remained consistent across the lifespan (~90ms). These results indicate that the slower reaction times of healthy older adults are not due to an increased hesitancy to respond, but can instead be attributed to changes in their ability to process stimuli and prepare movements accordingly, consistent with age-related changes in brain structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related increases in reaction time result from slower preparation, not delayed initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of cancer cell fractions and clone trees from multi-region sequencing of tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.12.448194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMulti-region sequencing of one or multiple biopsies of solid tumors from a patient can be used to improve our understanding of the diversity of subclones in the patients tumor and shed light on the evolutionary history of the disease. Due to the large number of possible evolutionary relationships between clones and the fundamental uncertainty of the mutational composition of subclones, elucidating the most probable evolutionary relationships poses statistical and computational challenges. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model called PICTograph to model uncertainty in the assignment of mutations to subclones and an approach to reduce the space of possible graphical models that postulate their evolutionary origin. Compared to available methods, our approach provided more consistent and accurate estimates of cancer cell fractions and better tree topology reconstruction over a range of simulated clonal diversity. Application of PICTograph to whole exome sequencing data of individuals with pancreatic cancer precursor lesions confirmed known early occurring mutations and indicated substantial molecular diversity, including multiple distinct subclones (range 6 - 12) and intra-sample mixing of subclones. As the complete evolutionary history for some patients was not identifiable, we used ensemble-based visualizations to distinguish between highly probable evolutionary relationships recovered in multiple models from uncertain relationships occurring in a small subset of models. These analyses indicate that PICTograph provides a useful approximation to evolutionary inference, particularly when the evolutionary course of a patients cancer is complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.12.448194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of cancer cell fractions and clone trees from multi-region sequencing of tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel and accurate full-length HTT mouse model for Huntington's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the generation and characterization of a novel Huntingtons disease (HD) mouse model BAC226Q by using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, expressing full-length human HTT with [~]226 CAG-CAA repeats and containing endogenous human HTT promoter and regulatory elements. BAC226Q recapitulated a full-spectrum of age-dependent and progressive HD-like phenotypes without unwanted and erroneous phenotypes. BAC226Q mice developed normally, and gradually exhibited HD-like mood and cognitive phenotypes at 2 months. From 3-4 months, BAC226Q mice showed robust progressive motor deficits. At 11 months, BAC226Q mice showed significant reduced life span, gradual weight loss and exhibit neuropathology including significant brain atrophy specific to striatum and cortex, striatal neuronal death, widespread huntingtin inclusions and reactive pathology. Therefore, the novel BAC226Q mouse accurately recapitulating robust, age-dependent, progressive HD-like phenotypes will be a valuable tool for studying disease mechanisms, identifying biomarkers and testing gene-targeting therapeutic approaches for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel and accurate full-length HTT mouse model for Huntington's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulome-wide association study identifies enhancer properties associated with risk for schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic risk for complex traits is strongly enriched in non-coding genomic regions involved in gene regulation, especially enhancers. However, we lack adequate tools to connect the characteristics of these disruptions to genetic risk. Here, we propose RWAS (Regulome Wide Association Study), a new framework to identify the characteristics of enhancers that contribute to genetic risk for disease. Applying our technique to interrogate genetic risk for schizophrenia, we found that risk-associated enhancers in this disease are predominantly active in the brain, evolutionarily conserved, and AT-rich. The association between AT percentage and risk corresponds to an overrepresentation in risk-associated enhancers for the binding sites of transcription factors that recognize AT-rich cis-regulatory motifs. Several of the TFs identified in our model as being overrepresented in risk-associated enhancers, including MEF2C, are master regulators of neuronal development. The genes that encode several of these TFs are themselves located at genetic risk loci for schizophrenia. This list also includes brain-expressed TFs that have not previously been linked to schizophrenia. In summary, we developed a generalizable approach that integrates GWAS summary statistics with enhancer characteristics to identify risk factors in tissue-specific regulatory regions.

AUTHOR SUMMARYEnhancers are regulatory regions that influence gene expression via the binding of transcription factors. Risk for many heritable diseases is enriched in regulatory regions, including enhancers. In this study, we introduce a novel method of testing for association between enhancer attributes and risk and use this method to determine the enhancer characteristics that are associated with risk for schizophrenia. We found that enhancers associated with schizophrenia risk are both evolutionarily conserved and in physical contact with mutation-intolerant genes, many of which have neurodevelopmental functions. Risk-associated enhancers are also AT-rich and contain binding sites for neurodevelopmental transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulome-wide association study identifies enhancer properties associated with risk for schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-free cell-type deconvolution of pixel-resolution spatially resolved transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technological advancements have enabled spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling but at multi-cellular pixel resolution, thereby hindering the identification of cell-type-specific spatial patterns and gene expression variation. To address this challenge, we developed STdeconvolve as a reference-free approach to deconvolve underlying cell-types comprising such multi-cellular pixel resolution spatial transcriptomics (ST) datasets. Using simulated as well as real ST datasets from diverse spatial transcriptomics technologies comprising a variety of spatial resolutions such as Spatial Transcriptomics, 10X Visium, DBiT-seq, and Slide-seq, we show that STdeconvolve can effectively recover cell-type transcriptional profiles and their proportional representation within pixels without reliance on external single-cell transcriptomics references. STdeconvolve provides comparable performance to existing reference-based methods when suitable single-cell references are available, as well as potentially superior performance when suitable single-cell references are not available. STdeconvolve is available as an open-source R software package with the source code available at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STdeconvolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-free cell-type deconvolution of pixel-resolution spatially resolved transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most disease-associated loci, though located in putatively regulatory regions, have not yet been confirmed to affect gene expression. One reason for this could be that we have not examined gene expression in the most relevant cell types or conditions. Indeed, even large-scale efforts to study gene expression broadly across tissues are limited by the necessity of obtaining human samples post-mortem, and almost exclusively from adults. Thus, there is an acute need to expand gene regulatory studies in humans to the most relevant cell types, tissues, and states. We propose that embryoid bodies (EBs), which are organoids that contain a multitude of cell types in dynamic states, can provide an answer. Single cell RNA-sequencing now provides a way to interrogate developmental trajectories in EBs and enhance the potential to uncover dynamic regulatory processes that would be missed in studies of static adult tissue. Here, we examined the properties of the EB model for the purpose mapping inter-individual regulatory differences in a large variety of cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of data from multiple hypervariable regions when analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short read 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is a common technique used in microbiome research. However, inaccuracies in estimated bacterial community composition can occur due to amplification bias of the targeted hypervariable region. A potential solution is to sequence and assess multiple hypervariable regions in tandem, yet there is currently no consensus as to the appropriate method for analyzing this data. Additionally, there are many sequence analysis resources for data produced from the Illumina platform, but fewer open-source options available for data from the Ion Torrent platform. Herein, we present an analysis pipeline using an open-source analysis platform that integrates data from multiple hypervariable regions and is compatible with data produced from the Ion Torrent platform. We used the ThermoFisher Ion 16S Metagenomics Kit and a mock community of 20 bacterial strains to assess taxonomic classification of amplicons from 6 separate hypervariable regions (V2, V3, V4, V6-7, V8, V9) using our analysis pipeline. We report that different hypervariable regions have different specificities for taxonomic classification, which also had implications for global level analyses such as alpha and beta diversity. Finally, we utilize a generalized linear modeling approach to statistically integrate the results from multiple hypervariable regions and apply this methodology to data from a small clinical cohort. We conclude that scrutinizing sequencing results separately by hypervariable region provides a more granular view of the taxonomic classification achieved by each primer set as well as the concordance of results across hypervariable regions. However, the data across all hypervariable regions can be combined using generalized linear models to statistically evaluate overall differences in community structure and relatedness among sample groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sfanos, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of data from multiple hypervariable regions when analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implicit motor recalibration allows us to flexibly move in novel and changing environments. Conventionally, implicit recalibration is thought to be driven by errors in predicting the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors). However, recent studies have shown that implicit recalibration is also influenced by errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Exactly how sensory prediction errors and task errors interact to drive implicit recalibration and, in particular, whether task errors alone might be sufficient to drive implicit recalibration remain unknown. To test this, we induced task errors in the absence of sensory prediction errors by displacing the target mid-movement. We found that task errors alone failed to induce implicit recalibration. In additional experiments, we simultaneously varied the size of sensory prediction errors and task errors. We found that implicit recalibration driven by sensory prediction errors could be continuously modulated by task errors, revealing an unappreciated dependency between these two sources of error. Moreover, implicit recalibration was attenuated when the target was simply flickered in its original location, even though this manipulation did not affect task error - an effect likely attributed to attention being directed away from the feedback cursor. Taken as a whole, the results were accounted for by a computational model in which sensory prediction errors and task errors, modulated by attention, interact to determine the extent of implicit recalibration.

Authors summaryWhat information does the brain use to maintain precise calibration of the sensorimotor system? Using a reaching task paired with computational modeling, we find that movements are implicitly recalibrated by errors in predicting both the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors) as well as errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Even though task errors alone do not elicit implicit recalibration, they nonetheless modulate implicit recalibration when sensory prediction error is present. The results elucidate an unappreciated interaction between these two sources of error in driving implicit recalibration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Processing of Sensory Prediction Error and Task Error during Motor Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting adenine synthesis attenuates glioblastoma cell stemness and temozolomide resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain cancer exhibiting high levels of drug resistance, a feature partially imparted by tumor cell stemness. Recent work shows that homozygous MTAP deletion, a genetic alteration occurring in about half of all GBMs, promotes stemness in GBM cells. Exploiting MTAP loss-conferred deficiency in adenine salvage, we demonstrate that transient adenine blockade via treatment with L-Alanosine (ALA), an inhibitor of de novo adenine synthesis, attenuates stemness of MTAP-deficient GBM cells. This ALA-induced reduction in stemness is accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function, highlighted by diminished spare respiratory capacity. Direct pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial respiration recapitulates the effect of ALA on GBM cell stemness, suggesting ALA targets stemness partially via affecting mitochondrial function. Finally, in agreement with diminished stemness and compromised mitochondrial function, we show that ALA sensitizes GBM cells to temozolomide (TMZ) in vitro and in an orthotopic GBM model. Collectively, these results identify critical roles of adenine supply in maintaining mitochondrial function and stemness of GBM cells, highlight a critical role of mitochondrial function in sustaining GBM stemness, and implicate adenine synthesis inhibition as a complementary approach for treating MTAP-deleted GBMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirozzi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting adenine synthesis attenuates glioblastoma cell stemness and temozolomide resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pickering stabilization of a dynamic intracellular emulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are cellular compartments that form by phase separation in the absence of limiting membranes. Studying the P granules of C. elegans, we find that condensate dynamics are regulated by protein clusters that adsorb to the condensate interface. Using in vitro reconstitution, live observations and theory, we demonstrate that localized assembly of P granules is controlled by MEG-3, an intrinsically disordered protein that forms low dynamic assemblies on P granules. Following classic Pickering emulsion theory, MEG-3 clusters lower surface tension and slow down coarsening. During zygote polarization, MEG-3 recruits DYRK/MBK-2 kinase to accelerate localized growth of the P granule emulsion. By tuning condensate-cytoplasm exchange, interfacial clusters regulate the structural integrity of biomolecular condensates, reminiscent of the role of lipid bilayers in membrane-bound organelles.

One Sentence SummaryBiomolecular condensates are stabilized by interfacial nanoscale protein clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Folkmann, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pickering stabilization of a dynamic intracellular emulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norepinephrine Potentiates and Serotonin Depresses Visual Cortical Responses by Transforming Eligibility Traces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement allows organisms to learn which stimuli predict subsequent biological relevance. Hebbian mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are insufficient to account for reinforced learning because neuromodulators signaling biological relevance are delayed with respect to the neural activity associated with the stimulus. A theoretical solution is the concept of eligibility traces (eTraces), silent synaptic processes elicited by activity which upon arrival of a neuromodulator are converted into a lasting change in synaptic strength. Previously we demonstrated in visual cortical slices the Hebbian induction of eTraces and their conversion into LTP and LTD by the retroactive action of norepinephrine and serotonin Here we show in vivo in V1 that the induction of eTraces and their conversion to LTP/D by norepinephrine and serotonin respectively potentiates and depresses visual responses. We also show that the integrity of this process is crucial for ocular dominance plasticity, a canonical model of experience-dependent plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norepinephrine Potentiates and Serotonin Depresses Visual Cortical Responses by Transforming Eligibility Traces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of dose, duration and host immune status on ultrashort telacebec treatment in a mouse model of Buruli ulcer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telacebec (Q203) is a new anti-tuberculosis drug in clinical development with extremely potent activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU). The potency of Q203 has prompted investigation of its potential role in ultra-short, even single-dose, treatment regimens for BU in mouse models. However, the relationships of Q203 dose and duration and host immune status to treatment outcomes remain unclear, as does the risk of emergence of drug resistance with Q203 monotherapy. In the present study, immunocompetent BALB/c and immunocompromised SCID-beige mice were infected in both hind footpads and treated eight weeks later. In both mouse strains, controls received rifampin-clarithromycin; others received Q203 at 0.5 or 2 mg/kg/d for 5 or 10 days. Additionally, BALB/c mice received a single dose of 2.5 or 10 mg/kg or 3.3 mg/kg/d for 3 days. Treatment response was based on changes in footpad swelling and CFU counts at the end of treatment as well as 4 and 13 weeks after stopping treatment. Efficacy depended on total dose more than duration. Total doses of 5-20 mg/kg rendered nearly all BALB/c mice culture-negative 13 weeks post-treatment without selection of Q203-resistant bacteria. Although less potent in SCID-beige mice, Q203 still rendered the majority of footpads culture-negative at total doses of 10-20 mg/kg. However, Q203 resistance was identified in relapse isolates from some SCID-beige mice. Overall, these results support the potential of Q203 monotherapy for single-dose or other ultra-short therapy for BU, although highly immunocompromised hosts may require higher doses or durations and/or combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of dose, duration and host immune status on ultrashort telacebec treatment in a mouse model of Buruli ulcer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrashort treatment with telacebec alone and with companion drugs in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mouse footpad models of Buruli ulcer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antimicrobial treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, or Buruli ulcer (BU), has a long duration and is therefore burdensome and linked to indirect costs for affected patients. The new antimycobacterial drug telacebec (Q203) has previously shown promising treatment-shortening potential in mouse models of BU. In the present study, we investigated the potential of Q203 to reduce the treatment duration further. The first experiment investigated the possibility of cure by one, three or five doses of Q203 (2 mg/kg) with or without a companion drug (bedaquiline, BDQ, clofazimine, CFZ, or clarithromycin, CLR) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The second experiment assessed the effect of five doses of Q203 with or without BDQ or CFZ on Mycobacterium ulcerans infection of immunocompromised SCID-beige mice with the aim to evaluate the contribution of host immunity to treatment efficacy. In BALB/c mice, a treatment duration as short as 3 days was sufficient to prevent relapse in nearly all footpads and a single dose of Q203 with or without BDQ or CFZ prevented relapse in approximately 50% of footpads. Unlike in BALB/c mice, a small percentage of SCID-beige mouse footpads were culture-positive after a treatment duration of five days, highlighting an important role of host immunity for M. ulcerans clearance. Our results confirm the marked potency and prolonged bactericidal and sterilizing effects of Q203, even in immunocompromised SCID-beige mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omansen, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrashort treatment with telacebec alone and with companion drugs in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mouse footpad models of Buruli ulcer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aliquoting of isobaric labeling reagents for low concentration and single cell proteomics samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of isobaric tagging reagents enabled more accurate, high-throughput quantitative proteomics by enabling multiple samples to be multiplexed. One drawback of these workflows is the relative expense of the proprietary isobaric reagents, which is often only second to the expense of the instruments themselves. These highly reactive chemical tags are only commercially available in relatively large aliquots compared to the typical amounts of peptides analyzed in proteomic workflows today. Excess reagents are typically disposed of following a single labeling experiment or those performed within a few days of opening a new kit. We present a simple procedure to aliquot commercial isobaric tagging reagents and demonstrate the successful and high efficiency labeling of multiple samples over a period of six months. The samples presented herein were selected as the most diverse ones labeled by prepared aliquots from a single labeling reagent kit over this period. We observe comparable labeling efficiency from 100 microgram to 100 picograms of peptide when labeling samples from both human digest standards, cancer cell lines prepared in-house and from cells directly obtained from human organ donors, despite differences in cell type, lysis, and digestion procedures. No labeling experiment of whole human proteomics samples achieved less than 92% labeling efficiency over this period. When preparing phosphoproteomic samples 6 months after the date of the aliquoting procedure, we observed a decrease in labeling efficiency to approximately 86%, indicating the end of the useful lifetime of aliquots prepared in this manner. Over this period, we have effectively reduced the reagent costs of each experiment to less than 10% of the predicted costs when following the manufacturer instructions for use and disposal. While aliquoting of reagents can be performed by hand, we provide a complete template for automatic aliquoting using an affordable liquid handling robot, including plans for 3D printing of two parts we have found useful for streamlining this procedure.

Abstract Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=197 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/449560v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aliquoting of isobaric labeling reagents for low concentration and single cell proteomics samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible encoding of objects and space in single cells of the dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is involved in the formation of memories that require associations among stimuli to construct representations of space and the items and events within that space. Neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an initial input region of the hippocampus, have robust spatial tuning, but it is unclear how nonspatial information may be integrated with spatially modulated firing at this stage. We recorded from the DG of 21 adult mice as they foraged for food in an environment that contained discrete objects. By classifying recorded DG cells into putative granule cells and mossy cells, we examined how the addition or displacement of objects affected the spatial firing of these DG cell types. We found DG cells with multiple firing fields at a fixed distance and direction from objects (landmark vector cells) as well as cells that exhibited localized changes in spatial firing when objects in the environment were manipulated. When mice were exposed to a second environment with the same objects, DG spatial maps were completely reorganized, suggesting standard global remapping, and a largely different subset of cells responded to object manipulations. Together, these data reveal the capacity of DG cells to detect small changes in the environment, while preserving a stable spatial representation of the overall context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible encoding of objects and space in single cells of the dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progression and Resolution of SARS-1 CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To catalyze SARS-CoV-2 research including development of novel interventive and preventive strategies, we characterized progression of disease in depth in a robust COVID-19 animal model. In this model, male and female golden Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020. Groups of inoculated and mock-inoculated uninfected control animals were euthanized at day 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days post-inoculation to track multiple clinical, pathology, virology, and immunology outcomes. SARS-CoV-2-inoculated animals consistently lost body weight during the first week of infection, had higher lung weights at terminal timepoints, and developed lung consolidation per histopathology and quantitative image analysis measurements. High levels of infectious virus and viral RNA were reliably present in the respiratory tract at days 2 and 4 post-inoculation, corresponding with widespread necrosis and inflammation. At day 7, when infectious virus was rare, interstitial and alveolar macrophage infiltrates and marked reparative epithelial responses (type II hyperplasia) dominated in the lung. These lesions resolved over time, with only residual epithelial repair evident by day 28 post-inoculation. The use of quantitative approaches to measure cellular and morphologic alterations in the lung provides valuable outcome measures for developing therapeutic and preventive interventions for COVID-19 using the hamster COVID-19 model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockhurst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenhuis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf Pate, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progression and Resolution of SARS-1 CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titers of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg van Saparoea, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitaris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luirink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Transcription Factors Control Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression to Maintain Cell Fate Stability and Restrict Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The comprehensive characterization of mechanisms safeguarding cell fate identity in differentiated cells is crucial for 1) our understanding of how differentiation is maintained in healthy tissues or misregulated in disease states and 2) to improve our ability to use direct reprogramming for regenerative purposes. To uncover novel fate-stabilizing regulators, we employed a genome-wide TF siRNA screen followed by a high-complexity combinatorial evaluation of top performing hits, in a cardiac reprogramming assay in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and subsequently validated our findings in cardiac, neuronal and iPSCs reprogramming assays in primary human fibroblasts and adult endothelial cells. This approach identified a conserved set of 4 TFs (ATF7IP, JUNB, SP7, and ZNF207 [AJSZ]) that robustly opposes cell fate reprogramming, as demonstrated by up to 6-fold increases in efficiency upon AJSZ knockdown in both lineage- and cell type-independent manners. Mechanistically, ChIP-seq and single-cell ATAC-seq analyses, revealed that AJSZ bind to both open and closed chromatin in a genome-wide and regionalized fashion, thereby limiting reprogramming TFs access to target DNA and ability to remodel the chromatin. In parallel, integration of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data followed by systematic functional gene testing, identified that AJSZ also promote cell fate stability by proximally down-regulating a conserved set of genes involved in the regulation of cell fate specification (MEF2C), proteome remodeling (TPP1, PPIC), ATP homeostasis (EFHD1), and inflammation signaling (IL7R), thereby limiting cells ability to undergo large-scale phenotypic changes. Finally, simultaneous knock-down of AJSZ in combination with cardiac reprogramming TFs overexpression improved heart function by 250% as compared to no treatment and 50% as compared to MGT, 1 month after myocardial infarction. In sum, this study uncovers a novel evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating cell fate stability in differentiated cells and also identifies AJSZ as promising therapeutic targets for regenerative purposes in adult organs.

Significance StatementDifferentiated cells can be converted from one cell type into another by overexpressing lineage-determining transcription factors. Direct lineage reprogramming represents a promising strategy for regenerative medicine, but current clinical applications remain limited by the low yield of the reprogramming process. Here, we present the identification and detailed mechanistic study of a novel mechanisms opposing reprogramming process and promoting cell fate stability. Using a highthroughput screening technique, we identified four transcription factors that act as blockades to cell type change. By tracking chromatin and gene expression changes, we reconstructed a conserved pathway mediating cell fate stability in differentiated cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Missinato, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loreti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amatya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Transcription Factors Control Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression to Maintain Cell Fate Stability and Restrict Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy with features distinct from but also overlapping with Alzheimer disease (AD). While both exhibit Alzheimer-type temporal lobe neurofibrillary degeneration alongside amnestic cognitive impairment, PART develops independently of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) deposition in plaques. The pathogenesis of PART is unknown, but evidence suggests it is associated with genes that promote tau pathology as well as others that protect from A{beta} toxicity. Here, we performed a genetic association study in an autopsy cohort of individuals with PART (n=647) using Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage as a quantitative trait adjusting for sex, age, genotyping platform, and principal components. We found significant associations with some candidate loci associated with AD and progressive supranuclear palsy, a primary tauopathy (SLC24A4, MS4A6A, HS3ST1, MAPT and EIF2AK3). Genome-wide association analysis revealed a novel significant association with a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 4 (rs56405341) in a locus containing three genes, including JADE1 which was significantly upregulated in tangle-bearing neurons by single-soma RNA-seq. Immunohistochemical studies using antisera targeting JADE1 protein revealed localization within tau aggregates in autopsy brain from tauopathies containing isoforms with four microtubule-binding domain repeats (4R) and mixed 3R/4R, but not with 3R exclusively. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct and specific binding of JADE1 protein to tau containing four (4R) and no N-terminal inserts (0N4R) in post-mortem human PART brain tissue. Finally, knockdown of the Drosophila JADE1 homolog rhinoceros (rno) enhanced tau-induced toxicity and apoptosis in vivo in a humanized 0N4R mutant tau knock-in model as quantified by rough eye phenotype and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in the fly brain. Together, these findings indicate that PART has a genetic architecture that partially overlaps with AD and other tauopathies and suggests a novel role for JADE1 as a mediator of neurofibrillary degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton-Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoor, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcora, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayalon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonsattel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesulam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woltjer,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study and functional validation implicates JADE1 in tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-dependent biotinylation to elucidate the interactome of TNK2 non-receptor tyrosine kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases represent an important class of signaling molecules which are involved in driving diverse cellular pathways. Although, the large majority have been well-studied in terms of their protein-binding partners, the interactomes of some of the key non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as TNK2 (also known as activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 or ACK1) have not been systematically investigated. Aberrant expression and hyperphosphorylation of TNK2 has been implicated in a number of cancers. However, the exact proteins and cellular events that mediate phenotypic changes downstream of TNK2 are unclear. Biological systems that employ proximity-dependent biotinylation methods, such as BioID, are being increasingly used to map protein-protein interactions as they provide increased sensitivity in discovering interaction partners. In this study, we employed BioID coupled to the biotinylation site identification technology (BioSITe) method that we recently developed to perform molecular mapping of intracellular proteins associated with TNK2. We also employed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to quantitatively explore the interactome of TNK2. By performing a controlled comparative analysis between full-length TNK2 and its truncated counterpart, we were not only able to confidently identify site-level biotinylation of previously well-established TNK2 binders and substrates such as NCK1, NCK2, CTTN, STAT3, but also discover several novel TNK2 interacting partners. We validated TNK2 interaction with one of the novel TNK2 interacting protein, clathrin interactor 1 (CLINT1), using immunoblot analysis. Overall, this work reveals the power of the BioSITe method coupled to BioID and highlights several molecules that warrant further exploration to assess their functional significance in TNK2-mediated signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tahir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugundu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udainiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-dependent biotinylation to elucidate the interactome of TNK2 non-receptor tyrosine kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
daf-16/FOXO blocks adult cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae via lin-41/TRIM71 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissue-specific stem cells maintain the ability to produce multiple cell types during long periods of non-division, or quiescence. FOXO transcription factors promote quiescence and stem cell maintenance, but the mechanisms by which FOXO proteins promote multipotency during quiescence are still emerging. The single FOXO ortholog in C. elegans, daf-16, promotes entry into a quiescent and stress-resistant larval stage called dauer in response to adverse environmental cues. During dauer, stem and progenitor cells maintain or re-establish multipotency to allow normal development to resume after dauer. We find that during dauer, daf-16/FOXO prevents epidermal stem cells (seam cells) from prematurely adopting differentiated, adult characteristics. In particular, dauer larvae that lack daf-16 misexpress collagens that are normally adult-enriched. Using col-19p::gfp as an adult cell fate marker, we find that all major daf-16 isoforms contribute to opposing col-19p::gfp expression during dauer. By contrast, daf-16(0) larvae that undergo non-dauer development do not misexpress col-19p::gfp. Adult cell fate and the timing of col-19p::gfp expression are regulated by the heterochronic gene network, including lin-41 and lin-29. lin-41 encodes an RNA-binding protein orthologous to LIN41/TRIM71 in mammals, and lin-29 encodes a conserved zinc finger transcription factor. In non-dauer development lin-41 opposes adult cell fate by inhibiting the translation of lin-29, which directly activates col-19 transcription and promotes adult cell fate. We find that during dauer, lin-41 blocks col-19p::gfp expression, but surprisingly, lin-29 is not required in this context. Additionally, daf-16 promotes the expression of lin-41 in dauer larvae. The col-19p::gfp misexpression phenotype observed in dauer larvae with reduced daf-16 requires the downregulation of lin-41, but does not require lin-29. Taken together, this work demonstrates a novel role for daf-16/FOXO as a heterochronic gene that promotes expression of lin-41/TRIM71 to contribute to multipotent cell fate in a quiescent stem cell model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cale, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galagali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranke, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolbert, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblock, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[daf-16/FOXO blocks adult cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae via lin-41/TRIM71]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chasing perfection: validation and polishing strategies for telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing technologies and genome assembly methods have enabled the recent completion of the first Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) human genome assembly, which resolves complex segmental duplications and large tandem repeats, including centromeric satellite arrays in a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM13). Though derived from highly accurate sequencing, evaluation revealed that the initial T2T draft assembly had evidence of small errors and structural misassemblies. To correct these errors, we designed a novel repeat-aware polishing strategy that made accurate assembly corrections in large repeats without overcorrection, ultimately fixing 51% of the existing errors and improving the assembly QV to 73.9. By comparing our results to standard automated polishing tools, we outline common polishing errors and offer practical suggestions for genome projects with limited resources. We also show how sequencing biases in both PacBio HiFi and Oxford Nanopore Technologies reads cause signature assembly errors that can be corrected with a diverse panel of sequencing technologies
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mc Cartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chasing perfection: validation and polishing strategies for telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Betacoronavirus-specific alternate splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses can subvert a number of cellular processes in order to block innate antiviral responses, and many viruses interact with cellular splicing machinery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was shown to suppress global mRNA splicing, and at least 10 SARS-CoV-2 proteins bind specifically to one or more human RNAs. Here, we investigate 17 published experimental and clinical datasets related to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as datasets from the betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS as well as Streptococcus pneumonia, HCV, Zika virus, Dengue virus, influenza H3N2, and RSV. We show that genes showing differential alternative splicing in SARS-CoV-2 have a similar functional profile to those of SARS-CoV and MERS and affect a diverse set of genes and biological functions, including many closely related to virus biology. Additionally, the differentially spliced transcripts of cells infected by coronaviruses were more likely to undergo intron-retention, contain a pseudouridine modification and a smaller number of exons than differentially spliced transcripts in the control groups. Viral load in clinical COVID-19 samples was correlated with isoform distribution of differentially spliced genes. A significantly higher number of ribosomal genes are affected by DAS and DGE in betacoronavirus samples, and the betacoronavirus differentially spliced genes are depleted for binding sites of RNA-binding proteins. Our results demonstrate characteristic patterns of differential splicing in cells infected by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS, potentially modifying a broad range of cellular functions and affecting a diverse set of genes and biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlebach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Betacoronavirus-specific alternate splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate positioning of functional residues is critical for the design of new protein functions, but has remained difficult because of the prevalence of irregular local geometries in active sites. Here we introduce two computational methods that build local protein geometries from sequence with atomic accuracy: fragment kinematic closure (FKIC) and loophash kinematic closure (LHKIC). FKIC and LHKIC integrate two approaches: robotics-inspired kinematics of protein backbones and insertion of peptide fragments, and show up to 140-fold improvements in native-like predictions over either approach alone. We then integrate these methods into a new design protocol, pull-into-place (PIP), to position functionally important sidechains via design of new structured loop conformations. We validate PIP by remodeling a sizeable active site region in an enzyme and confirming the engineered new conformations of two designs with crystal structures. The described methods can be applied broadly to the design of many new protein geometries and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krivacic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.450352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NOVEL CELL LINE MODELS OF CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.450352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDResistance to androgen deprivation therapies is a major driver of mortality in advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, there is a need to develop new pre-clinical models that allow the investigation of resistance mechanisms and the assessment of drugs for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.

METHODSWe generated two novel cell line models (LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR) which were derived by passaging LAPC4 and VCaP cells in vivo and in vitro under castrate conditions. We performed detailed transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses (SWATH-MS) to delineate expression differences between castration-sensitive and castration-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of the novel cell line models.

RESULTSThe two cell line derivatives LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR showed castration resistant growth in vitro and in vivo which was only minimally inhibited by AR antagonists, enzalutamide and bicalutamide. High-dose androgen treatment resulted in significant growth arrest of VCaP-CR but not in LAPC4-CR cells. Both cell lines maintained AR expression, but exhibited distinct expression changes on the mRNA and protein level. Integrated analyses including data from LNCaP and the previously described castration resistant LNCaP-abl cells revealed an expression signature of castration resistance.

CONCLUSIONSThe two novel cell line models LAPC4-CR and VCaP-CR and their comprehensive characterization on the RNA and protein level represent important resources to study the molecular mechanisms of castration resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamidipati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esopi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.04.450352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NOVEL CELL LINE MODELS OF CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fly Cell Atlas: a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to obtain single cell transcriptomes for stable cell types and dynamic cell states is ushering in a new era for biology. We created the Tabula Drosophilae, a single cell atlas of the adult fruit fly which includes 580k cells from 15 individually dissected sexed tissues as well as the entire head and body. Over 100 researchers from the fly community contributed annotations to >250 distinct cell types across all tissues. We provide an in-depth analysis of cell type-related gene signatures and transcription factor markers, as well as sexual dimorphism, across the whole animal. Analysis of common cell types that are shared between tissues, such as blood and muscle cells, allowed the discovery of rare cell types and tissue-specific subtypes. This atlas provides a valuable resource for the entire Drosophila community and serves as a comprehensive reference to study genetic perturbations and disease models at single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Waegeneer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolluru, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardeux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brbic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattikota, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnorrer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nystul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho-Santos, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White-Cooper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galenza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, J. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FCA Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.04.451050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fly Cell Atlas: a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D-amino acids are increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the D-stereoisomer of the amino acid with the fastest in vitro spontaneous racemization rate, cysteine, has not been examined in mammals. Using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and an stereospecific luciferase assay, we identify endogenous D-cysteine in the mammalian brain. We identify serine racemase (SR), which generates the NMDA glutamate receptor co-agonist D-serine, as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for D-cysteine. Levels of D-cysteine are enriched over twentyfold in the embryonic mouse brain compared to the adult. D-cysteine reduces the proliferation of cultured mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by approximately 50%, effects not shared with D-serine or L-cysteine. The antiproliferative effect of D-cysteine is mediated by the transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3a. The selective influence of D-cysteine on NPC proliferation is reflected in overgrowth and aberrant lamination of the cerebral cortex in neonatal SR knockout mice. Finally, we perform an unbiased screen for D-cysteine-binding proteins in NPCs by immunoprecipitation with a D-cysteine-specific antibody followed by mass spectrometry. This approach identifies myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) as a putative D-cysteine-binding protein. Together, these results establish endogenous mammalian D-cysteine and implicate it as a physiologic regulator of NPC homeostasis in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harraz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily oscillation of the excitation/inhibition ratio is disrupted in two mouse models of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations to the balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I ratio) are postulated to underlie behavioral phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and mouse models. However, in wild type mice the E/I ratio is not constant, but instead oscillates across the 24h day. Therefore, we tested whether the E/I oscillation, rather than the overall E/I ratio, is disrupted in two ASD-related mouse lines: Fmr1 KO and BTBR, models of syndromic and idiopathic ASD, respectively. The E/I ratio is dysregulated in both models, but in different ways: the oscillation is lost in Fmr1 KO and reversed in BTBR mice. In both models these phenotypes associate with differences the timing of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and endocannabinoid signaling compared to wild type mice, but not with altered sleep. These findings raise the possibility that ASD-related phenotypes may be produced by a mismatch of E/I to the appropriate behavioral state, rather than alterations to overall E/I levels per se.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Ferrall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oatel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily oscillation of the excitation/inhibition ratio is disrupted in two mouse models of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MONI: A Pangenomics Index for Finding MEMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, Gagie et al. proposed a version of the FM-index, called the r-index, that can store thousands of human genomes on a commodity computer. Then Kuhnle et al. showed how to build the r-index efficiently via a technique called prefix-free parsing (PFP) and demonstrated its effectiveness for exact pattern matching. Exact pattern matching can be leveraged to support approximate pattern matching but the r-index itself cannot support efficiently popular and important queries such as finding maximal exact matches (MEMs). To address this shortcoming, Bannai et al. introduced the concept of thresholds, and showed that storing them together with the r-index enables efficient MEM finding -- but they did not say how to find those thresholds. We present a novel algorithm that applies PFP to build the r-index and find the thresholds simultaneously and in linear time and space with respect to the size of the prefix-free parse. Our implementation called MONI can rapidly find MEMs between reads and large sequence collections of highly repetitive sequences. Compared to other read aligners - PuffAligner, Bowtie2, BWA-MEM, and CHIC - MONI used 2-11 times less memory and was 2-32 times faster for index construction. Moreover, MONI was less than one thousandth the size of competing indexes for large collections of human chromosomes. Thus, MONI represents a major advance in our ability to perform MEM finding against very large collections of related references.

AvailabilityMONI is publicly available at https://github.com/maxrossi91/moni.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MONI: A Pangenomics Index for Finding MEMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid-to-mesenchymal NGF-p75 signaling coordinates skeletal cell migration during repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone regeneration following injury is initiated by inflammatory signals and occurs in association with infiltration by sensory nerve fibers. Together, these events are believed to coordinate angiogenesis and tissue reprogramming, but the mechanism of coupling immune signals to re-innervation and osteogenesis is unknown. Here, we found that NGF is expressed following cranial bone injury and signals via p75 in resident mesenchymal osteogenic precursors to impact their migration into the damaged tissue. Mice lacking Ngf in myeloid cells demonstrated reduced migration of osteogenic precursors to the injury site with consequently delayed bone healing. These features were phenocopied by mice lacking p75 in Pdgfra+ osteoblast precursors. Single-cell transcriptomics identified mesenchymal subpopulations with potential roles in cell migration and immune response, altered in the context of p75 deletion. Together, these results identify the role of p75 signaling pathway in coordinating skeletal cell migration during early bone repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sono, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid-to-mesenchymal NGF-p75 signaling coordinates skeletal cell migration during repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial photoacoustic characterization of neurovascular physiology during early-stage photothrombotic stroke in neonatal piglets in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perinatal ischemic stroke is estimated to occur in 1/2300-1/5000 live births, but early differential diagnosis from global hypoxia-ischemia is often difficult. In this study, we tested the ability of a hand-held transcranial photoacoustic (PA) imaging to non-invasively detect a focal photothrombotic stroke (PTS) within 2 hours of stroke onset in a gyrencephalic piglet brain. 17 stroke lesions of approximately 1-cm2 area were introduced randomly in anterior or posterior cortex via the light/dye PTS technique in anesthetized neonatal piglets (n = 11). The contralateral non-ischemic region served as control tissue for discrimination contrast for the PA hemoglobin metrics: HbO2 saturation, total hemoglobin (tHb), and individual quantities of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 and HbR). The PA-derived tissue HbO2 saturation at 2 hours yielded a significant separation between control and affected regions-of-interest (p < 0.0001), which were well matched with 24-hr post-stroke cerebral infarction confirmed in the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained image. The quantity of HbO2 also displayed a significant contrast (p = 0.021), whereas tHb and HbR did not. The analysis on receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate data analysis also agreed with the results above. This study shows that a hand-held transcranial PA neuroimaging can detect a regional thrombotic stroke in cerebral cortex of a neonatal piglet. In particular, we conclude that the HbO2 saturation metric can be used alone to identify regional stroke lesions. The lack of change in tHb may be related to arbitrary hand-held imaging configuration and/or entrapment of red blood cells within the thrombotic stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiler, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial photoacoustic characterization of neurovascular physiology during early-stage photothrombotic stroke in neonatal piglets in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seasonal nature in the outbreaks of respiratory viral infections with increased transmission during low temperatures has been well established. The current COVID-19 pandemic makes no exception, and temperature has been suggested to play a role on the viability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike glycoprotein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to initiate viral fusion. Studying the effect of temperature on the receptor-Spike interaction, we observed a significant and stepwise increase in RBD-ACE2 affinity at low temperatures, resulting in slower dissociation kinetics. This translated into enhanced interaction of the full Spike to ACE2 receptor and higher viral attachment at low temperatures. Interestingly, the RBD N501Y mutation, present in emerging variants of concern (VOCs) that are fueling the pandemic worldwide, bypassed this requirement. This data suggests that the acquisition of N501Y reflects an adaptation to warmer climates, a hypothesis that remains to be tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta Vergara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prive, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brochiero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced chemotaxis through spatially-regulated absolute concentration robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemotaxis, the directional motility of cells in response to spatial gradients of chemical cues, is a fundamental process behind a wide range of biological events, including the innate immune response and cancer metastasis. Recent advances in cell biology have shown that the protrusions that enable amoeboid cells to move are driven by the stochastic threshold crossings of an underlying excitable system. As a cell encounters a chemoattractant gradient, the size of this threshold is regulated spatially so that the crossings are biased towards the front of the cell. For efficient directional migration, cells must limit undesirable lateral and rear-directed protrusions. The inclusion of a control mechanism to suppress these unwanted firings would enhance chemotactic efficiency. It is known that absolute concentration robustness (ACR) exerts tight control over the mean and variance of species concentration. Here, we demonstrate how the coupling of the ACR mechanism to the cellular signaling machinery reduces the likelihood of threshold crossings in the excitable system. Moreover, we show that using the cells innate gradient sensing apparatus to direct the action of ACR to the rear, suppresses the lateral movement of the cells and that this results in improved chemotactic performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced chemotaxis through spatially-regulated absolute concentration robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for carbapenam C-alkylation by TokK, a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cobalamin- or B12-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes acting during carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis carry out radical-mediated methyl transfers that underlie the therapeutic usefulness of these essential medicines. Here we present x-ray crystal structures of TokK, which are representative of this functional class, containing its two metallocofactors and determined in the presence and absence of carbapenam substrate. The structures give the first visualization of a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that employs the radical mechanism shared by a vast majority of these enzymes. The structures provide insight into the stereochemistry of initial C6 methylation and suggests that substrate positioning governs the rate of each methylation event.

One Sentence SummaryStructural insight into a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylase that performs three sequential radical-mediated methylations to install the C6 side chain of a carbapenem antibiotic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knox, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for carbapenam C-alkylation by TokK, a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit motifs and graph properties of connectome development in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network science is a powerful tool that can be used to better explore the complex structure of brain networks. Leveraging graph and motif analysis tools, we interrogate C. elegans connectomes across multiple developmental time points and compare the resulting graph characteristics and substructures over time. We show the evolution of the networks and highlight stable invariants and patterns as well as those that grow or decay unexpectedly, providing a substrate for additional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit motifs and graph properties of connectome development in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glby, is a PBP with β-lactamase activity and is required for in vivo viability of M. abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of Mycobacteroides abscessus, Mab, (also known as Mycobacterium abscessus) has been increasing steadily globally. Patients with structural lung conditions such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at high risk of developing pulmonary Mab disease. The disease is often recurrent as the current treatment regimen is considered sub-efficacious. The cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria is required for their viability and its biosynthetic pathway is enriched in proteins whose inhibition is the basis for two of the most widely used classes of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. The peptidoglycan of Mab is distinct from that of most bacteria as its synthesis involves penicillin binding proteins (PBP) and L,D-transpeptidases. Here, we demonstrate that Mab gene locus MAB_3167c encodes a PBP (hereafter referred to as Glby) and is required for normal planktonic growth in liquid broth. Glby exhibits a strong {beta}-lactamase activity and is sensitive to {beta}-lactamase inhibitors. In a mouse model of pulmonary Mab disease, mutant lacking this gene was unable to proliferate, gradually cleared and undetectable after three weeks. In a collection of 1.046 Mab clinical isolates, there is evidence that changes in amino acid sequence that compromise Glby function are not favored. These evidences suggest that an agent that can inhibit Glby in vivo has the potential to be an efficacious treatment against Mab disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggioncalda, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glby, is a PBP with β-lactamase activity and is required for in vivo viability of M. abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile elements and highly repetitive genomic regions are potent sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of large, composite or arrayed repeat elements and those found in more complex regions of the genome require a complete, linear genome assembly. Here we present the first de novo repeat discovery and annotation of a complete human reference genome, T2T-CHM13v1.0. We identified novel satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for known repeats and mobile elements, characterized new classes of complex, composite repeats, and provided comprehensive annotations of retroelement transduction events. Utilizing PRO-seq to detect nascent transcription and nanopore sequencing to delineate CpG methylation profiles, we defined the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including for the first time those found in centromeres. Together, these data provide expanded insight into the diversity, distribution and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojenski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pparα and fatty acid oxidation coordinate hepatic transcriptional architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fasting requires tight coordination between the metabolism and transcriptional output of hepatocytes to maintain systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis. Genetically-defined deficits in hepatic fatty acid oxidation result in dramatic fasting-induced hepatocyte lipid accumulation and induction of genes for oxidative metabolism, thereby providing a mouse model to interrogate the mechanisms by which the liver senses and transcriptionally responds to fluctuations in lipid levels. While fatty acid oxidation is required for a rise in acetyl-CoA and subsequent lysine acetylation following a fast, changes in histone acetylation (total, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac) associated with transcription do not require fatty acid oxidation. Instead, excess fatty acids prompt induction of lipid catabolic genes largely via ligand-activated Ppar. We observe that active enhancers in fasting mice are enriched for Ppar binding motifs, and that inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation results in elevated enhancer priming and acetylation proximal to Ppar binding sites within regulatory elements largely associated with genes in lipid metabolism. Also, a greater number of Ppar-associated H3K27ac signal changes occur at active enhancers compared to promoters, suggesting a genomic mechanism for Ppar to tune target gene expression levels. Overall, these data demonstrate the requirement for Ppar activation in maintaining transcriptionally permissive hepatic genomic architecture particularly when fatty acid oxidation is limiting.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIFasting-induced transcription and histone acetylation are largely independent of acetyl-CoA concentration.
C_LIO_LIDeficits in fatty acid oxidation prompt epigenetic changes and Ppar-sensitive transcription.
C_LIO_LIFasting prompts enhancer priming and acetylation proximal to Ppar binding sites independent of Ppar.
C_LIO_LIPatterns of Ppar target genes can be distinguished by epigenetic marks at promoters and enhancers.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavagnini, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pparα and fatty acid oxidation coordinate hepatic transcriptional architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded highly repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their sequence, evolution, and essential role in chromosome segregation. Here, we present an extensive study of newly assembled peri/centromeric sequences representing 6.2% (189.9 Mb) of the first complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13). We discovered novel patterns of peri/centromeric repeat organization, variation, and evolution at both large and small length scales. We also found that inner kinetochore proteins tend to overlap the most recently duplicated subregions within centromeres. Finally, we compared chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals and uncovered structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation at single-base resolution across these regions. In total, this work provides an unprecedented atlas of human centromeres to guide future studies of their complex and critical functions as well as their unique evolutionary dynamics.

One-sentence summaryDeep characterization of fully assembled human centromeres reveals their architecture and fine-scale organization, variation, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes de Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerpedjiev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to its predecessors, the Telomere-to-Telomere CHM13 genome adds nearly 200 Mbp of sequence, corrects thousands of structural errors, and unlocks the most complex regions of the human genome to clinical and functional study. Here we demonstrate how the new reference universally improves read mapping and variant calling for 3,202 and 17 globally diverse samples sequenced with short and long reads, respectively. We identify hundreds of thousands of novel variants per sample--a new frontier for evolutionary and biomedical discovery. Simultaneously, the new reference eliminates tens of thousands of spurious variants per sample, including up to 12-fold reduction of false positives in 269 medically relevant genes. The vast improvement in variant discovery coupled with population and functional genomic resources position T2T-CHM13 to replace GRCh38 as the prevailing reference for human genetics.

One Sentence SummaryThe T2T-CHM13 reference genome universally improves the analysis of human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdeyev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking ultra-high molecular weight DNA preservation methods for long-read and long-range sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in vertebrate genomics require sampling from a broad range of tissue types, taxa, and localities. Recent advancements in long-read and long-range genome sequencing have made it possible to produce high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies for almost any organism. However, adequate tissue preservation for the requisite ultra-high molecular weight DNA (uHMW DNA) remains a major challenge. Here we present a comparative study of preservation methods for field and laboratory tissue sampling, across vertebrate classes and different tissue types. We find that no single method is best for all cases. Instead, the optimal storage and extraction methods vary by taxa, by tissue, and by down-stream application. Therefore, we provide sample preservation guidelines that ensure sufficient DNA integrity and amount required for use with long-read and long-range sequencing technologies across vertebrates. Our best practices generated the uHMW DNA needed for the high-quality reference genomes for Phase 1 of the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), whose ultimate mission is to generate chromosome-level reference genome assemblies of all [~]70,000 extant vertebrate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahn, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bista, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinnere Pettersson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komoroske, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.451380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking ultra-high molecular weight DNA preservation methods for long-read and long-range sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is tightly controlled by tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) that is regulated by phosphorylation from kinases responding to environmental cues. Protein kinase G specifically modifies serine-1365 (S1364, human), and its phosphorylation (or phosphomimetic SE mutant) potently blocks mTORC1 co-activation by pathological stress, while a phospho-silenced (SA) mutation does the opposite. Neither alter basal mTORC1 activity. Here we show S1365 exerts biased control over mTORC1 activity (S6K phosphorylation) modifying ERK1/2 but not Akt-dependent stimulation. Whereas mTORC1 activation by endothelin-1 is potently modified by S1365 status, insulin or PDGF stimulation are unaltered. TSC2-S1365 is also phosphorylated upon ET-1 but not insulin stimulation in a PKG-dependent manner, revealing intrinsic bias. Neither energy or nutrient modulation of mTORC1 are impacted by S1365. Consistent with these results, knock-in mice with either TSC2 SA or SE mutations develop identical obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver disease from a high fat diet. Thus, S1365 provides an ERK1/2-selective mTORC1 control mechanism and a genetic means to modify pathological versus physiological mTOR stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla-Vera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grajeda Martinez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Employing DNA as a high-density data storage medium has paved the way for next-generation digital storage and biosensing technologies. However, the multipart architecture of current DNA-based recording techniques renders them inherently slow and incapable of recording fluctuating signals with sub-hour frequencies. To address this limitation, we developed a simplified system employing a single enzyme, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), to transduce environmental signals into DNA. TdT adds nucleotides to the 3 ends of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a template-independent manner, selecting bases according to inherent preferences and environmental conditions. By characterizing TdT nucleotide selectivity under different conditions, we show that TdT can encode various physiologically relevant signals like Co2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ concentrations and temperature changes in vitro. Further, by considering the average rate of nucleotide incorporation, we show that the resulting ssDNA functions as a molecular ticker tape. With this method we accurately encode a temporal record of fluctuations in Co2+ concentration to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. Finally, we engineer TdT to allosterically turn off in the presence of physiologically relevant concentration of calcium. We use this engineered TdT in concert with a reference TdT to develop a two-polymerase system capable of recording a single step change in Ca2+ signal to within 1 minute over a 60-minute period. This work expands the repertoire of DNA-based recording techniques by developing a novel DNA synthesis-based system that can record temporal environmental signals into DNA with minutes resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castinado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacteria are responsible for the majority of complex carbohydrate digestion in the human colon. Since the identities and amounts of dietary polysaccharides directly impact the gut microbiota, determining which microorganisms consume specific nutrients is central to defining the relationship between diet and gut microbial ecology. Using a custom phenotyping array, we determined carbohydrate utilization profiles for 354 members of the Bacteroidetes, a dominant saccharolytic phylum. There was wide variation in the numbers and types of substrates degraded by individual bacteria, but phenotype-based clustering grouped members of the same species indicating that each species performs characteristic roles. The ability to utilize dietary polysaccharides and endogenous mucin glycans was negatively correlated, suggesting exclusion between these niches. By analyzing related Bacteroides ovatus/xylanisolvens strains that vary in their ability to utilize mucin glycans, we addressed whether gene clusters that confer this complex, multi-locus trait are being gained or lost in individual strains. Pangenome reconstruction of these strains revealed a remarkably mosaic architecture in which genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism are highly variable and bioinformatics data provide evidence of interspecies gene transfer that might explain this genomic heterogeneity. Global transcriptomic analyses suggest that the ability to utilize mucin has been lost in some lineages of B. ovatus and B. xylanisolvens, which still harbor residual gene clusters that are involved in mucin utilization by strains that still actively express this phenotype. Our data provide insight into the breadth and complexity of carbohydrate metabolism in the microbiome and the underlying genomic events that shape these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pudlo, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrapon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrissat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and genomic diversification in complex carbohydrate degrading human gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classification of Free-Living Body Posture with ECG Patch Accelerometers: Application to the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWAs health studies increasingly monitor free-living heart performance via ECG patches with accelerometers, researchers will seek to investigate cardio-electrical responses to physical activity and sedentary behavior, increasing demand for fast, scalable methods to process accelerometer data. We provide the first published analysis of tri-axial accelerometry data from Zio XT patch and introduce an extension of posture classification algorithms for use with ECG patches worn in the free-living environment. Our novel extensions to posture classification include (1) estimation of an upright posture for each individual without the reference measurements used by existing posture classification algorithms; (2) correction for device removal and re-positioning using novel spherical change-point detection; and (3) classification of upright and recumbent periods using a clustering and voting process rather than a simple inclination threshold used in other algorithms. Methods were built using data from 14 participants from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), and applied to 1, 250 MACS participants. As no posture labels exist in the free-living environment, we evaluate the algorithm against labelled data from the Towson Accelerometer Study and against data labelled by hand from the MACS study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Etzkorn, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heravi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classification of Free-Living Body Posture with ECG Patch Accelerometers: Application to the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockout of E-cadherin in adult mouse epithelium results in emphysema and airway disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease, characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, alveolar loss (emphysema), and airflow limitation due to excessive mucus secretion (chronic bronchitis), that can occur even after the injurious agent is removed. It is slated to rise to the 3rd leading cause of death due to chronic disease by 2030 globally, and the 4th leading cause of death due to chronic disease in the USA. While there is substantial evidence indicating loss of E-cadherin in the lung epithelium of patients with COPD, it is not known if this is causal to the disease. We investigated if loss of E-cadherin can result in lung disease using in both in vitro models of primary, differentiated human cells and in mouse models. Using a cell type-specific promoter using Cre/LoxP mice system to knock-out E- cadherin in ciliated and alveolar epithelial cell (Type 1 and Type 2) populations in adult mouse models, we determined that loss of E-cadherin caused airspace enlargement, as well as increased airway hyperresponsiveness indicating that it does have a causative role in causing COPD. Strategies to upregulate CDH1 (encodes for E-cadherin) in CHBEs and cigarette-smoke injured NHBEs can rescue the dysfunctional epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capodanno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wally, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmik, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaykaner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockout of E-cadherin in adult mouse epithelium results in emphysema and airway disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac-generated sympathetic stress alters heart-brain communication, reduces EEG-theta activity, and increases locomotor behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system modulates heart function on a beat-to-beat basis via increasingly understood mechanisms. Conversely, whether and how humoral/functional cardiac variations shape brain activity and adaptive behavior remains unclear. This study shows that mice overexpressing adenylyl cyclase type 8 in myocytes (TGAC8), characterized by persistently elevated heart rate/contractility, also display increased locomotion. This effect is sustained by enhanced gamma rhythms, as evidenced by simultaneous behavioral and EEG/ECG monitoring. These changes are specific because they are not paralleled by other modifications, such as heightened anxiety-like behavior. In unison, TGAC8 mice hippocampus exhibits upregulated GABA-A receptors, whose activation chiefly accounts for gamma activity generation. Moreover, the Granger causality analysis between ECG and EEG attests to the causal involvement of the autonomic component of the heartbeat in shaping EEG gamma oscillations in a bottom-up modality. Mechanistically, TGAC8 harbors elevated circulating dopamine/DOPA levels of cardiac origin and upregulated hippocampal D5 dopamine receptor levels. In synergy with the GABA-A receptor, D5 activation favors hippocampal inhibitory currents that drive EEG gamma oscillations. These studies, therefore, inform how heart-initiated functional and/or humoral modifications reverberate back to the brain to modulate specific primary adaptive responses, such as locomotion.

SignificanceThe brain is continuously aware of the functional status of many bodily organs, modulating, for instance, the hearts activity beat-by-beat. Conversely, how cardiac activity modifications impact brain function and behavior is less understood. We disclose that augmenting myocyte adenyl cyclase 8 (AC8) activity in mice increases their locomotion. Elevated cardiac AC8 levels lead to higher circulating dopamine and DOPA, hormones crucially involved in movement control, and increased expression of the hippocampuss GABA-A and D5 receptors; the activation of the latter modifies hippocampal gamma oscillations shaping locomotor activity. Thus, the brain interprets changes in myocardial AC8 activity as a "sustained exercise-like" situation and responds by activating areas commanding to increase locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menicucci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasnain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodaballapur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemignani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac-generated sympathetic stress alters heart-brain communication, reduces EEG-theta activity, and increases locomotor behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and diversity of neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus has been insufficiently characterized. We sequenced the transcriptomes of 40,927 cells from the prenatal human hypothalamus spanning from 6 to 25 gestational weeks and 25,424 mature neurons in regions of the adult human hypothalamus, revealing a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to mature neurons and glia. Developing hypothalamic neurons followed branching trajectories leading to 170 transcriptionally distinct neuronal subtypes in ten hypothalamic nuclei in the adult. The uniqueness of hypothalamic neuronal lineages was examined developmentally by comparing excitatory lineages present in cortex and inhibitory lineages in ganglionic eminence from the same individuals, revealing both distinct and shared drivers of neuronal maturation across the human forebrain. Cross-species comparisons to the mouse hypothalamus identified human-specific POMC populations expressing unique combinations of transcription factors and neuropeptides. These results provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development at cellular resolution.

One-Sentence SummaryUsing single-cell genomics, we reconstructed the developmental lineages by which precursor populations give rise to 170 distinct neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bale, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doege, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread germline genetic heterogeneity of human ribosomal RNA genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphism drives survival under stress and provides adaptability. Genetic polymorphism of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes derives from internal repeat variation of this multicopy gene, and from interindividual variation. A considerable amount of rRNA sequence heterogeneity has been proposed but has been challenging to estimate given the scarcity of accurate reference sequences. We identified four rDNA copies on chromosome 21 (GRCh38) with 99% similarity to recently introduced reference sequence KY962518.1. Pairwise alignment of the rRNA coding sequences of these copies showed differences in sequence and length. We customized a GATK bioinformatics pipeline using the four rDNA loci, spanning a total 145 kb, for variant calling. We employed whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 and analyzed variants in 2,504 individuals from 26 populations. Using the pipeline, we identified a total of 3,790 variant positions. The variants positioned non-randomly on the rRNA gene. Invariant regions included the promoter, early 5 ETS, 5.8S, ITS1 and certain regions of the 28S rRNA, and large areas of the intragenic spacer. 18S rRNA coding region had very few variants, while a total of 470 variant positions were observed on 28S rRNA. The majority of the 28S rRNA variants located on highly flexible human-expanded rRNA helical folds ES7L and ES27L, suggesting that these represent positions of diversity and are potentially under continuous evolution. These findings provide a genetic view for rRNA heterogeneity and raise the need to functional assess how the 28S rRNA variants affect ribosome functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eklund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NV, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread germline genetic heterogeneity of human ribosomal RNA genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of reward history on decision-making and movement vigor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During foraging, animals explore a site and harvest reward, and then abandon that site and travel to the next opportunity. One aspect of this behavior involves decision-making, while the other involves movement control. We recently proposed that control of decision-making and movements may be linked via a desire to maximize a single normative utility: the sum of all rewards acquired, minus all efforts expended, divided by time. If this is the case, then the history of rewards, and not just its immediate availability, should dictate how long one decides to stay and harvest reward, and how fast one travels to the next opportunity. We tested this theory in a series of experiments in which humans used their hand to harvest tokens at a reward patch, and then used their arm to reach toward a subsequent opportunity. Experiencing a history of poor rewards not only led people to forage longer, but they also reached slower toward the next reward site. Thus, reward history had a consistent effect on both the decision-making process regarding when to abandon a reward site, and the motor control process regarding how fast to move to the next opportunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of reward history on decision-making and movement vigor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectomics spanning multiple areas of mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the brain we must relate neurons functional responses to the circuit architecture that shapes them. Here, we present a large functional connectomics dataset with dense calcium imaging of a millimeter scale volume. We recorded activity from approximately 75,000 neurons in primary visual cortex (VISp) and three higher visual areas (VISrl, VISal and VISlm) in an awake mouse viewing natural movies and synthetic stimuli. The functional data were co-registered with a volumetric electron microscopy (EM) reconstruction containing more than 200,000 cells and 0.5 billion synapses. Subsequent proofreading of a subset of neurons in this volume yielded reconstructions that include complete dendritic trees as well the local and inter-areal axonal projections that map up to thousands of cell-to-cell connections per neuron. Here, we release this dataset as an open-access resource to the scientific community including a set of tools that facilitate data retrieval and downstream analysis. In accompanying papers we describe our findings using the dataset to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of cortical cell types1-3 and the most detailed synaptic level connectivity diagram of a cortical column to date2, uncovering unique cell-type specific inhibitory motifs that can be linked to gene expression data4. Functionally, we identify new computational principles of how information is integrated across visual space5, characterize novel types of neuronal invariances6 and bring structure and function together to decipher a general principle that wires excitatory neurons within and across areas7, 8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MICrONs Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolias, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celii, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froudarakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinz, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebditch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptiste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectomics spanning multiple areas of mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential as novel drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases. These lipid bilayer vesicles are naturally abundant in mammalian tissues and circulation, can be loaded with therapeutic small molecule drugs, (si)RNA, proteins and CRISPR/Cas9, and may be engineered for retention by specific tissues. However, many questions remain on the optimal dosing, administration route, and pharmacokinetics of EVs. Previous studies have addressed biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in rodents, but little evidence is available from larger animals. Here, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Expi293F-derived EVs labelled with a highly sensitive nanoluciferase reporter (palmGRET) in a non-human primate model (Macaca nemestrina), comparing intravenous (IV) and intranasal (IN) administration over a 125-fold dose range. We report that EVs administered IV had markedly longer circulation times in plasma than previously reported in mice, and were detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after 30-60 minutes. Already after one minute following IV administration, we observed EV uptake by PBMCs, most notably B-cells. EVs were detected in liver and spleen within one hour of IV administration. None of the IN doses resulted in readily detectable EV levels in plasma, CSF, or organs, suggesting that IN delivery of EVs in large animals including humans may require reconsideration or pretreatment approaches. Furthermore, EV circulation times strongly decreased after repeated IV administration, possibly due to immune responses and with clear implications for xenogeneic EV-based therapeutics. We hope that our findings from this baseline study in macaques will help to inform future research and therapeutic development of EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonvisky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pate, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin D3 regulates the G1/S transition and is frequently overexpressed in several cancer types including breast cancer, where it promotes tumor progression. Here, we show that a cytoskeletal protein keratin 19 (K19) physically interacts with a serine/threonine kinase GSK3{beta} and prevents GSK3{beta}-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. The absence of K19 allowed active GSK3{beta} to accumulate in the nucleus and degrade cyclin D3. Specifically, the head domain of K19 was required to sustain inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} Ser9, prevent nuclear accumulation of GSK3{beta}, and maintain cyclin D3 levels and cell proliferation. K19 was found to interact with GSK3{beta} and K19-GSK3{beta} interaction was mapped out to require Ser10 and Ser35 residues on the head domain of K19. Unlike wildtype K19, S10A and S35A mutants failed to maintain total and nuclear cyclin D3 levels and induce cell proliferation. Finally, we show that the K19-GSK3{beta}-cyclin D3 pathway affected sensitivity of cells towards inhibitors to cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Overall, these findings establish a role for K19 in the regulation of GSK3{beta}-cyclin D3 pathway and demonstrate a potential strategy for overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiufekchiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lising, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suk, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a surface receptor that, in the central nervous system, is exclusively expressed on microglia. TREM2 variants have been linked to increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases, but the functional effects of microglial TREM2 remain largely unknown. To this end, we investigated TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43)-related neurodegenerative disease via viral-mediated expression of human TDP-43 protein (hTDP-43) in neonatal and adult mice or inducible expression of hTDP43 with defective nuclear localization signals in transgenic mice. We found that TREM2 deficiency impaired microglia phagocytic clearance of pathological TDP-43, and enhanced neuronal damage and motor function impairments. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that hTDP-43 induced a TREM2-dependent subpopulation of microglia with high CD11c expression and higher phagocytic ability. Using mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we further demonstrated an interaction between TDP-43 and TREM2, in vitro and in vivo, in hTDP-43-expressing transgenic mouse brains. We computationally identified the region within hTDP-43 that interacts with TREM2 and observed the potential interaction in ALS patient tissues. Our data reveal the novel interaction between TREM2 and TDP-43, highlighting that TDP-43 is a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 and the interaction mediates neuroprotection of microglial TREM2 in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The META tool optimizes metagenomic analyses across sequencing platforms and classifiers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in the field of metagenomics is the selection of the correct combination of sequencing platform and downstream metagenomic analysis algorithm, or  classifier. Here, we present the Metagenomic Evaluation Tool Analyzer (META), which produces simulated data and facilitates platform and algorithm selection for any given metagenomic use case. META-generated in silico read data are modular, scalable, and reflect user-defined community profiles, while the downstream analysis is done using a variety of metagenomic classifiers. Reported results include information on resource utilization, time-to-answer, and performance. Real-world data can also be analyzed using selected classifiers and results benchmarked against simulations. To test the utility of the META software, simulated data was compared to real-world viral and bacterial metagenomic samples run on four different sequencers and analyzed using 12 metagenomic classifiers. Lastly, we introduce  META Score: a unified, quantitative value which rates an analytic classifiers ability to both identify and count taxa in a representative sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Player, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguinaldo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maszkiewicz, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsyth, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verratti, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradburne, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The META tool optimizes metagenomic analyses across sequencing platforms and classifiers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of new molecular pathways supporting the growth of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) stem and progenitor cells is needed to understand clinical variation and develop targeted therapies. Within myeloid malignancies, men have worse outcomes compared to women, suggesting male sex hormone driven effects in malignant hematopoiesis. The androgen receptor promotes the expression of five granulocyte-colony factor receptor regulated genes. Among them, CCRL2 encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that regulates cytokine signaling in differentiated granulocytes but its role in myeloid malignancies is unknown. Our study revealed that CCRL2 is upregulated in stem and progenitor cells from patients with MDS and secondary acute leukemia. CCRL2 knockdown suppressed the growth and clonogenicity of MDS92 and MDS-L cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, CCRL2 knockdown significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, and STAT5 in MDS cells. CCRL2 co-precipitated with JAK2 and its suppression decreased the interaction of JAK2 with STAT proteins. Cell lines expressing JAK2V617F showed less effect of CCRL2 knockdown on growth and clonogenicity compared to those expressing wild type. However, the selective JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib potentiated the effects of CCRL2 knockdown in MDS and leukemia cells expressing both wild type JAK2 and JAK2V617F. In conclusion, our results implicate CCRL2 as a mediator of MDS and secondary acute leukemia cell growth, in part through JAK2/STAT signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodorescu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodolou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmenstine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkhowa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondek, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moliterno, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs), consisting of transcription factors and their target cis- regulatory sequences, control neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the developing central nervous system, but their organization is poorly characterized. In this study, we performed integrated single-cell RNA- and scATAC-seq analysis in both mouse and human retina to profile dynamic changes in gene expression, chromatin accessibility and transcription factor footprinting during retinal neurogenesis. We identified multiple interconnected, evolutionarily-conserved GRNs consisting of cell type-specific transcription factors that both activate expression of genes within their own network and often inhibit expression of genes in other networks. These GRNs control state transitions within primary retinal progenitors that underlie temporal patterning, regulate the transition from primary to neurogenic progenitors, and drive specification of each major retinal cell type. We confirmed the prediction of this analysis that the NFI transcription factors Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix selectively activate expression of genes that promote late-stage temporal identity in primary retinal progenitors. We also used GRNs to identify additional transcription factors that promote (Insm1/2) and inhibit (Tbx3, Tcf7l1/2) rod photoreceptor specification in postnatal retina. This study provides an inventory of cis- and trans-acting factors that control retinal development, identifies transcription factors that control the temporal identity of retinal progenitors and cell fate specification, and will potentially guide cell-based therapies aimed at replacing retinal neurons lost due to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic Analysis of Developing Human Retina and Organoids Reveals Cell-Specific Cis-Regulatory Elements and Mechanisms of Non-Coding Genetic Disease Risk. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) play a critical role in the development, maintenance, and disease-states of all human cell types. In the human retina, CREs have been implicated in a variety of inherited retinal disorders. To characterize cell-class-specific CREs in the human retina and elucidate their potential functions in development and disease, we performed single-nucleus (sn)ATAC-seq and snRNA-seq on the developing and adult human retina and on human retinal organoids. These analyses allowed us to identify cell-class-specific CREs, enriched transcription factor binding motifs, putative target genes, and to examine how these features change over development. By comparing DNA accessibility between the human retina and retinal organoids we found that CREs in organoids are highly correlated at the single-cell level, validating the use of organoids as a model for studying disease-associated CREs. As a proof of concept, we studied the function of a disease-associated CRE at 5q14.3 in organoids, identifying its principal target gene as the miR-9-2 primary transcript and demonstrating a dual role for this CRE in regulating neurogenesis and gene regulatory programs in mature glia. This study provides a rich resource for characterizing cell-class-specific CREs in the human retina and showcases retinal organoids as a model in which to study the function of retinal CREs that influence retinal development and disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISingle-cell map of cis-regulatory elements in developing and adult human retina.
C_LIO_LICorrelation of single-cell DNA accessibility between human retina and retinal organoids.
C_LIO_LIAssociation of disease risk loci with cell-class-specific accessibility.
C_LIO_LIModeling of enhancer function at the 5q14.3 retinal disease-risk locus.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkins-Perry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic Analysis of Developing Human Retina and Organoids Reveals Cell-Specific Cis-Regulatory Elements and Mechanisms of Non-Coding Genetic Disease Risk.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.453806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CHK-2 antagonizing phosphatase PPM-1.D regulates meiotic entry via catalytic and non-catalytic activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.453806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from the stem cell/progenitor fate to meiosis is mediated by several redundant post-transcriptional regulatory pathways in C. elegans. Interfering with all three branches causes tumorous germlines. SCFPROM-1 comprises one branch and mediates a scheduled degradation step at entry into meiosis. prom-1 mutants show defects in timely initiation of events of meiotic prophase I, resulting in high rates of embryonic lethality. Here, we identify the phosphatase PPM-1.D/Wip1 as crucial substrate for PROM-1. We report that PPM-1.D antagonizes CHK-2 kinase, a key regulator for meiotic prophase initiation e.g., DNA double strand breaks, chromosome pairing and synaptonemal complex formation. We propose that PPM-1.D controls the amount of active CHK-2 by both catalytic and non-catalytic activities, where strikingly the non-catalytic regulation seems to be crucial at meiotic entry. PPM-1.D sequesters CHK-2 at the nuclear periphery and programmed SCFPROM-1 mediated degradation of PPM-1.D liberates the kinase and promotes meiotic entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baudrimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paouneskou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schedl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jantsch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.453806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CHK-2 antagonizing phosphatase PPM-1.D regulates meiotic entry via catalytic and non-catalytic activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-dependent yeast cell death pathway requires AP-3 vesicle trafficking leading to vacuole membrane permeabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unicellular eukaryotes are suggested to undergo self-inflicted destruction. However, molecular details are sparse by comparison to the mechanisms of cell death known for human cells and animal models. Here we report a molecular pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization and cell death. Following exposure to heat-ramp conditions, a model of environmental stress, we observed that yeast cell death occurs over several hours, suggesting an ongoing molecular dying process. A genome-wide screen for death-promoting factors identified all subunits of the AP-3 adaptor complex. AP-3 promotes stress-induced cell death through its Arf1-GTPase-dependent vesicle trafficking function, which is required to transport and install proteins on the vacuole/lysosome membrane, including a death-promoting protein kinase Yck3. Time-lapse microscopy revealed a sequence of events where AP-3-dependent vacuole permeability occurs hours before the loss of plasma membrane integrity. An AP-3-dependent cell death pathway appears to be conserved in the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolp, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalisi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-dependent yeast cell death pathway requires AP-3 vesicle trafficking leading to vacuole membrane permeabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Cognitive States Predict Individual Variability in Behavior and Modulate with EEG Functional Connectivity during Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuations in strategy, attention, or motivation can cause large variability in performance across task trials. Typically, this variability is treated as noise, and assumed to cancel out, leaving supposedly stable relationships among behavior, neural activity, and experimental task conditions. Those relationships, however, could change with a participants internal cognitive states, and variability in performance may carry important information regarding those states, which cannot be directly measured. Therefore, we used a mathematical, state-space modeling framework to estimate internal states from measured behavioral data, quantifying each participants sensitivity to factors such as past errors or distractions, to predict their reaction time fluctuations. We show how modeling these states greatly improves trial-by-trial prediction of behavior. Further, we identify EEG functional connectivity features that modulate with each state. These results illustrate the potential of this approach and how it could enable quantification of intra- and inter-individual differences and provide insight into their neural bases.

Statement of RelevanceCognitive behavioral performance and its neural bases vary both across individuals and within individuals over time. Understanding this variability may be key to the success of clinical or educational interventions. Internal cognitive states reflecting differences in strategy, attention, and motivation may drive much of these inter- and intra-individual differences, but often cannot be reliably controlled or measured in cognitive neuroscience research. The mathematical modeling framework developed here uses measured data to estimate a participants dynamic, internal cognitive states, with each state derived from specific factors hypothesized to affect attention, motivation or strategy. The results highlight potential sources of behavioral variability and reveal EEG features that modulate with each state. Our method quantifies and characterizes individual behavioral differences and highlights their underlying neural mechanisms, which could be used for future targeted training or neuromodulation therapies to improve cognitive performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beauchene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Cognitive States Predict Individual Variability in Behavior and Modulate with EEG Functional Connectivity during Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquitos health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host- preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission- stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic screens identify connections between ribosome recycling and nonsense mediated decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The decay of messenger RNA with a premature termination codon (PTC) by nonsense mediated decay (NMD) is an important regulatory pathway for eukaryotes and an essential pathway in mammals. NMD is typically triggered by the ribosome terminating at a stop codon that is aberrantly distant from the poly-A tail. Here, we use a fluorescence screen to identify factors involved in NMD in S. cerevisiae. In addition to the known NMD factors, including the entire UPF family (UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3), as well as NMD4 and EBS1, we identify factors known to function in post-termination recycling and characterize their contribution to NMD. We then use a series of modified reporter constructs that block both elongating and scanning ribosomes downstream of stop codons and demonstrate that a deficiency in recycling of 80S ribosomes or 40S subunits stabilizes NMD substrates. These observations in S. cerevisiae expand on recently reported data in mammals indicating that the 60S recycling factor ABCE1 is important for NMD (1, 2) by showing that increased activities of both elongating and scanning ribosomes (80S or 40S) in the 3UTR correlate with a loss of NMD.

Author SummaryIn this work, we aim to understand the mechanism of targeting mRNAs for decay via the long-studied nonsense mediated decay (NMD) pathway. We demonstrate that efficient large and small subunit ribosome recycling are necessary components of NMD. We go on to provide evidence that either scanning or actively translating ribosomes in the 3UTR disrupt the decay of NMD targets. Our work highlights the importance of the composition of the 3UTR in NMD signaling and emphasizes the need for this region to indeed be untranslated for NMD to occur. Exon junction complexes (EJCs) in the 3UTR are known to induce NMD, however, in the budding yeast system used here, the NMD targets are EJC-free. Therefore, our data support a model in which factors other than EJCs may accumulate in the 3UTR and provide a signal for NMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltri, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll-Krippleber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic screens identify connections between ribosome recycling and nonsense mediated decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-organ transcriptomic comparison reveals universal factors during maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Various cell types can be derived from stem cells. However, these cells are immature and do not match their adult counterparts in functional capabilities, limiting their use in disease modeling and cell therapies. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of maturation in vivo. However, it is unknown if there are genes and pathways conserved across organs during maturation. To address this, we performed a time-series analysis of the transcriptome of the mouse heart, brain, liver, and kidney and analyzed their trajectories over time. In addition, gene regulatory networks were reconstructed to determine overlapping expression patterns. Based on these, we identified commonly upregulated and downregulated pathways across all four organs. Key upstream regulators were also predicted based on the temporal expression of downstream genes. These findings suggest the presence of universal regulators during organ maturation, which may help us develop a general strategy to mature stem cell-derived cells in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-organ transcriptomic comparison reveals universal factors during maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.452489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VistoSeg: a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze and visualize high resolution histology images for Visium spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.452489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpatial transcriptomics is a next-generation sequencing technology that combines the strengths of transcriptome-wide RNA-sequencing with histological imaging to generate spatial maps of gene expression in intact tissue sections. The 10x Genomics Visium and Visium-Immunofluorescence (Visium-IF) platforms are widely available commercial technologies for quantifying spatially-resolved gene expression. These technologies directly couple gene expression with high resolution histological or immunofluorescence images that contain rich morphological information about the tissue section. However, extracting and integrating image features with gene expression data remains challenging.

ResultsUsing MATLAB, we developed VistoSeg, which is a pipeline to process, analyze, and interactively visualize the high-resolution images from the 10x Genomics Visium and Visium-IF platforms. The output from VistoSeg can then be integrated with the spatial-molecular information in downstream analyses using common programming languages, such as R or Python.

ConclusionVistoSeg provides user-friendly tools for integrating image-derived metrics from histological and immunofluorescent images with spatially-resolved gene expression data. This integrated approach can advance our understanding of the transcriptional landscape within tissue architecture. VistoSeg is freely available at http://research.libd.org/VistoSeg/.

Impact StatementTechnologies for measuring gene activity levels, referred to as gene expression, have been evolving over decades and are the core of the transcriptomics subfield within genomics. The first report describing individual cell gene expression is from 2009 and as a method it became commercially available in 2014. While single cell transcriptomics increased our resolution beyond homogenate tissue, the advent of spatial transcriptomics technologies and commercial availability of spatial gene expression platforms, such as Visium, has facilitated studying gene expression in anatomical context. Visium measures local gene expression within the histological organization of single 6.5 mm2 cryosection of tissue. Spatially-resolved transcriptomics provides a new challenge: integrating spatial gene expression with high resolution tissue images (brightfield histology or fluorescent antibody staining). VistoSeg image processing software is compatible with both Visium and Visium-IF from 10x Genomics, which are spatially-resolved transcriptomics assays employing histological and immunofluorescent images, respectively. From these images, the number of cells, identity of cell types, and other image-derived markers can be obtained for thousands of 2,375 {micro}m2 spots, where genome-wide gene expression is also measured. VistoSeg provides tools that enable processing these images in the context of gene expression maps to integrate these two high dimensional data types, and thus help unlock the new frontier in transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catallini, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.452489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VistoSeg: a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze and visualize high resolution histology images for Visium spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cephalopods have the potential to become useful experimental models in various fields of science, particularly in neuroscience, physiology, and behavior. Their complex nervous systems, intricate color- and texture-changing body patterns, and problem-solving abilities have attracted the attention of the biological research community, while the high growth rates and short life cycles of some species render them suitable for laboratory culture. Octopus chierchiae is a small octopus native to the central Pacific coast of North America whose predictable reproduction, short time to maturity, small adult size, and ability to lay multiple egg clutches (iteroparity) make this species ideally suited to laboratory culture. Here we describe novel methods for culture of O. chierchiae, with emphasis on enclosure designs, feeding regimes, and breeding management. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of multigenerational culture of O. chierchiae. Specifically, O. chierchiae bred in the laboratory grows from a 3.5-millimeter mantle length at hatching to an adult mantle length of approximately 20-30 millimeters in 250-300 days, with 14-15% survivorship to over 400 days of age in first and second generations. O. chierchiae sexually matures at around an estimated six months of age and, unlike most octopus species, can lay multiple clutches of eggs, approximately every 30-90 days. Eggs are large and hatchlings emerge as direct developing octopuses. Based on these results, we propose that O. chierchiae possesses both the practical and biological features needed for a model octopus that can be cultured repeatedly to address a wide range of fundamental biological questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grearson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakmar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gire, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivitilli, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lesser Pacific striped octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model for the study of octopuses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large field-of-view incoherent volumetric imaging in living human retina by confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging of the human retina is instrumental to monitor and diagnose blinding conditions. Although coherent retinal imaging is well established by optical coherence tomography, it is still a large void for incoherent volumetric imaging in the human retina. Here, we report confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CoSLO), to fill that void and harness incoherent optical contrast in 3D. CoSLO uses oblique scanning laser and remote focusing to acquire depth signal in parallel, avoid the lengthy z-stacking, and image a large field of view (FOV). In addition, confocal gating is introduced by a linear sensor array to improve the contrast and resolution. For the first time, we achieved incoherent 3D human retinal imaging with >20{degrees} viewing angle within only 5 seconds. The depth resolution is [~]45 microns in vivo. We demonstrated label-free incoherent contrast by CoSLO, revealing unique features in the retina. CoSLO will be an important technique for clinical care of retinal conditions and fundamental vision science, by offering unique volumetric incoherent contrasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large field-of-view incoherent volumetric imaging in living human retina by confocal oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Isogenic Cell Line Panel for Sequence-based Screening of Targeted Anti-cancer Drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the creation and characterization of an isogenic cell line panel representing common cancer pathways, with multiple features optimized for high-throughput screening. More than 1,800 cell lines from three normal human cells were generated using CRISPR-technologies. Surprisingly, we discovered most of these lines did not result in complete gene inactivation, despite integration of sgRNA at the desired genomic site. However, a subset of the lines harbored true, biallelic disruptions of the targeted tumor suppressor gene, yielding a final panel of 100 well-characterize lines covering 19 pathways frequently subject to loss of function in cancers. This panel included genetic markers optimized for sequence-based ratiometric assays for drug-based screening assays. To illustrate the potential utility of this panel, we developed a multiplexed high-throughput screen that identified Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 as a selective growth inhibitor of cells with inactivation of TP53. These cell lines and screening approach should prove useful for researchers studying a variety of cellular and biochemical phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Isogenic Cell Line Panel for Sequence-based Screening of Targeted Anti-cancer Drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling bottlenecks, modularity, and context-dependency in behavioral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In almost all animals, the transfer of information from the brain to the motor circuitry is facilitated by a relatively small number of neurons, leading to a constraint on the amount of information that can be transmitted. Our knowledge of how animals encode information through this pathway, and the consequences of this encoding, however, is limited. In this study, we use a simple feed-forward neural network to investigate the consequences of having such a bottleneck and identify aspects of the network architecture that enable robust information transfer. We are able to explain some recently observed properties of descending neurons - that they exhibit a modular pattern of connectivity and that their excitation leads to consistent alterations in behavior that are often dependent upon the prior behavioral state (context-dependency). Our model predicts that in the presence of an information bottleneck, such a modular structure is needed to increase the efficiency of the network and to make it more robust to perturbations. However, it does so at the cost of an increase in context-dependency. Despite its simplicity, our model is able to provide intuition for the trade-offs faced by the nervous system in the presence of an information processing constraint and makes predictions for future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinkina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling bottlenecks, modularity, and context-dependency in behavioral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro activity of bedaquiline and imipenem against actively growing, nutrient-starved, and intracellular Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease is difficult to treat due to intrinsic drug resistance and the persistence of drug-tolerant bacteria. Currently, the standard of care is a multi-drug regimen with at least 3 active drugs, preferably including a {beta}-lactam (imipenem or cefoxitin). These regimens are lengthy, toxic, and have limited efficacy. The search for more efficacious regimens led us to evaluate bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline licensed for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. We performed in vitro time-kill experiments to evaluate the activity of bedaquiline alone and in combination with the first-line drug imipenem against M. abscessus under various conditions. Against actively growing bacteria, bedaquiline was largely bacteriostatic and antagonized the bactericidal activity of imipenem. Contrarily, against nutrient-starved persisters, bedaquiline was bactericidal, while imipenem was not, and bedaquiline drove the activity of the combination. In an intracellular infection model, bedaquiline and imipenem had additive bactericidal effects. Correlations between ATP levels and the bactericidal activity of imipenem and its antagonism by bedaquiline were observed. Interestingly, the presence of Tween 80 in the media affected the activity of both drugs, enhancing the activity of imipenem and reducing that of bedaquiline. Overall, these results show that bedaquiline and imipenem interact differently depending on culture conditions. Previously reported antagonistic effects of bedaquiline on imipenem were limited to conditions with actively multiplying bacteria and/or the presence of Tween 80, whereas the combination was additive or indifferent against nutrient-starved and intracellular M. abscessus, where promising bactericidal activity of the combination suggests it may have a role in future treatment regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martins, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro activity of bedaquiline and imipenem against actively growing, nutrient-starved, and intracellular Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phased Mutations and Complex Rearrangements in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines through Linked-Read Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A limited number of cell lines have fueled the majority of preclinical Prostate cancer (PCa) research. Despite tremendous effort in characterizing their molecular profiles, comprehensive whole genome sequencing with allelic phasing of somatic genome alterations has not been undertaken to date. Here, we utilized whole genome Linked-read sequencing to obtain haplotype information from the seven most commonly used PCa cell lines (PC3, LNCaP, DU145, CWR22Rv1, VCaP, LAPC4, MDA-PCa-2b), four castrate resistant (CR) subclones (LNCaP_Abl, LNCaP_C42b, VCaP-CR, LAPC4-CR), and an immortalized prostate epithelial line RWPE-1. Phasing of mutations allowed derivation of "Gene-level Haplotype" to assess whether a gene harbored heterozygous mutations in one or both alleles, providing a comprehensive catalogue of mono or bi-allelically inactivated genes. Phased structural variant analysis allowed identification of complex rearrangement chains consistent with chromothripsis and chromoplexy, with breakpoints occurred across a single allele, providing further evidence that complex SVs occurred in a concerted event, rather than through accumulation of multiple independent rearrangements. Additionally, comparison of parental and CR subclones revealed previously known and novel genomic alterations associated with the CR clones. This study therefore comprehensively characterized phased genomic alterations in the commonly used PCa cell lines and provided a useful resource for future cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phased Mutations and Complex Rearrangements in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines through Linked-Read Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch pathway is an ancient intercellular signaling system with crucial roles in numerous cell-fate decision processes across species. While the canonical pathway is activated by ligand-induced cleavage and nuclear localization of membrane-bound Notch, Notch can also exert its activity in a ligand/transcription-independent fashion, which is conserved in Drosophila, Xenopus, and mammals. However, the noncanonical role remains poorly understood in in vivo processes. Here we show that increased levels of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in the early mesoderm inhibit heart development, potentially through impaired induction of the second heart field (SHF), independently of the transcriptional effector RBP-J. Similarly, inhibiting Notch cleavage, shown to increase noncanonical Notch activity, suppressed SHF induction in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived mesodermal cells. In contrast, NICD overexpression in late cardiac progenitor cells lacking RBP-J resulted in an increase in heart size. Our study suggests that noncanonical Notch signaling has stagespecific roles during cardiac development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulistio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L9 is a potent human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that preferentially binds two adjacent NVDP minor repeats and cross-reacts with NANP major repeats of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on malaria-infective sporozoites. Understanding this mAbs ontogeny and mechanisms of binding PfCSP to neutralize sporozoites will facilitate vaccine development. Here, we isolated mAbs clonally related to L9 and showed that this B-cell lineage has baseline NVDP affinity and evolves to acquire NANP reactivity. Pairing the L9 kappa light chain (L9{kappa}) with clonally-related heavy chains resulted in chimeric mAbs that cross-linked two NVDP, cross-reacted with NANP, and more potently neutralized sporozoites compared to their original light chain. Structural analyses revealed that chimeric mAbs bound the minor repeat motif in a type-1 {beta}-turn seen in other repeat-specific antibodies. These data highlight the importance of L9{kappa} in binding NVDP on PfCSP to neutralize SPZ and suggest that PfCSP-based immunogens might be improved by presenting [&ge;]2 NVDP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurlburt, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Garcia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francica, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pancera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cDNA-detector: Detection and removal of cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exogenous cDNA introduced into an experimental system, either intentionally or accidentally, can appear as added read coverage over that gene in next-generation sequencing libraries derived from this system. If not properly recognized and managed, this cross-contamination with exogenous signal can lead to incorrect interpretation of research results. Yet, this problem is not routinely addressed in current sequence processing pipelines. Here, we present cDNA-detector, a computational tool to identify and remove exogenous cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing experiments. We apply cDNA-detector to several highly-cited public databases (TCGA, ENCODE, NCBI SRA) and show that contaminant genes appear in sequencing experiments where they lead to incorrect coverage peak calls. Our findings highlight the importance of sensitive detection and removal of contaminant cDNA from NGS libraries before downstream analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheinbay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cDNA-detector: Detection and removal of cDNA contamination in DNA sequencing libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Executive System Activation in Youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.454903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low socioeconomic status has been shown to have detrimental effects on cognitive performance, including working memory (WM). As executive systems that support WM undergo functional neurodevelopment during adolescence, environmental stressors at both individual and community levels may have a particularly strong impact on cognitive outcomes. Here, we sought to examine how neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) impacts task-related activation of the executive system during adolescence, and to determine whether this effect mediates the relationship between neighborhood SES and WM performance. To address these questions, we studied 1,158 youths (age 8-22) that completed a fractal n-back WM task during fMRI at 3T as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. We found that higher neighborhood SES was associated with greater activation of the executive system to WM load, including the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and precuneus. These associations remained significant when controlling for related factors like parental education and exposure to traumatic events. Furthermore, high dimensional multivariate mediation analysis identified two distinct patterns of brain activity within the executive system that significantly mediated the relationship between neighborhood SES and task performance. Together, these findings underscore the importance of the neighborhood environment in shaping executive system function and WM in youth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtha, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pines, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.454903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Executive System Activation in Youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two parallel sRNA amplification cycles contribute to RNAi inheritance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is a conserved mechanism that uses small RNAs (sRNAs) to tune gene expression. In C. elegans, exposure to dsRNA induces the production of gene-specific sRNAs that are propagated to progeny not exposed to the dsRNA trigger. We present evidence that RNAi inheritance is mediated by two parallel sRNA amplification loops. The first loop, dependent on the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1, targets nascent transcripts, and reduces but does not eliminate productive transcription at the locus. The second loop, dependent on the conserved helicase ZNFX-1, targets mature transcripts and concentrates them in perinuclear condensates (nuage). Each amplification loop generates a distinct class of sRNAs, with the ZNFX-1 loop responsible for the bulk of sRNA production on the region targeted by the trigger. By independently targeting nascent and mature transcripts, the HRDE-1 and ZNFX-1 loops ensure maximum silencing in progeny not exposed to the trigger.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, J. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two parallel sRNA amplification cycles contribute to RNAi inheritance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome collisions in bacteria promote ribosome rescue by triggering mRNA cleavage by SmrB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome rescue pathways recycle stalled ribosomes and target problematic mRNAs and aborted proteins for degradation. In bacteria, it remains unclear how rescue pathways distinguish ribosomes stalled in the middle of a transcript from actively translating ribosomes. In a genetic screen in E. coli, we discovered a novel rescue factor that has endonuclease activity. SmrB cleaves mRNAs upstream of stalled ribosomes, allowing the ribosome rescue factor tmRNA (which acts on truncated mRNAs) to rescue upstream ribosomes. SmrB is recruited by ribosome collisions; cryo-EM structures of collided disomes from E. coli and B. subtilis reveal a distinct and conserved arrangement of the individual ribosomes and the composite SmrB binding site. These findings reveal the underlying mechanism by which ribosome collisions trigger ribosome rescue in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratzat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome collisions in bacteria promote ribosome rescue by triggering mRNA cleavage by SmrB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A user-friendly tool for cloud-based whole slide image segmentation, with examples from renal histopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImage-based machine learning tools hold great promise for clinical applications in nephropathology and kidney research. However, the ideal end-users of these computational tools (e.g., pathologists and biological scientists) often face prohibitive challenges in using these tools to their full potential, including the lack of technical expertise, suboptimal user interface, and limited computation power.

MethodsWe have developed Histo-Cloud, a tool for segmentation of whole slide images (WSIs) that has an easy-to-use graphical user interface. This tool runs a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) for segmentation of WSIs in the cloud and allows the extraction of features from segmented regions for further analysis.

ResultsBy segmenting glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and vascular structures from renal and non-renal WSIs, we demonstrate the scalability, best practices for transfer learning, and effects of dataset variability. Finally, we demonstrate an application for animal model research, analyzing glomerular features in murine models of aging, diabetic nephropathy, and HIV associated nephropathy.

ConclusionThe ability to access this tool over the internet will facilitate widespread use by computational non-experts. Histo-Cloud is open source and adaptable for segmentation of any histological structure regardless of stain. Histo-Cloud will greatly accelerate and facilitate the generation of datasets for machine learning in the analysis of kidney histology, empowering computationally novice end-users to conduct deep feature analysis of tissue slides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutnick, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barisoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jen, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A user-friendly tool for cloud-based whole slide image segmentation, with examples from renal histopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related Immune-Stromal Networks Inhibit Response to Regenerative Immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and could potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age-related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, we characterized how aging induces senescence and immunological changes that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Tissue signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling increased with injury and treatment in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age-associated senescent-T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells. Local inhibition of type 3 immune activation using IL17-neutralizing antibodies improved healing and restored therapeutic response to the regenerative biomaterial, promoting muscle repair in older animals. These results provide insights into tissue immune dysregulation that occurs with aging that can be targeted to rejuvenate repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related Immune-Stromal Networks Inhibit Response to Regenerative Immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal protein misfolding intermediates can bypass the proteostasis network and remain soluble and non-functional 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded protein conformations with decreased functionality can bypass the proteostasis machinery and remain soluble in vivo. This is an unexpected phenomenon as several cellular quality control mechanisms have evolved to rid cells of misfolded proteins. Three questions, then, are: how is it structurally possible for long-lived, soluble, misfolded proteins to bypass the proteostasis machinery and processes? How widespread are these soluble, misfolded states across the proteome? And how long do they persist for? Here, we address these questions using coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations of the synthesis, termination, and post-translational dynamics of a representative set of cytosolic E. coli proteins. We predict that half of all proteins exhibit subpopulations of misfolded conformations that are likely to bypass molecular chaperones, avoid aggregation, and not be rapidly degraded. These misfolded states may persist for months or longer for some proteins. Structurally characterizing these misfolded states, we observe they have a large amount of native structure, but also contain localized misfolded regions from non-native changes in entanglement, in which a protein segment threads through a loop formed by another portion of the protein that is not found in the native state. The surface properties of these misfolded states are native like, suggesting they may bypass the proteostasis machinery and its regulatory processes to remain soluble, while their entanglements make these states long-lived kinetic traps, as disentanglement requires unfolding of already folded portions of the protein. In terms of function, we predict that one-third of proteins have subpopulations that misfold into less-functional states that have structurally perturbed functional sites yet remain soluble. Data from limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry experiments, which interrogate the misfolded conformations populated by proteins upon unfolding and refolding, are consistent with the structural changes seen in the entangled states of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon misfolding. These results provide an explanation for how proteins can misfold into soluble conformations with reduced functionality that can bypass cellular quality controls, and indicate, unexpectedly, this may be a wide-spread phenomenon in proteomes. Such entanglements are observed in many native structures, suggesting the non-native entanglements we observe are plausible. More broadly, these near-native entangled structures suggest a hypothesis for how synonymous mutations can modulate downstream protein structure and function, with these mutations partitioning nascent proteins between these kinetically trapped states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nissley, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trovato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal protein misfolding intermediates can bypass the proteostasis network and remain soluble and non-functional]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How synonymous mutations alter enzyme structure andfunction over long time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The specific activity of enzymes can be altered over long time scales in cells by synonymous mutations, which change an mRNA molecules sequence but not the encoded proteins primary structure. How this happens at the molecular level is unknown. Here, we investigate this issue by applying multiscale modeling to three E. coli enzymes - type III chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, D-alanine-D-alanine ligase B, and dihydrofolate reductase. This modeling involves coarse-grained simulations of protein synthesis and post-translational behavior, all-atom simulations as a test of robustness, and QM/MM calculations to characterize enzymatic function. We first demonstrate that our model predicts experimentally measured changes in specific activity due to synonymous mutations. Then, we show that changes in codon translation rates induced by synonymous mutations cause shifts in co-translational and post-translational folding pathways that kinetically partition molecules into subpopulations that very slowly interconvert to the native, functional state. These long-lived states exhibit reduced catalytic activity, as demonstrated by their increased activation energies for the reactions they carry out. Structurally, these states resemble the native state, with localized misfolding near the active sites of the enzymes. The localized misfolding involves noncovalent lasso entanglements - a topology in which the protein backbone forms a loop closed by noncovalent native contacts which is then threaded by another portion of the protein. Such entanglements are often kinetic traps, as they can require a large proportion of the protein to unfold, which is energetically unfavorable, before they can disentangle and attain the native state. The near-native structures of these misfolded states allow them to bypass the proteostasis machinery and remain soluble, as they exhibit similar hydrophobic surface areas as the native state. These entangled structures persist in all-atom simulations as well, indicating that these conclusions are independent of model resolution. Moreover, the structures of long-lived entangled states are supported by agreement with limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry results. Thus, synonymous mutations cause shifts in the co- and post-translational structural ensemble of proteins, whose altered subpopulations lead to long-term changes in the specific activities of some enzymes. The formation of entangled subpopulations is a plausible mechanism through which changes in translation elongation rate alter ensemble-averaged specific activities, which can ultimately affect the efficiency of biochemical pathways and phenotypic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neti, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How synonymous mutations alter enzyme structure andfunction over long time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DNA sensors AIM2 and IFI16 are NET-binding SLE autoantigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acid binding proteins are frequently targeted as autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other interferon (IFN)-linked rheumatic diseases. The AIM-like receptors (ALRs) are IFN-inducible innate sensors that form supramolecular assemblies along double-stranded DNA of various origins. Here, we identify the ALR Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) as a novel autoantigen in SLE, with similar properties to the established ALR autoantigen interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Our SLE cohort revealed a frequent co-occurrence of anti-AIM2, anti-IFI16 and anti-DNA antibodies, and higher clinical measures of disease activity in patients positive for antibodies against these ALRs. We examined neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as DNA scaffolds on which these antigens might interact in a pro-immune context, finding that both ALRs bind NETs in vitro and in SLE renal tissues. We demonstrate that ALR binding causes NETs to resist degradation by DNase I, suggesting a mechanism whereby extracellular ALR-NET interactions may promote sustained IFN signaling. Our work suggests that extracellular ALRs bind NETs, leading to DNase resistant nucleoprotein fibers that are targeted as autoantigens in SLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antiochos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenaroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casciola-Rosen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DNA sensors AIM2 and IFI16 are NET-binding SLE autoantigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity for retinal regeneration varies greatly across vertebrates species. A recent comparative epigenetic and transcriptomic investigation of Muller glial (MG) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice revealed that Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) are among the most highly up-regulated genes in activated chick MG (Hoang et al., 2020). Herein we provide an in-depth follow-up investigation to describe patterns of expression and how FABPs and fatty acid synthase (FASN) influence glial cells in the chick retina. During development, FABP7 is highly expressed by embryonic retinal progenitor cells (eRPCs) and maturing MG, whereas FABP5 is gradually up-regulated in maturing MG and remains elevated in mature glial cells. PMP2 (FABP8) is expressed by oligodendrocytes and FABP5 is expressed by non-astrocytic inner retinal glial cells, and both of these FABPs are significantly up-regulated in activated MG in damaged or growth factor-treated retinas. In addition to suppressing the formation of MGPCs, we find that FABP-inhibition suppressed the accumulation of proliferating microglia, although the microglia appeared highly reactive. scRNA-seq analyses of cells treated with FABP-inhibitor revealed distinct changes in patterns of expression suggesting that FABPs are involved in the transitions of MG from a resting state to a reactive state and conversion from reactive MG to MGPCs. Inhibition of FABPs in undamaged retinas had a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profiles of MG, with up-regulation of genes associated with gliogenesis, decreases in genes associated with neurogenesis, and suppression of the ability of MG to become MGPCs. scRNA-seq analyses of microglia indicated that FABP inhibition enhances gene modules related to reactivity, proliferation and cytokine signaling. We find that the proliferation of retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) is unaffected by FABP-inhibitor. Upstream of FABP activity, we inhibited FASN in damaged retinas, which reduced numbers of dying cells, increased the proliferation of microglia, and potently suppressed the formation MGPCs in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of FASN and FABPs are required early during the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Fatty acid metabolism and cell signaling involving fatty acids are important in regulating glial homeostasis in the retina, and the dedifferentiation and proliferation of microglia and MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hodiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawthorn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathoot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Approach for Proteomic Analysis at Single-Cell Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell proteomic analysis provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity allowing the characterization of the cellular microenvironment which is difficult to accomplish in bulk proteomic analysis. Currently, single-cell proteomic studies utilize data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with a TMT labelled carrier channel. Due to the extremely imbalanced MS signals among the carrier channel and other TMT reporter ions, the quantification is compromised. Thus, data-independent acquisition (DIA)-MS should be considered as an alternative approach towards single-cell proteomic study since it generates reproducible quantitative data. However, there are limited reports on the optimal workflow for DIA-MS-based single-cell analysis. Herein, we report an optimized DIA workflow for single-cell proteomics using Orbitrap Lumos Tribrid instrument. We utilized a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and induced drug resistant polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) to evaluate our established workflow. We found that a short LC gradient was preferable for peptides extracted from single cell level with less than 2 ng sample amount. The total number of co-searching peptide precursors was also critical for protein and peptide identifications at nano- and sub-nano-gram levels. Post-translationally modified peptides could be identified from a nano-gram level of peptides. Using the optimized workflow, up to 1,500 protein groups were identified from a single PACC corresponding to 0.2 ng of peptides. Furthermore, about 200 peptides with phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination were identified from global DIA analysis of 100 cisplatin resistant PACCs (20 ng). Finally, we used this optimized DIA approach to compare the whole proteome of MDA-MB-231 parental cells and induced PACCs at a single-cell level. We found the single-cell level comparison could reflect real protein expression changes and identify the protein copy number. Our results demonstrate that the optimized DIA pipeline can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for single-cell as well as sub-nano-gram proteomic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lih, T.-S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuczler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Approach for Proteomic Analysis at Single-Cell Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of miR-181c in Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently identified a nuclear-encoded miRNA (miR-181c) in cardiomyocytes that can translocate into mitochondria to regulate mitochondrial gene (mt-COX1), and influence obesity-induced cardiac dysfunction through mitochondrial pathway. Liver plays a pivotal role during obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-181c plays an important role in pathophysiological complications associated with obesity. We used miR-181c/d-/- mice to study the miR-181c role in lipogenesis in hepatocytes during diet-induced obesity (DIO). Indirect calorimetric measurements were made during the 26 weeks high fat diet (HFD) exposure. qPCR was performed to examine the gene expression involved in lipid synthesis. Here, we show that miR-181c/d-/- mice are not protected against all metabolic consequences of HFD exposure. After 26 weeks of the HFD, miR-181c/d-/- mice had a significantly higher body fat (%) compared to WT. Glucose tolerance tests showed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, indicative of insulin insensitivity in the miR-181c/d-/- mice. HFD-fed miR-181c/d-/- mice had higher serum and liver triglyceride levels compared to HFD-fed WT mice. qPCR data demonstrated that several genes which are regulated by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) were upregulated in miR-181c/d-/- liver compared to WT liver. Furthermore, an AAV-8 was used to deliver miR-181c, in vivo, to validate the potential role of miR-181c in the liver. miR-181c delivery attenuate the lipogenesis by downregulating the same lipid synthesis genes in the liver. In hepatocytes, miR-181c regulates lipid biosynthesis by targeting IDH1. Taken together, the data indicate that overexpression of miR-181c can be beneficial for various lipid metabolism disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akiyoshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boersma, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasquez, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OBrien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenbergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamashiro, K. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of miR-181c in Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upstrap for estimating power and sample size in complex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Power and sample size calculation are major components of statistical analyses. The upstrap resampling method introduced by Crainiceanu and Crainiceanu (2018) was proposed as a general solution to this problem but has not been assessed in numerical experiments. We evaluate the power estimation properties of the upstrap for target data sets that are larger or smaller than the original observed data set. We also expand the scope of upstrap and propose a solution to estimate the power to detect: (1) an effect size observed in the original data; and (2) an effect size chosen by a researcher. Simulations include the following scenarios: one- and two-sample t-tests; linear regression with both Gaussian and binary outcomes; multilevel mixed effects models with both Gaussian and binary outcomes. In addition, our simulations consider cases where the distribution of a covariate in the target setting is preserved and when it is purposefully changed compared to the original data set. We illustrate the approach using a reanalysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of malaria transmission. The GitHub repository with R code used in manuscript analyses is available at https://git.io/J0TH1. The accompanying data are publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upstrap for estimating power and sample size in complex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE prevents uptake by M cells and instigates M cell extrusion in human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pathogens use M cells to access the underlying Peyers patches and spread to systemic sites via the lymph as demonstrated by ligated loop murine intestinal models. However, the study of interactions between M cells and microbial pathogens has stalled due to the lack of cell culture systems. To overcome this obstacle, we use human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers containing five intestinal cell types including M cells to study the interactions between the enteric pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) and M cells. The Yptb type three secretion system (T3SS) effector Yops inhibit host defenses including phagocytosis and are critical for colonization of the intestine and Peyers patches. Therefore, it is not understood how Yptb traverses through M cells to breach the epithelium. By growing Yptb under two physiological conditions that mimic the early infectious stage (low T3SS-expression) or host-adapted stage (high T3SS-expression), we found that large numbers of Yptb specifically associated with M cells, recapitulating murine studies. Transcytosis through M cells was significantly higher by Yptb expressing low levels of T3SS, because YopE and YopH prevented Yptb uptake. YopE also caused M cells to extrude from the epithelium without inducing cell-death or disrupting monolayer integrity. Sequential infection with early infectious stage Yptb reduced host-adapted Yptb association with M cells. These data underscore the strength of enteroids as a model by discovering that Yops impede M cell function, indicating that early infectious stage Yptb more effectively penetrates M cells while the host may defend against M cell penetration of host-adapted Yptb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fasciano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasanayake, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breault, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isberg, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecsas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE prevents uptake by M cells and instigates M cell extrusion in human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FtsN protein of Escherichia coli and other proteobacteria is an essential and highly conserved bitopic membrane protein that triggers the inward synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) during cell division. Previous work has shown that the activation of sPG synthesis by FtsN involves a series of interactions of FtsN with other divisome proteins and the cell wall. Precisely how FtsN achieves this role is unclear, but a recent study has shown that FtsN promotes the relocation of the essential sPG synthase FtsWI from an FtsZ-associated track (where FtsWI is inactive) to an sPG-track (where FtsWI engages in sPG synthesis). Whether FtsN works by displacing FtsWI from the Z-track or capturing/retaining FtsWI on the sPG-track is not known. Here we use single-molecule imaging and genetic manipulation to investigate the organization and dynamics of FtsN at the septum and how they are coupled to sPG synthesis activity. We found that FtsN exhibits a spatial organization and dynamics distinct from those of the FtsZ-ring. Single FtsN molecules move processively as a single population with a speed of [~] 9 nm s-1, similar to the speed of active FtsWI molecules on the sPG-track, but significantly different from the [~] 30 nm s-1 speed of inactive FtsWI molecules on the FtsZ-track. Furthermore, the processive movement of FtsN is independent of FtsZs treadmilling dynamics but driven exclusively by active sPG synthesis. Importantly, only the essential domain of FtsN, a three-helix bundle in the periplasm, is required to maintain the processive complex containing both FtsWI and FtsN on the sPG-track. We conclude that FtsN activates sPG synthesis by forming a processive synthesis complex with FtsWI exclusively on the sPG-track. These findings favor a model in which FtsN captures or retains FtsWI on the sPG-track rather than one in which FtsN actively displaces FtsWI from the Z-track.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahashiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaus, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FtsN activates septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthase in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear RNA binding regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization and passive nuclear export 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear clearance of the DNA/RNA-binding protein TDP-43 is a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia that remains unexplained. Moreover, our current understanding of TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling does not fully explain the predominantly nuclear localization of TDP-43 in healthy cells. Here, we used permeabilized and live-cell models to investigate TDP-43 nuclear export and the role of RNA in TDP-43 localization. We show that TDP-43 nuclear efflux occurs in low-ATP conditions and independent of active mRNA export, consistent with export by passive diffusion through nuclear pore channels. TDP-43 nuclear residence requires binding to GU-rich nuclear intronic pre-mRNAs, based on the induction of TDP-43 nuclear efflux by RNase and GU-rich oligomers and TDP-43 nuclear retention conferred by pre-mRNA splicing inhibitors. Mutation of TDP-43 RNA recognition motifs disrupts TDP-43 nuclear accumulation and abolishes transcriptional blockade-induced TDP-43 nuclear efflux, demonstrating strict dependence of TDP-43 nuclear localization on RNA binding. Thus, the nuclear abundance of GU-rich intronic pre-mRNAs, as dictated by the balance of transcription and pre-mRNA processing, regulates TDP-43 nuclear sequestration and availability for passive nuclear export.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaepfel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear RNA binding regulates TDP-43 nuclear localization and passive nuclear export]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols (tactile vs. visual) influence their neural representations? We examined these questions by comparing reading of visual print (sighted group, n=19) and tactile Braille (congenitally blind group, n=19). Blind and sighted readers were presented with written (words, consonant strings, non-letter shapes) and spoken stimuli (words, backward speech) that varied in word-likeness. Consistent with prior work, the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) was active during Braille and visual reading. A posterior/anterior vOTC word-form gradient was observed only in sighted readers with more anterior regions preferring larger orthographic units (words). No such gradient was observed in blind readers. Consistent with connectivity predictions, in blind compared to sighted readers, posterior parietal cortices were recruited to a greater degree and contained word-preferring patches. Lateralization of Braille in blind readers was predicted by laterality of spoken language and reading hand. The effect of spoken language increased along a cortical hierarchy, whereas effect of reading-hand waned. These results suggested that the neural basis of reading is influenced by symbol modality and spoken language and support connectivity-based views of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccone, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells prevents disease relapse after stem cell transplantation in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a major cause of treatment-related morbidity and mortality in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The cellular and molecular mechanisms for MPN relapse are not well understood. Here, we established a murine model of MPN relapse, in which [~]60% of the MPN recipient mice develop disease relapse after receiving stem cell transplantation with wild-type marrow donor. Using this model, we find that impaired wild-type cell function is associated with MPN disease relapse. We also show that competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells can modulate the immune cell composition and PD-L1 expression induced by the JAK2V617F oncogene. These results suggest that cell competition between wild-type donor cells and JAK2V617F mutant recipient cells can prevent MPN disease relapse after stem cell transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castiglione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell competition between wild-type and JAK2V617F mutant cells prevents disease relapse after stem cell transplantation in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cyclin Cln1 controls polyploid titan cell formation following a stress-induced G2 arrest in Cryptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans produces polyploid titan cells in response to the host lung environment that are critical for host adaptation and subsequent disease. We analyzed the in vivo and in vitro cell cycles to identify key aspects of the C. neoformans cell cycle that are important for the formation of titan cells. We identified unbudded 2C cells, referred to as a G2 arrest, produced both in vivo and in vitro in response to various stresses. Deletion of the non-essential cyclin Cln1 resulted in over-production of titan cells in vivo, and transient morphology defects upon release from stationary phase in vivo. Using a copper-repressible promoter PCTR4-CLN1 strain and a two-step in vitro titan cell formation assay, our in vitro studies revealed Cln1 functions after the G2 arrest. These studies highlight unique cell cycle alterations in C. neoformans that ultimately promote genomic diversity and virulence in this important fungal pathogen.

ImportanceDysregulation of the cell cycle underlies many human genetic diseases and cancers. Yet numerous organisms, including microbes, also manipulate the cell cycle to generate both morphologic and genetic diversity as a natural mechanism to enhance their chances for survival. The eukaryotic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans generates morphologically distinct polyploid titan cells critical for host adaptation and subsequent disease. We analyzed the C. neoformans in vivo and in vitro cell cycles to identify changes required to generate the polyploid titan cells. C. neoformans paused cell cycle progression in response to various environmental stresses after DNA replication and before morphological changes associated with cell division, referred to as a G2 arrest. Release from this G2 arrest was coordinated by the cyclin Cln1. Reduced CLN1 expression after the G2 arrest was associated with polyploid titan cell production. These results demonstrate a mechanism to generate genomic diversity in eukaryotic cells through manipulation of the cell cycle that has broad disease implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altamirano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cyclin Cln1 controls polyploid titan cell formation following a stress-induced G2 arrest in Cryptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase pathway drives intratumoral B cell maintenance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.456776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells have been implicated as central regulators of immune responses in settings as diverse as mammalian pregnancy, mucosal tolerance, chronic infection states, autoimmunity, and the tumor microenvironment. Despite the established importance of B cells in these environments, the mechanisms by which B cells are maintained in these contexts remain undefined. Here, we report that IDO1 pathway inhibition with D-1-methyl-tryptophan (D-1MT) and linrodostat significantly decreases tumor infiltrating B (TIL-B) cells in a preclinical model of melanoma. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of murine melanoma demonstrate TIL-B cells are heterogeneous but primarily express markers consistent with an immune stimulatory phenotype. D-1MT decreases splenic B cells and bone marrow derived B cell precursors in tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that IDO1 pathway inhibition impedes B cell maturation. D-1MT decreases intratumoral myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are essential for maintenance of TIL-B cells. Unlike D-1MT, genetic deletion of tumor Ido1 does not impact TIL-B or MDSC numbers. In human solid tumors, intratumoral IDO1 expression consistently associates with high expression of a pan-B cell gene signature, and in patients with melanoma, scRNAseq analysis of tumor samples revealed most TIL-B cells express IDO1. Collectively, our data reveal the impact of pharmacologic IDO1 inhibition on B cells, which may have therapeutic implications for patients with solid tumors by informing the design of future oncology clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragaki, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desiderio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConkey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resar, L. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.456776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase pathway drives intratumoral B cell maintenance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Gene-wise Differences in Latent Space Projections Across Cell Types and Species in Single Cell Data using scProject 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent space techniques have emerged as powerful tools to identify genes and gene sets responsible for cell-type and species-specific differences in single-cell data. Transfer learning methods can compare learned latent spaces across biological systems. However, the robustness that comes from leveraging information across multiple genes in transfer learning is often attained at the sacrifice of gene-wise precision. Thus, methods are needed to identify genes, defined as important within a particular latent space, that significantly differ between contexts. To address this challenge, we have developed a new framework, scProject, and a new metric, projectionDrivers, to quantitatively examine latent space usage across single-cell experimental systems while concurrently extracting the genes driving the differential usage of the latent space between defined contrasts. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy, utility, and scalability of scProject with projectionDrivers and provide experimental validation for predicted species-specific differences between the developing mouse and human retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baraban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slosberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Gene-wise Differences in Latent Space Projections Across Cell Types and Species in Single Cell Data using scProject]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hsp70 interactions are critical for cellular viability and the response to stress. Previous attempts to characterize Hsp70 interactions have been limited by their transient nature and inability of current technologies to distinguish direct vs bridged interactions. We report the novel use of cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to comprehensively characterize the budding yeast Hsp70 protein interactome. Using this approach, we have gained fundamental new insights into Hsp70 function, including definitive evidence of Hsp70 self-association as well as multi-point interaction with its client proteins. In addition to identifying a novel set of direct Hsp70 interactors which can be used to probe chaperone function in cells, we have also identified a suite of PTM-associated Hsp70 interactions. The majority of these PTMs have not been previously reported and appear to be critical in the regulation of client protein function. These data indicate that one of the mechanisms by which PTMs contribute to protein function is by facilitating interaction with chaperones. Taken together, we propose that XL-MS analysis of chaperone complexes may be used as a unique way to identify biologically-important PTMs on client proteins.

O_LIIn vivo confirmation of Hsp70 dimerization
C_LIO_LIComprehensive direct interactome of Hsp70
C_LIO_LIMulti-domain interactions between Hsp70 and client proteins
C_LIO_LIIdentification of novel biologically-important client protein PTMs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitika,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takakuwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segarra, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatebayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans melanization incorporates multiple catecholamines to produce polytypic melanin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin is a major virulence factor in pathogenic fungi that enhances the ability of fungal cells to resist immune clearance. Cryptococcus neoformans is an important human pathogenic fungus that synthesizes melanin from exogenous tissue catecholamine precursors during infection, but the type of melanin made in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is unknown. We analyzed the efficacy of various catecholamines found in brain tissue in supporting melanization using animal brain tissue and synthetic catecholamine mixtures reflecting brain tissue proportions. Solid-state NMR spectra of the melanin pigment produced from such mixtures yielded more melanin than expected if only the preferred constituent dopamine had been incorporated, suggesting uptake of additional catecholamines. Probing the biosynthesis of melanin using radiolabeled catecholamines revealed that C. neoformans melanization simultaneously incorporated more than one catecholamine, implying that the pigment was polytypic in nature. Nonetheless, melanin derived from individual or mixed catecholamines had comparable ability to protect C. neoformans against ultraviolet light and oxidants. Our results indicate that melanin produced during infection differs depending on the catecholamine composition of tissue and that melanin pigment synthesized in vivo is likely to accrue from the polymerization of a mixture of precursors. From a practical standpoint our results strongly suggest that using dopamine as a polymerization precursor is capable of producing melanin pigment comparable to that produced during infection. On a more fundamental level our findings uncover additional structural complexity for natural cryptococcal melanin by demonstrating that pigment produced during human infection is likely to be composed of polymerized moieties derived from chemically different precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans melanization incorporates multiple catecholamines to produce polytypic melanin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Macromolecular MR Spectrum in Healthy Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMobile macromolecules (MMs) from amino acids, cytosolic proteins and mobile lipids contribute a significant spectral background underlying the metabolite signals in the MR spectrum. A recent consensus recommends that MM contributions should be removed or included in modeling basis sets for determination of metabolite concentrations and/or metabolite ratios. The purpose of this study was to acquire the MM spectrum from healthy participants at a range of ages, and to investigate changes in the signals with age and sex groups.

MethodsInversion time (TI) series were acquired to determine an optimal inversion time to null the metabolite signals. Experiments were carried out using a single adiabatic hyperbolic-secant inversion pulse. After the preliminary experiment, 102 volunteers (49M/53F) between 20 and 69 years were recruited for in vivo data acquisition in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The protocol consisted of a T1-weighted MPRAGE for structural images, followed by PRESS localization using a voxel size of 30 x 26 x 26 mm3 with pre-inversion (TR/TI 2000/600 ms) and CHESS water suppression. Metabolite-nulled spectra were modeled using a reduced basis set (NAA, Cr, Cho, Glu) and a flexible spline baseline (0.1 ppm knot spacing) followed by subtraction of the modeled metabolite signals to yield a  clean MM spectrum, using the Osprey software. Pearsons correlation coefficient was calculated between integrals and age for the 14 MM signals between 0.9-4.2 ppm. One-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences between age groups. An independent t-test was carried out to determine differences between sexes. Relationships between brain tissues with age and sex groups were also measured.

ResultsMM spectra were successfully acquired in 99 (CSO) and 96 (PCC) of 102 subjects. No significant correlations were seen between age and MM integrals. One-way ANOVA also suggested no age-group differences for any MM peak (all p > 0.004). No differences were observed between sex groups. The voxels were segmented as 80 {+/-} 4% white matter, 18 {+/-} 4% gray matter, and 2 {+/-} 1% CSF for CSO and 28 {+/-} 4% white matter, 61 {+/-} 4% gray matter and 11 {+/-} 1% CSF for PCC. WM and GM showed a significant (p < 0.05) negative linear association with age in the WM-predominant CSO (R = -0.29) and GM-predominant PCC regions (R = -0.57) respectively while CSF increased significantly with age in both regions.

ConclusionOur findings indicate that the MM spectrum is stable across a large age range and between sexes, suggesting a pre-defined MM basis function can be used for linear combination modeling of metabolite data from different age and sex groups.

HighlightsO_LIA large publicly available MM-aging dataset is presented.
C_LIO_LIMacromolecule signals do not change with age between 20 and 70.
C_LIO_LIThere is no sex difference for macromolecule integrals.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Macromolecular MR Spectrum in Healthy Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in brain health and disease. In the BBB, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are connected by tight junctions which regulate paracellular transport, and express specialized transporter systems which regulate transcellular transport. However, existing in vitro models of the BBB display variable physiological accuracy across a wide range of characteristics including gene/protein expression and barrier function. Here, we use an isogenic family of fluorescently-labeled iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells (iBMECs) and brain pericyte-like cells (iPCs) within two-dimensional confluent monolayers (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered microvessels to explore how 3D microenvironment regulates gene expression and function of the in vitro BBB. We show that 3D microenvironment (shear stress, cell-ECM interactions, and cylindrical geometry) increases BBB phenotype and endothelial identity, and alters angiogenic and cytokine responses in synergy with pericyte co-culture. Tissue-engineered microvessels incorporating junction-labeled iBMECs enable study of the real-time dynamics of tight junctions during homeostasis and in response to physical and chemical perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifno, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerenberg, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic mechanisms diversify cell fates during development. How cells randomly choose between two or more fates remains poorly understood. In the Drosophila eye, the random mosaic of two R7 photoreceptor subtypes is determined by expression of the transcription factor Spineless (Ss). Here, we investigated how cis-regulatory elements and trans factors regulate nascent transcriptional activity and chromatin compaction at the ss gene locus during R7 development. We find that the ss locus is in a compact state in undifferentiated cells. An early enhancer drives ss transcription in all R7 precursors to open the ss locus. In differentiating cells, transcription ceases and the ss locus stochastically remains open or compacts. In SsON R7s, ss is open and competent for activation by a late enhancer, whereas in SsOFF R7s, ss is compact and repression prevents expression. Our results suggest that a temporally dynamic antagonism, in which transcription drives decompaction and then compaction represses transcription, controls stochastic cell fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voortman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus-Follini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally dynamic antagonism between transcription and chromatin compaction controls stochastic photoreceptor specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal cortex activity underlying the production of diverse vocal signals during social communication in marmoset monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal communication is essential for social behaviors in humans and many non-human primates. While the frontal cortex has been shown to play a crucial role in human speech production, its role in vocal production in non-human primates has long been questioned. Recent studies have shown activation in single neurons in the monkey frontal cortex during vocal production in relatively isolated environment. However, little is known about how the frontal cortex is engaged in vocal production in ethologically relevant social context, where different types of vocal signals are produced for various communication purposes. Here we studied single neuron activities and local field potentials (LFP) and in the frontal cortex of marmoset monkeys while the animal engaged in vocal exchanges with other conspecifics in a social environment. Marmosets most frequently produced four types of vocalizations with distinct acoustic structures, three of which were typically not produced in isolation. We found that both single neuron activities and LFP were modulated by the production of each of the four call types. Moreover, the neural modulations in the frontal cortex showed distinct patterns for different call types, suggesting a representation of vocal signal features. In addition, we found that theta-band LFP oscillations were phase-locked to the phrases of twitter calls, which indicates the coordination of temporal structures of vocalizations. Our results suggested important functions of the marmoset frontal cortex in supporting the production of diverse vocalizations in vocal communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal cortex activity underlying the production of diverse vocal signals during social communication in marmoset monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus degradation impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention is a core cognitive domain that is often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are the most common clinical assay of sustained attention. In CPTs, participants produce a behavioral response to target stimuli and refrain from responding to non-target stimuli. Performance in CPTs is measured as the ability to discriminate between targets and non-targets. Rodent versions of CPTs (rCPT) have been developed and validated with both anatomical and pharmacological studies, providing a translational platform for understanding the neurobiology of sustained attention. In human studies, using degraded stimuli (decreased contrast) in CPTs impairs performance and patients with schizophrenia experience a larger decrease in performance compared to healthy controls. In this study, we tested multiple levels of stimulus degradation in a touchscreen version of the CPT in mice. We found that stimulus degradation significantly decreased performance in both males and females. The changes in performance consisted of a decrease in stimulus discrimination, measured as d, and increases in hit reaction time and reaction time variability. These findings are in line with the effects of stimulus degradation in human studies. Overall, female mice demonstrated a more liberal response strategy than males, but response strategy was not affected by stimulus degradation. These data extend the utility of the mouse CPT by demonstrating that stimulus degradation produces equivalent behavioral responses in mice and humans. Therefore, the degraded stimuli rCPT has high translational value as a preclinical assay of sustained attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallock, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus degradation impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A terrain treadmill to study small animal locomotion through large obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge to understanding locomotion in complex 3-D terrain with large obstacles is to create tools for controlled, systematic lab experiments. Existing terrain arenas only allow observations at small spatiotemporal scales ([~]10 body length, [~]10 stride cycles). Here, we create a terrain treadmill to enable high-resolution observations of animal locomotion through large obstacles over large spatiotemporal scales. An animal moves through modular obstacles on an inner sphere, while a rigidly-attached, concentric, transparent outer sphere rotated with the opposite velocity via closed-loop feedback to keep the animal on top. During sustained locomotion, a discoid cockroach moved through pillar obstacles for 25 minutes ({approx} 2500 strides) over 67 m ({approx} 1500 body lengths), and was contained within a radius of 4 cm (0.9 body length) for 83% of the duration, even at speeds of up to 10 body length/s. The treadmill enabled observation of diverse locomotor behaviors and quantification of animal-obstacle interaction.

Summary StatementA device keeps a small animal on top of a sphere while it traverses obstacles, creating a "terrain treadmill" to study locomotion over a long time and distance at high-resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strebel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A terrain treadmill to study small animal locomotion through large obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Transmission of Task-Relevant Information in Cortical Neuronal Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During auditory task performance, cortical processing of task-relevant information enables mammals to recognize sensory input and flexibly select behavioral responses. In mouse auditory cortex, small neuronal networks encode behavioral choice during a pure-tone detection task, but it is poorly understood how neuronal networks encode behavioral choice during a pure-tone discrimination task where tones have to be categorized into targets and non-targets. While the interactions between networked neurons are thought to encode behavioral choice, it remains unclear how patterns of neuronal network activity indicate the transmission of task-relevant information within the network. To this end, we trained mice to behaviorally discriminate target vs. non-target pure-tones while we used in vivo 2-photon imaging to record neuronal population activity in primary auditory cortex layer 2/3. We found that during task performance, a specialized subset of neurons transiently encoded intersection information, i.e., sensory information that was used to inform behavioral choice. Granger causality analysis showed that these neurons formed functional networks in which task-relevant information was transmitted sequentially between neurons. Differences in network structure between target and non-target sounds encoded behavioral choice. Correct behavioral choices were associated with shorter timescale communication between neurons. In summary, we find that specialized neuronal populations in auditory cortex form functional networks during auditory task performance whose structures depend on both sensory input and behavioral choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocillari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzeri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Transmission of Task-Relevant Information in Cortical Neuronal Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust designation of meiotic crossover sites by CDK-2 through phosphorylation of the MutSγ complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossover formation is essential for proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Here we show that C. elegans Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) forms a complex with cyclin-like protein COSA-1 and supports crossover formation by promoting conversion of meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) into crossover-specific recombination intermediates. Further, we identify MutS{gamma} component MSH-5 as a CDK-2 phosphorylation target. MSH-5 has a disordered C-terminal tail that contains 13 potential CDK phosphosites and is required to concentrate crossover-promoting proteins at recombination sites. Phosphorylation of the MSH-5 tail appears dispensable in a wild- type background, but when MutS{gamma} activity is partially compromised, crossover formation and retention of CDK-2/COSA-1 at recombination sites are exquisitely sensitive to phosphosite loss. Our data support a model in which robustness of crossover designation reflects a positive feedback mechanism involving CDK-2-mediated phosphorylation and scaffold-like properties of the MSH-5 C-terminal tail, features that combine to promote full recruitment and activity of crossover-promoting complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haversat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woglar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerib, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust designation of meiotic crossover sites by CDK-2 through phosphorylation of the MutSγ complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans enhances functional connectivity of descending pain modulation networks involving the amygdala, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus to cortical sensory-discriminative areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionResting state functional connectivity (FC) is widely used to assess functional brain alterations in patients with chronic pain. However, reports of FC changes accompanying tonic pain in pain-free persons is rare. A brain network disrupted during chronic pain is a network we term the Descending Pain Modulatory Network (DPMN). Here, we evaluate the effect of tonic pain on FC of this network: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala (AMYG), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and parabrachial nuclei (PBN).

MethodsIn 50 pain-free participants (30F), we induced tonic pain using a capsaicin-heat pain model. We used functional MRI to measure resting BOLD signal during pain-free rest where participants experienced warmth and tonic pain where participants experienced the same temperature thermode combined with capsaicin. We evaluated FC from ACC, AMYG, PAG, and PBN with correlation of self-report pain intensity with FC during both states. We hypothesized tonic pain would disrupt FC dyads within the DPMN. We used partial correlation to determine FC correlated with pain intensity and BOLD signal.

ResultsOf hypothesized FC dyads, PAG and subgenual ACC was weakly disrupted during tonic pain (F=3.34; p=0.074; pain-free>pain d=0.25). sgACC-PAG FC became positively related to pain intensity (R=0.38; t=2.81; p=0.007). Right PBN-PAG FC during pain-free rest positively correlated with subsequently experienced pain (R=0.44; t=3.43; p=0.001). During tonic pain, FC of this connection was abolished (paired t=-3.17; p=0.0026). During pain-free rest, FC between left AMYG and right superior parietal lobule and caudate nucleus were positively correlated with subsequent pain. During tonic pain, FC between left AMYG and right inferior temporal and superior frontal gyri negatively correlated with pain. Subsequent pain positively correlated with right AMYG FC and right claustrum; left and right primary visual cortex; right middle temporal gyrus and right temporo-occipitoparietal junction. Finally, subsequent pain positively correlated with PAG FC and left cerebellum, left dorsolateral prefrontal, right posterior cingulate cortex and paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule, medial precuneus and PBN.

ConclusionWe demonstrate 1) tonic pain weakly disrupts of sgACC-PAG FC; 2) sgACC-PAG tonic pain FC positively correlates with pain; 3) right PBN-PAG FC predicts subsequent pain and is abolished during tonic pain. Finally, we reveal PAG- and right AMYG-anchored networks which predict intensity of tonic pain. Our findings suggest specific connectivity patterns within the DPMN at rest predict experienced pain and are modulated by tonic pain. These nodes and their functional modulation may reveal new therapeutic targets for neuromodulation and biomarkers to guide interventions.

HighlightsO_LIParabrachial-periaqueductal gray (PAG) functional connectivity (FC) predicts pain
C_LIO_LISubgenual anterior cingulate cortex-PAG FC correlates with pain during tonic pain
C_LIO_LIPAG- and amydalocortical networks at rest predict tonic pain intensity
C_LIO_LIResting FC of PAG supports cortical targets of neuromodulation to control pain
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meeker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullapalli, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged tonic pain in healthy humans enhances functional connectivity of descending pain modulation networks involving the amygdala, periaqueductal gray and parabrachial nucleus to cortical sensory-discriminative areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Correlation Between Cell and Nucleus Size is Explained by an Eukaryotic Cell Growth Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, the cell volume is observed to be strongly correlated with the nuclear volume. The slope of this correlation depends on the cell type, growth condition, and the physical environment of the cell. We develop a computational model of cell growth and proteome increase, incorporating the kinetics of amino acid import, protein/ribosome synthesis and degradation, and active transport of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. We also include a simple model of ribosome biogenesis and assembly. Results show that the cell volume is tightly correlated with the nuclear volume, and the cytoplasm-nucleoplasm transport rates strongly influences the cell growth rate as well as the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm ratio. Ribosome assembly and the ratio of ribosomal proteins to mature ribosomes also influence the cell volume and the cell growth rate. We find that in order to regulate the cell growth rate and the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm ratio, the cell must optimally control groups of kinetic parameters together, which could explain the quantitative roles of canonical growth pathways. Finally, using an extension of our model and single cell RNAseq data, it is possible to construct a detailed proteome distribution, provided that a quantitative cell division mechanism is known.

Author summaryWe develop computational model of cell proteome increase and cell growth to compute the cell volume to nuclear volume ratio. The model incorporates essential kinetics of protein and ribosome synthesis/degradation, and their transport across the nuclear envelope. The model also incorporates ribosome biogenesis and assembly. The model identifies the most important parameters in determining the cell growth rate and the nucleoplasm/cytoplasm ratio, and provides a computational starting point to construct the cell proteome based on the RNAseq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janmey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Correlation Between Cell and Nucleus Size is Explained by an Eukaryotic Cell Growth Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A plethora of experimental studies have shown that long-term synaptic plasticity can be expressed pre- or postsynaptically depending on a range of factors such as developmental stage, synapse type, and activity patterns. The functional consequences of this diversity are not clear, although it is understood that whereas postsynaptic expression of plasticity predominantly affects synaptic response amplitude, presynaptic expression alters both synaptic response amplitude and short-term dynamics. In most models of neuronal learning, long-term synaptic plasticity is implemented as changes in connective weights. The consideration of long-term plasticity as a fixed change in amplitude corresponds more closely to post-than to presynaptic expression, which means theoretical outcomes based on this choice of implementation may have a postsynaptic bias. To explore the functional implications of the diversity of expression of long-term synaptic plasticity, we adapted a model of long-term plasticity, more specifically spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), such that it was expressed either independently pre- or postsynaptically, or in a mixture of both ways. We compared pair-based standard STDP models and a biologically tuned triplet STDP model, and investigated the outcomes in a minimal setting, using two different learning schemes: in the first, inputs were triggered at different latencies, and in the second a subset of inputs were temporally correlated. We found that presynaptic changes adjusted the speed of learning, while postsynaptic expression was more efficient at regulating spike timing and frequency. When combining both expression loci, postsynaptic changes amplified the response range, while presynaptic plasticity allowed control over postsynaptic firing rates, potentially providing a form of activity homeostasis. Our findings highlight how the seemingly innocuous choice of implementing synaptic plasticity by single weight modification may unwittingly introduce a postsynaptic bias in modelling outcomes. We conclude that pre- and postsynaptically expressed plasticity are not interchangeable, but enable complimentary functions.

Author summaryDifferences between functional properties of pre- or postsynaptically expressed long-term plasticity have not yet been explored in much detail. In this paper, we used minimalist models of STDP with different expression loci, in search of fundamental functional consequences. Biologically, presynaptic expression acts mostly on neurotransmitter release, thereby altering short-term synaptic dynamics, whereas postsynaptic expression affects mainly synaptic gain. We compared models where plasticity was expressed only presynaptically or postsynaptically, or in both ways. We found that postsynaptic plasticity had a bigger impact over response times, while both pre- and postsynaptic plasticity were similarly capable of detecting correlated inputs. A model with biologically tuned expression of plasticity also completed these tasks over a range of frequencies. Also, postsynaptic spiking frequency was not directly affected by presynaptic plasticity of short-term plasticity alone, however in combination with a postsynaptic component, it helped restrain positive feedback, contributing to activity homeostasis. In conclusion, expression locus may determine affinity for distinct coding schemes while also contributing to keep activity within bounds. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully implementing expression of plasticity in biological modelling, since the locus of expression may affect functional outcomes in simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizusaki, B. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjöström, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide-Angle, Monocular Head Tracking using Passive Markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Camera images can encode large amounts of visual information of an animal and its environment, enabling high fidelity 3D reconstruction of the animal and its environment using computer vision methods. Most systems, both markerless (e.g. deep learning based) and marker-based, require multiple cameras to track features across multiple points of view to enable such 3D reconstruction. However, such systems can be expensive and are challenging to set up in small animal research apparatuses.

We present an open-source, marker-based system for tracking the head of a rodent for behavioral research that requires only a single camera with a potentially wide field of view. The system features a lightweight visual target and computer vision algorithms that together enable high-accuracy tracking of the six-degree-of-freedom position and orientation of the animals head. The system, which only requires a single camera positioned above the behavioral arena, robustly reconstructs the pose over a wide range of head angles (360{whitebullet} in yaw, and approximately {+/-}120{whitebullet} in roll and pitch).

Experiments with live animals demonstrate that the system can reliably identify rat head position and orientation. Evaluations using a commercial optical tracker device show that the system achieves accuracy that rivals commercial multi-camera systems.

Our solution significantly improves upon existing monocular marker-based tracking methods, both in accuracy and in allowable range of motion.

The proposed system enables the study of complex behaviors by providing robust, fine-scale measurements of rodent head motions in a wide range of orientations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vagvolgyi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide-Angle, Monocular Head Tracking using Passive Markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Batch effects, undesirable sources of variability across multiple experiments, present significant challenges for scientific and clinical discoveries. Batch effects can (i) produce spurious signals and/or (ii) obscure genuine signals, contributing to the ongoing reproducibility crisis. Because batch effects are typically modeled as classical statistical effects, they often cannot differentiate between sources of variability due to confounding biases, which may lead them to erroneously conclude batch effects are present (or not). We formalize batch effects as causal effects, and introduce algorithms leveraging causal machinery, to address these concerns. Simulations illustrate that when non-causal methods provide the wrong answer, our methods either produce more accurate answers or "no answer", meaning they assert the data are an inadequate to confidently conclude on the presence of a batch effect. Applying our causal methods to 27 neuroimaging datasets yields qualitatively similar results: in situations where it is unclear whether batch effects are present, non-causal methods confidently identify (or fail to identify) batch effects, whereas our causal methods assert that it is unclear whether there are batch effects or not. In instances where batch effects should be discernable, our techniques produce different results from prior art, each of which produce results more qualitatively similar to not applying any batch effect correction to the data at all. This work therefore provides a causal framework for understanding the potential capabilities and limitations of analysis of multi-site data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric cooperation in β-lactam binding to a non-classical transpeptidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptidoglycan (PG) is atypical as its synthesis involves a new enzyme class, L,D-transpeptidases. Prior studies of L,D-transpeptidases have identified only the catalytic site that binds to peptide moiety of the PG substrate or {beta}-lactam antibiotics. This insight was leveraged to develop mechanism of its activity and inhibition by {beta}-lactams. Here we report identification of an allosteric site at a distance of 21 [A] from the catalytic site that binds the sugar moiety of PG substrates (hereafter referred to as the S-pocket). This site also binds a second {beta}-lactam molecule and influences binding at the catalytic site. We provide evidence that two {beta}-lactam molecules bind co-operatively to this enzyme, one non-covalently at the S-site and one covalently at the catalytic site. This dual {beta}-lactam binding phenomenon is previously unknown and is an observation that may offer novel approaches for the structure-based design of new {beta}-lactam antibiotics for M. tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachhap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juneja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric cooperation in β-lactam binding to a non-classical transpeptidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generalized cortical activity pattern at internally-generated mental context boundaries during unguided narrative recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current theory and empirical studies suggest that humans segment continuous experiences into events based on the mismatch between predicted and actual sensory inputs; detection of these "event boundaries" evokes transient neural responses. However, boundaries can also occur at transitions between internal mental states, without relevant external input changes. To what extent do such "internal boundaries" share neural response properties with externally-driven boundaries? We conducted an fMRI experiment where subjects watched a series of short movies and then verbally recalled the movies, unprompted, in the order of their choosing. During recall, transitions between movies thus constituted major boundaries between internal mental contexts, generated purely by subjects unguided thoughts. Following the offset of each recalled movie, we observed stereotyped spatial activation patterns in the default mode network, especially the posterior medial cortex, consistent across different movie contents and even across the different tasks of movie watching and recall. Surprisingly, the between-movie boundary patterns did not resemble patterns at boundaries between events within a movie. Thus, major transitions between mental contexts elicit neural phenomena shared across internal and external modes and distinct from within-context event boundary detection, potentially reflecting a cognitive state related to the flushing and reconfiguration of situation models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generalized cortical activity pattern at internally-generated mental context boundaries during unguided narrative recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and potential future spillovers of SARS-like coronaviruses into humans pose a major threat to human health and the global economy 1-7. Development of broadly effective coronavirus vaccines that can mitigate these threats is needed 8, 9. Notably, several recent studies have revealed that vaccination of recovered COVID-19 donors results in enhanced nAb responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination alone 10-13. Here, we utilized a targeted donor selection strategy to isolate a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to sarbecoviruses from two such donors. Many of the bnAbs are remarkably effective in neutralization against sarbecoviruses that use ACE2 for viral entry and a substantial fraction also show notable binding to non-ACE2-using sarbecoviruses. The bnAbs are equally effective against most SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and many neutralize the Omicron variant. Neutralization breadth is achieved by bnAb binding to epitopes on a relatively conserved face of the receptor binding domain (RBD) as opposed to strain-specific nAbs to the receptor binding site that are commonly elicited in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination 14-18. Consistent with targeting of conserved sites, select RBD bnAbs exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against diverse SARS-like coronaviruses in a prophylaxis challenge model. The generation of a large panel of potent bnAbs provides new opportunities and choices for next-generation antibody prophylactic and therapeutic applications and, importantly, provides a molecular basis for effective design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The language network supports both lexical access and sentence generation during language production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fronto-temporal brain network has long been implicated in language comprehension. However, this networks role in language production remains debated. In particular, it remains unclear whether all or only some language regions contribute to production, and which aspects of production these regions support. Across three fMRI experiments that rely on robust individual-subject analyses, we characterize the language networks response to high-level production demands. We report three novel results. First, sentence production, spoken or typed, elicits a strong response throughout the language network. Second, the language network responds to both phrase-structure building and lexical access demands, although the response to phrase-structure building is stronger and more spatially extensive, present in every language region. Finally, contra some proposals, we find no evidence of brain regions--within or outside the language network--that selectively support phrase-structure building in production relative to comprehension. Instead, all language regions respond more strongly during production than comprehension, suggesting that production incurs a greater cost for the language network. Together, these results align with the idea that language comprehension and production draw on the same knowledge representations, which are stored in a distributed manner within the language-selective network and are used to both interpret and generate linguistic utterances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekelman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The language network supports both lexical access and sentence generation during language production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) functions as a molecular switch for cellular adaptation to hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lack of oxygen (hypoxia and anoxia) is detrimental to cell function and survival and underlies many disease conditions. Hence, metazoans have evolved mechanisms to adapt to low oxygen. One such mechanism, metabolic suppression, decreases the cellular demand for oxygen by downregulating ATP-demanding processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we report on the role of ndrg1a in hypoxia adaptation of the anoxia-tolerant zebrafish embryo. ndrg1a is expressed in the kidney and ionocytes, cell types that use large amounts of ATP to maintain ion homeostasis. ndrg1a mutants are viable and develop normally when raised under normal oxygen. However, their survival and kidney function is reduced relative to WT embryos following exposure to prolonged anoxia. We further demonstrate that Ndrg1a binds to the energy-demanding sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) pump under anoxia and is required for its degradation, which may preserve ATP in the kidney and ionocytes and contribute to energy homeostasis. Lastly, we show that sodium azide treatment, which increased lactate levels, was sufficient to trigger NKA degradation in an Ndrg1a-dependent manner. These findings support a model whereby Ndrg1a is essential for hypoxia adaptation and functions downstream of lactate signaling to induce NKA degradation, a process known to conserve cellular energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassir, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Ntansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) functions as a molecular switch for cellular adaptation to hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmological diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting, constricted, and dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell-types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iCn3D: from Web-based 3D Viewer to Structure Analysis Tool in Batch Mode 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
iCn3D was initially developed as a web-based 3D molecular viewer. It then evolved from visualization into a full-featured interactive structural analysis software. It became a collaborative research instrument through the sharing of permanent, shortened URLs that encapsulate not only annotated visual molecular scenes, but also all underlying data and analysis scripts in a FAIR manner. More recently, with the growth of structural databases, the need to analyze large structural datasets systematically led us to use Python scripts and convert the code to be used in Node.js scripts. We showed a few examples of Python scripts at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dpython to export secondary structures or PNG images from iCn3D. Users just need to replace the URL in the Python scripts to export other annotations from iCn3D. Furthermore, any interactive iCn3D feature can be converted into a Node.js script to be run in batch mode, enabling an interactive analysis performed on one or a handful of protein complexes to be scaled up to analysis features of large ensembles of structures. Currently available Node.js analysis scripts examples are available at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dnode. This development will enable ensemble analyses on growing structural databases such as AlphaFold or RoseTTAFold on one hand and Electron Microscopy on the other. In this paper, we also review new features such as DelPhi electrostatic potential, 3D view of mutations, alignment of multiple chains, assembly of multiple structures by realignment, dynamic symmetry calculation, 2D cartoons at different levels, interactive contact maps, and use of iCn3D in Jupyter Notebook as described at https://pypi.org/project/icn3dpy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youkharibache, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchler-Bauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanczycki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madej, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchler, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkaram, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enoma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iCn3D: from Web-based 3D Viewer to Structure Analysis Tool in Batch Mode]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hobotnica: exploring molecular signature quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A Molecular Features Set (MFS), is a result of vast diversity of bioinformatics pipelines. In case when MFS is used for further analysis to distinguish between phenotypes, it is often referred to as a signature. Lack of the "gold standard" for most experimental data modalities makes it hard to provide valid estimation for a particular MFSs quality. Yet, this goal can partially be achieved by analyzing inner-sample Distance Matrix (DM) and their power to distinguish between phenotypes.

The quality of a DM can be assessed by summarizing its power to quantify the differences of inner-phenotype and outer-phenotype distances. This estimation of the DM quality can be construed as a measure of the MFSs quality.

Here we propose Hobotnica, an approach to estimate MFSs quality by their ability to stratify data, and assign them significance scores, that allows for collating various signatures and comparing their quality for contrasting groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stupnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hobotnica: exploring molecular signature quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-activity relationships of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 spike variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The surge of COVID-19 infection cases is spurred by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.617. Here we report 38 cryo-EM structures, corresponding to the spike protein of the Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Kappa (B.1.617.1) variants in different functional states with and without its receptor, ACE2. Mutations on the N-terminal domain not only alter the conformation of the highly antigenic supersite of the Delta variant, but also remodel the glycan shield by deleting or adding N-glycans of the Delta and Gamma variants, respectively. Substantially enhanced ACE2 binding was observed for all variants, whose mutations on the receptor binding domain modulate the electrostatics of the binding interfaces. Despite their abilities to escape host immunity, all variants can be potently neutralized by three unique antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draczkowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.-T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-activity relationships of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 spike variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated levels of active Transforming Growth Factor β1 in the subchondral bone relate spatially to cartilage loss and impaired bone quality in human knee osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOver-activity of transforming growth factor {beta}1 (TGF{beta}1) in subchondral bone has a direct causal role in rodent models of knee osteoarthritis (OA), which can be blocked by TGF{beta}1 neutralisation. In this study, we investigated whether the spatially distributed level of active TGF{beta}1 in human subchondral bone associates with the characteristic structural, cellular and molecular parameters of human knee OA.

DesignSubchondral bone samples (35 OA arthroplasty patients, aged 69{+/-}9 years) were obtained from regions below either macroscopically present or denuded cartilage. Bone samples were processed to determine the concentration of active TGF{beta}1 (ELISA) and gene-specific mRNA expression (RT-PCR). Synchrotron micro-CT imaging was utilised to assess the bone microstructure, bone mineralization, the osteocyte lacunar network and bone matrix vascularity. Finally, samples were histologically examined for cartilage OARSI grading, quantification of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive cells and bone marrow micro-vasculature.

ResultsSubchondral bone below severely degenerated/depleted cartilage, characterised by impaired bone matrix quality due to sclerotic microarchitecture, disorganised collagen, high heterogeneity of the mineral distribution, contained increased concentrations of active TGF{beta}1, compared to adjacent areas with more intact cartilage. In addition, increased levels of active TGF{beta}1 related directly to increased bone volume while increased OARSI grade associated directly with morphometric characteristics (size, shape and orientation) of osteocyte lacunae.

ConclusionThese results indicate that increased active TGF{beta}1 associates spatially with impaired bone quality and the disease severity of human OA. This study therefore suggests that TGF{beta}1 could be a therapeutic target to prevent or reduce human disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarrington, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuliwaba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.459432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated levels of active Transforming Growth Factor β1 in the subchondral bone relate spatially to cartilage loss and impaired bone quality in human knee osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Random Forest Factorization Reveals Latent Structure in Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing data contain patterns of correlation that are poorly captured by techniques that rely on linear estimation or assumptions of Gaussian behavior. We apply random forest regression to scRNAseq data from mouse brains, which identifies the co-regulation of genes within specific cellular contexts. By analyzing the estimators of the random forest, we identify several novel candidate gene regulatory networks and compare these networks in aged and young mice. We demonstrate that cell populations have cell-type specific phenotypes of aging that are not detected by other methods, including the collapse of differentiating oligodendrocytes but not precursors or mature oligodendrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brenerman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Random Forest Factorization Reveals Latent Structure in Single Cell RNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Relapsing Mouse Model Studies from the Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens Initiative Database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading infectious disease-related cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of new and improved treatment regimens. Non-clinical evaluation of candidate drug combinations via the relapsing mouse model (RMM) is an important step in regimen development, through which candidate regimens that provide the greatest decrease in probability of relapse following treatment in mice may be identified for further development. Although RMM studies are a critical tool to evaluate regimen efficacy, making comprehensive "apples to apples" comparisons of regimen performance in the RMM has been a challenge, in large part due to the need to evaluate and adjust for variability across studies arising from differences in design and execution. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a model-based meta-analysis on data for 17 unique regimens obtained from a total of 1592 mice across 28 RMM studies. Specifically, a mixed-effects logistic regression model was developed that described the treatment duration-dependent probability of relapse for each regimen and identified relevant covariates contributing to inter-study variability. Using the model, covariate-normalized metrics of interest, namely treatment duration required to reach 50% and 10% relapse probability, were derived and used to compare relative regimen performance. Overall, the model-based meta-analysis approach presented herein enables cross-study comparison of efficacy in the RMM, and provides a framework whereby data from emerging studies may be analyzed in the context of historical data to aid in selecting candidate drug combinations for clinical evaluation as TB drug regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaerts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Relapsing Mouse Model Studies from the Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens Initiative Database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do life experiences impact cortical function? In people who are born blind, the "visual" cortices are recruited for nonvisual tasks such as Braille reading and sound localization (e.g., Collignon et al., 2011; Sadato et al., 1996). The mechanisms of this recruitment are not known. Do visual cortices have a latent capacity to respond to nonvisual information that is equal throughout the lifespan? Alternatively, is there a sensitive period of heightened plasticity that makes visual cortex repurposing possible during childhood? To gain insight into these questions, we leveraged naturalistic auditory stimuli to quantify and compare cross-modal responses congenitally blind (CB, n=22), adult-onset blind (vision loss >18 years-of-age, AB, n=14) and sighted (n=22) individuals. Participants listened to auditory excerpts from movies; a spoken narrative; and matched meaningless auditory stimuli (i.e., shuffled sentences, backwards speech) during fMRI scanning. These rich naturalistic stimuli made it possible to simultaneous engage a broad range of cognitive domains. We correlated the voxel-wise timecourses of different participants within each group. For all groups, all stimulus conditions induced synchrony in auditory cortex and for all groups only the narrative stimuli synchronized responses in higher-cognitive fronto-parietal and temporal regions. Inter-subject synchrony in visual cortices was high in the CB group for the movie and narrative stimuli but not for meaningless auditory controls. In contrast, visual cortex synchrony was equally low among AB and sighted blindfolded participants. Even many years of blindness in adulthood fail to enable responses to naturalistic auditory information in visual cortices of people who had sight as children. These findings suggest that cross-modal responses in visual cortex of people born blind reflect the plasticity of developing visual cortex during a sensitive period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiotile, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximal CA3 is the primary locus of age-related pattern separation deficits in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related deficits in pattern separation have been postulated to bias the output of hippocampal memory processing toward pattern completion, which can cause deficits in accurate memory retrieval. While the CA3 region of the hippocampus is often conceptualized as a homogeneous network involved in pattern completion, growing evidence demonstrates a functional gradient in CA3 along the transverse axis, as pattern-separated outputs (dominant in the more proximal CA3) transition to pattern-completed outputs (dominant in the more distal CA3). We examined the neural representations along the CA3 transverse axis in young (Y), aged memory-unimpaired (AU), and aged memory-impaired (AI) rats when different changes were made to the environment. Functional heterogeneity in CA3 was observed in Y and AU rats when the environmental similarity was high (altered cues or altered environment shapes in the same room), with more orthogonalized representations in proximal CA3 than in distal CA3. In contrast, AI rats showed reduced orthogonalization in proximal CA3 but showed normal (i.e., generalized) representations in distal CA3, with little evidence of a functional gradient. Under experimental conditions when the environmental similarity was low (different rooms), representations in proximal and distal CA3 remapped in all rats, showing that CA3 of AI rats is able to encode distinctive representations for inputs with greater dissimilarity. These experiments support the hypotheses that the aged-related bias towards hippocampal pattern completion is due to the loss in AI rats of the normal transition from pattern separation to pattern completion along the CA3 transverse axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilekeratne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximal CA3 is the primary locus of age-related pattern separation deficits in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minos: variant adjudication and joint genotyping of cohorts of bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-read variant calling for bacterial genomics is a mature field, and there are many widely-used software tools. Different underlying approaches (eg pileup, local or global assembly, paired-read use, haplotype use) lend each tool different strengths, especially when considering non-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) variation or potentially distant reference genomes. It would therefore be valuable to be able to integrate the results from multiple variant callers, using a robust statistical approach to "adjudicate" at loci where there is disagreement between callers. To this end, we present a tool, Minos, for variant adjudication by mapping reads to a genome graph of variant calls. Minos allows users to combine output from multiple variant callers without loss of precision. Minos also addresses a second problem of joint genotyping SNPs and indels in bacterial cohorts, which can also be framed as an adjudication problem.

We benchmark on 62 samples from 3 species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and an outbreak of 385 M. tuberculosis samples. Finally, we joint genotype a large M. tuberculosis cohort (N{approx}15k) for which the rifampicin phenotype is known. We build a map of non-synonymous variants in the RRDR (rifampicin resistance determining region) of the rpoB gene and extend current knowledge relating RRDR SNPs to heterogeneity in rifampicin resistance levels. We replicate this finding in a second M. tuberculosis cohort (N{approx}13k).

Minos is released under the MIT license, available at https://github.com/iqbal-lab-org/minos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letcher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colquhoun, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The CRyPTIC Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minos: variant adjudication and joint genotyping of cohorts of bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The information that the brain transmits from one region to another is often viewed through the lens of firing rates. However, if the output neurons could vary the timing of their spikes with respect to each other, then through synchronization they could highlight information that may be critical for control of behavior. In the cerebellum, the computations that are performed by the cerebellar cortex are conveyed to the nuclei via inhibition. Yet, synchronous activity entrains nucleus neurons, making them fire. Does the cerebellar cortex rely on spike synchrony within populations of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to convey information to the nucleus? We recorded from multiple P-cells while marmosets performed saccadic eye movements and organized them into populations that shared a complex spike response to error. Before movement onset, P-cells transmitted information via a rate code: the simple spike firing rates predicted the direction and velocity of the impending saccade. However, during the saccade, the spikes became temporally aligned within the population, signaling when to stop the movement. Thus, the cerebellar cortex relies on spike synchronization within a population of P-cells, not individual firing rates, to convey to the nucleus when to stop a movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyads in genetic association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic association studies of child health outcomes often employ family-based designs. One of the most popular family-based designs is the case-parent trio design that considers the smallest possible nuclear family consisting of two parents and their affected child. This trio design is particularly advantageous for studying relatively rare disorders because it is less prone to type 1 error inflation due to population stratification compared to population-based study designs (e.g., case-control studies). However, obtaining genetic data from both parents is difficult, from a practical perspective, and many large studies predominantly measure genetic variants in mother-child dyads. While some statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyad data (most commonly involving mother-child pairs) exist, it is not clear if they provide the same advantage as trio methods in protecting against population stratification, or if a specific dyad design (e.g., case-mother dyads vs. case-mother/control-mother dyads) is more advantageous. In this article, we review existing statistical methods for analyzing genome-wide data on dyads and perform extensive simulation experiments to benchmark their type I errors and statistical power under different scenarios. We extend our evaluation to existing methods for analyzing a combination of case-parent trios and dyads together. We apply these methods on genotyped and imputed data from multi-ethnic mother-child pairs only, case-parent trios only or combinations of both dyads and trios from the Gene, Environment Association Studies consortium (GENEVA), where each family was ascertained through a child affected by nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Results from the GENEVA study corroborate the findings from our simulation experiments. Finally, we provide recommendations for using statistical genetic association methods for dyads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd-Acosta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking statistical methods for analyzing parent-child dyads in genetic association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortex has a characteristic layout with specialized functional areas forming distributed large-scale networks. However, substantial work shows striking variation in this organization across people, which relates to differences in behavior. While most prior work treats all individual differences as equivalent and primarily linked to boundary shifts between the borders of regions, here we show that cortical  variants actually occur in two different forms. In addition to border shifts, variants also occur at a distance from their typical position, forming ectopic intrusions. Both forms of variants are common across individuals, but the forms differ in their location, network associations, and activations during tasks, patterns that replicate across datasets and methods of definition. Border shift variants also track significantly more with shared genetics than ectopic variants, suggesting a closer link between ectopic variants and environmental influences. Further, variant properties are categorically different between subgroups of individuals. Exploratory evidence suggests that variants can predict individual differences in behavior, but the two forms differ in which behavioral phenotypes they predict. This work argues that individual differences in brain organization commonly occur in two dissociable forms - border shifts and ectopic intrusions - suggesting that these types of variation are indexing distinct forms of cortical variation that must be separately accounted for in the analysis of cortical systems across people. This work expands our knowledge of cortical variation in humans and helps reconceptualize the discussion of how cortical systems variability arises and links to individual differences in cognition and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing multicellular organization by varying the aspect ratio of soft hydrogel microwells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organization with precise spatial definition is an essential step in a wide range of biological processes, including morphogenesis, development, and healing. Gradients and patterns of chemoattractants are well-described guides of multicellular organization, but the influences of three-dimensional geometry of soft hydrogels on multicellular organization are less well defined. Here, we report the discovery of a new mode of self-organization of endothelial cells in ring-like patterns on the perimeters of hydrogel microwells that is independent of protein or chemical patterning and is driven only by geometry and substrate stiffness. We observe quantitatively striking influences of both the microwell aspect ratio ({varepsilon} = perimeter/depth) and the hydrogel modulus. We systematically investigate the physical factors of cells and substrates that drive this multicellular behavior and present a mathematical model that explains the multicellular organization based upon balancing extracellular and cytoskeletal forces. These forces are determined in part by substrate stiffness, geometry, and cell density. The force balance model predicts the direction and distance of translational cell migration based on the dynamic interaction between tangential cytoskeletal tension and cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. We further show that the experimental observations can be leveraged to drive customized multicellular self-organization. Our observation of this multicellular behavior demonstrates the importance of the combinatorial effects of geometry and stiffness in complex biological processes. It also provides a new methodology for direction of cell organization that may facilitate the engineering of bionics and integrated model organoid systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarcelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romer, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing multicellular organization by varying the aspect ratio of soft hydrogel microwells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-Bat Ultrasound Production in Moths is Globally and Phylogenetically Widespread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Warning signals are well known in the visual system, but rare in other modalities. Some moths produce ultrasonic sounds to warn bats of noxious taste or to mimic unpalatable models. Here we report results from a long-term study across the globe, assaying moth response to playback of bat echolocation. We tested 252 genera, spanning most families of large-bodied moths, and outline anti-bat ultrasound production in 52 genera, with eight new subfamily origins described. Based on acoustic analysis of ultrasonic emissions and palatability experiments with bats, it seems that acoustic warning and mimicry are the raison detre for sound production in most moths. However, some moths use high-density ultrasound capable of jamming bat sonar. In fact, we find preliminary evidence of independent origins of sonar jamming in at least six subfamilies. Palatability data indicates that jamming and warning are not mutually exclusive strategies. To explore the possible organization of anti-bat warning sounds into acoustic mimicry rings, we intensively studied a community of moths in Ecuador and found five distinct acoustic clusters using machine learning algorithms. While these data represent an early understanding of acoustic aposematism and mimicry across this megadiverse insect order, it is likely that ultrasonically-signaling moths comprise one of the largest mimicry complexes on earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homziak, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavell, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlihan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breinholt, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirk-Royal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-Bat Ultrasound Production in Moths is Globally and Phylogenetically Widespread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progenitor-intrinsic Metabolic Sensing Promotes Hematopoietic Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic homeostasis is maintained by stem and progenitor cells in part by extrinsic feedback cues triggered by mature cell loss. We demonstrate a different mechanism by which hematopoietic progenitors intrinsically anticipate and prevent the loss of mature progeny through metabolic switches. We examined hematopoiesis in mice conditionally deficient in long-chain fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, Cpt2), glutaminolysis (glutaminase, Gls), or mitochondrial pyruvate import (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2, Mpc2). While genetic ablation of Cpt2 or Gls minimally impacted most blood lineages, deletion of Mpc2 led to a sharp decline in mature myeloid cells. However, MPC2-deficient myeloid cells rapidly recovered due to a transient increase in myeloid progenitor proliferation. Competitive bone marrow chimera and stable isotope tracing experiments demonstrated that this proliferative burst was intrinsic to MPC2-deficient progenitors and accompanied by a metabolic switch to glutaminolysis. Thus, hematopoietic progenitors intrinsically adjust to metabolic perturbations independently of feedback from downstream mature cells to maintain homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pizzato, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patti, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progenitor-intrinsic Metabolic Sensing Promotes Hematopoietic Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methodological considerations in analyzing synchronization of resting-state brain networks with the intrinsic electrical rhythm of the stomach: Advantages of weighted phase-locking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate the amplitude-weighted phase-locking value (awPLV) as a measure of synchronization of brain resting-state networks (RSNs) with the gastric basal electrical rhythm (BER).

MethodsA recent study combined rsfMRI with concurrent cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG), in a highly-sampled individual who underwent 22 scanning sessions (two 15-minute runs per session) at 3.0 Tesla. After excluding three sessions due to weak EGG signals, 9.5 hours of data remained, from which 18 RSNs were estimated using spatial independent component analysis. Previously, using the phase-locking value (PLV), three of the 18 RSNs were determined to be synchronized with the BER. However, RSN power fluctuations in the gastric frequency band could reduce sensitivity of PLV. Accordingly, the current reanalysis used awPLV to unweight contributions from low power epochs. Mismatched EGG and rsfMRI data (from different days) served as surrogate data; for each RSN, empirical awPLV was compared with chance-level awPLV using a Wilcoxon rank test. P-values were adjusted using with a false discovery rate of 0.05. Additionally, simulations were performed to compare PLV and awPLV error rates under settings with a known ground truth.

ResultsSimulations show high false-negative rates when using PLV, but not awPLV. Reanalysis of the highly-sampled individual data using awPLV indicates that 11 of the 18 RSNs were synchronized with the BER.

ConclusionSimulations indicate that awPLV is a more sensitive measure of stomach/brain synchronization than PLV. Reanalysis results imply communication between the enteric nervous system and brain circuits not typically considered responsive to gastric state or function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methodological considerations in analyzing synchronization of resting-state brain networks with the intrinsic electrical rhythm of the stomach: Advantages of weighted phase-locking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris -the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furuichi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupenye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinwand, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans releases proteins during intracellular residence that affect the outcome of the fungal-macrophage interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can replicate and disseminate in mammalian macrophages. In this study, we analyzed fungal proteins identified in murine macrophage-like cells after infection with C. neoformans. To accomplish this, we developed a protocol to identify proteins released from cryptococcal cells inside macrophage-like cells; we identified 127 proteins of fungal origin in infected macrophage-like cells. Among the proteins identified was urease, a known virulence factor, and others such as transaldolase and phospholipase D, which have catalytic activities that could contribute to virulence. This method provides a straightforward methodology to study host-pathogen interactions. We chose to study further Yor1, a relatively uncharacterized protein belonging to the large family of ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC transporters). These transporters belong to a large and ancient protein family found in all extant phyla. While ABC transporters have an enormous diversity of functions across varied species, in pathogenic fungi they are better studied as drug efflux pumps. Analysis of C. neoformans yor1{Delta} strains revealed defects in non-lytic exocytosis and capsule size, when compared to wild-type strains. We detected no difference in growth rates, cell body size and vesicle secretion. Our results indicate that C. neoformans releases a large suite of proteins during macrophage infection, some of which can modulate fungal virulence and are likely to affect the fungal-macrophage interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans releases proteins during intracellular residence that affect the outcome of the fungal-macrophage interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of compression in the retelling of past events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we retell our past experiences, we aim to reproduce some version of the original events; this reproduced version is often temporally compressed relative to the original. How does such compression of memories manifest in brain activity? One possibility is that a compressed retrieved memory manifests as a neural pattern which is more dissimilar to the original, relative to a more detailed or vivid memory. However, we argue that measuring raw dissimilarity alone is insufficient, as it confuses a variety of interesting and uninteresting changes. To address this problem, we examine brain pattern changes that are consistent across people. We show that temporal compression in individuals retelling of past events predicts systematic encoding-to-recall transformations in a number of higher associative regions. These findings elucidate how neural representations are not simply reactivated, but can also be transformed due to temporal compression during a universal form of human memory expression: verbal retelling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of compression in the retelling of past events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Our Cells Become Our Selves: The Cellular Phylodynamic Biology of Growth and Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our lives begin with 1 cell, then 2, then 4, then the trillion cell adult, comprised of cell lineages, tissues, organs. How does this occur? Examination in numbers of cells, N, Cellular Phylodynamics, revealed two previously unappreciated processes: UNI-GROWTH, the slowing of growth that occurs as we become larger, caused by fewer cells dividing, captured by the Universal Mitotic Fraction and Universal Growth Equations, with accuracy confirmed for 13 species, including nematodes, mollusks, and vertebrates; and ALLO-GROWTH, the creation of body parts from Founder Cells, captured by the Cellular Allometric Growth Equation, which describes mitotic expansion by Cell-Heritable change in the Cell Cycle Time. These equations can generate cell lineage approximations, bringing the power of coalescent theory to developmental biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chodrow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Man, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannherz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCorpo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Our Cells Become Our Selves: The Cellular Phylodynamic Biology of Growth and Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody engineering is becoming increasingly popular in medicine for the development of diagnostics and immunotherapies. Antibody function relies largely on the recognition and binding of antigenic epitopes via the loops in the complementarity determining regions. Hence, accurate high-resolution modeling of these loops is essential for effective antibody engineering and design. Deep learning methods have previously been shown to effectively predict antibody backbone structures described as a set of inter-residue distances and orientations. However, antigen binding is also dependent on the specific conformations of surface side chains. To address this shortcoming, we created DeepSCAb: a deep learning method that predicts inter-residue geometries as well as side chain dihedrals of the antibody variable fragment. The network requires only sequence as input, rendering it particularly useful for antibodies without any known backbone conformations. Rotamer predictions use an interpretable self-attention layer, which learns to identify structurally conserved anchor positions across several species. We evaluate the performance of our model for discriminating near-native structures from sets of decoys and find that DeepSCAb outperforms similar methods lacking side chain context. When compared to alternative rotamer repacking methods, which require an input backbone structure, DeepSCAb predicts side chain conformations competitively. Our findings suggest that DeepSCAb improves antibody structure prediction with accurate side chain modeling and is adaptable to applications in docking of antibody-antigen complexes and design of new therapeutic antibody sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akpinaroglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved antibody structure prediction by deep learning of side chain conformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering CAR-NK cells to secrete IL15 sustains their anti-AML functionality, but is associated with systemic toxicities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prognosis of patients with recurrent/refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains poor and cell-based immunotherapies hold promise to improve outcomes. NK cells can elicit an anti-leukemic response via a repertoire of activating receptors that bind AML surface ligands. NK cell adoptive transfer is safe but thus far has shown limited anti-AML efficacy. Here, we aimed to overcome this limitation by engineering NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to boost their anti-AML activity, and interleukin-15 (IL15) to enhance their persistence.

MethodsWe characterized in detail NK cell populations expressing a panel of AML (CD123)-specific CARs and/or IL15 in vitro and in AML xenograft models.

ResultsCARs with 2B4.{zeta} or 4-1BB.{zeta} signaling domains demonstrated greater cell surface expression and endowed NK cells with improved anti-AML activity in vitro. Initial in vivo testing revealed that only 2B4.{zeta} CAR-NK cells had improved anti-AML activity in comparison to untransduced (UTD) and 4-1BB.{zeta} CAR-NK cells. However, the benefit was transient due to limited CAR-NK cell persistence. Transgenic expression of secretory (s)IL15 in 2B4.{zeta} CAR and UTD NK cells improved their effector function in the setting of chronic antigen simulation in vitro. Multiparameter flow analysis after chronic antigen exposure identified the expansion of unique NK cell subsets. 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR and sIL15 NK cells maintained an overall activated NK cell phenotype. This was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis, which revealed a highly proliferative and activated signature in these NK cell groups. In vivo, 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR-NK cells had potent anti-AML activity in one model, while 2B4.{zeta}/sIL15 CAR and sIL15 NK cells induced lethal toxicity in a second model.

ConclusionTransgenic expression of CD123-CARs and sIL15 enabled NK cells to function in the setting of chronic antigen exposure but was associated with systemic toxicities. Thus, our study provides the impetus to explore inducible and controllable expression systems to provide cytokine signals to AML-specific CAR-NK cells before embarking on early phase clinical testing.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=161 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/461509v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (42K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4d09eaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c61411org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f8097org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8375ac_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In BriefSecretion of IL15 from anti-CD123.2B4.CD3{zeta} CAR-NK cells enhances their activation and killing potential against Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, but carries the risk of severe systemic toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marple, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravich, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomou, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering CAR-NK cells to secrete IL15 sustains their anti-AML functionality, but is associated with systemic toxicities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Satellite glia are essential modulators of sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies. Despite this intimate association, how satellite glia contribute to sympathetic functions remain unclear. Here, we show that satellite glia are critical for metabolism, survival, and activity of sympathetic neurons and modulate autonomic behaviors in mice. Adult ablation of satellite glia results in impaired mTOR signaling, soma atrophy, reduced noradrenergic enzymes, and loss of sympathetic neurons. However, persisting neurons have elevated activity, and satellite glia-ablated mice show increased pupil dilation and heart rate, indicative of enhanced sympathetic tone. Satellite glia-specific deletion of Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying potassium channel, largely recapitulates the cellular defects observed in glia-ablated mice, suggesting that satellite glia act in part via extracellular K+ buffering. These findings highlight neuron-satellite glia as functional units in regulating sympathetic output, with implications for disorders linked to sympathetic hyper-activity such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mapps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Satellite glia are essential modulators of sympathetic neuron survival, activity, and autonomic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UCHL1 inhibited by A1 astrocytes facilitates aggregates clearance to promote neural stem cells activation after spinal cord injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is critically important for the adult neurogenesis. However, NSC activation is extremely limited after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent evidence suggests that accumulation of protein aggregates impedes quiescent NSC activation. Here, we found ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l-1 (UCHL1), an important deubiquitinating enzyme, functioned to facilitate NSC activation by clearing protein aggregations through ubiquitin-proteasome approach. Upregulation of UCHL1 enhanced NSC proliferation in the spinal cord after injury. Based on protein microarray analysis of SCI cerebrospinal fluid, it is further revealed that C3+ neurotoxic reactive astrocytes negatively regulated UCHL1 and aggresome clearance through C3/C3aR signaling, resulting in reduced capacity of NSC to activate. Furthermore, blockade of reactive astrocytes or C3/C3aR pathway led to enhanced NSC activation post-SCI. Together, this study elucidated a mechanism regulating NSC activation in the adult spinal cord involving the UCHL1-proteasome approach, which may provide potential molecular targets for NSC fate regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UCHL1 inhibited by A1 astrocytes facilitates aggregates clearance to promote neural stem cells activation after spinal cord injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myofibril orientation as a metric for characterizing heart disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocyte disarray is a hallmark of many cardiac disorders. However, the relationship between alterations in the orientation of individual myofibrils and myofilaments to disease progression has been largely underexplored. This oversight has predominantly been due to a paucity of methods for objective and quantitative analysis. Here we introduce a novel, less-biased approach to quantify myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions and demonstrate its superiority as compared to conventional histological assessments. Using small-angle X-ray diffraction, we first investigated changes in myofibrillar orientation at increasing sarcomere lengths in permeabilized, relaxed, wildtype mouse myocardium by assessing the angular spread of the 1,0 equatorial reflection (angle {sigma}). At a sarcomere length (SL) of 1.9 m, the angle {sigma} was 0.23{+/-}0.01 rad, decreased to 0.19{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.1 m, and further decreased to 0.15{+/-}0.01 rad at a SL of 2.3 m (p<0.0001). Angle {sigma} was significantly larger in R403Q, a MYH7 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) model, porcine myocardium (0.24{+/-}0.01 rad) compared to WT myocardium (0.14{+/-}0.005 rad, p<0.0001) as well as in human heart failure tissue (0.19{+/-}0.006 rad) when compared to non-failing samples (0.17{+/-}0.007 rad, p=0.01). These data indicate that diseased myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. Finally, we showed that conventional, histology-based analysis of disarray can be subject to user bias and/or sampling error and lead to false positives. Our method for directly assessing myofibrillar orientation avoids the artifacts introduced by conventional histological approaches that assess myocyte orientation and only indirectly evaluate myofibrillar orientation, and provides a precise and objective metric for phenotypically characterizing myocardium. The ability to obtain excellent X-ray diffraction patterns from frozen human myocardium provides a new tool for investigating structural anomalies associated with cardiac diseases.

Statement of SignificanceWe introduce a precise and quantitative approach to directly measure myofibrillar and myofilament orientation in cardiac muscle under near physiological conditions as a novel tool for phenotypically characterizing striated muscle systems. We use this technique to demonstrate that myocardium from disease model organisms and failing human myocardium suffers from greater myofibrillar disorientation compared to healthy controls. We also demonstrate that excellent diffraction patterns can be obtained from frozen and thawed human myocardium. Given the ready availability of frozen human heart tissue in tissue banks, this capability opens up a large space of potential experiments relating sarcomere structure to dysfunction in cardiac disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landim-Vieira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammarato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myofibril orientation as a metric for characterizing heart disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning in scene-preferring cortex for mid-level visual features gives rise to selectivity across multiple levels of stimulus complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scene-preferring portion of the human ventral visual stream, known as the parahippocampal place area (PPA), responds to scenes and landmark objects, which tend to be large in real-world size, fixed in location, and inanimate. However, the PPA also exhibits preferences for low-level contour statistics, including rectilinearity and cardinal orientations, that are not directly predicted by theories of scene- and landmark-selectivity. It is unknown whether these divergent findings of both low- and high-level selectivity in the PPA can be explained by a unified computational theory. To address this issue, we fit feedforward computational models of visual feature coding to the image-evoked fMRI responses of the PPA, and we performed a series of high-throughput experiments on these models. Our findings show that feedforward models of the PPA exhibit emergent selectivity across multiple levels of complexity, giving rise to seemingly high-level preferences for scenes and for objects that are large, spatially fixed, and inanimate/manmade while simultaneously yielding low-level preferences for rectilinear shapes and cardinal orientations. These results reconcile disparate theories of PPA function in a unified model of feedforward feature coding, and they demonstrate how multifaceted selectivity profiles naturally emerge from the feedforward computations of visual cortex and the natural statistics of images.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual neuroscientists characterize cortical selectivity by identifying stimuli that drive regional responses. A perplexing finding is that many higher-order visual regions exhibit selectivity profiles spanning multiple levels of complexity: they respond to highly complex categories, such as scenes and landmarks, but also to surprisingly simplistic features, such as specific contour orientations. Using large-scale computational analyses and human brain imaging, we show how multifaceted selectivity in scene-preferring cortex can emerge from the feedforward, hierarchical coding of visual features. Our work reconciles seemingly divergent findings of selectivity in scene-preferring cortex and suggests that surprisingly simple feedforward feature representations may be central to the category-selective organization of the human visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S. P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning in scene-preferring cortex for mid-level visual features gives rise to selectivity across multiple levels of stimulus complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growing Glycans in Rosetta: Accurate de novo glycan modeling, density fitting, and rational sequon design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbohydrates and glycoproteins modulate key biological functions. Computational approaches inform function to aid in carbohydrate structure prediction, structure determination, and design. However, experimental structure determination of sugar polymers is notoriously difficult as glycans can sample a wide range of low energy conformations, thus limiting the study of glycan-mediated molecular interactions. In this work, we expanded the RosettaCarbohydrate framework, developed and benchmarked effective tools for glycan modeling and design, and extended the Rosetta software suite to better aid in structural analysis and benchmarking tasks through the SimpleMetrics framework. We developed a glycan-modeling algorithm, GlycanTreeModeler, that computationally builds glycans layer-by-layer, using adaptive kernel density estimates (KDE) of common glycan conformations derived from data in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and from quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. After a rigorous optimization of kinematic and energetic considerations to improve near-native sampling enrichment and decoy discrimination, GlycanTreeModeler was benchmarked on a test set of diverse glycan structures, or "trees". Structures predicted by GlycanTreeModeler agreed with native structures at high accuracy for both de novo modeling and experimental density-guided building. GlycanTreeModeler algorithms and associated tools were employed to design de novo glycan trees into a protein nanoparticle vaccine that are able to direct the immune response by shielding regions of the scaffold from antibody recognition. This work will inform glycoprotein model prediction, aid in both X-ray and electron microscopy density solutions and refinement, and help lead the way towards a new era of computational glycobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolf-Bryfogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapavolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raemisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutteke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growing Glycans in Rosetta: Accurate de novo glycan modeling, density fitting, and rational sequon design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserved, genetic elements whose biological functions are unclear and controversial. Some TA systems may provide bacteria with immunity to infection by their ubiquitous viral predators, the bacteriophage. To identify TA systems that protect E. coli MG1655 against phage, we searched for those frequently encoded near known phage defense genes in bacterial genomes. Two of the systems tested provide strong protection against phage infection and are homologs of DarTG, a recently discovered family of TA systems whose biological functions and natural activating conditions were unclear. We demonstrate that phage infection triggers the release of DarT toxin, a DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase, to modify viral DNA and prevent replication, thereby blocking the production of mature virions. Phages can evolve to overcome DarTG defense either through mutations to their DNA polymerase or to an anti-DarT factor, gp61.2, encoded by many T-even phages. Collectively, our results indicate that phage defense may be a common function for TA systems and reveal the mechanism by which DarTG systems inhibit phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LeRoux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlehale, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodoro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct quantification of ligand-induced lipid and protein microdomains with distinctive signaling properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid rafts are known as highly ordered lipid domains that are enriched in saturated lipids such as the ganglioside GM1. While lipid rafts are believed to exist in cells and to serve as signaling platforms through their enrichment in signaling components, they have never been directly observed in the plasma membrane without treatments that artificially cluster GM1 into large lattices. Here we report that microscopic GM1-enriched domains can form, without lipid cross-linking, in the plasma membrane of live mammalian cells expressing the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase in response to its ligand ephrinA1-Fc. The GM1-enriched microdomains form concomitantly with EphA2-enriched microdomains, but only partially co-localize with them. To gain insight into how plasma membrane heterogeneity controls signaling, we quantify the degree of EphA2 segregation and study initial EphA2 signaling steps in both EphA2-enriched and EphA2-depleted domains. By measuring dissociation constants, we demonstrate that EphA2 oligomerization is the same in EphA2-enriched and -depleted domains. However, EphA2 interacts preferentially with its downstream effector SRC in EphA2-depleted domains. The ability to induce microscopic GM1-enriched domains in live cells using a ligand for a transmembrane receptor will give us unprecedented opportunities to study the biology of lipid rafts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct quantification of ligand-induced lipid and protein microdomains with distinctive signaling properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pre-Processing Pipeline to Quantify, Visualize andReduce Technical Variation in Protein Microarray 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.461966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technical variation, or variation from non-biological sources, is present in most laboratory assays. Correcting for this variation enables analysts to extract a biological signal that informs questions of interest. However, each assay has different sources and levels of technical variation and the choice of correction methods can impact downstream analyses. Compared to similar assays such as DNA microarrays, relatively few methods have been developed and evaluated for protein microarrays, a versatile tool for measuring levels of various proteins in serum samples. Here, we propose a pre-processing pipeline to correct for some common sources of technical variation in protein microarrays. The pipeline builds upon an existing normalization method by using controls to reduce technical variation. We evaluate our method using data from two protein microarray studies, and by simulation. We demonstrate that pre-processing choices impact the fluorescent-intensity based ranks of proteins, which in turn, impact downstream analysis.

1 Impact StatementProtein microarrays are in wide use in cancer research, infectious disease diagnostics and biomarker identification. To inform research and practice in these and other fields, technical variation must be corrected using normalization and pre-processing. Current protein microarray studies use a variety of normalization methods, many of which were developed for DNA microarrays, and therefore are based on assumptions and data that are not ideal for protein microarrays. To address this issue, we develop, evaluate, and implement a pre-processing pipeline that corrects for technical variation in protein microarrays. We show that pre-processing and normalization directly impact the validity of downstream analysis, and protein-specific approaches are essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.461966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pre-Processing Pipeline to Quantify, Visualize andReduce Technical Variation in Protein Microarray]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gut commensal niche regulates stable association of a multispecies microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestines of animals are typically colonized by a complex, relatively stable microbiota that influences health and fitness, but the underlying mechanisms of colonization remain poorly understood. As a typical animal, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is associated with a consistent set of commensal bacterial species, yet the reason for this consistency is unknown. Here, we use gnotobiotic flies, microscopy, and microbial pulse-chase protocols to show that a commensal niche exists within the proventriculus region of the Drosophila foregut that selectively binds bacteria with exquisite strain-level specificity. Primary colonizers saturate the niche and exclude secondary colonizers of the same strain, but initial colonization by Lactobacillus physically remodels the niche to favor secondary colonization by Acetobacter. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the establishment and stability of an intestinal microbiome.

One-Sentence SummaryA strain-specific set of bacteria inhabits a defined spatial region of the Drosophila gut that forms a commensal niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aumiller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voltolini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivak, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gut commensal niche regulates stable association of a multispecies microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial exposures are crucial environmental factors that impact healthspan by sculpting the immune system and microbiota. Antibody profiling via programmable Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) provides a high-throughput, costeffective approach for multiplexed detection of exposure and response to thousands of microbial protein products. Here we designed and constructed a library of 95,601 56 amino acid peptide tiles spanning a subset of environmental proteins more likely to be associated with immune responses: those with "toxin" or "virulence factor" keyword annotations. PhIP-Seq was used to profile the circulating antibodies of ~1,000 individuals against this "ToxScan" library of 14,430 toxins and virulence factors from 1,312 genera of organisms. In addition to a detailed analysis of six commonly encountered human commensals and pathogens, we study the age-dependent stability of the ToxScan profile and use a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to find that the MHC-II locus modulates the selection of bacterial epitopes. We detect previously described anti-flagellin antibody responses in a Crohns disease cohort and identify a novel association between anti-flagellin antibodies and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). PhIP-Seq with the ToxScan library provides a new window into exposure and immune responses to environmental protein toxins and virulence factors, which can be used to study human health and disease at cohort scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angkeow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sie, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadi, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funez-dePagnier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman-Baust, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laserson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Compression Creates a Quiescent Muscle Stem Cell Niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscles can regenerate throughout life time from resident Pax7-expressing (Pax7+) muscle stem cells (MuSCs)1-3. Pax7+ MuSCs are normally quiescent and localized at a niche in which they are attached to the extracellular matrix basally and compressed against the myofiber apically3-5. Upon muscle injury, MuSCs lose apical contact with the myofiber and re-enter cell cycle to initiate regeneration. Prior studies on the physical niche of MuSCs focused on basal elasticity6,7, and significance of the apical force exerted on MuSCs remains unaddressed. Here we simulate MuSCs mechanical environment in vivo by applying physical compression to MuSCs apical surface. We demonstrate that compression drives activated MuSCs back to a quiescent stem cell state, even when seeded on different basal elasticities. By mathematical modeling and manipulating cell tension, we conclude that low overall tension combined with high edge tension generated by compression lead to MuSC quiescence. We further show that apical compression results in up-regulation of Notch downstream genes, accompanied by increased levels of nuclear Notch. The compression-induced nuclear Notch is ligand-independent, as it does not require the canonical S2-cleavage of Notch by ADAM10/17. Our results fill the knowledge gap on the role of apical tension for MuSC fate. Implications to how stem cell fate and activity are interlocked with the mechanical integrity of its resident tissue are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Compression Creates a Quiescent Muscle Stem Cell Niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cockroaches adjust body and appendages to traverse cluttered large obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To traverse complex natural terrain, animals often transition between locomotor modes. It is well known that locomotor transitions can be induced by switching in neural control circuits or be driven by a need to minimize metabolic energetic cost. Recent work discovered that locomotor transitions in complex 3-D terrain cluttered with large obstacles can also emerge from physical interaction with the environment controlled by the nervous system. To traverse cluttered, stiff grass-like beams, the discoid cockroach often transitions from using a strenuous pitch mode to push across to using a less strenuous roll mode to maneuver through the gaps, during which a potential energy barrier must be overcome. Although previous robotic physical modeling demonstrated that kinetic energy fluctuation from body oscillation generated by leg propulsion can help overcome the barrier and facilitate this transition, the animal was observed to transition even when the barrier still exceeds kinetic energy fluctuation. Here, we further studied whether and how the cockroach makes active adjustments to facilitate this locomotor transition to traverse cluttered beams. We observed that the animal flexed its head and abdomen, reduced hind leg sprawl, and used both hind legs differentially during the pitch-to-roll transition, which were absent when running on a flat ground. Using a refined potential energy landscape with additional degrees of freedom modeling these adjustments, we found that head flexion did not substantially reduce the transition barrier, whereas the leg sprawl reduction did so dramatically. We discussed likely functions of the observed adjustments and suggested future directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Othayoth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cockroaches adjust body and appendages to traverse cluttered large obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in earlier detection and symptom management has increased life expectancy and quality of life in people with Down syndrome (DS). However, no drug has been approved to help individuals with DS live independently and fully. Although rat models could support more robust physiological, behavioral, and toxicology analysis than mouse models during preclinical validation, no DS rat model is available due to technical challenges. We developed the first transchromosomic rat model of DS, TcHSA21rat, which contains a freely segregating, EGFP-inserted, human chromosome 21 (HSA21) with >93% of its protein coding genes. RNA-Seq of neonatal forebrains demonstrates that TcHSA21rat not only expresses HSA21 genes but also has an imbalance in global gene expression. Using EGFP as a marker for trisomic cells, flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood cells from 361 adult TcHSA21rat animals show that 81% of animals retain HSA21 in >80% of cells, the criterion for a "Down syndrome karyotype" in people. TcHSA21rat exhibits learning and memory deficits and shows increased anxiety and hyperactivity. TcHSA21rat recapitulates well-characterized DS brain morphology, including smaller brain volume and reduced cerebellar size. In addition, the rat model shows reduced cerebellar foliation, a prominent feature of DS that is not observed in DS mouse models. Moreover, TcHSA21rat exhibits anomalies in craniofacial morphology, heart development, husbandry, and stature. TcHSA21rat is a robust DS animal model that can facilitate DS basic research and provide a unique tool for preclinical validation to accelerate DS drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamakawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirabayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajitani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagawa-Tomita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuniishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichisaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takehara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiratsuka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsukura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtsmeier, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ptbp1 deletion does not induce glia-to-neuron conversion in adult mouse retina and brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct reprogramming of glia into neurons is a potentially promising approach for the replacement of neurons lost to injury or neurodegenerative disorders. Knockdown of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein Ptbp1 has been recently reported to induce efficient conversion of retinal Muller glia and brain astrocytes into functional neurons. However, genetic analysis of Ptbp1 function in adult glia has not been conducted. Here, we use a combination of genetic lineage tracing, scRNA-Seq, and electrophysiological analysis to show that specific deletion of Ptbp1 in adult retinal Muller glia and brain astrocytes does not lead to any detectable level of glia-to-neuron conversion. Only a few changes in gene expression are observed in glia following Ptbp1 deletion, and glial identity is maintained. These findings highlight the importance of using genetic manipulation and lineage tracing methods in studying cell type conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ptbp1 deletion does not induce glia-to-neuron conversion in adult mouse retina and brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NFkB-signaling suppresses Müller glia-mediated neuron regeneration in the mammalian retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muller glia (MG) in mammalian retinas are incapable of regenerating neurons after damage, whereas the MG in lower vertebrates regenerate functional neurons. Identification networks that regulate MG-mediated regeneration is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of MG. Here we study how NFkB-signaling influences glial responses to damage and reprogramming of MG into neurons in the rodent retina. We find activation of NFkB and dynamic expression of NFkB-associated genes in MG after damage, however NFkB activity is inhibited by microglia ablation. Knockout of NFkB in MG suppressed the accumulation of immune cells after damage. Inhibition of NFkB following NMDA-damage significantly enhanced the reprogramming of Ascl1-overexpressing MG into neuron-like cells. scRNA-seq of retinal glia following inhibition of NFkB reveals coordination with signaling via TGF{beta}2 and suppression of NFI and Id transcription factors. Inhibition of Smad3 or Id transcription factors increased numbers of neuron-like cells produced by Ascl1-overexpressing MG. We conclude that NFkB is a key signaling hub that is activated in MG after damage, mediates the accumulation of immune cells, and suppresses the neurogenic potential of MG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NFkB-signaling suppresses Müller glia-mediated neuron regeneration in the mammalian retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing XIST on the future active X: Searching human and bovine preimplantation embryos for the repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
X inactivation is the means of equalizing the dosage of X chromosomal genes in male and female eutherian mammals, so that only one X is active in each cell. The XIST locus (in cis) on each additional X chromosome initiates the transcriptional silencing of that chromosome, making it an inactive X. How the active X in both males and females is protected from inactivation by its own XIST locus is not well understood in any mammal. Previous studies of autosomal duplications suggest that gene(s) on the short arm of human chromosome 19 repress XIST function on the active X. Here, we examine the time of transcription of some candidate genes in preimplantation embryos using single-cell RNA sequencing data from human embryos and qRT-PCR from bovine embryos. The candidate genes assayed are those transcribed from 19p13.3-13.2, which are widely expressed and can remodel chromatin. Our results confirm that XIST is expressed at low levels from the future active X in embryos of both sexes; they also show that the XIST locus is repressed in both sexes when pluripotency factors are being upregulated, during the 4-8 cell and morula stages in human and bovine embryos - well before the early blastocyst (E5) when XIST on the inactive X in females begins to be upregulated. Our data suggest a role for DNMT1, UHRF1, SAFB and SAFB2 in XIST repression; they also exclude XACT and other 19p candidate genes and provide the transcriptional timing for some genes not previously assayed in human or bovine preimplantation embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aksit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migeon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing XIST on the future active X: Searching human and bovine preimplantation embryos for the repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.461881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Dynamics as Communication Sensors in Peptide Synthetase Cyclization Domains. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.461881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural biology is the foundation for deriving molecular mechanisms, where snapshots of macromolecules and binding partners inform on mutations that test or modify function. However, frequently, the impact of mutations violates the underpinnings of structural models, and mechanisms become cryptic. This conundrum applies to multidomain enzymatic systems called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which assemble simple substrates into complex metabolites often with pharmaceutical properties. Engineering NRPSs can generate new pharmaceuticals1-3 but a dynamic domain organization challenges rational design.4-8 Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we determined the solution structure of a 52 kDa cyclization domain and demonstrate that global intra-domain dynamics enable sensing of substrates tethered to partner domains and draw an allosteric response encompassing the enzymes buried active site and two binding sites 40 [A] apart. We show that a point-site mutation that impedes the domain dynamics globally hampers the allosteric response. We demonstrate this mechanism through NMR experiments that provide atomic-level read-outs of allosteric responses during biochemical transformations in situ. Our results establish global structural dynamics as sensors of molecular events that can remodel domain interactions and illustrate the need for integrating structural dynamics explicitly when deriving molecular mechanisms through mutagenesis and structural biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marincin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvignies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgourakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.461881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Dynamics as Communication Sensors in Peptide Synthetase Cyclization Domains.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput Activity Assay for Screening Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Macrodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrodomains are a class of conserved ADP-ribosylhydrolases expressed by viruses of pandemic concern, including coronaviruses and alphaviruses. Viral macrodomains are critical for replication and virus-induced pathogenesis; therefore, these enzymes are a promising target for antiviral therapy. However, no potent or selective viral macrodomain inhibitors currently exist, in part due to the lack of a high-throughput assay for this class of enzymes. Here, we developed a high-throughput ADP-ribosylhydrolase assay using the SARS-CoV-2 macrodomain Mac1. We performed a pilot screen which identified dasatinib and dihydralazine as ADP-ribosylhydrolase inhibitors. Importantly, dasatinib does not inhibit MacroD2, the closest Mac1 homolog in humans. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying selective inhibitors based on ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, paving the way for screening large compound libraries to identify improved macrodomain inhibitors and explore their potential as antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and future viral threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayabalan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redinger, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput Activity Assay for Screening Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Macrodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scatterHatch: an R/Bioconductor package for colorblind accessible visualization of single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced-dimension or spatial in situ scatter plots are widely employed in bioinformatics papers analyzing single-cell data to present phenomena or cell-conditions of interest in cell groups. When displaying these cell groups, color is frequently the only graphical cue used to differentiate them. However, as the complexity of the information presented in these visualizations increases, the usefulness of color as the only visual cue declines, especially for the sizable readership with color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). In this paper, we present scatterHatch, an R package that creates easily interpretable scatter plots by redundant coding of cell groups using colors as well as patterns. We give examples to demonstrate how the scatterHatch plots are more accessible than simple scatter plots when simulated for various types of CVDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scatterHatch: an R/Bioconductor package for colorblind accessible visualization of single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE9 is a Driver of Stemness in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A small population of self-renewing stem cells initiate tumors and maintain therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma. Given the limited treatment options and dismal prognosis for this disease there is urgent need to identify drivers of stem cells that could be druggable targets. Previous work showed that the endosomal pH regulator NHE9 is upregulated in glioblastoma and correlates with worse survival prognosis. Here, we probed for aberrant signaling pathways in patient-derived glioblastoma cells and found that NHE9 increases cell surface expression and phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases by promoting their escape from lysosomal degradation. Downstream of NHE9-mediated receptor activation, oncogenic signaling pathways converged on the JAK2-STAT3 transduction axis to induce pluripotency genes Oct4 and Nanog and suppress markers of glial differentiation. We used both genetic and chemical approaches to query the role of endosomal pH in glioblastoma phenotypes. Loss-of-function mutations in NHE9 that failed to alkalinize endosomal lumen did not increase self-renewal capacity of gliomaspheres in vitro. However, monensin, a chemical mimetic of Na+/H+ exchanger activity, and the H+ pump inhibitor bafilomycin bypassed NHE9 to directly alkalinize the endosomal lumen resulting in stabilization of receptor tyrosine kinases and induction of Oct4 and Nanog. Using orthotopic models of primary glioblastoma cells we found that NHE9 increased tumor initiation in vivo. We propose that NHE9 initiates inside-out signaling from the endosomal lumen, distinct from the established effects of cytoplasmic and extracellular pH on tumorigenesis. Endosomal pH may be an attractive therapeutic target that diminishes stemness in glioblastoma, agnostic of specific receptor subtype.

SignificanceA well-known hallmark of cancer is excessive acidification of tumor microenvironment, caused by upregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger activity on the cancer cell membrane. However, the role of organellar pH in tumor biology has not been established. This study identifies a mechanistic link between upregulation of the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger NHE9 and stemness properties in glioblastoma, the most malignant and common brain tumor in adults. By increasing pH of the recycling endosome, NHE9 exerts a broad effect on post-translational stability and activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, leading to increased stem cell-like properties of self-renewal and tumor initiation in glioblastoma models. Our findings suggest that targeting NHE9 or endosomal pH could be an effective strategy for receptor agnostic glioblastoma treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiapparelli, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez Meade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bertoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laterra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE9 is a Driver of Stemness in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of smell (olfaction) is one of the most important senses for animals including humans. Despite significant advances in the understanding mechanism of olfaction, currently, there are no objective non-invasive methods that can identify loss of smell. Covid-19-related loss of smell has highlighted the need to develop methods that can identify loss of olfaction. Voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV1.7) plays a critical role in olfaction by aiding the signal propagation to the olfactory bulb. We have identified several conditions such as chronic inflammation and viral infections such as Covid-19 that lead to loss of smell correlate with downregulation of NaV1.7 expression at transcript and protein levels in the olfactory epithelium. Leveraging this knowledge, we have developed a novel fluorescent probe Tsp1a-IR800 that targets NaV1.7. Using fluorescence imaging we can objectively measure the loss of sense of smell in live animals non-invasively. We also demonstrate that our non-invasive method is semiquantitative because the loss of fluorescence intensity correlates with the level of smell loss. Our results indicate, that our probe Tsp1a-IR800, can objectively diagnose anosmia in animal and human subjects using infrared fluorescence. We believe this method to non-invasively diagnose loss of smell objectively is a significant advancement in relation to current methods that rely on highly subjective behavioral studies and can aid in studying olfaction loss and the development of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adilbay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetrio de Souza Franca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroll, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillarsetty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning from the physical consequences of our actions improves motor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actions have consequences. Motor learning involves correcting actions that lead to movement errors and remembering these actions for future behavior. In most laboratory situations, movement errors have no physical consequences and simply indicate the progress of learning. Here we asked how experiencing a physical consequence when making a movement error affects motor learning. Two groups of participants adapted to a new, prism-induced mapping between visual input and motor output while performing a precision walking task. Importantly, one group experienced an unexpected slip perturbation when making foot-placement errors during adaptation. Because of our innate drive for safety, and the fact that balance is fundamental to movement, we hypothesized that this experience would enhance motor memory. Learning generalized to different walking tasks to a greater extent in the group who experienced the adverse physical consequence. This group also showed faster relearning one week later despite exposure to a competing mapping during initial learning--evidence of greater memory consolidation. The group differences in generalization and consolidation occurred even though they both experienced similar magnitude foot-placement errors and adapted at similar rates. Our results suggest the brain considers the potential physical consequences of movement error when learning and that balance-threatening consequences serve to enhance this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakkum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marigold, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning from the physical consequences of our actions improves motor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptors switch from cell autonomous axon extension to non-cell autonomous process pulling during synaptic marker redistribution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoreceptors (PRs) are the primary visual sensory cells, and their loss leads to blindness that is currently incurable. Cell replacement therapy holds promise as a therapeutic approach to restore vision to those who have lost PRs through damage or disease. While PR transplant research is ongoing in animal models, success is hindered by our limited understanding of PR axon growth during development and regeneration. Using a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) reporter line that labels PRs (WA09 CRX+/tdTomato), we generated retinal organoids in order to study mechanisms of PR process extension. We found that the earliest born PRs exhibit autonomous axon extension from dynamic terminals that appear similar to projection neuron growth cones. However, as hPSC-derived PRs age from 40 to 80 days of differentiation, they lose dynamic terminals in 2D plated cultures and within 3D retinal organoids, which does not correlate with cell birth date. Using a rod-specific hPSC reporter line (WA09 NRL+/eGFP), we further determined that rod PRs never form motile growth cones. Interestingly, PRs without motile terminals are still capable of extending axons, but neurites are generated from process stretching via their attachment to motile non-PR cells, which underlies the observed differences in PR neurite lengths on different substrata. While immobile PR terminals express actin, it is less polymerized and less organized than actin present in motile terminals. However, immobile PRs do localize synaptic proteins to their terminals, suggesting a normal developmental progression. These findings help inform the development of PR transplant therapies to treat blinding diseases and provide a platform to test treatments that restore autonomous PR axon extension.

Significance StatementLoss of photoreceptors (PRs) in the retina through damage or disease causes irreversible vision loss and blindness. One treatment approach is to replace lost cells with transplanted human stem cell-derived PRs, but this requires PR axons to integrate into the host retina to restore the required neural connections. For this strategy to succeed, we need to understand how PRs extend processes to their targets during development in situ, and whether dissociated human stem cell (hPSC)-derived PRs behave in a similar fashion. In this paper, we show that hPSC-PRs have only a short window during which they are capable of autonomous axon extension, which has implications for PR transplant efforts and for our basic understanding of human retinal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rempel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamm, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptors switch from cell autonomous axon extension to non-cell autonomous process pulling during synaptic marker redistribution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma lipids are heritable modifiable causal factors for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death globally. Despite the well-described monogenic and polygenic bases of dyslipidemia, limitations remain in discovery of lipid-associated alleles using whole genome sequencing, partly due to limited sample sizes, ancestral diversity, and interpretation of potential clinical significance. Increasingly larger whole genome sequence datasets with plasma lipids coupled with methodologic advances enable us to more fully catalog the allelic spectrum for lipids. Here, among 66,329 ancestrally diverse (56% non-European ancestry) participants, we associate 428M variants from deep-coverage whole genome sequences with plasma lipids. Approximately 400M of these variants were not studied in prior lipids genetic analyses. We find multiple lipid-related genes strongly associated with plasma lipids through analysis of common and rare coding variants. We additionally discover several significantly associated rare non-coding variants largely at Mendelian lipid genes. Notably, we detect rare LDLR intronic variants associated with markedly increased LDL-C, similar to rare LDLR exonic variants. In conclusion, we conducted a systematic whole genome scan for plasma lipids expanding the alleles linked to lipids for multiple ancestries and characterize a clinically-relevant rare non-coding variant model for lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reupena, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequence analysis of blood lipid levels in >66,000 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare instances of non-random dropout with the monochrome multiplex qPCR assay for mitochondrial DNA copy number 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a proxy for mitochondrial function and has been of increasing interest to the mitochondrial research community. There are a number of ways to measure mtDNA-CN, ranging from qPCR to whole genome sequencing [1]. A recent article in the Journal of Molecular Diagnostics [2] described a novel method for measuring mtDNA-CN that is both inexpensive and reproducible. After adapting the assay for use in our lab, we have found it to be reproducible and well-correlated with mtDNA-CN derived from whole genome sequencing. However, certain individuals show poor concordance between the two measures, particularly individuals with qPCR mtDNA-CN measurements >3 standard deviations below the sample mean, which corresponds to roughly 1% of assayed individuals (Figure 1). After examining whole genome sequencing data, this seems to be due to specific polymorphisms within the D-loop primer region, at positions MT 338, 340, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 466, and 467. All individuals with a variant in at least one of these positions have non-concordant mtDNA-CN measurements. Meanwhile, variants observed at other positions within the primer region do not appear to cause dropout.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/463983v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (16K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@134ca51org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ce9196org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b82af6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9701_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO Discrepancy between the monochrome multiplex qPCR mtDNA-CN and the whole genome sequencing mtDNA-CN for 1,732 distinct individuals. Data are centered at 0 and scaled so that the standard deviation = 1. The dotted red line represents 3 standard deviations beneath the sample mean. Individuals in the U, L1, L4, and T haplogroups have a disproportionately higher risk of discordant measures between the two assays.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare instances of non-random dropout with the monochrome multiplex qPCR assay for mitochondrial DNA copy number]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tagging active neurons by soma-targeted Cal-Light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Verifying causal effects of neural circuits is essential for proving direct a circuit-behavior relationship. However, techniques for tagging only active neurons with high spatiotemporal precision remain at the beginning stages. Here we developed the soma-targeted Cal-Light (ST-Cal-Light) which selectively converts somatic calcium rise triggered by action potentials into gene expression. Such modification simultaneously increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of reporter gene expression and reduces the light requirement for successful labeling. Because of the enhanced efficacy, the ST-Cal-Light enables the tagging of functionally engaged neurons in various forms of behaviors, including context-dependent fear conditioning, leverpressing choice behavior, and social interaction behaviors. We also targeted kainic acid-sensitive neuronal populations in the hippocampus which subsequently suppressed seizure symptoms, suggesting ST-Cal-Lights applicability in controlling disease-related neurons. Furthermore, the generation of a conditional ST-Cal-Light knock-in (KI) mouse provides an opportunity to tag active neurons in a region- or cell-type specific manner via crossing with other Cre-driver lines. Thus, the versatile ST-Cal-Light system links somatic action potentials to behaviors with high temporal precision, and ultimately allows functional circuit dissection at a single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagahama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignocchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tagging active neurons by soma-targeted Cal-Light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life stress-induced vulnerability to postpartum mental disturbance: prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress during childhood and adolescence increases the risk for postpartum depression (PPD). Patients with depression who have experienced adverse life events tend to be treatment refractory. However, the mechanism by which stress during childhood and adolescence are involved in the pathophysiology of PPD remains unclear. We investigated the longitudinal effects of adolescent stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and behaviors in the postpartum period through mouse and human studies. We observed that adolescent social isolation caused an aberrantly sustained elevation of glucocorticoids via dysregulation of the HPA axis, leading to long-lasting postpartum behavioral changes in female mice. The postpartum behavioral changes elicited by this adolescent stress were not ameliorated by the medicines currently used for PPD treatment. However, a post-delivery treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist effectively ameliorated the behavioral changes in mice. We also demonstrated a significant impact of stress during childhood and adolescence on the HPA axis dysregulation and PPD in women. We provide experimental evidence that suggests a mechanism-driven therapeutic strategy (repurposing a GR antagonist) for at least some cases of treatment refractory PPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wand, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life stress-induced vulnerability to postpartum mental disturbance: prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Liver Regeneration by hepatocyte O-GlcNAcylation in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver has a unique capacity to regenerate after injury in a highly orchestrated and regulated manner. Here we report that O-GlcNAcylation, an intracellular post-translational modification (PTM) regulated by two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is a critical termination signal for liver regeneration (LR) following partial hepatectomy (PHX). We studied liver regeneration after PHX on hepatocyte specific OGT and OGA knockout mice (OGT-KO and OGA-KO), which caused a significant decrease (OGT-KO) and increase (OGA-KO) in hepatic O-GlcNAcylation, respectively. OGA-KO mice had normal regeneration, but the OGT-KO mice exhibited substantial defects in termination of liver regeneration with increased liver injury, sustained cell proliferation resulting in significant hepatomegaly, hepatic dysplasia and appearance of small nodules at 28 days after PHX. This was accompanied by a sustained increase in expression of cyclins along with significant induction in pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression in the OGT-KO livers. RNA-Seq studies revealed inactivation of hepatocyte nuclear 4 alpha (HNF4), the master regulator of hepatic differentiation and a known termination signal, in OGT-KO mice at 28 days after PHX, which was confirmed by both Western blot and IHC analysis. Furthermore, a significant decrease in HNF target genes was observed in OGT-KO mice, indicating a lack of hepatocyte differentiation following decreased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed HNF4 is O-GlcNAcylated in normal differentiated hepatocytes. These studies show that O-GlcNAcylation plays a critical role in the termination of LR via regulation of HNF4 in hepatocytes.

Layman summaryO-GlcNAcylation is a protein modification that plays a critical role in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and disease progression. These studies show that O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes is essential for proper liver regeneration. Without O-GlcNAcylation, hepatocytes keep on proliferating eventually forming liver tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robarts, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGreal, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbaugh, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotulkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeschke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunewardena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanover, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Liver Regeneration by hepatocyte O-GlcNAcylation in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain functional connectome defines a transdiagnostic dimension associated with cognition and psychopathology in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive dysfunction and high-order psychopathologic dimensions are two main classes of transdiagnostic factors related to psychiatric disorders. They may link to common or distinct core brain networks underlying developmental risk of psychiatric disorders.

MethodThe current study is a longitudinal investigation with 11,875 youths aged 9-to 10-years-old at study onset, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. A machine-learning approach based on canonical correlation analysis was used to identify latent dimensional associations of the resting-state functional connectome with multi-domain behavioral assessments of cognitive functions and psychopathological problems. For the latent rsFC factor showing a robust behavioral association, its ability to predict psychiatric disorders was assessed using two-year follow-up data and its genetic association was evaluated using twin data from the same cohort.

ResultA latent functional connectome pattern was identified that showed a strong and generalizable association with the multi-domain behavioral assessments (5-fold cross validation: {rho} = 0.68~0.73, for the training set (N = 5096); {rho} = 0.56 ~ 0.58, for the test set (N = 1476)). This functional connectome pattern was highly heritable (h2 = 74.42%, 95% CI: 56.76%-85.42%), exhibited a dose-response relationship with cumulative number of psychiatric disorders assessed concurrently and 2-years post-MRI-scan, and predicted the transition of diagnosis across disorders over the 2-year follow-up period.

ConclusionThese findings provide preliminary evidence for a transdiagnostic connectome-based measure that underlies individual differences in developing psychiatric disorders in early adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmeron, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain functional connectome defines a transdiagnostic dimension associated with cognition and psychopathology in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple islet autoantibodies (AAb) predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) and hyperglycemia within 10 years. By contrast, T1D develops in just [~]15% of single AAb+ (generally against glutamic acid decarboxylase, GADA+) individuals; hence the single GADA+ state may represent an early stage of T1D amenable to interventions. Here, we functionally, histologically, and molecularly phenotype human islets from non-diabetic, GADA+ and T1D donors. Similar to the few remaining beta cells in T1D islets, GADA+ donor islets demonstrated a preserved insulin secretory response. By contrast, alpha cell glucagon secretion was dysregulated in both T1D and GADA+ islets with impaired glucose suppression of glucagon secretion. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) of GADA+ alpha cells revealed distinct abnormalities in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and a marked downregulation of PKIB, providing a molecular basis for the loss of glucose suppression and the increased effect of IBMX observed in GADA+ donor islets. The striking observation of a distinct early defect in alpha cell function that precedes beta cell loss in T1D suggests that not only overt disease, but also the progression to T1D itself, is bihormonal in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doliba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manduchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matschinsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Source-sink connectivity: a novel resting-state EEG marker of the epileptogenic zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 15 million epilepsy patients worldwide have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Successful surgery is a standard of care treatment for DRE but can only be achieved through complete resection or disconnection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ), the brain region(s) where seizures originate. Surgical success rates vary between 20-80% because no clinically validated biological markers of the EZ exist. Localizing the EZ is a costly and time-consuming process beginning with non-invasive neuroimaging and often followed by days to weeks of intracranial EEG (iEEG) monitoring. Clinicians visually inspect iEEG data to identify abnormal activity (e.g., low-voltage high frequency activity) on individual channels occurring immediately before seizures or spikes that occur on interictal iEEG (i.e., between seizures). In the end, the clinical standard mainly relies on a small proportion of the iEEG data captured to assist in EZ localization (minutes of seizure data versus days of recordings), missing opportunities to leverage these largely ignored interictal data to better diagnose and treat patients.

Intracranial EEG offers a unique opportunity to observe epileptic cortical network dynamics but waiting for seizures increases patient risks associated with invasive monitoring. In this study, we aim to leverage interictal iEEG data by developing a new network-based interictal iEEG marker of the EZ. We hypothesize that when a patient is not clinically seizing, it is because the EZ is inhibited by other regions. We developed an algorithm that identifies two groups of nodes from the interictal iEEG network: those that are continuously inhibiting a set of neighboring nodes ("sources") and the inhibited nodes themselves ("sinks"). Specifically, patient-specific dynamical network models (DNMs) were estimated from minutes of iEEG and their connectivity properties revealed top sources and sinks in the network, with each node being quantified by source-sink metrics (SSMs). We validated the SSMs in a retrospective analysis of 65 patients by using the SSMs of the annotated EZ to predict surgical outcomes. The SSMs predicted outcomes with an accuracy of 79% compared to an accuracy of 43% for clinicians predictions (surgical success rate of this dataset). In failed outcomes, we identified regions of the brain with high SSMs that were untreated. When compared to high frequency oscillations, the most commonly proposed interictal iEEG feature for EZ localization, SSMs outperformed in predictive power (by a factor of 1.2) suggesting SSMs may be an interictal iEEG fingerprint of the EZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsdottir, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korzeniewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cajigas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyckoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elarjani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicchi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Source-sink connectivity: a novel resting-state EEG marker of the epileptogenic zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding human genetic influences on the gut microbiota helps elucidate the mechanisms by which genetics affects health outcomes. We propose a novel approach, the covariate-adjusted kernel RV (KRV) framework, to map genetic variants associated with microbiome beta-diversity, which focuses on overall shifts in the microbiota. The proposed KRV framework improves statistical power by capturing intrinsic structure within the genetic and microbiome data while reducing the multiple-testing burden. We apply the covariate-adjusted KRV test to the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos in a genome-wide association analysis (first gene-level, then variant-level) for microbiome beta-diversity. We have identified an immunity-related gene, IL23R, reported in previous association studies and discovered 3 other novel genes, 2 of which are involved in immune functions or autoimmune disorders. Our findings highlight the value of the KRV as a powerful microbiome GWAS approach and support an important role of immunity-related genes in shaping the gut microbiome composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Nguyen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantinga, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid-beta and tau pathologies are both necessary to induce novel stage-specific microglia subtypes during Alzheimer's disease progression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is unknown whether specific microglia are selectively induced by amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}), tau pathologies, or both in combination. To address this, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile mice bearing both A{beta} and tau pathologies during Alzheimers disease (AD) progression. We identify novel microglia subtypes induced in a disease stage-specific manner. We show that during early-stage disease, interferon signaling induces a subtype of microglia termed EADAM. During late-stage disease, a second microglia subtype termed LADAM is detected. While EADAM and LADAM-like microglia are observed in other neurodegenerative models, the magnitude and composition of subtype markers are distinct from microglia observed with AD-like pathology. The pattern of EADAM- and LADAM-associated gene expression is observed in microglia from human AD, during the early and late stages of disease, respectively. Furthermore, we observe that several siglec genes are selectively expressed in either EADAM or LADAM. Siglecg is expressed in white-matter-associated LADAM, and expression of the human orthologue of Siglecg is progressively elevated in AD-stage-dependent manner but not shown in non-AD tauopathy. Our findings imply that both A{beta} and tau pathologies are required for disease stage-specific induction of EADAM and LADAM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaar, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid-beta and tau pathologies are both necessary to induce novel stage-specific microglia subtypes during Alzheimer's disease progression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ASCC2 CUE domain contacts adjacent ubiquitins to recognize K63-linked polyubiquitin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alkylation of DNA and RNA is a potentially toxic lesion that can result in mutations and cell death. In response to alkylation damage, K63-linked polyubiquitin chains are assembled that localize the ALKBH3-ASCC repair complex to damage sites in the nucleus. The protein ASCC2, a subunit of the ASCC complex, selectively binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains using its CUE domain, a type of ubiquitin-binding domain that typically binds monoubiquitin and does not discriminate among different polyubiquitin linkage types. We report here that the ASCC2 CUE domain selectively binds K63-linked diubiquitin by contacting both the distal and proximal ubiquitin. Whereas the ASCC2 CUE domain binds the distal ubiquitin in a manner similar to that reported for other CUE domains bound to a single ubiquitin, the contacts with the proximal ubiquitin are unique to ASCC2. The N-terminal portion of the ASCC2 1 helix, including residues E467 and S470, contributes to the binding interaction with the proximal ubiquitin of K63-linked diubiquitin. Mutation of residues within the N-terminal portion of the ASCC2 1 helix decreases ASCC2 recruitment in response to DNA alkylation, supporting the functional significance of these interactions during the alkylation damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lombardi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebreau, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngandu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orland, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Asante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelyun, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorb, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veilleux, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosammaparast, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ASCC2 CUE domain contacts adjacent ubiquitins to recognize K63-linked polyubiquitin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sculpting rupture-free nuclear shapes in fibrous environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoskeleton-mediated force transmission regulates nucleus morphology. How nuclei shaping occurs in fibrous in vivo environments remains poorly understood. Here a suspended nanofiber assay of precisely-tunable (nm-m) diameters is used to quantify nucleus plasticity in fibrous environments mimicking the natural extracellular matrix. In contrast to the apical cap over the nucleus in cells on 2-dimensional surfaces, the cellular cytoskeleton of cells on fibers displays a uniform actin network caging the nucleus. The role of contractility-driven caging in sculpting nuclear shapes is investigated as cells spread on aligned single fibers, doublets, and multiple fibers of varying diameters. Cell contractility increases with fiber diameter due to increased focal adhesion clustering and density of actin stress fibers, which correlates with increased mechanosensitive transcription factor YAP translocation to the nucleus. Unexpectedly, large- and small-diameter fiber combinations lead to teardrop-shaped nuclei due to stress-fiber anisotropy across the cell. As cells spread on fibers, diameter-dependent invaginations that run the nucleuss length are formed at contact sites. The deepest and sharpest invaginations are insufficient to trigger nucleus rupture, often observed in 2D or confined systems. Overall, we describe the unknown adaptability of nuclei to fibrous environments and resultant sculpting of the nucleus shapes, with pathophysiological implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sculpting rupture-free nuclear shapes in fibrous environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are highly heritable major psychiatric disorders that share a substantial portion of genetic risk as well as their clinical manifestations. This raises a fundamental question of whether, and how, common neurobiological pathways translate their shared polygenic risks into shared clinical manifestations. The present study shows the miR-124-AMPAR pathway as a key common neurobiological mediator that connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between these two psychotic disorders. We discovered upregulation of miR-124 in biopsied neuronal cells and postmortem prefrontal cortex from both SZ and BP patients, implying its role not only as a biomarker, but also as a pathophysiological mediator. Intriguingly, the upregulation is associated with the polygenic risks shared between these two disorders. Seeking mechanistic dissection, we generated a mouse model that upregulates miR-124 in the medial prefrontal cortex, which includes brain regions homologous to sub-regions of the human prefrontal cortex. We demonstrated that upregulation of miR-124 increases GRIA2-lacking calcium permeable-AMPARs and perturbs AMPAR-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, leading to deficits in the behavioral dimensions shared between SZ and BP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yukitake, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukudome, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaaro-Peled, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo motor learning of a bimanual control task over multiple days of practice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much research on motor learning has focused on how we adapt our movements to maintain performance in the face of imposed perturbations, in many cases we must learn new skills from scratch, or de novo. In comparison to adaptation, relatively little is known about de novo learning. In part, this is because learning a new skill can involve many challenges, including learning to recognize new patterns of sensory input and generate new patterns of motor output. However, even with familiar sensory cues and well-practiced movements, the problem of quickly selecting the appropriate actions in response to the current state is challenging. Here, we devised a bimanual hand-to-cursor mapping which isolates this control problem. We find that participants initially struggled to control the cursor under this bimanual mapping, despite explicit knowledge of the mapping. Performance improved steadily over multiple days of practice, however. Participants exhibited no aftereffects when reverting to a veridical cursor, confirming that participants learned the new task de novo, rather than through adaptation. Corrective responses to mid-movement perturbations of the target were initially weak, but with practice, participants gradually became able to respond rapidly and robustly to these perturbations. After four days of practice, participants behavior under the bimanual mapping almost matched performance with a veridically mapped cursor. However, there remained a small but persistent difference in performance level. Our findings illustrate the dynamics and limitations of learning a novel controller and introduce a promising paradigm for tractably investigating this aspect of motor skill learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakpoor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo motor learning of a bimanual control task over multiple days of practice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of reversible osmotic stress on live cell plasma membranes, probed via Laurdan general polarization measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we seek to gain insight into changes in the plasma membrane of live cells upon the application of osmotic stress using Laurdan, a fluorescent probe that reports on membrane organization, hydration, and dynamics. It is known that the application of osmotic stress to lipid vesicles causes a decrease in Laurdans generalized polarization (GP), which has been interpreted as an indication of membrane stretching. In cells, we see the opposite effects, as GP increases when the osmolarity of the solution is decreased. This increase in GP is associated with the presence of caveolae, which are known to disassemble and flatten in response to osmotic stress, in a process that supplies extra plasma membrane in physiological processes.

SignificanceCells can experience multiple stresses in vivo. Furthermore, the application of osmotic stress is used as a biophysical tool to interrogate membrane proocesses in vitro. We sought to investigate the consequences of osmotic stress on the plasma membrane properties using the fluorescent probe Laurdan. Unexpectedly, we find that osmotic stress leads to an increase in GP in live cells. The opposite change in GP has been observed in model lipid bilayers, reminding us there are limitations to the utility of model systems in understanding cell membrane behavior. Despite years of research, the cell membrane still has ways to surprise us.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Mercado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of reversible osmotic stress on live cell plasma membranes, probed via Laurdan general polarization measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SAMBA tool uses long reads to improve the contiguity of genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third-generation sequencing technologies can generate very long reads with relatively high error rates. The lengths of the reads, which sometimes exceed one million bases, make them invaluable for resolving complex repeats that cannot be assembled using shorter reads. Many high-quality genome assemblies have already been produced, curated, and annotated using the previous generation of sequencing data, and full re-assembly of these genomes with long reads is not always practical or cost-effective. One strategy to upgrade existing assemblies is to generate additional coverage using long-read data, and add that to the previously assembled contigs. SAMBA is a tool that is designed to scaffold and gap-fill existing genome assemblies with additional long-read data, resulting in substantially greater contiguity. SAMBA is the only tool of its kind that also computes and fills in the sequence for all spanned gaps in the scaffolds, yielding much longer contigs. Here we compare SAMBA to several similar tools capable of re-scaffolding assemblies using long-read data, and we show that SAMBA yields better contiguity and introduces fewer errors than competing methods. SAMBA is open-source software that is distributed at https://github.com/alekseyzimin/masurca.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SAMBA tool uses long reads to improve the contiguity of genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic principles underlying pioneer function of GAGA transcription factor in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How pioneer factors interface with chromatin to promote accessibility for transcription control is poorly understood in vivo. Here, we directly visualize chromatin association by the prototypical GAGA pioneer factor (GAF) in live Drosophila hemocytes. Single-particle tracking reveals that the majority of GAF is chromatin-bound, with a stable-binding fraction showing nucleosome-like confinement residing on chromatin for over 2 minutes, far longer than the dynamic range of most transcription factors. These kinetic properties require the full complement of GAFs DNA-binding, multimerization and intrinsically disordered domains, and are autonomous from recruited chromatin remodelers NURF and PBAP, whose activities primarily benefit GAFs neighbors such as HSF. Evaluation of GAF kinetics together with its endogenous abundance indicates that despite on-off dynamics, GAF constitutively and fully occupies chromatin targets, thereby providing a temporal mechanism that sustains open chromatin for transcriptional responses to homeostatic, environmental, and developmental signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic principles underlying pioneer function of GAGA transcription factor in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated DNA and Histone Dynamics Drive Accurate Histone H2A.Z Exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomal histone H2A is exchanged for its variant H2A.Z by the SWR1 chromatin remodeler, but the mechanism and timing of histone exchange remain unclear. Here, we quantify DNA and histone dynamics during histone exchange in real-time using a three-color single-molecule FRET assay. We show that SWR1 operates with timed precision to unwrap DNA with large displacement from one face of the nucleosome, remove H2A-H2B from the same face, and rewrap DNA, all within 2.3 seconds. Such productive DNA unwrapping requires full SWR1 activation and differs from unproductive, smaller-scale DNA unwrapping caused by SWR1 binding alone. On an asymmetrically positioned nucleosome, SWR1 intrinsically senses long-linker DNA to preferentially exchange H2A.Z on the distal face as observed in vivo. The displaced H2A-H2B dimer remains briefly associated with the SWR1-nucleosome complex and is dissociated by histone chaperones. These findings reveal how SWR1 coordinates DNA unwrapping with histone dynamics to rapidly and accurately place H2A.Z at physiological sites on chromatin.

One-Sentence SummaryMulticolor single-molecule FRET reveals how SWR1 unwraps DNA to exchange nucleosomal H2A-H2B for H2A.Z-H2B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated DNA and Histone Dynamics Drive Accurate Histone H2A.Z Exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social-affective features drive human representations of observed actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans observe actions performed by others in many different visual and social settings. What features do we extract and attend when we view such complex scenes, and how are they processed in the brain? To answer these questions, we curated two large-scale sets of naturalistic videos of everyday actions and estimated their perceived similarity in two behavioral experiments. We normed and quantified a large range of visual, action-related and social-affective features across the stimulus sets. Using a cross-validated variance partitioning analysis, we found that social-affective features predicted similarity judgments better than, and independently of, visual and action features in both behavioral experiments. Next, we conducted an electroencephalography (EEG) experiment, which revealed a sustained correlation between neural responses to videos and their behavioral similarity. Visual, action, and social-affective features predicted neural patterns at early, intermediate and late stages respectively during this behaviorally relevant time window. Together, these findings show that social-affective features are important for perceiving naturalistic actions, and are extracted at the final stage of a temporal gradient in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social-affective features drive human representations of observed actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Wernicke conundrum revisited: evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping in post-stroke aphasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wernickes area has been assumed since the 1800s to be the primary region supporting word and sentence comprehension. However, Mesulam et al. (2015; 2019) raised what they termed the  Wernicke conundrum, noting widespread variability in the anatomical definition of this area and presenting data from primary progressive aphasia that challenged this classical assumption. To resolve the conundrum, they posited a  double disconnection hypothesis: that word and sentence comprehension deficits in stroke-based aphasia result from disconnection of anterior temporal and inferior frontal regions from other parts of the brain due to white matter damage, rather than dysfunction of Wernickes area itself. To test this hypothesis, we performed lesiondeficit correlations, including connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping, in four large, partially overlapping groups of English-speaking chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors. After removing variance due to object recognition and associative semantic processing, the same middle and posterior temporal lobe regions were implicated in both word comprehension deficits and complex noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits. Connectome lesion-symptom mapping revealed similar temporal-occipital white matter disconnections for impaired word and noncanonical sentence comprehension, including the temporal pole. We found an additional significant temporal-parietal disconnection for noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits, which may indicate a role for phonological working memory in processing complex syntax, but no significant frontal disconnections. Moreover, damage to these middle-posterior temporal lobe regions was associated with both word and noncanonical sentence comprehension deficits even when accounting for variance due to the strongest anterior temporal and inferior frontal white matter disconnections, respectively. Our results largely agree with the classical notion that Wernickes area, defined here as middle superior temporal gyrus and middle-posterior superior temporal sulcus, supports both word and sentence comprehension, suggest a supporting role for temporal pole in both word and sentence comprehension, and speak against the hypothesis that comprehension deficits in Wernickes aphasia result from double disconnection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matchin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Ouden, D.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickok, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Wernicke conundrum revisited: evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping in post-stroke aphasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Representations of Body and Head motion are Dynamically Encoded by Purkinje cell Populations in the Macaque Cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to accurately control our posture and perceive spatial orientation during self-motion requires knowledge of the motion of both the head and body. However, whereas the vestibular sensors and nuclei directly encode head motion, no sensors directly encode body motion. Instead, the integration of vestibular and neck proprioceptive inputs is necessary to transform vestibular information into the body-centric reference frame required for postural control. The anterior vermis of the cerebellum is thought to play a key role in this transformation, yet how its Purkinje cells integrate these inputs or what information they dynamically encode during self-motion remains unknown. Here we recorded the activity of individual anterior vermis Purkinje cells in alert monkeys during passively applied whole-body, body-under-head, and head-on-body rotations. Most neurons dynamically encoded an intermediate representation of self-motion between head and body motion. Notably, these neurons responded to both vestibular and neck proprioceptive stimulation and showed considerable heterogeneity in their response dynamics. Furthermore, their vestibular responses demonstrated tuning in response to changes in head-on-body position. In contrast, a small remaining percentage of neurons sensitive only to vestibular stimulation unambiguously encoded head-in-space motion across conditions. Using a simple population model, we establish that combining responses from 40 Purkinje cells can explain the responses of their target neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei across all self-motion conditions. We propose that the observed heterogeneity in Purkinje cells underlies the cerebellums capacity to compute the dynamic representation of body motion required to ensure accurate postural control and perceptual stability in our daily lives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Representations of Body and Head motion are Dynamically Encoded by Purkinje cell Populations in the Macaque Cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes for drought tolerance in coast redwood and giant sequoia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drought is a major limitation for survival and growth in plants. With more frequent and severe drought episodes occurring due to climate change, it is imperative to understand the genomic and physiological basis of drought tolerance to be able to predict how species will respond in the future. In this study, univariate and multitrait multivariate GWAS methods were used to identify candidate genes in two iconic and ecosystem-dominating species of the western US - coast redwood and giant sequoia - using ten drought-related physiological and anatomical traits and genome-wide sequence-capture SNPs. Population level phenotypic variation was found in carbon isotope discrimination, osmotic pressure at full turgor, xylem hydraulic diameter and total area of transporting fibers in both species. Our study identified new 78 new marker x trait associations in coast redwood and six in giant sequoia, with genes involved in a range of metabolic, stress and signaling pathways, among other functions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the genomic basis of drought tolerance in long-generation conifers and helps guide current and future conservation efforts in the species.

Significance StatementClimate change brings more frequent and severe drought events that challenge the survival of natural populations of plants. While most of our knowledge about drought tolerance comes from annual and domesticated plants, the genomic basis of drought tolerance in long-generation trees is poorly understood. Here, we aim to fill this gap by identifying candidate genes in two conifer species, coast redwood and giant sequoia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekhwal, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes for drought tolerance in coast redwood and giant sequoia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-induced remodeling of the hippocampal post-synaptic proteome and phosphoproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The post synaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses contains a highly organized protein network with thousands of proteins and is key node in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. To gain new mechanistic insight into experience-induced changes in the PSD, we examined the global dynamics of the PSD proteome and phosphoproteome in mice following various treatments. Mice were trained using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task and hippocampal PSD fractions were isolated for quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomics analysis. We used a sequential enrichment strategy to explore the concurrent events of protein expression and phosphorylation in the hippocampal PSD following IA training (IA) or immediate shock (Shock). We identified more than 6,200 proteins and 3,000 phosphoproteins in the sequential strategy covering a total of 7,429 proteins. On the phosphoproteins we identified a total of 9,589 phosphosites. Strikingly, of the significantly IA-regulated proteins and phosphoproteins, a large fraction of the proteins displayed an overall decrease in phosphorylation level. Bioinformatic analysis of proteins and phosphoproteins that were regulated by IA were annotated for an involvement in regulation of glutamate receptor functionality, calcium signaling, and synaptic plasticity. We also identified synaptic kinases, phosphatases and their respective phosphosites regulated by IA training or immediate shock. Furthermore, we found that AMPA receptor surface expression was regulated by protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1H (Ppm1h). Together, these results unravel the dynamic remodeling of the PSD upon IA learning or immediate shock and serve as a resource for elucidating the synaptic proteome dynamics induced by experience-dependent plasticity.

HighlightsO_LIThe proteome and phosphoproteome of mouse hippocampal PSD fractions were examined using quantitative phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics following inhibitory avoidance training or non-associative immediate shock.
C_LIO_LIApproximately 6,200 proteins and 3,000 phosphoproteins were identified and quantified in the hippocampal PSD fractions.
C_LIO_LIIA mediates widespread decreases in the abundance and phosphorylation of proteins in the hippocampal PSD fraction.
C_LIO_LIKinases, phosphatases and their phosphorylation status were dynamically and significantly regulated by IA and immediate shock.
C_LIO_LIFunctional validation shows that the protein phosphatase Ppm1h is linked to the regulation of synaptic plasticity in vitro and in vivo.
C_LI

In BriefQuantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics combined with subcellular protein fractionation and bioinformatic analysis identifies a highly dynamic regulation of synaptic protein phosphorylation at the postsynaptic density following IA training and immediate shock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-induced remodeling of the hippocampal post-synaptic proteome and phosphoproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ribb-osome: Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth is well defined for the late (post-embryonic) stages of development, but evidence for early (embryonic) cell growth during post-mitotic morphogenesis is quite limited. Here, we identify early cell growth as a key characteristic of tubulogenesis in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG). A BTB/POZ domain nuclear factor, Ribbon (Rib), mediates this early cell growth. Rib binds the transcription start site of nearly every SG-expressed ribosomal protein gene (RPG) and is required for full expression of all RPGs tested. Rib binding to RPG promoters in vitro is weak and not sequence-specific, suggesting that specificity is achieved through co-factor interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate Ribs ability to physically interact with each of the three known contributors to RPG transcription. Surprisingly, Rib-dependent early cell growth in another tubular organ--the embryonic trachea--is not mediated by direct RPG transcription. These findings support a model of early cell growth sustained by transcriptional regulatory networks customized for organ form and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levings, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slattery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ribb-osome: Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPost-operative outcomes of the Fontan operation have been linked to graft shape after implantation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to explore different surgical options. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic in vitro validation for investigating the accuracy and efficiency of CFD simulation to predict Fontan hemodynamics.

MethodsCFD simulations were performed to measure indexed power loss (iPL) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD) in 10 patient-specific Fontan models, with varying mesh and numerical solvers. The results were compared with a novel in vitro flow loop setup with 3D printed Fontan models. A high-resolution differential pressure sensor was used to measure the pressure drop for validating iPL predictions. Microparticles with particle filtering system were used to measure HFD. The computational time was measured for a representative Fontan model with different mesh sizes and numerical solvers.

ResultsWhen compared to in vitro setup, variations in CFD mesh sizes had significant effect on HFD (p = 0.0002) but no significant impact on iPL (p = 0.069). Numerical solvers had no significant impact in both iPL (p = 0.50) and HFD (P = 0.55). A transient solver with 0.5 mm mesh size requires computational time 100 times more than a steady solver with 2.5 mm mesh size to generate similar results.

ConclusionsThe predictive value of CFD for Fontan planning can be validated against an in vitro flow loop. The prediction accuracy can be affected by the mesh size, model shape complexity and flow competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Validation of Subject-Specific 3D Human Head Models Based on a Nonlinear Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of the human head are promising tools for the study and prediction of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Most available head models are developed using inputs (i.e., head geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions) derived from ex-vivo experiments on cadavers or animals and employ linear viscoelasticity (LVE)-based constitutive models, which leads to high uncertainty and poor accuracy in capturing the nonlinear response of brain tissue under impulsive loading conditions. To resolve these issues, a framework for the development of fully subject-specific 3D human head models is proposed, in which model inputs are derived from the same living human subject using a comprehensive in-vivo brain imaging protocol, and the viscous dissipation-based visco-hyperelastic constitutive modeling framework is employed. Specifically, brain tissue material properties are derived from in-vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and full-field strain-response of brain under rapid rotational acceleration is obtained from tagged MRI, which is used for model validation. The constitutive model comprises the Ogden hyperelastic strain energy density and the Upadhyay-Subhash-Spearot viscous dissipation potential. The simulated strain-response is compared with experimental data and with predictions from subject-specific models employing two commonly used LVE-based constitutive models, using a rigorous validation procedure that evaluates agreement in spatial strain distribution, temporal strain evolution, and differences in maximum values of peak and average strain. Results show that the head model developed in this work reasonably captures 3D brain dynamics, and when compared to LVE-based models, provides improvements in the prediction of peak strains and temporal strain evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshareef, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayly, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Validation of Subject-Specific 3D Human Head Models Based on a Nonlinear Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the efficacy of CRISPR gene drive for schistosomiasis control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR gene drives could revolutionize the control of infectious diseases by accelerating the spread of engineered traits that limit parasite transmission in wild populations. While much effort has been spent developing gene drives in mosquitoes, gene drive technology in molluscs has received little attention despite the role of freshwater snails as obligate, intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes causing schistosomiasis - a disease of poverty affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. A successful drive in snails must overcome self-fertilization, which prevents a drives spread. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is a feature of snails - distinct from gene drive model organisms - and is not yet incorporated in gene drive models of disease control. Here we developed a novel population genetic model accounting for snails sexual and asexual reproduction, susceptibility to parasite infection regulated by multiple alleles, fitness differences between genotypes, and a range of drive characteristics. We then integrated this model with an epidemiological model of schistosomiasis transmission and snail population dynamics. Simulations showed that gene drive establishment can be hindered by a variety of biological and ecological factors, including selfing. However, our model suggests that, under a range of conditions, gene drive mediated immunity in snails could maintain rapid disease reduction achieved by annual chemotherapy treatment of the human population, leading to long-term elimination. These results indicate that gene drives, in coordination with existing public health measures, may become a useful tool to reduce schistosomiasis burden in selected transmission settings with effective CRISPR construct design and close evaluation of the genetic and ecological landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grewelle, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Saez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namigai, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickards, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the efficacy of CRISPR gene drive for schistosomiasis control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating studies suggest an interaction between presbycusis (PC) and cognitive impairment, which may be explained by the cognitive-ear link to a large extent. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this link are largely unknown. Here, 51 PC patients and 51 well-matched healthy controls were recruited. We combined resting-state functional MRI and edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate changes of intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and their relationships with auditory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels and cognitive impairment in PC. Our study confirmed the plastic model of cognitive-ear link at the level of the large-scale brain network, including the dysconnectivity within high-order cognitive networks and between the auditory-cognitive network and overactivation between cognitive networks dependent on hearing loss, which was closely related to the cognitive impairment of PC patients. Moreover, GABA and Glu levels in the central auditory processing were abnormal in patients with PC. Importantly, reduction of GABA-mediated inhibition plays a crucial role in a dysconnectivity between the auditory-cognitive network, which may be neurochemical underpinnings of functional remodeling of cognitive-ear link in PC. Modulation of GABA neurotransmission may enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for the cognitive impairment of PC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple tool extends TIMSTOF compatibility with historic data processing tools and enables ion mobility-enhanced spectral libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry is proving to be a disruptive technology in LCMS based proteomics. One primary drawback of this hardware is the lack of compatibility with the hundreds of data processing pipelines historically in use. This study describes a simple data conversion tool that "folds" the TIMSTOF ion mobility data into the MS2 fragmentation spectra allowing simple downstream processing. Little to no detriment in the assignment of peptide spectral matches is observed when "folding" the 1/k0 value into the low mass region. To demonstrate one utility of TIMS Folding, spectral libraries are provided in multiple common formats that were constructed from the same files both with and without folded ion mobility data. When new data is acquired and folded using the same parameters prior to data processing the folded ion mobility data can be used as an additional metric for peptide match confidence against folded spectral libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple tool extends TIMSTOF compatibility with historic data processing tools and enables ion mobility-enhanced spectral libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A low-resource reliable pipeline to democratize multi-modal connectome estimation and analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomics--the study of brain networks--provides a unique and valuable opportunity to study the brain. Research in human connectomics, leveraging functional and diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), is a resource-intensive practice. Typical analysis routines require significant computational capabilities and subject matter expertise. Establishing a pipeline that is low-resource, easy to use, and off-the-shelf (can be applied across multifarious datasets without parameter tuning to reliably estimate plausible connectomes), would significantly lower the barrier to entry into connectomics, thereby democratizing the field by empowering a more diverse and inclusive community of connectomists. We therefore introduce  MRI to Graphs (m2g). To illustrate its properties, we used m2g to process MRI data from 35 different studies ({approx} 6,000 scans) from 15 sites without any manual intervention or parameter tuning. Every single scan yielded an estimated connectome that adhered to established properties, such as stronger ipsilateral than contralateral connections in structural connectomes, and stronger homotopic than heterotopic correlations in functional connectomes. Moreover, the connectomes estimated by m2g are more similar within individuals than between them, suggesting that m2g preserves biological variability. m2g is portable, and can run on a single CPU with 16 GB of RAM in less than a couple hours, or be deployed on the cloud using its docker container. All code is available on https://github.com/neurodata/m2g and documentation is available on docs.neurodata.io/m2g.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhembere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A low-resource reliable pipeline to democratize multi-modal connectome estimation and analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense granule protein, GRA64 interacts with host cell ESCRT proteins during Toxoplasma gondii infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.467042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii adapts to diverse host cell environments within a replicative compartment that is heavily decorated by secreted proteins. In attempts to identify novel parasite secreted proteins that influence host cell activity, we identified and characterized a trans-membrane dense granule protein dubbed GRA64 (TGME49_202620). We found that GRA64 is on the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) and is partially exposed to the host cell cytoplasm in both tachyzoite and bradyzoite parasitophorous vacuoles. Using co-immunoprecipitation and proximity-based biotinylation approaches, we demonstrate that GRA64 appears to interact with certain components of the host Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT). Genetic disruption of GRA64 does not affect acute Toxoplasma virulence in mice nor encystation as observed via tissue cyst burdens in mice during chronic infection. However, ultrastructural analysis of {Delta}gra64 tissue cysts using electron tomography revealed enlarged vesicular structures underneath the cyst membrane, suggesting a role for GRA64 in organizing the recruitment of ESCRT proteins and subsequent intracystic vesicle formation. This study uncovers a novel host-parasite interaction that contributes to an emerging paradigm in which specific host ESCRT proteins are recruited to the limiting membranes (PVMs) of tachyzoite and bradyzoite vacuoles formed during acute and chronic Toxoplasma infection.

IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a widespread foodborne parasite that causes congenital disease and life-threatening complications in immune compromised individuals. Part of this parasites success lies in its ability to infect diverse organisms and host cells, as well as to persist as a latent infection within parasite constructed structures called tissue cysts. In this study, we characterized a protein secreted by T. gondii into its parasitophorous vacuole during intracellular infection, which we dub GRA64. On the vacuole, this protein is exposed to the host cell and interacts with specific host ESCRT proteins. Parasites lacking the GRA64 protein exhibit ultrastructural changes in tissue cysts during chronic infection. This study lays the foundation for future studies on the mechanics and consequences of host ESCRT-parasite protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayoral, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Cuevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunther-Cummins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.467042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense granule protein, GRA64 interacts with host cell ESCRT proteins during Toxoplasma gondii infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sketching and sampling approaches for fast and accurate long read classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn modern sequencing experiments, quickly and accurately identifying the sources of the reads is a crucial need. In metagenomics, where each read comes from one of potentially many members of a community, it can be important to identify the exact species the read is from. In other settings, it is important to distinguish which reads are from the targeted sample and which are from potential contaminants. In both cases, identification of the correct source of a read enables further investigation of relevant reads, while minimizing wasted work. This task is particularly challenging for long reads, which can have a substantial error rate that obscures the origins of each read.

ResultsExisting tools for the read classification problem are often alignment or index-based, but such methods can have large time and/or space overheads. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of several sampling and sketching-based approaches for read classification. In these approaches, a chosen sampling or sketching algorithm is used to generate a reduced representation (a "screen") of potential source genomes for a query readset before reads are streamed in and compared against this screen. Using a query reads similarity to the elements of the screen, the methods predict the source of the read. Such an approach requires limited pre-processing, stores and works with only a subset of the input data, and is able to perform classification with a high degree of accuracy.

ConclusionsThe sampling and sketching approaches investigated include uniform sampling, methods based on MinHash and its weighted and order variants, a minimizer-based technique, and a novel clustering-based sketching approach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques both in identifying the source microbial genomes for reads from a metagenomic long read sequencing experiment, and in distinguishing between long reads from organisms of interest and potential contaminant reads. We then compare these approaches to existing alignment, index and sketching-based tools for read classification, and demonstrate how such a method is a viable alternative for determining the source of query reads. Finally, we present a reference implementation of these approaches at https://github.com/arun96/sketching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sketching and sampling approaches for fast and accurate long read classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for detecting noncoding rare variant associations of large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies have enabled analysis of noncoding rare variants (RVs) associations with complex human traits. Variant set analysis is a powerful approach to study RV association, and a key component of it is constructing RV sets for analysis. However, existing methods have limited ability to define analysis units in the noncoding genome. Furthermore, there is a lack of robust pipelines for comprehensive and scalable noncoding RV association analysis. Here we propose a computationally-efficient noncoding RV association-detection framework that uses STAAR (variant-set test for association using annotation information) to group noncoding variants in gene-centric analysis based on functional categories. We also propose SCANG (scan the genome)-STAAR, which uses dynamic window sizes and incorporates multiple functional annotations, in a non-gene-centric analysis. We furthermore develop STAARpipeline to perform flexible noncoding RV association analysis, including gene-centric analysis as well as fixed-window-based and dynamic-window-based non-gene-centric analysis. We apply STAARpipeline to identify noncoding RV sets associated with four quantitative lipid traits in 21,015 discovery samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and replicate several noncoding RV associations in an additional 9,123 TOPMed samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goring, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyani, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raff</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for detecting noncoding rare variant associations of large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NIfTI-MRS: A standard format for magnetic resonance spectroscopic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe use of multiple data formats in the MRS community currently hinders data sharing and integration. NIfTI-MRS is proposed as a standard MR spectroscopy data format, which is implemented as an extension to the neuroimaging informatics technology initiative (NIfTI) format.

Using this standardised format will facilitate data sharing, ease algorithm development, and encourage the integration of MRS analysis with other imaging modalities.

MethodsA file format based on the NIfTI header extension framework was designed to incorporate essential spectroscopic metadata and additional encoding dimensions. A detailed description of the specification is provided. An open-source command-line conversion program is implemented to enable conversion of single-voxel and spectroscopic imaging data to NIfTI-MRS. To provide visualisation of data in NIfTI-MRS, a dedicated plugin is implemented for FSLeyes, the FSL image viewer.

ResultsAlongside online documentation, ten example datasets are provided in the proposed format. In addition, minimal examples of NIfTI-MRS readers have been implemented. The conversion software, spec2nii, currently converts fourteen formats to NIfTI-MRS, including DICOM and vendor proprietary formats.

ConclusionThe proposed format aims to solve the issue of multiple data formats being used in the MRS community. By providing a single conversion point, it aims to simplify the processing and analysis of MRS data, thereby lowering the barrier to use of MRS. Furthermore, it can serve as the basis for open data sharing, collaboration, and interoperability of analysis programs. It also opens possibility of greater standardisation and harmonisation. By aligning with the dominant format in neuroimaging, NIfTI-MRS enables the use of mature tools present in the imaging community, demonstrated in this work by using a dedicated imaging tool, FSLeyes, as a viewer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emir, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NIfTI-MRS: A standard format for magnetic resonance spectroscopic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photochemical pre-bleaching of formalin-fixed archival prostate tissues significantly reduces autofluorescence to facilitate multiplex immunofluorescence staining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The characterization of tissues using multiple different primary antibodies detected by secondary antibodies, each possessing a different colored fluorophore (multiplex immunofluorescence), is a powerful technique but often impaired by endogenous autofluorescence present in the specimen. Our current research involves the use of multiplex immunofluorescence to identify specific cell phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate cancer tissue specimens. These specimens frequently possess high levels of autofluorescence, in part due to the biological age of the tissues and long storage times. This autofluorescence interferes with and, in the worst cases, completely obscures the desired immunofluorescent signals, thus impeding analyses by decreasing signal-to-noise. Here, we demonstrate that a recently published protocol for photochemical bleaching significantly decreases autofluorescence (80% average decrease of the brightest autofluorescent signals), across the visible spectrum, in fixed, archival prostate tissue specimens from aged men, that have been sectioned onto glass slides and stored for several months. Importantly, the method is compatible with subsequent immunofluorescence staining and yields markedly improved signal-to-noise. Inclusion of this method should facilitate studies employing multiplex immunofluorescence in sections cut from archival fixed human prostate tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photochemical pre-bleaching of formalin-fixed archival prostate tissues significantly reduces autofluorescence to facilitate multiplex immunofluorescence staining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-specific control of oligodendrocyte survival and morphogenesis by TDP-43 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain enables both adaptive changes in neural circuits and regeneration of myelin sheaths destroyed by injury, disease, and normal aging. This transformation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes requires processing of distinct mRNAs at different stages of cell maturation. Although mislocalization and aggregation of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 occur in both neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases, the consequences of TDP-43 loss within different stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage are not well understood. By performing stage-specific genetic inactivation of Tardbp in vivo, we show that oligodendrocyte lineage cells are differentially sensitive to loss of TDP-43. While OPCs depend on TDP-43 for survival, with conditional deletion resulting in cascading cell loss followed by rapid regeneration to restore their density, oligodendrocytes become less sensitive to TDP-43 depletion as they mature. Deletion of TDP-43 early in the maturation process led to eventual oligodendrocyte degeneration, seizures and premature lethality, while oligodendrocytes that experienced late deletion survived and mice exhibited a normal lifespan. At both stages, TDP-43 deficient oligodendrocytes formed fewer and thinner myelin sheaths and extended new processes that inappropriately wrapped neuronal somata and blood vessels. Transcriptional analysis revealed that in the absence of TDP-43, key proteins involved in oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination were misspliced leading to aberrant incorporation of cryptic exons. Inducible deletion of TDP-43 from oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS induced the same progressive morphological changes and mice acquired profound hindlimb weakness, suggesting that loss of TDP-43 function in oligodendrocytes may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Castro, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langseth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-specific control of oligodendrocyte survival and morphogenesis by TDP-43]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanodiamonds for Biological Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are promising solid-state quantum emitters for developing superior biological imaging modalities. They possess desired bio-compatibility, photostability and electronic spin-related photophysical properties that are optically accessible at room temperature. Yet, bare nanodiamond-based imaging modalities are limited by the brightness and temporal resolution due to the intrinsically long lifetime of NV centers. Moreover, it remains a technological challenge using top-down fabrication to create freestanding hybrid nanodiamond imaging probes with enhanced performance. In this study, we leverage the bottom-up DNA self-assembly to develop a hybrid plasmonic nanodiamond construct, which we coin as the plasmon-enhanced nanodiamond (PEN), for biological imaging. The PEN nano-assembly features a closed plasmonic nanocavity that completely encapsulates a single nanodiamond, thus enabling the largest possible plasmonic enhancement to accelerate the emission dynamics of NV centers. Creation of the PEN nano-assembly is size-independent, so is its broadband scattering spectrum that is optimally overlapped with the emission spectrum of NV centers. Study of the structure-property correlation reveals that the optimal condition for emission dynamics modification is causally linked to that for a plasmonic nanocavity. The cellular internalization and cytotoxicity studies further confirm the delivery efficiency and biological safety of PEN nano-assemblies. Collectively, the PEN nano-assembly provides a promising approach for manipulating photophysical properties of solid-state quantum emitters and could serve as a versatile platform to uncover non-trivial quantum effects in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanodiamonds for Biological Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent CAD activity in memory CD8+ T cells supports rRNA synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis required at rechallenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory CD8+ T cells are characterized by their ability to persist long after the initial antigen encounter and their ability to generate a rapid recall response. Recent studies have identified a role for metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial function in promoting the longevity of memory T cells. However, detailed mechanisms involved in promoting the rapid recall response are incompletely understood. Here we identify a novel role for the initial and continued activation of the trifunctional rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) as critical in promoting the rapid recall response of previously-activated CD8+ T cells. CAD is rapidly phosphorylated upon T cell activation in an mTORC1-dependent manner yet remains phosphorylated long after initial activation. Previously-activated CD8+ T cells display continued de novo pyrimidine synthesis in the absence of mitogenic signals and interfering with this pathway diminishes the speed and magnitude of cytokine production upon rechallenge. Inhibition of CAD does not affect cytokine transcript levels, but diminishes available pre-rRNA, the polycistronic rRNA precursor whose synthesis is the rate-limiting step in ribosomal biogenesis. CAD inhibition additionally decreases levels of detectable ribosomal proteins in previously-activated CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of CAD improves both the cytokine response and proliferation of memory T cells. Overall, our studies reveal a novel and critical role for CAD-induced pyrimidine synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis in promoting the rapid recall response characteristic of memory T cells.

One Sentence SummaryPyrimidine synthesis fuels ribosomal biogenesis to facilitate rapid recall responses in CD8+ T cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claiborne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arwood, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Flack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent CAD activity in memory CD8+ T cells supports rRNA synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis required at rechallenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.465186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prelamin A is a farnesylated precursor of lamin A, a nuclear lamina protein. Accumulation of the farnesylated prelamin A variant progerin, with an internal deletion including its processing site, causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Loss of function mutations in ZMPSTE24, which encodes the prelamin A processing enzyme, lead to accumulation of full-length farnesylated prelamin A and cause related progeroid disorders. Some data suggest that prelamin A also accumulates with physiological aging. Zmpste24-/- mice die young, at ~20 weeks. Because ZMPSTE24 has functions in addition to prelamin A processing, we generated a mouse model to examine effects solely due to the presence of permanently farnesylated prelamin A. These mice have an L648R amino acid substitution in prelamin A that blocks ZMPSTE24-catalyzed processing to lamin A. The LmnaL648R/L648R mice express only prelamin and no mature protein. Notably, nearly all survive to 65-70 weeks, with approximately 40% of male and 75% of female LmnaL648R/L648R mice having near-normal lifespans of 90 weeks (almost 2 years). Starting at ~10 weeks of age, LmnaL648R/L648R mice of both sexes have lower body masses and body fat than controls. By ~20-30 weeks of age, they exhibit detectable cranial, mandibular and dental defects similar to those observed in Zmpste24-/- mice, and have decreased vertebral bone density compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts from LmnaL648R/L648R mice have aberrant nuclear morphology that is reversible by treatment with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor. These novel mice provide a robust model to study the effects of farnesylated prelamin A during physiological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiladardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odinammadu, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoci, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.465186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abolishing the prelamin A ZMPSTE24 cleavage site leads to progeroid phenotypes with near-normal longevity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HA and M2 sequences alter the replication of 2013-16 H1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Infection in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From 2013-2016, the H1N1 component of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) performed very poorly in contrast to the inactivated influenza vaccine. We utilized a primary, differentiated human nasal epithelial (hNEC) culture system to assess the replication differences between isogenic LAIVs containing the HA segment from either A/Bolivia/559/2013 (rBol), which showed poor vaccine efficacy, and A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (rSlov), which had restored reasonable vaccine efficacy. While there were minimal differences in infectious virus production in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, the rSlov LAIV showed markedly improved replication in hNEC cultures at both 32{degrees}C and 37{degrees}C, demonstrating that the HA segment alone could impact LAIV replication. The rSlov-infected hNEC cultures showed stronger production of interferon and proinflammatory chemokines which might also be contributing to the increased overall vaccine effectiveness of the rSlov LAIV through enhanced recruitment and activation of immune cells. The introduction of an M2-S86A mutation had no positive effects on H1 LAIV replication in hNEC cultures, in contrast to the increased infectious virus production seen with that mutation in an H3 LAIV. No obvious defects in viral RNA packaging were detected, suggesting the HA function may be driving the differential infectious virus production in hNEC cultures. The use of physiologically relevant temperatures and primary cell cultures demonstrated that candidate LAIVs can replicate efficiently, which is a necessary property for effective vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canaday, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HA and M2 sequences alter the replication of 2013-16 H1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Infection in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polysaccharide capsule of fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a critical virulence factor that has historically evaded characterization. Polysaccharides remain attached to the cell as capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or are shed into the surroundings in the form of exopolysaccharide (EPS). While a great deal of study has been done examining the properties of EPS, far less is known about CPS. In this work, we detail the development of new physical and enzymatic methods for the isolation of CPS which can be used to explore the architecture of the capsule and removed capsular material. Sonication and glucanex digestion yield soluble CPS preparations, while French Press and modified glucanex digestion plus vortexing remove the capsule and cell wall producing polysaccharide aggregates that we call  capsule ghosts. The existence of capsule ghosts implies an inherent organization that allows it to exist independent of the cell wall surface. As sonication and glucanex digestion were noncytotoxic, it was possible to observe the cryptococcal cells rebuilding their capsule, revealing new insights into capsule architecture and synthesis consistent with a model in which the capsule is assembled from smaller polymers, which are then assemble into larger ones.

ImportanceCharacterization of the cryptococcal polysaccharide capsule relies on methods of isolation for its in vitro study. This study demonstrates that the capsule is susceptible to physical and enzymatic removal. The application of new methods yields insights into the anatomy, modular nature, and architecture of the capsule with both soluble CPS preparations and  capsule ghosts. Together these insights inform on a long-standing debate modeling capsular assembly wherein our data shows that the capsule is assembled by smaller polymers added distally rather than by proximal addition or by polymers spanning the entire capsule radius.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strother, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of seven modelling algorithms for GABA-edited 1H-MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Edited MRS sequences are widely used for studying GABA in the human brain. Several algorithms are available for modelling these data, deriving metabolite concentration estimates through peak fitting or a linear combination of basis spectra. The present study compares seven such algorithms, using data obtained in a large multi-site study.

GABA-edited (GABA+, TE = 68 ms MEGA-PRESS) data from 222 subjects at 20 sites were processed via a standardised pipeline, before modelling with FSL-MRS, Gannet, AMARES, QUEST, LCModel, Osprey and Tarquin, using standardised vendor-specific basis sets (for GE, Philips and Siemens) where appropriate.

After referencing metabolite estimates (to water or creatine), systematic differences in scale were observed between datasets acquired on different vendors hardware, presenting across algorithms. Scale differences across algorithms were also observed.

Using the correlation between metabolite estimates and voxel tissue fraction as a benchmark, most algorithms were found to be similarly effective in detecting differences in GABA+. An inter-class correlation across all algorithms showed single-rater consistency for GABA+ estimates of around 0.38, indicating moderate agreement. Upon inclusion of a basis set component explicitly modelling the macromolecule signal underlying the observed 3.0 ppm GABA peaks, single-rater consistency improved to 0.44. Correlation between discrete pairs of algorithms varied, and was concerningly weak in some cases.

Our findings highlight the need for consensus on appropriate modelling parameters across different algorithms, and for detailed reporting of the parameters adopted in individual studies to ensure reproducibility and meaningful comparison of outcomes between different studies.

HighlightsO_LIGABA-edited MRS data from 222 healthy adults across 20 research sites were analyzed
C_LIO_LIData were modelled using seven different algorithms, yielding GABA+ and Glx estimates
C_LIO_LIModerate agreement was seen across all the tested algorithms
C_LIO_LIAdding a component to represent co-edited macromolecule signals improved concordance
C_LIO_LIBaseline modelling emerged as major factor differentiating outcomes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craven, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dydak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikkelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdoch, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugdahl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of seven modelling algorithms for GABA-edited 1H-MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is commonly used to study monogenic diseases. The application of this sequencing technology has gained in popularity amongst clinicians and researchers as WES pricing has declined. The accumulation of WES data creates a need for a robust, flexible, scalable and easy-to-use analytics platform to allow researchers to gain biological insight from this genomic data. We present WebSeq, a self-contained server and web interface to facilitate intuitive analysis of WES data. WebSeq provides access to sophisticated tools and pipelines through a user-friendly and modern web interface. WebSeq has modules that support i) FASTQ to VCF conversion, ii) VCF to ANNOVAR1 CSV conversion, iii) family-based analyses for Mendelian disease gene discovery, iv) cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, (v) an automated IGV2 browser, and (vi) a  virtual gene panel analysis module. WebSeq Pro, our expanded pipeline, also supports SNP genotype analyses such as ancestry inference and kinship testing. WebSeq Lite, our minimal pipeline, supports family-based analyses, cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, and a virtual gene panel along with the IGV2 browser module. We anticipate that the rigorous use of our web application will allow researchers to expedite discoveries from human genomic data3. WebSeq Lite, WebSeq, and WebSeq Pro are fully containerized using Docker4, run on all major operating systems, and are freely available for personal, academic, and non-profit use at http://bitly.ws/g6cn
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Disease Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.460500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Predictive Energy Landscape Model of MetamorphicProtein Conformational Specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Metamorphic" proteins challenge state-of-the-art structure prediction methods reliant on amino acid similarity. Unfortunately, this obviates a more effective thermodynamic approach necessary to properly evaluate the impact of amino acid changes on the stability of two different folds. A vital capability of such a thermodynamic approach would be the quantification of the free energy differences between 1) the energy landscape minima of each native fold, and 2) each fold and the denatured state. Here we develop an energetic framework for conformational specificity, based on an ensemble description of protein thermodynamics. This energetic framework was able to successfully recapitulate the structures of high-identity enginerered sequences experimentally shown to adopt either Streptococcus protein GA or GB folds, demonstrating that this approach indeed reflected the energetic determinants of fold. Residue-level decomposition of the conformational specificity suggested several testable hypotheses, notably among them that fold-switching could be affected by local de-stabilization of the populated fold at positions sensitive to equilibrium perturbation. Since this ensemble-based compatibility framework is applicable to any structure and any sequence, it may be practically useful for the future targeted design, or large-scale proteomic detection, of novel metamorphic proteins.

Impact StatementMetamorphic proteins are single amino acid sequences capable of adopting more than one structure at equilibrium. Detection and design of these molecules hold great promise for biological understanding and materials engineering, but to do so requires a thermodynamic framework capable of estimating the free energy differences between the two structures and the denatured state. We present such a framework, show it to be effective for the well-studied metamorphic protein GA/GB system, and suggest testable hypotheses for engineering novel fold-switch proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wrabl, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voortman-Sheetz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Predictive Energy Landscape Model of MetamorphicProtein Conformational Specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of shared bacterial strains in the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age mothers and daughters using genome-resolved metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been suggested that the human microbiome might be vertically transmitted from mother to offspring and that early colonizers may play a critical role in development of the immune system. Studies have shown limited support for the vertical transmission of the intestinal microbiota but the derivation of the vaginal microbiota remains largely unknown. Although the vaginal microbiota of children and reproductive age cis women differ in composition, the vaginal microbiota could be vertically transmitted. To determine whether there was any support for this hypothesis, we examined the vaginal microbiota of daughter-mother pairs from the Baltimore metropolitan area (ages 14-27, 32-51; n=39). We assessed whether the daughters microbiota was similar in composition to their mothers using metataxonomics. Permutation tests revealed that while some pairs did have similar vaginal microbiota, the degree of similarity did not exceed that expected by chance. Genome-resolved metagenomics was used to identify shared bacterial strains in a subset of the families (n=22). We found a small number of bacterial strains that were shared between mother-daughter pairs but identified more shared strains between individuals from different families, indicating that vaginal bacteria may display biogeographic patterns. Earlier-in-life studies are needed to demonstrate vertical transmission of the vaginal microbiota.

ImportanceEarly colonizers of our microbiota are theorized to play an important role in the development of our immune system, yet we know little about how these communities are established. Vertical transmission from mother to offspring at the time of birth is theorized to be a major source of early colonizers but limited evidence supporting this process has only been shown for the intestinal tract microbiota. The provenance of the vaginal microbiota is largely unknown, although some have posited it is similarly vertically transmitted. We examined the vaginal microbiota of mother-daughter pairs and found limited evidence in support of this hypothesis. However, our analysis also revealed putative biogeographic patterns in the distribution of the strains which comprise the vaginal microbiota. Our results give insight into the role of vertical transmission for the vaginal microbiota and motivate future studies on the biogeography of these bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>France, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rompalo, a. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of shared bacterial strains in the vaginal microbiota of reproductive-age mothers and daughters using genome-resolved metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent stroma induces nuclear deformations in cancer cells via the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cytoskeletal tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of senescent cells within tissues has been functionally linked to malignant transformations. Here, using tension-gauge tethers technology, particle-tracking microrheology, and quantitative microscopy, we demonstrate that senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP) derived from senescent fibroblasts impose nuclear lobulations and volume shrinkage on malignant cells, which stems from the loss of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cortical tension. This loss in cytoskeletal tension induces decreased cellular contractility, adhesion, and increased mechanical compliance. These SASP-induced morphological changes are in part mediated by lamin A/C. These findings suggest that SASP induces a defective outside-in mechanotransduction, from actomyosin fibers in the cytoplasm to the nuclear lamina, thereby triggering a cascade of biophysical and biomolecular changes in cells that associate with malignant transformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aifuwa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perestrelo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent stroma induces nuclear deformations in cancer cells via the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin II-based cytoskeletal tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden temporal structure of the ongoing task impacts detection strategy and is reflected in pupillary dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating temporal regularities in incoming sensory inputs supports optimal decisions in noisy environments. In particular, inferred temporal structure can ease the detection of likely target events. Here we postulated that timely urgency signals can adapt subjects decision-making to the ongoing task temporal structure, possibly through neuromodulatory tone. To test this hypothesis, we used an auditory change detection task in which targets followed a block-based temporal contingency, unbeknownst to participants. False alarm occurrences were driven by the distribution of target timings, indicating that participants adapted their behavior to the ongoing temporal structure. Task-evoked pupillary responses were larger for blocks with earliest target timings, and correlated with individual subjects behavioral adaptation. Individual pupil responses matched an urgency signal extracted from a decision model fitted to behavior. This work demonstrates that internal temporal expectation can be tracked through pupillary dynamics, suggesting a role of neuromodulatory systems in context-dependent modulation of decision variable dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubenec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden temporal structure of the ongoing task impacts detection strategy and is reflected in pupillary dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems medicine dissection of chromosome 1q amplification reveals oncogenic regulatory circuits and informs targeted therapy in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.469031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the biological and clinical impact of copy number aberrations (CNA) in cancer remains an unmet challenge. Genetic amplification of chromosome 1q (chr1q-amp) is a major CNA conferring adverse prognosis in several cancers, including the blood cancer, multiple myeloma (MM). Although several chr1q genes portend high-risk MM disease, the underpinning molecular aetiology remains elusive. Here we integrate patient multi-omics datasets with genetic variables to identify 103 adverse prognosis genes in chr1q-amp MM. Amongst these, the transcription factor PBX1 is ectopically expressed by genetic amplification and epigenetic activation of its own preserved 3D regulatory domain. By binding to reprogrammed super-enhancers, PBX1 directly regulates critical oncogenic pathways, whilst in co-operation with FOXM1, activates a proliferative gene signature which predicts adverse prognosis across multiple cancers. Notably, pharmacological disruption of the PBX1-FOXM1 axis, including with a novel PBX1 inhibitor is selectively toxic against chr1q-amp cancer cells. Overall, our systems medicine approach successfully identifies CNA-driven oncogenic circuitries, links them to clinical phenotypes and proposes novel CNA-targeted therapy strategies in cancer.

SignificanceWe provide a comprehensive systems medicine strategy to unveil oncogenic circuitries and inform novel precision therapy decisions against CNA in cancer. This first clinical multi-omic analysis of chr1q-amp in MM identifies a central PBX1-FOXM1 regulatory axis driving high-risk prognosis, as a novel therapeutic target against chr1q-amp in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trasanidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsarou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnusamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostopoulos, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergonia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reema, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szydlo, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbattini, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auner, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naresh, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaidos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadimitris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.469031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems medicine dissection of chromosome 1q amplification reveals oncogenic regulatory circuits and informs targeted therapy in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating fibroblast activation protein-α expressing cells by photoimmunotheranostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) using an antibody conjugated to a near infrared dye IR700 is achieving significant success in target-specific elimination of cells. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-) is an important target in cancer because of its expression by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as well as by some cancer cells. CAFs that express FAP- have protumorigenic and immune suppressive functions. Using immunohistochemistry of human breast cancer tissue microarrays, we identified an increase of FAP-+ CAFs in invasive breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. We found FAP- expression increased in fibroblasts co-cultured with cancer cells. In proof-of-principle studies, we engineered human FAP- overexpressing MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cancer cells and murine FAP- overexpressing NIH-3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate several anti-FAP- antibodies and selected AF3715 based on its high binding-affinity with both human and mouse FAP-. After conjugation of AF3715 with the phthalocyanine dye IR700, the resultant antibody conjugate, FAP--IR700, was evaluated in cells and tumors for its specificity and effectiveness in eliminating FAP- expressing cell populations with PIT. FAP--IR700-PIT resulted in effective FAP--specific cell killing in the engineered cancer cells and in two patient-derived CAFs in a dose-dependent manner. Following an intravenous injection, FAP--IR700 retention was three-fold higher than IgG-IR700 in FAP- overexpressing tumors, and two-fold higher compared to wild-type tumors. FAP--IR700-PIT resulted in significant growth inhibition of tumors derived from FAP- overexpressing human cancer cells. A reduction of endogenous FAP-+ murine CAFs was identified at 7 days after FAP--IR700-PIT. FAP--targeted NIR-PIT presents a promising strategy to eliminate FAP-+ CAFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamachary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironchik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhujwalla, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating fibroblast activation protein-α expressing cells by photoimmunotheranostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assembly scaffolding elevates a new tomato system for high-throughput genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancing crop genomics requires efficient genetic systems enabled by high-quality personalized genome assemblies. Here, we introduce RagTag, a toolset for automating assembly scaffolding and patching, and we establish chromosome-scale reference genomes for the widely used tomato genotype M82 along with Sweet-100, a rapid-cycling genotype that we developed to accelerate functional genomics and genome editing. This work outlines strategies to rapidly expand genetic systems and genomic resources in other plant species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebeigle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assembly scaffolding elevates a new tomato system for high-throughput genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendels Law of Segregation states that the offspring of a diploid, heterozygous parent will inherit either allele with equal probability. While the vast majority of loci adhere to this rule, research in model and non-model organisms has uncovered numerous exceptions whereby "selfish" alleles are disproportionately transmitted to the next generation. Evidence of such "transmission distortion" (TD) in humans remains equivocal in part because scans of human pedigrees have been under-powered to detect small effects. Recently published single-cell sequencing data from individual human sperm (n = 41,189; 969-3,377 cells from each of 25 donors) offer an opportunity to revisit this question with unprecedented statistical power, but require new methods tailored to extremely low-coverage data ([~]0.01 x per cell). To this end, we developed a method, named rhapsodi, that leverages sparse gamete genotype data to phase the diploid genomes of the donor individuals, impute missing gamete genotypes, and discover meiotic recombination breakpoints, benchmarking its performance across a wide range of study designs. After applying rhapsodi to the sperm sequencing data, we then scanned the gametes for evidence of TD. Our results exhibited close concordance with binomial expectations under balanced transmission, in contrast to tenuous signals of TD that were previously reported in pedigree-based studies. Together, our work excludes the existence of even weak TD in this sample, while offering a powerful quantitative framework for testing this and related hypotheses in other cohorts and study systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carioscia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortvin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strict adherence to Mendel's First Law across a large sample of human sperm genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with placental ACE-2 shedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.469335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human placental tissues have variable rates of SARS-CoV-2 invasion resulting in consistently low rates of fetal transmission suggesting a unique physiologic blockade against SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2, the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is expressed as cell surface and soluble forms regulated by a metalloprotease cleavage enzyme, ADAM17. ACE-2 is expressed in the human placenta, but the regulation of placental ACE-2 expression in relation to timing of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated ACE-2 expression, ADAM17 activity and serum ACE-2 abundance in a cohort of matched villous placental and maternal serum samples from Control pregnancies (SARS-CoV-2 negative, n=8) and pregnancies affected by symptomatic maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections in the 2nd trimester ("2ndTri COVID", n=8) and 3rd trimester ("3rdTri COVID", n=8). In 3rdTri COVID as compared to control and 2ndTri-COVID villous placental tissues ACE-2 mRNA expression was remarkably elevated, however, ACE-2 protein expression was significantly decreased with a parallel increase in ADAM17 activity. Soluble ACE-2 was also significantly increased in the maternal serum from 3rdTri COVID infections as compared to control and 2ndTri-COVID pregnancies. These data suggest that in acute maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections, decreased placental ACE-2 protein may be the result of ACE-2 shedding. Overall, this work highlights the importance of ACE-2 for ongoing studies on SARS-CoV-2 responses at the maternal-fetal interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taglauer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juttukonda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klouda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackam, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with placental ACE-2 shedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Interrogation of Protein Refolding Under Cellular-Like Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.20.469408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The journey by which proteins navigate their energy landscapes to their native structures is complex, involving (and sometimes requiring) many cellular factors and processes operating in partnership with a given polypeptide chains intrinsic energy landscape. The cytosolic environment and its complement of chaperones play critical roles in granting proteins safe passage to their native states; however, the complexity of this medium has generally precluded biophysical techniques from interrogating protein folding under cellular-like conditions for single proteins, let alone entire proteomes. Here, we develop a limited-proteolysis mass spectrometry approach paired with an isotope-labeling strategy to globally monitor the structures of refolding E. coli proteins in the cytosolic medium and with the chaperones, GroEL/ES (Hsp60) and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE (Hsp70/40). GroEL can refold the majority (85%) of the E. coli proteins for which we have data, and is particularly important for restoring acidic proteins and proteins with three to five domains, trends that come to light because our assay measures the structural outcome of the refolding process itself, rather than indirect measures like binding or aggregation. For the most part, DnaK and GroEL refold a similar set of proteins, supporting the view that despite their vastly different structures, these two chaperones both unfold misfolded states, as one mechanism in common. Finally, we identify a cohort of proteins that are intransigent to being refolded with either chaperone. The data support a model in which chaperone-nonrefolders have evolved to fold efficiently once and only once, co-translationally, and remain kinetically trapped in their native conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.20.469408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Interrogation of Protein Refolding Under Cellular-Like Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IReNA: integrated regulatory network analysis of single-cell transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) have been widely used, few methods can reliably integrate these data to perform regulatory network analysis. Here, we developed IReNA (Integrated Regulatory Network Analysis) for network inference through integrated analysis of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data, network modularization, transcription factor enrichment, and construction of simplified intermodular regulatory networks. Using public datasets, we showed that integrated network analysis of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data using IReNA outperformed currently available methods in identifying known regulators. IReNA facilitates the systems-level understanding of biological regulatory mechanisms, and is available at https://github.com/jiang-junyao/IReNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>jiang, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IReNA: integrated regulatory network analysis of single-cell transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductoryThe evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the emergence of many new variant lineages that have exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of those variants were designated as variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI) by national or international authorities based on many factors including their potential impact on vaccines. To ascertain and rank the risk of VOCs and VOIs, we analyzed their ability to escape from vaccine-induced antibodies. The variants showed differential reductions in neutralization and replication titers by post-vaccination sera. Although the Omicron variant showed the most escape from neutralization, sera collected after a third dose of vaccine (booster sera) retained moderate neutralizing activity against that variant. Therefore, vaccination remains the most effective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainulainen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonenfant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava-Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenks, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morantz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenforde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exline, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Files, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer Halpin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullan, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiropoulou, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MK2 Expression Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Death and Predicts Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-small cell lung cancers demonstrate intrinsic resistance to cell death even in response to chemotherapy. Previous work suggested that defective nuclear translocation of active caspase 3 may play a role in resistance to cell death. Separately, our group has identified that mitogen activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is required for nuclear translocation of active caspase 3 in the execution of apoptosis. This study demonstrates a relatively low expression of MK2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines compared to small cell carcinoma cell lines. Further, overexpression of MK2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines results in increased caspase 3 activity and caspase 3 mediated cell death. Higher MK2 transcript levels were observed in patients with earlier-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Higher expression of MK2 is associated with better survival in patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer across two independent clinical datasets. Using data sets spanning multiple cancer types, we observed improved survival with higher MK2 expression was unique to lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, MK2 promotes nuclear translocation of caspase 3 leading to PARP1 cleavage and execution of cell death. While MK2 can directly phosphorylate caspase 3, neither phosphorylation status of caspase 3 nor the kinase activity of MK2 impacts caspase 3 activation, nuclear translocation and execution of cell death. Rather, a non-kinase function of MK2, specifically trafficking via its nuclear localization sequence, is required for caspase 3 mediated cell death. In summary this study highlights the importance of a non-enzymatic function of MK2 in the execution of apoptosis, which may be leveraged in the adjunctive treatment of NSCLC or other conditions where regulation of apoptosis is crucial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machamer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damarla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MK2 Expression Promotes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Death and Predicts Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Black-box testing in motor sequence learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During learning of novel motor sequences, practice leads to the consolidation of hierarchical structures, namely motor chunks, facilitating the accurate execution of sequences at increasing speeds. Recent studies show that such hierarchical structures are largely represented upstream of the primary motor cortex in the motor network, suggesting their function to be more related to the encoding, storage, and retrieval of sequences rather than their sole execution. We isolated different components of motor skill acquisition related to the consolidation of spatiotemporal features and followed their evolution over training. We found that optimal motor skill acquisition relies on the storage of the spatial features of the sequence in memory, followed by the optimization of its execution and increased execution speeds (i.e., a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off) early in training, supporting the model proposed by Hikosaka in 1999. Contrasting the dynamics of these components during ageing, we identified less-than-optimal mechanisms in older adults explaining the observed differences in performance. We applied noninvasive brain stimulation in an attempt to support the aging brain to compensate for these deficits. The present study found that anodal direct current stimulation applied over the motor cortex restored the mechanisms involved in the consolidation of spatial features, without directly affecting the speed of execution of the sequence. This led older adults to sharply improve their accuracy, resulting in an earlier yet gradual emergence of motor chunks. The results suggest the early storage of the sequence in memory, largely independent of motor practice, is crucial for an optimal motor acquisition and retrieval of this motor behavior. Nevertheless, the consolidation of optimal temporal patterns, detected as motor chunks at a behavioral level, is not a direct consequence of storing the sequence elements, but rather of motor practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maceira-Elvira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermann, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morishita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Black-box testing in motor sequence learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving Beyond Processing and Analysis-Related Variation in Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When fields lack consensus standard methods and accessible ground truths, reproducibility can be more of an ideal than a reality. Such has been the case for functional neuroimaging, where there exists a sprawling space of tools and processing pipelines. We provide a critical evaluation of the impact of differences across five independently developed minimal preprocessing pipelines for functional MRI. We show that even when handling identical data, inter-pipeline agreement was only moderate, critically shedding light on a factor that limits cross-study reproducibility. We show that low inter-pipeline agreement mainly becomes appreciable when the reliability of the underlying data is high, which is increasingly the case as the field progresses. Crucially, we show that when inter-pipeline agreement is compromised, so too are the consistency of insights from brainwide association studies. We highlight the importance of comparing analytic configurations, as both widely discussed and commonly overlooked decisions can lead to marked variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavasis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinsfeld, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond Processing and Analysis-Related Variation in Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ribosome states trigger diverse mRNA quality control pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key protein adapters couple translation to mRNA decay on specific classes of problematic mRNAs in eukaryotes. Slow decoding on non-optimal codons leads to codon-optimality-mediated decay (COMD) and prolonged arrest at stall sites leads to no-go decay (NGD). The identities of the decay factors underlying these processes and the mechanisms by which they respond to translational distress remain open areas of investigation. We use carefully-designed reporter mRNAs to perform genetic screens and functional assays in S. cerevisiae. We characterize the roles of Hel2 and Syh1 in coordinating translational repression and mRNA decay on NGD reporter mRNAs, finding that Syh1 acts as the primary link to mRNA decay in NGD. Importantly, we observe that these NGD factors are not involved in the degradation of mRNAs enriched in non-optimal codons. Further, we establish that a key factor previously implicated in COMD, Not5, contributes modestly to the degradation of an NGD-targeted mRNA. Finally, we use ribosome profiling to reveal distinct ribosomal states associated with each reporter mRNA that readily rationalize the contributions of NGD and COMD factors to degradation of these reporters. Taken together, these results provide new mechanistic insight into the role of Syh1 in NGD and define the molecular triggers that determine how distinct pathways target mRNAs for degradation in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veltri, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loll-Krippleber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ribosome states trigger diverse mRNA quality control pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupillary dynamics of optimal effort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While a substantial body of work has shown that cognitive effort is aversive and costly, a separate line of research on intrinsic motivation suggests that people spontaneously seek challenging tasks. According to one prominent account of intrinsic motivation, the Learning Progress Motivation theory, the preference for difficult tasks reflects the dynamic range that these tasks yield for changes in task performance (Oudeyer, Kaplan & Hafner, 2007). Here we test this hypothesis, by asking whether greater engagement with intermediately difficult tasks, indexed by subjective ratings and objective pupil measurements, is a function of trial-wise changes in performance. In a novel paradigm, we determined each individuals capacity for task performance and used difficulty levels that are too low, intermediately challenging or high for that individual. We demonstrated that challenging tasks resulted in greater liking and engagement scores compared with easy tasks. Pupil size tracked objective task difficulty, where challenging tasks were associated with greater pupil responses than easy tasks. Most importantly, pupil responses were predicted by trial-to-trial changes in average accuracy as well as learning progress (derivative of average accuracy), while greater pupil responses also predicted greater subjective engagement scores. Together, these results substantiate the Learning Progress Motivation hypothesis stating that the link between task engagement and cognitive effort is mediated the dynamic range for changes in task performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupillary dynamics of optimal effort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD metabolism modulates mitochondrial function and inflammation and prevents progression of diabetic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of cardiovascular and renal disease in the United States. In spite of the beneficial interventions available for patients with diabetes, there remains a need for additional therapeutic targets and therapies in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Inflammation and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as important causes of renal diseases. Inflammation is closely associated with mitochondrial damage. The molecular connection between inflammation and mitochondrial metabolism remains to be elucidated. Recently, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolism has been found to regulate immune function and inflammation. In the present studies we tested the hypothesis that enhancing NAD metabolism could prevent inflammation in and progression of DKD. We found that treatment of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevented several manifestations of kidney dysfunction (i.e., albuminuria, increased urinary kidney injury marker-1 (KIM1) excretion and pathologic changes). These effects were associated with decreased inflammation, at least in part via inhibiting the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway. An antagonist of the serum stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and whole-body STING deletion in diabetic mice showed similar renoprotection. Further analysis found that NR increased SIRT3 activity and improved mitochondrial function, which led to decreased mitochondrial DNA damage, a trigger for mitochondrial DNA leakage which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. Overall, these data show that NR supplementation boosted NAD metabolism to augment mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and thereby preventing progression of diabetic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD metabolism modulates mitochondrial function and inflammation and prevents progression of diabetic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-like function of the nephron central command 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interoceptive neurons that sense and regulate our internal milieu have been identified in several organs except in the kidney cortex despite its major importance in maintaining body homeostasis. Here we report that the chief kidney cell type of the macula densa (MD) forms coordinated neural networks in each nephron that resemble peripheral ganglia. A combined in vivo single-cell 4D physiology (sc4DP) and scRNA sequencing approach identified the MD mechanisms of neuronal differentiation, heterogeneity (pacemaker MD cells), sensing of the local and systemic environment via multi-organ crosstalk, and regulation of organ functions by acting as the nephron central command. Consistent with their neuron-like nature, MD cells express the molecular fingerprint of neurodegeneration. Here we put forth the single-cell MD model and concept of local neural networks that control organ and body functions via interoception in normal physiological state and use an integrated mechanism of neurodegeneration in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyarmati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquier-Brison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izuhara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deepak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biemesderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minichiello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlokovic, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peti-Peterdi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-like function of the nephron central command]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentive deep learning-based tumor-only somatic mutation classifier achieves high accuracy agnostic of tissue type and capture kit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In precision oncology, reliable identification of tumor-specific DNA mutations requires sequencing tumor DNA and non-tumor DNA (so-called "matched normal") from the same patient. The normal sample allows researchers to distinguish acquired (somatic) and hereditary (germline) variants. The ability to distinguish somatic and germline variants facilitates estimation of tumor mutation burden (TMB), which is a recently FDA-approved pan-cancer marker for highly successful cancer immunotherapies; in tumor-only variant calling (i.e., without a matched normal), the difficulty in discriminating germline and somatic variants results in inflated and unreliable TMB estimates. We apply machine learning to the task of somatic vs germline classification in tumor-only samples using TabNet, a recently developed attentive deep learning model for tabular data that has achieved state of the art performance in multiple classification tasks (Arik and Pfister 2019). We constructed a training set for supervised classification using features derived from tumor-only variant calling and drawing somatic and germline truth-labels from an independent pipeline incorporating the patient-matched normal samples. Our trained model achieved state-of-the-art performance on two hold-out test datasets: a TCGA dataset including sarcoma, breast adenocarcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma samples (F1-score: 88.3), and a metastatic melanoma dataset, (F1-score 79.8). Concordance between matched-normal and tumor-only TMB improves from R2 = 0.006 to 0.705 with the addition of our classifier. And importantly, this approach generalizes across tumor tissue types and capture kits and has a call rate of 100%. The interpretable feature masks of the attentive deep learning model explain the reasons for misclassified variants. We reproduce the recent finding that tumor-only TMB estimates for Black patients are extremely inflated relative to that of White patients due to the racial biases of germline databases. We show that our machine learning approach appreciably reduces this racial bias in tumor-only variant-calling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asthana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Meo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masica, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentive deep learning-based tumor-only somatic mutation classifier achieves high accuracy agnostic of tissue type and capture kit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced fit with replica exchange improves protein complex structure prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the progress in prediction of protein complexes over the last decade, recent blind protein complex structure prediction challenges revealed limited success rates (less than 20% models with DockQ score > 0.4) on targets that exhibit significant conformational change upon binding. To overcome limitations in capturing backbone motions, we developed a new, aggressive sampling method that incorporates temperature replica exchange Monte Carlo (T-REMC) and conformational sampling techniques within docking protocols in Rosetta. Our method, ReplicaDock 2.0, mimics induced-fit mechanism of protein binding to sample backbone motions across putative interface residues on-the-fly, thereby recapitulating binding-partner induced conformational changes. Furthermore, ReplicaDock 2.0 clocks in at 150-500 CPU hours per target (protein-size dependent); a runtime that is significantly faster than Molecular Dynamics based approaches. For a benchmark set of 88 proteins with moderate to high flexibility (unbound-to-bound iRMSD over 1.2 [A]), ReplicaDock 2.0 successfully docks 61% of moderately flexible complexes and 35% of highly flexible complexes. Additionally, we demonstrate that by biasing backbone sampling particularly towards residues comprising flexible loops or hinge domains, highly flexible targets can be predicted to under 2 [A] accuracy. This indicates that additional gains are possible when mobile protein segments are known.

Significance StatementProteins bind each other in a highly specific and regulated manner, and these associated dynamics of binding are intimately linked to their function. Conventional techniques of structure determination such as cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography and NMR are time-consuming and arduous. Using a temperature-replica exchange Monte Carlo approach that mimics the kinetic mechanism of "induced fit" binding, we improved prediction of protein complex structures, particularly for targets that exhibit considerable conformational changes upon binding (Interface root mean square deviation (unbound-bound) > 1.2 [A]. Capturing these binding-induced conformational changes in proteins can aid us in better understanding biological mechanisms and suggest intervention strategies for disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced fit with replica exchange improves protein complex structure prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of inducible protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify kinase-substrate relationships. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation signaling is an essential post-translational regulatory mechanism that governs almost all eukaryotic biological processes and is controlled by an interplay between protein kinases and phosphatases. Knowledge of direct substrates of kinases provides evidence of mechanisms that relate activity to biological function. Linking kinases to their protein substrates can be achieved by inhibiting or reducing kinase activity and quantitative comparisons of phosphoproteomes in the presence and absence of kinase activity. Unfortunately, most of the human kinases lack chemical inhibitors with selectivity required to unambiguously assign protein substrates to their respective kinases. Here, we develop and validate a chemical proteomics strategy for linking kinase activities to protein substrates via targeted protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics and apply it to the well-studied, essential mitotic regulator polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). We leveraged the Tir1/auxin system to engineer HeLa cells with endogenously homozygous auxin-inducible degron (AID)-Plk1). We used HeLa cells and determined the impact of AID-tagging on Plk1 activity, localization, protein interactors, and substrate motifs. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that of over 8,000 proteins quantified, auxin addition is highly selective for degrading AID-Plk1 in mitotic cells. Comparison of phosphoproteome changes in response to chemical Plk1 inhibition to auxin-induced degradation revealed a striking degree of correlation. Finally, we explored basal protein turnover as a potential basis for clonal differences in auxin-induced degradation rates for AID-Plk1 cells. Taken together, our work provides a roadmap for the application of AID technology as a general strategy for the kinome-wide discovery of kinase-substrate relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howarth, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiredu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado del Valle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of inducible protein degradation and quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify kinase-substrate relationships.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Transcriptome Assembly Using a Hybrid of Long and Short Reads with StringTie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-read RNA sequencing and long-read RNA sequencing each have their strengths and weaknesses for transcriptome assembly. While short reads are highly accurate, they are unable to span multiple exons. Long-read technology can capture full-length transcripts, but its high error rate often leads to mis-identified splice sites, and its low throughput makes quantification difficult. Here we present a new release of StringTie that performs hybrid-read assembly. By taking advantage of the strengths of both long and short reads, hybrid-read assembly with StringTie is more accurate than long-read only or short-read only assembly, and on some datasets it can more than double the number of correctly assembled transcripts, while obtaining substantially higher precision than the long-read data assembly alone. Here we demonstrate the improved accuracy on simulated data and real data from Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, and human. We also show that hybrid-read assembly is more accurate than correcting long reads prior to assembly while also being substantially faster. StringTie is freely available as open source software at https://github.com/gpertea/stringtie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Transcriptome Assembly Using a Hybrid of Long and Short Reads with StringTie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence of paralogous loci or new bona fide microRNAs in telomere to telomere (T2T) genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The telomere to telomere (T2T) genome project discovered and mapped [~]240 million additional base pairs of primarily telomeric and centromeric reads. Much of this sequence was comprised of satellite sequences and large segmental duplications. We evaluated the extent to which human bona fide microRNAs (miRNAs) may be found in additional paralogous genomic loci or if previously undescribed microRNAs are present in these newly sequenced regions of the human genome. New genomic regions of the T2T project spanning [~]240 million bp of sequence were obtained and evaluated by blastn for the human miRNAs contained in MirGeneDB2.0 (N=556) and miRBase (N = 1917) along with all species of MirGeneDB2.0 miRNAs (N=10,899). Additionally, bowtie was used to compare unmapped reads from >4,000 primary cell samples to the new T2T sequence. Based on sequence and structure, no bona fide miRNAs were identified. Ninety-seven miRNAs of questionable authenticity (frequently known repeat elements) were identified from the miRBase dataset across the newly described regions of the human genome. These 97 represent only 51 miRNA families due to paralogy of highly similar miRNAs such as 24 members of the hsa-mir-548 family. Altogether, this data strongly supports our having identified widely expressed bona fide miRNAs in the human genome and move us further toward the completion of human miRNA discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence of paralogous loci or new bona fide microRNAs in telomere to telomere (T2T) genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse set of driver genes, such as regulators of DNA methylation, RNA splicing, and chromatin remodeling, have been associated with pre-malignant clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The factors mediating expansion of these mutant clones remain largely unknown, partially due to a paucity of large cohorts with longitudinal blood sampling. To circumvent this limitation, we developed and validated a method to infer clonal expansion rate from single timepoint data called PACER (passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate). Applying PACER to 5,071 persons with clonal hematopoiesis accurately recapitulated the known fitness effects due to different driver mutations. A genome-wide association study of PACER revealed that a common inherited polymorphism in the TCL1A promoter was associated with slower clonal expansion. Those carrying two copies of this protective allele had up to 80% reduced odds of having driver mutations in TET2, ASXL1, SF3B1, SRSF2, and JAK2, but not DNMT3A. TCL1A was not expressed in normal or DNMT3A-mutated HSCs, but the introduction of mutations in TET2 or ASXL1 by CRISPR editing led to aberrant expression of TCL1A and expansion of HSCs in vitro. These effects were abrogated in HSCs from donors carrying the protective TCL1A allele. Our results indicate that the fitness advantage of multiple common driver genes in clonal hematopoiesis is mediated through TCL1A activation. PACER is an approach that can be widely applied to uncover genetic and environmental determinants of pre-malignant clonal expansion in blood and other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burugula, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Falkenhausen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuldiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mat</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.471810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroimaging signature associated with symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent reports have indicated that the occurrence of symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis could result in brain changes. Such a symptom exacerbation is frequently called relapse, which underlies a poorer disease outcome. Thus, it is important to identify neuroimaging alterations that are specifically seen in patients who experience relapse in early-stage psychosis. We hypothesized that this specific patient group may be more homogenous in disease-associated signatures likely to be linked to relapse, compared with the overall patient group. Such sub-stratified patient group and neuroimaging signatures would be useful for the biological understanding of relapse. To address this goal, we conducted a cross-sectional study (85 patients with early-stage psychosis and 94 healthy controls) with the use of medical records in a retrospective manner. To define the specific sub-group with the past experience of relapse, we used hospitalization due to psychotic symptom exacerbation, according to many publications that used this factor as a proxy for relapse. By examining resting-state functional connectivity (FC) for the study subjects, we validated our hypothesis and defined 131 FCs possibly associated with relapse. Through these studies, 3 brain regions (the thalamus, precentral gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) were underscored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucifora, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlak, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroimaging signature associated with symptom exacerbation in early-stage psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional view of neural computation in the cerebral cortex holds that sensory neurons are specialized, i.e., selective for certain dimensions of sensory stimuli. This view was challenged by evidence of contextual interactions between stimulus dimensions in which a neurons response to one dimension strongly depends on other dimensions. Here we use methods of mathematical modeling, psychophysics, and electrophysiology to address shortcomings of the traditional view. Using a model of a generic cortical circuit, we begin with the simple demonstration that cortical responses are always distributed among neurons, forming characteristic waveforms, which we call neural waves. When stimulated by patterned stimuli, circuit responses arise by interference of neural waves. Resulting patterns of interference depend on interaction between stimulus dimensions. Comparison of these modeled responses with responses of biological vision makes it clear that the framework of neural wave interference provides a useful alternative to the standard concept of neural computation.

TeaserInvestigating interference of neural waves helps to overcome limitations of the traditional view of cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gepshtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially distributed computation in cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery and optimization of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications relies on large sequence libraries, but is hindered by developability issues such as low solubility, low thermal stability, high aggregation, and high immunogenicity. Generative language models, trained on millions of protein sequences, are a powerful tool for on-demand generation of realistic, diverse sequences. We present Immunoglobulin Language Model (IgLM), a deep generative language model for creating synthetic libraries by re-designing variable-length spans of antibody sequences. IgLM formulates antibody design as an autoregressive sequence generation task based on text-infilling in natural language. We trained IgLM on 558M antibody heavy- and light-chain variable sequences, conditioning on each sequences chain type and species-of-origin. We demonstrate that IgLM can generate full-length heavy and light chain sequences from a variety of species, as well as infilled CDR loop libraries with improved developability profiles. IgLM is a powerful tool for antibody design and should be useful in a variety of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuai, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Language Modeling for Antibody Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are a powerful tool for studying development and disease, but the considerable phenotypic variation between lines makes it challenging to replicate key findings and integrate data across research groups. To address this issue, we sub-cloned candidate iPSC lines and deeply characterised their genetic properties using whole genome sequencing, their genomic stability upon CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, and their phenotypic properties including differentiation to commonly-used cell types. These studies identified KOLF2.1J as an all-around well-performing iPSC line. We then shared KOLF2.1J with groups around the world who tested its performance in head-to-head comparisons with their own preferred iPSC lines across a diverse range of differentiation protocols and functional assays. On the strength of these findings, we have made KOLF2.1J and hundreds of its gene-edited derivative clones readily accessible to promote the standardization required for large-scale collaborative science in the stem cell field.

SummaryThe authors of this collaborative study deeply characterized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to rationally select a clonally-derived cell line that performs well across multiple modalities. KOLF2.1J was identified as a candidate reference cell line based on single-cell analysis of its gene expression in the pluripotent state, whole genome sequencing, genomic stability after highly efficient CRISPR-mediated gene editing, integrity of the p53 pathway, and the efficiency with which it differentiated into multiple target cell populations. Since it is deeply characterized and can be readily acquired, KOLF2.1J is an attractive reference cell line for groups working with iPSCs.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/472643v6_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebesta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockwick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinner-Bibeau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papademetriou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coccia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrafha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahfeldt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanellati, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basundra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural cell adhesion molecule NrCAM regulates development of hypothalamic tanycytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic tanycytes are neural stem and progenitor cells, but little is known of how they are regulated. Here we provide evidence that the cell adhesion molecule, NrCAM, regulates tanycytes in the adult niche. NrCAM is strongly expressed in adult mouse tanycytes. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that NrCAM loss of function leads to both a reduced number of tanycytes and reduced expression of tanycyte-specific cell markers, along with a small reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive arcuate neurons. Similar analyses of NrCAM mutants at E16 identify few changes in gene expression or cell composition, indicating that NrCAM regulates tanycytes, rather than early embryonic hypothalamic development. Neurosphere and organotypic assays support the idea that NrCAM governs cellular homeostasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) shows that tanycyte-specific genes, including a number that are implicated in thyroid hormone metabolism, show reduced expression in the mutant mouse. However, the mild tanycyte depletion and loss of markers observed in NrCAM-deficient mice were associated with only a subtle metabolic phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowsett, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebling, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placzek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural cell adhesion molecule NrCAM regulates development of hypothalamic tanycytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a new mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP13/ZAP acts against multiple viruses through recognizing and promoting degradation of cytoplasmic viral mRNA. PARP13 has four N-terminal Zn-finger motifs that bind CG-rich nucleotide sequences, and a C-terminal ADP ribosyltransferase fold similar to other PARPs. A central region predicted to contain a fifth Zn-finger and two tandem WWE domains is implicated in binding poly(ADP-ribose); however, there are limited insights into the structure and function of this PARP13 region (ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2). Here, we present crystal structures of ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 from mouse PARP13 in complex with ADP-ribose and with ATP. ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 crystallized as a dimer with major contacts formed between WWE1 and WWE2 originating from different monomers, indicative of a more compact monomeric arrangement of the tandem WWE domains. Solution scattering experiments and biophysical analysis indicated a monomer in solution, suggesting that the crystal dimer represents domain swapping that could potentially represent a PARP13 conformation assumed when signaling viral RNA detection. The crystal structure and binding studies demonstrate that WWE2 interacts with ADP-ribose and ATP, whereas WWE1 does not have a functional binding site. The shape of the WWE2 binding pocket disfavors interaction with the ribose-ribose linkage of poly(ADP-ribose). Binding studies with poly(ADP-ribose) ligands indicate that WWE2 serves as an anchor for preferential binding to the terminal end of poly(ADP-ribose), and the composite structure of ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 forms an extended surface to engage polymer chains of ADP-ribose. This model represents a novel mode of poly(ADP-ribose) recognition and provides a structural framework for investigating poly(ADP-ribose) impact on PARP13 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuttiyatveetil, J. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soufari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a new mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syntenic genomic loci on human chromosome 8 (hChr8) and mouse chromosome 15 (mChr15) code for LY6/Ly6 (lymphocyte antigen 6) family proteins. The 23 murine Ly6 family genes include eight genes that are flanked by the murine Ly6e and Ly6l genes and form an Ly6 subgroup referred to here as the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. Ly6a, also known as Sca1 (Stem Cell Antigen-1) and TAP (T-cell activating protein), is a member of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. No LY6 genes have been annotated within the syntenic LY6E to LY6L human locus. We report here on LY6S, a solitary human LY6 gene that is syntenic with the murine Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, and with which it shares a common ancestry. LY6S codes for the interferon-inducible GPI-linked LY6S-iso1 protein that contains only 9 of the 10 consensus LY6 cysteine residues and is most highly expressed in a non-classical cell population. Its expression leads to distinct shifts in patterns of gene expression, particularly of genes coding for inflammatory and immune response proteins, and LY6S-iso1 expressing cells show increased resistance to viral infection. Our findings reveal the presence of a previously un-annotated human interferon-stimulated gene, LY6S, which has a one to eight ortholog relationship with the genes of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, is most highly expressed in spleen cells of a non-classical cell-lineage and whose expression induces viral resistance and is associated with an inflammatory phenotype and with the activation of genes that regulate immune responses.

One Sentence SummaryLY6S is a newly discovered human interferon-inducible gene associated with inflammation and with resistance to viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmerling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smorodinsky, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi-Assif, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shargorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braschi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wreschner, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch inhibition promotes regeneration and immunosuppression supports cone survival in a zebrafish model of inherited retinal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoreceptor degeneration leads to irreversible vision loss in humans with retinal dystrophies such as Retinitis Pigmentosa. Whereas photoreceptor loss is permanent in mammals, zebrafish possesses the ability to regenerate retinal neurons and restore visual function. Following acute damage, Muller glia (MG) re-enter the cell cycle and produce multipotent progenitors whose progeny differentiate into mature neurons. Both MG reprogramming and proliferation of retinal progenitor cells require reactive microglia and associated inflammatory signaling. Paradoxically, MG in zebrafish models of photoreceptor degeneration fail to re-enter the cell cycle and regenerate lost cells. Here, we used the zebrafish cep290 mutant to demonstrate that progressive cone degeneration generates an immune response but does not stimulate MG proliferation. Acute light damage triggered photoreceptor regeneration in cep290 mutants but cones were only restored to pre-lesion densities. Using irf8 mutant zebrafish, we found that the chronic absence of microglia reduced inflammation and rescued cone degeneration in cep290 mutants. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed sustained expression of notch3 in MG of cep290 mutants and inhibition of Notch signaling induced MG to re-enter the cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights on the requirements for MG to proliferate and the potential for immunosuppression to prolong photoreceptor survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fogerty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianciolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch inhibition promotes regeneration and immunosuppression supports cone survival in a zebrafish model of inherited retinal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulation network inference using k-nearest neighbor-based mutual information estimation- Revisiting an old DREAM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA cell exhibits a variety of responses to internal and external cues. These responses are possible, in part, due to the presence of an elaborate gene regulatory network (GRN) in every single cell. In the past twenty years, many groups worked on reconstructing the topological structure of GRNs from large-scale gene expression data using a variety of inference algorithms. Insights gained about participating players in GRNs may ultimately lead to therapeutic benefits. Mutual information (MI) is a widely used metric within this inference/reconstruction pipeline as it can detect any correlation (linear and non-linear) between any number of variables (n-dimensions). However, the use of MI with continuous data (for example, normalized fluorescence intensity measurement of gene expression levels) is sensitive to data size, correlation strength and underlying distributions, and often requires laborious and, at times, ad hoc optimization.

ResultsIn this work, we first show that estimating MI of a bi- and tri-variate Gaussian distribution using k-nearest neighbor (kNN) MI estimation results in significant error reduction as compared to commonly used methods based on fixed binning. Second, we demonstrate that implementing the MI-based kNN Kraskov-Stoogbauer-Grassberger (KSG) algorithm leads to a significant improvement in GRN reconstruction for popular inference algorithms, such as Context Likelihood of Relatedness (CLR). Finally, through extensive in-silico benchmarking we show that a new inference algorithm CMIA (Conditional Mutual Information Augmentation), inspired by CLR, in combination with the KSG-MI estimator, outperforms commonly used methods.

ConclusionsUsing three canonical datasets containing 15 synthetic networks, the newly developed method for GRN reconstruction - which combines CMIA, and the KSG-MI estimator - achieves an improvement of 20-35% in precision-recall measures over the current gold standard in the field. This new method will enable researchers to discover new gene interactions or choose gene candidates for experimental validations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shachaf, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulation network inference using k-nearest neighbor-based mutual information estimation- Revisiting an old DREAM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor exposure produces conditioned rewarding effects in male and female rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe use of place conditioning procedures and drug vapor exposure models can increase our understanding of the rewarding and aversive effects of vaped cannabis products. Currently there are limited data on the conditioned rewarding effects of vaporized {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis in rats, and no studies to date examining sex differences.

MethodsMale and female Sprague-Dawley rats (N=96; 12 per sex/group) underwent place conditioning sessions immediately after exposure to THC or vehicle (propylene glycol, PG) vapor. Locomotor activity was measured by beam breaks during conditioning sessions. THC vapor-conditioned rats received one of three THC vapor exposure amounts (low: 5 puffs of 100 mg/ml THC, medium: 5 puffs of 200 mg/ml THC, or high: 10 puffs of 200 mg/ml THC) and matched vehicle vapor (PG) exposure on alternate days for 16 daily sessions. A  no THC control group of vehicle-conditioned rats received only PG vapor exposure each day. After the 8th and 16th conditioning sessions, untreated rats were tested for conditioned place preference (CPP) or avoidance (CPA). Next, extinction tests and a THC vapor-primed reinstatement test were conducted.

ResultsTHC vapor produced CPP and locomotor effects in an exposure dependent manner, and some sex differences were observed. Low THC vapor exposure did not produce CPP in males or females. Medium THC vapor exposure produced CPP in males, but not females. High THC vapor exposure produced CPP in both males and females. Medium and high THC vapor exposure amounts produced hyperactivity in female rats, but not male rats. CPP was more resistant to extinction in females than males. THC vapor re-exposure (i.e., drug-prime) after extinction did not result in reinstatement of CPP for either sex.

ConclusionThis study demonstrates conditioned rewarding effects of THC vapor in both male and female rats and provides evidence for sex differences in amounts of THC vapor that produce CPP and in time to extinction. CPA was not observed at any of the THC vapor exposure amounts tested. These data provide a foundation for future exploration of the conditioned effects of cannabis constituents and extracts using vapor exposure models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor exposure produces conditioned rewarding effects in male and female rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging TOPMed Imputation Server and Constructing a Cohort-Specific Imputation Reference Panel to Enhance Genotype Imputation among Cystic Fibrosis Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe genetic disorder that can cause multiple comorbidities affecting the lungs, the pancreas, the luminal digestive system and beyond. In our previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we genotyped [~]8,000 CF samples using a mixture of different genotyping platforms. More recently, the Cystic Fibrosis Genome Project (CFGP) performed deep ([~]30x) whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 5,095 samples to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying clinical heterogeneity among CF patients. For mixtures of GWAS array and WGS data, genotype imputation has proven effective in increasing effective sample size. Therefore, we first performed imputation for the [~]8,000 CF samples with GWAS array genotype using the TOPMed freeze 8 reference panel. Our results demonstrate that TOPMed can provide high-quality imputation for CF patients, boosting genomic coverage from [~]0.3 - 4.2 million genotyped markers to [~]11 - 43 million well-imputed markers, and significantly improving Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we built a CF-specific CFGP reference panel based on WGS data of CF patients. We demonstrate that despite having [~]3% the sample size of TOPMed, our CFGP reference panel can still outperform TOPMed when imputing some CF disease-causing variants, likely due to allele and haplotype differences between CF patients and general populations. We anticipate our imputed data for 4,656 samples without WGS data will benefit our subsequent genetic association studies, and the CFGP reference panel built from CF WGS samples will benefit other investigators studying CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallins, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strug, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamshad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Cystic Fibrosis Genome Project (CFGP) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging TOPMed Imputation Server and Constructing a Cohort-Specific Imputation Reference Panel to Enhance Genotype Imputation among Cystic Fibrosis Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions in the face of changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Amongst these processes, implicit sensorimotor adaptation is of primary importance, ensuring that movements remain well-calibrated and accurate. A large body of work on reaching movements has emphasized how adaptation centers on an iterative process designed to minimize visual errors. The role of proprioception has been largely neglected, thought to play a passive role in which proprioception is affected by the visual error but does not directly contribute to adaptation. Here we present an alternative to this visuo-centric framework, arguing that that implicit adaptation can be understood as minimizing a proprioceptive error, the distance between the perceived hand position and its intended goal. We use this proprioceptive re-alignment model (PReMo) to re-examine many phenomena that have previously been interpreted in terms of learning from visual errors, as well as offer novel accounts for unexplained phenomena. We discuss potential challenges for this new perspective on implicit adaptation and outline a set of predictions for future experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsay, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprioceptive Re-alignment drives Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and Rift Valley fever threaten public health and food security globally. Despite their cohesive nature, they are typically treated as distinct entities. Applying biological system analysis to the African MBDs from a One Health perspective, we provide the first biogeographic description of the African mosquito fauna corresponding with the pathogens they transmit. After compiling records accumulated over a century, we find that there are 677 mosquito species in Africa, representing 16 genera, and 151 mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs) circulating primarily among wild tetrapods, dominated by viruses (95) and protozoans (47). We estimate that reported MBPs represent [~]1% of the actual number. Unlike mosquitoes, African arboviruses and mammalian plasmodia represent a higher share of the Worlds total based on the area - species richness relationship (P<0.0001), explaining the disproportional large share of global MBPs that originated from Africa. Species richness of African mosquitoes and MBPs are similarly concentrated along the equator, peaking in central Africa, with a secondary "ridge" along eastern Africa. Moderate diversity and low endemicity in mosquitoes across the Sahel reveals a fauna with high propensity for long-range migration. Regional differences in species richness, endemicity, and composition agreed with country-based results. The composition of mosquitoes and MBPs separates sub-Saharan Africa from north Africa, in accordance with the Palearctic and Afrotropical faunal realms, and west and central Africa are clustered together distinctly from the cluster of eastern and southern Africa. With [~]25% of the species occupying a single country, [~]50% in 1-3 countries and <5% found in >25 countries, the typical ranges of both mosquitoes and MBPs are surprisingly small. The striking similarity in diversity and especially in range distributions of mosquitoes and MBPs suggest that most MBPs are transmitted by one or few narrow-range mosquito vectors. Exceptionally widespread mosquito species (e.g., Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and 10 Anopheles species) feed preferentially on people and domestic animals, and nearly half are windborne migrants. Likewise, exceptionally widespread MBPs are transmitted between people or domestic animals and are vectored by one or more of the aforementioned widespread mosquitoes. Our results suggest that few MBPs have undergone a dramatic range expansion, after adapting to people or domestic animals as well as to exceptionally-widespread mosquitoes. During the intermediate phase of range expansion, MBPs extend their vector and vertebrate host ranges with a concomitant gradual increase in geographical range. Because range size may serve as a marker of the phase of range expansion, ranking the African MBPs according to range, we identified several MBPs that pose elevated risk for disease emergence (e.g., Wesselsbron virus). Taken together, our database, approach, and results can help improve MBD surveillance and lead to a better understanding of disease emergence. This knowledge has the potential to improve capacity to prevent and mitigate new and emerging MBD threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The African mosquito-borne diseasosome: Geographical patterns and range expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bionized nanoferrite particles alter the course of experimental Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcosis is a devastating fungal disease associated with high morbidity and mortality even when treated with antifungal drugs. Bionized nanoferrite (BNF) nanoparticles are powerful immunomodulators, but their efficacy for infectious diseases has not been investigated. Administration of BNF nanoparticles to mice with experimental cryptococcal pneumonia altered the outcome of infection in a dose response manner as measured by colony forming units and survival. The protective effects were higher at lower doses, with reductions in IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-, consistent with immune modulation whereby reductions in inflammation translate into reduced host damage, clearance of infection and longer survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liporagi Lopes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korangath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Junior, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivkov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bionized nanoferrite particles alter the course of experimental Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS ratio and CFU improves the ability of murine efficacy experiments to distinguish between drug treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine tuberculosis drug efficacy studies have historically monitored bacterial burden based on colony forming units of M. tuberculosis in lung homogenate. In an alternative approach, a recently described molecular pharmacodynamic marker called the RS ratio quantifies drug effect on a fundamental cellular process: ongoing ribosomal RNA synthesis. Here we evaluated the ability of different pharmacodynamic markers to distinguish between treatments in three BALB/c mouse experiments at two institutions. We confirmed that different pharmacodynamic markers measure distinct biological responses. We found that a combination of pharmacodynamic markers distinguishes between treatments better than any single marker. The combination of the RS ratio with colony forming units showed the greatest ability to recapitulate the rank order of regimen treatment-shortening activity, providing proof of concept that simultaneous assessment of pharmacodynamic markers measuring different properties will enhance insight gained from animal models and accelerate development of new combination regimens. These results suggest potential for a new era in which antimicrobial therapies are evaluated not only on culture-based measures of bacterial burden but also on molecular assays that indicate how drugs impact the physiological state of the pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dide-Agossou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossmassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Mubarak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskuil, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia?Cremades, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahid, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermburger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS ratio and CFU improves the ability of murine efficacy experiments to distinguish between drug treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent landmark trial showed a 4-month regimen of rifapentine, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and isoniazid (PZMH) to be non-inferior to the 6-month standard of care. Here, two murine models of tuberculosis were used to test whether novel regimens replacing rifapentine and isoniazid with bedaquiline and another drug would maintain or increase the sterilizing activity of the regimen. In BALB/c mice, replacing rifapentine in the PZM backbone with bedaquiline (i.e., BZM) significantly reduced both lung CFU counts after 1 month and the proportion of mice relapsing within 3 months after completing 1.5 months of treatment. Addition of rifabutin to BZM (BZMRb) further increased the sterilizing activity. In the C3HeB/FeJ mouse model characterized by caseating lung lesions, treatment with BZMRb resulted in significantly fewer relapses than PZMH after 2 months of treatment. A regimen combining the new DprE1 inhibitor OPC-167832 and delamanid (BZOD) also had superior bactericidal and sterilizing activity compared to PZM in BALB/c mice and was similar in efficacy to PZMH in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Thus, BZM represents a promising backbone for treatment-shortening regimens. Given the prohibitive drug-drug interactions between bedaquiline and rifampin or rifapentine, the BZMRb regimen represents the best opportunity to combine, in one regimen, the treatment-shortening potential of the rifamycin class with that of BZM and deserves high priority for evaluation in clinical trials. Other 4-drug BZM-based regimens and BZOD represent promising opportunities for extending the spectrum of treatment-shortening regimens to rifamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurbatova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.472655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of maternal-infant dyad inflammatory cytokines in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late gestation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.26.472655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSARS-CoV-2 infection induces significant inflammatory cytokine production in adults, but infant cytokine signatures in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 are less well characterized. We aimed to evaluate cytokine profiles of mothers and their infants following COVID-19 in pregnancy.

Study DesignSerum samples at delivery from 31 mother-infant dyads with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy (COVID) were examined in comparison to 29 control dyads (Control). Samples were evaluated using a 13-plex cytokine assay.

ResultsIn comparison with controls, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) were higher in COVID maternal and infant samples (p<0.05) and IL-8 uniquely elevated in COVID infant samples (p<0.05). Significant elevations in IL-6, IP-10 and IL-8 were found among both early (1st/2nd Trimester) and late (3rd Trimester) maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections.

ConclusionsMaternal SARS-CoV-2 infections throughout gestation are associated with increased maternal and infant inflammatory cytokines at birth with potential to impact long-term infant health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taglauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhole, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Cappione, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juttukonda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunnewell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabharwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.472655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of maternal-infant dyad inflammatory cytokines in pregnancies affected by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in early and late gestation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.473694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prenatal immune stress induces a prolonged blunting of microglia activation that impacts striatal connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.473694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggested that microglia, the primary brain immune cells, can affect circuit connectivity and neuronal function1-3. Microglia infiltrate the neuroepithelium early in embryonic development and are maintained in the brain throughout adulthood4,5. Several maternal environmental factors, such as aberrant microbiome, immune activation, and poor nutrition, can influence prenatal brain development6-8. Nevertheless, it is unknown how changes in the prenatal environment instruct the developmental trajectory of infiltrating microglia, which in turn affect brain development and function. Here we show that after maternal immune activation (MIA) microglia from the offspring have a long-lived decrease in immune reactivity (blunting) across the developmental trajectory. The blunted immune response was concomitant with changes in the chromatin accessibility and reduced transcription factor occupancy of the open chromatin. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that MIA does not induce a distinct subpopulation but rather decreases the contribution to inflammatory microglia states. Prenatal replacement of MIA microglia with physiological infiltration of naive microglia ameliorated the immune blunting and restored a decrease in presynaptic vesicle release probability onto dopamine receptor type-two medium spiny neurons, indicating that aberrantly formed microglia due to an adverse prenatal environment impacts the long-term microglia reactivity and proper striatal circuit development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carloni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kano, S.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.473694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prenatal immune stress induces a prolonged blunting of microglia activation that impacts striatal connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Importance of linear combination modeling for quantification of Glutathione and GABA levels using Hadamard-edited MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTwo main approaches are used for spectral analysis of edited data: simple peak fitting and linear combination modeling (LCM) with a simulated basis set. Recent consensus recommended LCM as the method of choice for the spectral analysis of edited data. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of simple peak fitting and LCM in a test-retest dataset, hypothesizing that the more sophisticated LCM approach will improve quantification of HERMES data compared with simple peak fitting.

MethodsA test-retest dataset was re-analyzed using Gannet (simple peak fitting) and Osprey (LCM). These data were obtained from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of twelve healthy volunteers, with TE 80 ms for HERMES and TE 120 ms for MEGA-PRESS of glutathione (GSH). Within-subject coefficients of variance (CVs) were calculated to quantify between-scan reproducibility of each metabolite estimate.

ResultsThe reproducibility of HERMES GSH estimates was substantially improved using LCM compared to simple peak fitting, from a CV of 19.0% to 9.9%. For MEGA-PRESS data, the GSH reproducibility was similar using LCM and simple peak fitting, with CVs of 7.3% and 8.8% respectively.

ConclusionLinear combination modeling with simulated basis functions substantially improves the reproducibility of GSH quantification for HERMES data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Importance of linear combination modeling for quantification of Glutathione and GABA levels using Hadamard-edited MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ret loss-of-function decreases enteric neural crest progenitor proliferation and restricts developmental fate potential during enteric nervous system development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor tyrosine kinase gene RET plays a critical role in the fate specification of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. Pathogenic RET loss of function (LoF) alleles are associated with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is marked by aganglionosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ENCDCs invade the developing GI tract, proliferate, migrate caudally, and differentiate into all of the major ENS cell types. Although the major phenotypic consequences and the underlying transcriptional changes from Ret LoF in the developing ENS have been described, its cell type and state-specific effects are unknown. Consequently, we performed single- cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on an enriched population of ENCDCs isolated from the developing GI tract of Ret null heterozygous and homozygous mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)12.5 and E14.5. We demonstrate four significant findings: (1) Ret-expressing ENCDCs are a heterogeneous population composed of ENS progenitors as well as glial and neuronal committed cells; (2) neurons committed to a predominantly inhibitory motor neuron developmental trajectory are not produced under Ret LoF, leaving behind a mostly excitatory motor neuron developmental program; (3) HSCR-associated and Ret gene regulatory network genes exhibit distinct expression patterns across Ret-expressing ENCDC with their expression impacted by Ret LoF; and (4) Ret deficiency leads to precocious differentiation and reduction in the number of proliferating ENS precursors. Our results support a model in which Ret contributes to multiple distinct cellular phenotypes associated with the proper development of the ENS, including the specification of inhibitory neuron subtypes, cell cycle dynamics of ENS progenitors, and the developmental timing of neuronal and glial commitment.

Summary StatementRet LoF affects proper development of the mouse ENS through multiple distinct cellular phenotypes including restriction of neuronal fate potential, disruption of ENCDC migration, and modulation of progenitor proliferation rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ret loss-of-function decreases enteric neural crest progenitor proliferation and restricts developmental fate potential during enteric nervous system development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in running performance of single- and group-housed mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice are one of several common animal models in neuroscience and mouse behavior is becoming increasingly relevant. Mice are housed either in groups or alone in standard cages during which they show a variety of different behaviors. Moreover, housing conditions might alter the behavior of the mice as do social interactions. When given access to running wheels as an environmental enrichment, mice tend to run long distances preferentially during their dark cycle. However, it is currently not well understood whether and how mice utilize running wheels when single-housed or group-housed. Here we developed a low-cost running wheel data acquisition system to study running in adult C57BL/6 mice at high temporal resolution under different social conditions. As expected, adult C57BL/6 mice prefer to run in stretches during the dark cycle and mostly rest during the light cycle. When single-housed, running bouts occur independent from each other as indicated by an exponential decaying autocorrelation. In contrast, mice run [~]50% less when housed in groups of n = 3 and their temporal pattern of running exhibits a power law decay in the autocorrelation indicative of potential social interactions. Our results demonstrate that running wheels are a limited resource for which mice compete for when they are group-housed, thereby reducing their overall running activity.

Significance StatementVoluntary cage wheel running is an important environmental enrichment for mice housed either alone or in groups. We show that this resource is considerably restricted for group-housed mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plenz, U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in running performance of single- and group-housed mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial stochastic model reveals the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Escherichia coli, translocation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) during transcription introduces supercoiling to DNA, which influences the initiation and elongation behaviors of RNAP. To quantify the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation, we develop a spatially resolved supercoiling model of transcription, describing RNAP-supercoiling interactions, topoisomerase activities, stochastic topological domain formation, and supercoiling diffusion in all transcription stages. This model establishes that transcription-induced supercoiling mediates the cooperation of co-transcribing RNAP molecules in highly expressed genes. It reveals that supercoiling transmits RNAP-accessible information through DNA and enables different RNAP molecules to communicate within and between genes. It thus predicts that a topological domain could serve as a transcription regulator, generating substantial transcription bursting and coordinating communications between adjacent genes in the domain. The model provides a quantitative platform for further theoretical and experimental investigations of how genome organization impacts transcription.

Author SummaryDNA mechanics and transcription dynamics are intimately coupled. During transcription, the translocation of RNA polymerase overwinds the DNA ahead and underwinds the DNA behind, rendering the DNA supercoiled. The supercoiled DNA could, in return, influences the behavior of the RNA polymerase, and consequently the amount of mRNA product it makes. Furthermore, supercoils could propagate on the DNA over thousands of base pairs, impacting RNA polymerase molecules at faraway sites. These complicated interplays between supercoiling and RNA polymerase makes supercoiling an important transcription regulator. To quantitatively investigate the role of supercoiling in transcription, we build a spatially resolved model that links transcription with the generation, propagation, and dissipation of supercoiling. Our model reveals that supercoiling mediates transcription at multiple length scales. At a single-gene scale, we show that supercoiling gives rise to the collective motion of co-transcribing RNA polymerase molecules, supporting recent experimental observations. Additionally, large variations in mRNA production of a gene can arise from the constraints of supercoiling diffusion in a topological domain. At a multi-gene scale, we show that supercoiling dynamics allow two adjacent genes influence each others transcription kinetics, thus serving as a transcription regulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachaf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial stochastic model reveals the role of supercoiling in transcription regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulate gonadal development, gametogenesis and the secretion of the gonadal steroid hormones. The gonadotroph is primarily regulated by hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurons of the rostral hypothalamus and is mediated by GnRH receptor signaling. Kisspeptin (KISS1)/kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) signaling in GnRH neurons plays an essential role in reproductive function. As the kisspeptin receptor is present in the pituitary, kisspeptin signaling via the Kiss1r may regulate reproductive function at the level of pituitary. Using Cre/Lox technology, we deleted the Kiss1r gene in pituitary gonadotropes (PKiRKO). PKiRKO male and females have normal genital development, puberty onset, and fertility. Females have normal LH, FSH and estradiol while males had significantly increased basal serum FSH levels with no differences in basal serum LH, or testosterone levels. Overall, these findings indicate that the pituitary KISS1R does not play a role in male reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radovick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adjunctive inhibition of the integrated stress response pathway accelerates bacterial clearance in a mouse model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating infectious disease that continues to cause millions of human deaths every year. Even though most cases of TB can be cured with a 6-month antibiotic combination therapy, these long treatment durations have led to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and pose a major hurdle to global TB control. Despite numerous advances in TB drug development, a substantially shortened treatment time has yet to be achieved. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, an alternative strategy to the direct targeting of M. tuberculosis (M.tb) is the development of host-directed therapies (HDTs) that promote bacterial clearance and/or lung health when given adjunctive to standard TB antibiotics. We recently discovered that a small molecule inhibitor of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), which is abnormally activated in TB and associated with the formation of necrotic granulomas, reduced M.tb numbers and lung inflammation in mice. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of adjunctive ISR inhibition in the context of standard TB therapy. Throughout the course of treatment, ISR inhibition robustly lowered bacterial burdens compared to standard TB therapy alone and accelerated the time-to-sterility in mice, as demonstrated by significantly reduced relapse rates after 4 months of treatment. In addition, mice receiving adjunctive ISR inhibition tended to have reduced lung necrosis and inflammation. Together, our findings identify the ISR pathway as a promising therapeutic target with the potential of shortening TB treatment durations and improving lung health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikrishna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adjunctive inhibition of the integrated stress response pathway accelerates bacterial clearance in a mouse model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.471994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nested spatial and temporal modeling of environmental conditions associated with genetic markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington state Pacific oysters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.471994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the largest commercial harvesting areas for Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the United States. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a bacterium naturally present in estuarine waters, accumulates in shellfish and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. Growers, consumers, and public-health officials have raised concerns about rising vibriosis cases in the region. V. parahaemolyticus genetic markers (tlh, tdh, trh) were estimated using an MPN-PCR technique in Washington State Pacific oysters regularly sampled between May and October from 2005 to 2019 (N=2,836); environmental conditions were also measured at each sampling event. Multilevel mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships between environmental measures and genetic markers as well as genetic marker ratios (trh:tlh, tdh:tlh, and tdh:trh), accounting for variation across space and time. Spatial and temporal dependence were also accounted for in the model structure. Model fit improved when including environmental measures from previous weeks (1-week lag for air temperature, 3-week lag for salinity). Positive associations were found between tlh and surface water temp, specifically between 15{degrees}C and 26{degrees}C, and between trh and surface water temperature up to 26{degrees}C. tlh and trh were negatively associated with 3-week lagged salinity in the most saline waters (> 27 ppt). There was also a positive relationship between tissue temperature and tdh, but only above 20{degrees}C. The tdh:tlh ratio displayed analogous inverted non-linear relationships as tlh. The non-linear associations found between the genetic targets and environmental measures demonstrate the complex habitat suitability of V. parahaemolyticus. Additional associations with both spatial and temporal variables also suggest there are influential unmeasured environmental conditions that could further explain bacterium variability. Overall, these findings confirm previous ecological risk factors for vibriosis in Washington State, while also identifying new associations between lagged temporal effects and pathogenic markers of V. parahaemolyticus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePaola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curriero, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.471994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nested spatial and temporal modeling of environmental conditions associated with genetic markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington state Pacific oysters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Missense variants causing Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome preferentially occur in the KMT2A-CXXC domain and are accurately classified using AlphaFold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WSS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by de novo variants in KMT2A, which encodes a multi-domain histone methyltransferase. To gain insight into the currently unknown pathogenesis of WSS, we examined the spatial distribution of likely WSS-causing variants across the 15 different domains of KMT2A. Compared to variants in healthy controls, WSS variants exhibit a 64.1-fold overrepresentation within the CXXC domain - which mediates binding to unmethylated CpGs - suggesting a major role for this domain in mediating the phenotype. In contrast, we find no significant overrepresentation within the catalytic SET domain. Corroborating these results, we find that hippocampal neurons from Kmt2a-deficient mice demonstrate disrupted H3K4me1 preferentially at CpG-rich regions, but this has no systematic impact on gene expression. Motivated by these results, we combine accurate prediction of the CXXC domain structure by AlphaFold2 with prior biological knowledge to develop a classification scheme for missense variants in the CXXC domain. Our classifier achieved 96.0% positive and 92.3% negative predictive value on a hold-out test set. This classification performance enabled us to subsequently perform an in silico saturation mutagenesis and classify a total of 445 variants according to their functional effects. Our results yield a novel insight into the mechanistic basis of WSS and provide an example of how AlphaFold2 can contribute to the in silico characterization of variant effects with very high accuracy, establishing a paradigm potentially applicable to many other Mendelian disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynisdottir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Missense variants causing Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome preferentially occur in the KMT2A-CXXC domain and are accurately classified using AlphaFold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In-person undergraduate research experiences (UREs) promote students integration into careers in life science research. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted institutions hosting summer URE programs to offer them remotely, raising questions about whether undergraduates who participate in remote research can experience scientific integration. To address this, we investigated indicators of scientific integration for students who participated in remote life science URE programs in summer 2020. We found that these students experienced gains in their scientific self-efficacy and scientific identity similar to results reported for in-person UREs. We also found that these students perceived high benefits and low costs of doing research at the outset of their programs, and their perceptions did not change despite the remote circumstances. Yet, their perceptions differed by program, indicating that programs differentially affected students perceptions of the costs of doing research. Finally, we observed that students with prior research experience made greater gains in self-efficacy and identity, as well as in their perceptions of the alignment of their values with those of the scientific community, in comparison to students with no prior research experience. This finding suggests that additional programming may be needed for undergraduates with no prior experience to benefit from remote research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hess, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing artificial neural networks with outputs of neuroimaging techniques has recently seen substantial advances in (computer) vision and text-based language models. Here, we propose a framework to compare biological and artificial neural computations of spoken language representations and propose several new challenges to this paradigm. The proposed technique is based on a similar principle that underlies electroencephalography (EEG): averaging of neural (artificial or biological) activity across neurons in the time domain, and allows to compare encoding of any acoustic property in the brain and in intermediate convolutional layers of an artificial neural network. Our approach allows a direct comparison of responses to a phonetic property in the brain and in deep neural networks that requires no linear transformations between the signals. We argue that the brain stem response (cABR) and the response in intermediate convolutional layers to the exact same stimulus are highly similar and quantify this observation. The proposed technique not only reveals similarties, but also allows for analysis of the encoding of actual acoustic properties in the two signals: we compare peak latency (i) in cABR relative to the stimulus in the brain stem and in (ii) intermediate convolutional layers relative to the input/output in deep convolutional networks. We also examine and compare the effect of prior language exposure on the peak latency in cABR and in intermediate convolutional layers. Substantial similarities in peak latency encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional networks emerge based on results from eight trained networks (including a replication experiment). The proposed technique can be used to compare encoding between the human brain and intermediate convolutional layers for any acoustic property and for other neuroimaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of speech in convolutional layers and the brain stem based on language experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scRNA-sequencing reveals subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in DRG neurons of Pirt-EGFPf mice in neuropathic pain condition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functionally distinct subtypes/clusters of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which differ in soma size and neurochemical properties, may play different roles in nerve regeneration and pain. However, details about transcriptomic changes in different neuronal subtypes under maladaptive neuropathic pain conditions remain unclear. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve represents a well-established model of neuropathic pain that mimics the etiology of clinical conditions. Therefore, we conducted single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize subtype-specific perturbations of transcriptomes in lumbar DRG neurons 7 days after sciatic CCI. By using Pirt-EGFPf mice that selectively express enhanced green fluorescent protein in DRG neurons, we established a highly efficient purification process to enrich neurons for scRNA-seq. We observed a loss of marker genes in injured neurons of 12 standard neuronal clusters, and the emergence of four prominent CCI-induced clusters at this peak-maintenance phase of neuropathic pain. Importantly, a portion of injured neurons from a subset of the 12 standard clusters (NP1, PEP5, NF1, and NF2) were spared from injury-induced identity loss, suggesting subtype-specific transcriptomic changes in injured neurons. Moreover, uninjured neurons, which are necessary for mediating the evoked pain, also demonstrated subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in these clusters, but not others. Notably, male and female mice showed differential transcriptomic changes in multiple neuronal clusters after CCI, suggesting transcriptomic sexual dimorphism in primary sensory neurons after nerve injury. Collectively, these findings may contribute to the identification of new target genes and development of DRG neuron subtype-specific therapies for optimizing neuropathic pain treatment and nerve regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scRNA-sequencing reveals subtype-specific transcriptomic perturbations in DRG neurons of Pirt-EGFPf mice in neuropathic pain condition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bias in FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.475273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism of differential signaling of multiple FGF ligands through a single FGF receptor is poorly understood. Here, we use biophysical tools to quantify multiple aspects of FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8 and FGF9: potency, efficacy, bias, ligand-induced oligomerization and downregulation, and conformation of the active FGFR1 dimers. We find that the three ligands exhibit distinctly different potencies and efficacies for inducing responses in cells. We further discover qualitative differences in the actions of the three FGFs through FGFR1, as FGF8 preferentially activates some of the probed downstream responses (FRS2 phosphorylation and extracellular matrix loss), while FGF4 and FGF9 preferentially activate different probed responses (FGFR1 phosphorylation and cell growth arrest). Thus, FGF8 is a biased ligand, when compared to FGF4 and FGF9. Forster resonance energy transfer experiments reveal a correlation between biased signaling and the conformation of the FGFR1 transmembrane domain dimer. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of FGF signaling during development and bring the poorly understood concept of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand bias into the spotlight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karl, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krejci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Piccolo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.475273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bias in FGFR1 signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sea turtles represent an ancient lineage of marine vertebrates that evolved from terrestrial ancestors over 100 MYA, yet the genomic basis of the unique physiological and ecological traits enabling these species to thrive in diverse marine habitats remains largely unknown. Additionally, many populations have drastically declined due to anthropogenic activities over the past two centuries, and their recovery is a high global conservation priority. We generated and analyzed high-quality reference genomes for the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, representing the two extant sea turtle families. These genomes are highly syntenic and homologous, but localized regions of non-collinearity were associated with higher copy numbers of immune, zinc-finger, and olfactory receptor (OR) genes in green turtles, with ORs related to waterborne odorants greatly expanded in green turtles. Our findings suggest that divergent evolution of these key gene families may underlie immunological and sensory adaptations assisting navigation, occupancy of neritic versus pelagic environments, and diet specialization. Reduced collinearity was especially prevalent in microchromosomes, with greater gene content, heterozygosity, and genetic distances between species, supporting their critical role in vertebrate evolutionary adaptation. Finally, diversity and demographic histories starkly contrasted between species, indicating that leatherback turtles have had a low yet stable effective population size, exhibit extremely low diversity compared to other reptiles, and harbor a higher genetic load compared to green turtles, reinforcing concern over their persistence under future climate scenarios. These genomes provide invaluable resources for advancing our understanding of evolution and conservation best practices in an imperiled vertebrate lineage.

Statement of significanceSea turtle populations have undergone recent global declines. We analyzed de novo assembled genomes for both extant sea turtle families through the Vertebrate Genomes Project to inform their conservation and evolutionary biology. These highly conserved genomes were differentiated by localized gene-rich regions of divergence, particularly within microchromosomes, suggesting that these genomic elements play key functional roles in the evolution of sea turtles and possibly other vertebrates. We further demonstrate that dissimilar evolutionary histories impact standing genomic diversity and genetic load, and are critical to consider when using these metrics to assess adaptive potential and extinction risk. Our results also demonstrate how reference genome quality impacts inferences of comparative and conservation genomics analyses that need to be considered in their application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bentley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Valenzuela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arantes, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masterson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlwilm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrault, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henen, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemmell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikochinski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated MST2 kinase is free of kinetic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Canonically, MST1/2 functions as a core kinase of the Hippo pathway and non-canonically is both activated during apoptotic signaling and acts in concert with RASSFs in T-cells. Faithful signal transduction relies on both appropriate activation and regulated substrate phosphorylation by the activated kinase. Considerable progress has been made understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating activation of MST1/2 and identifying downstream signaling events. Here we present a kinetic analysis analyzing how the ability of MST1/2 to phosphorylate substrates is regulated. Using a steady state kinetic system, we parse the contribution of different factors including the domains of MST2, phosphorylation, caspase cleavage, and complex formation to MST2 activity. In the unphosphorylated state, we find the SARAH domain stabilizes substrate binding. Phosphorylation, we also determine, drives activation of MST2 and that once activated the kinase domain is free of regulation. The binding partners SAV1, MOB1A, and RASSF5 do not alter the kinetics of phosphorylated MST2. We also show that the caspase cleaved MST2 fragment is as active as full-length suggesting that the linker region of MST2 does not inhibit the catalytic activity of the kinase domain but instead regulates MST2 activity through non-catalytic mechanisms. This kinetic analysis helps establish a framework for interpreting how signaling events, mutations, and post-translational modifications contribute to signaling of MST2 in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated MST2 kinase is free of kinetic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone tuberculosis is widely characterized by irreversible bone destruction caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium has the ability to adapt to various environmental stresses by altering its transcriptome in order to establish infection in the host. Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the transcriptional profile of M. tuberculosis during infection in the bone environment compared to axenic cultures of exponentially growing M.tb. In the current study, we characterized the in vivo transcriptome of M. tuberculosis within abscesses or necrotic specimens obtained from patients with bone TB using whole genome microarrays in order to gain insight into the M. tuberculosis adaptive response within this host microenvironment. A total of 914 mycobacterial genes were found to be significantly over-expressed and 1688 were repressed (fold change>2; p-value [&le;]0.05) in human bone TB specimens. Overall, the mycobacteria displayed a hypo-metabolic state with significant (p[&le;]0.05) downregulation of major pathways involved in translational machinery, cellular and protein metabolism and response to hypoxia. However, significant enrichment (p [&le;]0.05) of amino-sugar metabolic processes, membrane glycolipid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis (serine, glycine, arginine and cysteine) and accumulation of mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex suggests possible mycobacterial survival strategies within the bone lesions by strengthening its cell wall and cellular integrity. Data were also screened for M.tb virulence proteins using Virulent Pred and VICM Pred tools, which revealed five genes (Rv1046c, Rv1230c, DppD, PE_PGRS26 and PE_PGRS43) with a possible role in the pathogenesis of bone TB. Next, an osteoblast cell line model for bone TB was developed allowing for significant intracellular multiplication of M.tb. Interestingly, three virulence genes (Rv1046c, DppD and PE_PGRS26) identified from human bone TB microarray data were also found to be overexpressed by intracellular M. tuberculosis in osteoblast cell lines. Overall, these data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis alters its transcriptome as an adaptive strategy to survive in the host and establish infection in bone. Additionally, the in vitro osteoblast model we describe may facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone TB.

Author SummaryMusculoskeletal tuberculosis is the third most common manifestation of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and massive bone destruction along with vertebral discs are one of the hallmarks of this disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent, has the tremendous potential to adapt itself to different host environments due to its ability to alter the expression of genes/proteins belonging to different pathways. This study shows that the mycobacterial infection in bone is driven by the increased expression of genes belonging to cell wall remodelling and DNA damage repair pathways important for its survival. Further data analysis showed that some of these genes are coding for proteins possessing virulence potential that may be essential for survival of M. tuberculosis under such hostile environment of bone. We also developed an in vitro model of bone tuberculosis using an osteoblast cell line and validated the expression of these virulence factors. Identification of such virulence factors in the bone environment by M. tuberculosis may aid to identify new therapeutic targets for bone TB. Further, development of cell line model for bone TB is important to understand some unknown facets of this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhishek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, U. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Megasatellites are large tandem repeats found in all fungal genomes but especially abundant in the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata. They are encoded in genes involved in cell-cell interactions, either between yeasts or between yeast and human cells. In the present work, we have been using an iterative genetic system to delete several C. glabrata megasatellite-containing genes and found that two of them were positively involved in adhesion to epithelial cells, whereas three genes controlled negatively adhesion. Two of the latter, CAGL0B05061g or CAGL0A04851g, are also negative regulators of yeast-to-yeast adhesion, making them central players in controlling C. glabrata adherence properties. Using a series of synthetic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in which the FLO1 megasatellite was replaced by other tandem repeats of similar length but different sequences, we showed that the capacity of a strain to flocculate in liquid culture was unrelated to its capacity to adhere to epithelial cells or to invade agar. Finally, in order to understand how megasatellites were initially created and subsequently expanded, an experimental evolution system was set up, in which modified yeast strains containing different megasatellite seeds were grown in bioreactors for more than 200 generations and selected for their ability to sediment at the bottom of the culture tube. Several flocculation-positive mutants were isolated. Functionally relevant mutations included general transcription factors as well as a 230 kb segmental duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fate of developing T cells is determined by the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signal they receive in the thymus. This process is finely regulated through tuning of positive and negative regulators in thymocytes. The Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (Fam49b) protein is a newly discovered negative regulator of TCR signaling that has been shown to suppress Rac-1 activity in vitro in cultured T cell lines. However, the contribution of Fam49b to thymic development of T cells is unknown. To investigate this important issue, we generated a novel mouse line deficient in Fam49b (Fam49b-KO). We observed that Fam49b-KO double positive (DP) thymocytes underwent excessive negative selection, whereas the positive selection stage was unaffected. This altered development process resulted in significant reductions in CD4 and CD8 single positive thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells. Interestingly, a large proportion of the TCR{gamma}{delta}+ and CD8+TCR{beta}+ gut intraepithelial T lymphocytes were absent in Fam49b-KO mice. Our results demonstrate that Fam49b dampens thymocytes TCR signaling in order to escape negative selection during development, uncovering the function of Fam49b as a critical regulator of selection process to ensure normal thymocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fam49b dampens TCR signal strength to regulate survival of positively selected thymocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Screening for Myelination Promoting Compounds Using Human Stem Cell-derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Identifies Novel Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promoting myelination capacity of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for central nervous system demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). To aid in the discovery of myelination promoting compounds, we generated an advanced, genome engineered, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) line that consist of three reporters (identification-and-purification tag, GFP, and secreted NanoLuc) driven by the endogenous PDGFR, PLP1 and MBP genes, respectively. Based upon this line, we established a high-throughput drug screening platform and performed a small molecule screen with 2500 bioactive molecules. In addition to a number of previously known pathways, our screening effort identified new pathways whose inhibition enhance oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Although further genetic and molecular validation is required, the identified inhibitors could potentially be repurposed to develop remyelination therapy for MS and other demyelinating disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlinicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaesu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Screening for Myelination Promoting Compounds Using Human Stem Cell-derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Identifies Novel Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome topology and DNA sequence modulate the engagement of pioneer factors SOX2 and OCT4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes in eukaryotic genomes present a barrier to the competent binding of many regulatory proteins. Pioneer transcription factors (pTFs) can bind their target sites on nucleosomal DNA and collaborate with other factors to locally open chromatin and promote transcription. While the interaction of pluripotency pioneer factors and functional partners Sox2 and Oct4 with nucleosomes has been widely studied, molecular details about their engagement in different nucleosome contexts remain elusive. Here, using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and biochemical studies, we reveal site-specific structural and dynamic information about pTF interaction with nucleosomes. We find that the affinity of Sox2 and Oct4 to the nucleosome and their synergistic binding correlates with solvent-exposed sites but is highly position and DNA sequence dependent and linked to distinct pTF conformation and dynamics. Sox2 alone forms a super-stable complex near superhelical location 5 (SHL5) with similar affinity and conformation to that of naked DNA but shows elevated dynamics at suboptimal positions. Oct4 strongly favors positions near SHL5.5 and SHL6.5 and both of its DNA binding modules, POUS or POUHD, are required for stable complex formation. A ternary complex forms efficiently on canonical Sox2-Oct4 composite motifs (no spacing) near nucleosome ends but is sparse at spaced motifs and absent at internal sites. Moreover, the ability of Sox2 to fold and bend DNA plays a key role in the formation of a stable nucleosome complex and cooperative Oct4 binding. Collectively, our findings describe diverse binding modes of Sox2 and Oct4 on nucleosomes that could guide their site selection and potential interaction with other chromatin factors in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malaga Gadea, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolova, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome topology and DNA sequence modulate the engagement of pioneer factors SOX2 and OCT4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilization of E-cadherin adhesions by COX-2/GSK3β signaling is a targetable pathway in metastatic breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic progression and treatment-resistance of breast cancer has been associated with epithelial-mesenchymal-transition including downregulation of E-cadherin (CDH1) expression, which can be initiated by inflammatory mediators such as COX-2. Recently, E-cadherin-mediated, cluster-based metastasis and treatment resistance has become more appreciated, though the mechanisms that maintain E-cadherin expression in this context are unknown. Through studies of inflammatory breast cancer and an in vitro tumor cell emboli culture paradigm, we identified a role for COX-2, a target gene of C/EBP{delta}, or its metabolite PGE2 in promoting protein stability of E-cadherin, {beta}-catenin and p120 catenin through inhibition of GSK3{beta}, without affecting CDH1 mRNA. The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib downregulated E-cadherin complex proteins and caused cell death. Co-expression of E-cadherin and COX-2 was seen in breast cancer patients with poor outcome and, along with inhibitory GSK3{beta} phosphorylation, in patient-derived xenografts of triple negative breast cancer. Celecoxib alone decreased E-cadherin protein expression within xenograft tumors, reduced circulating tumor cells and clusters, and in combination with paclitaxel attenuated or regressed lung metastases. This study uncovered a mechanism by which metastatic breast cancer cells can maintain E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and cell survival, suggesting that patients with COX-2+/E-cadherin+ breast cancer may benefit from targeting of the PGE2 signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehareen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKennett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanaba, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarra, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poria, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterneck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilization of E-cadherin adhesions by COX-2/GSK3β signaling is a targetable pathway in metastatic breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel genomic perturbations with multi-target CRISPR reveal new insights on Cas9 activity and DNA damage responses at endogenous sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an approach that combines a Cas9 that simultaneously targets hundreds of epigenetically diverse endogenous genomic sites with high-throughput sequencing technologies to measure Cas9 dynamics and cellular responses at scale. This massive multiplexing of CRISPR is enabled by means of novel multi-target gRNAs (mgRNAs), degenerate gRNAs that direct Cas9 to a pre-determined number of well-mapped sites. mgRNAs uncovered generalizable insights into Cas9 binding and cleavage, discovering rapid post-cleavage Cas9 departure and repair factor loading at PAM-proximal genomic DNA. Moreover, by bypassing confounding effects from gRNA sequence, mgRNAs unveiled that Cas9 binding is enhanced at chromatin-accessible regions, and Cas9 cleavage is more efficient near transcribed regions. Combined with light-mediated activation and deactivation of Cas9 activity, mgRNAs further enabled high-throughput study of the cellular response to double strand breaks with high temporal resolution, discovering the presence, extent (under 2 kb), and kinetics (~ 0.5 hr) of reversible DNA damage-induced chromatin decompaction. Altogether, this work establishes mgRNAs as a generalizable platform for multiplexing CRISPR and advances our understanding of intracellular Cas9 activity and the DNA damage response at endogenous loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dveirin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel genomic perturbations with multi-target CRISPR reveal new insights on Cas9 activity and DNA damage responses at endogenous sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogen Detection in RNA-Seq Data with Pathonoia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent evidence suggests that bacterial and viral infections may cause or exacerbate many human diseases. One method of choice to detect microbes in tissue is RNA sequencing. While the detection of specific microbes using RNA sequencing offers good sensitivity and specificity, untargeted approaches suffer from very high false positive rates and a lack of sensitivity for lowly abundant organisms.

ResultsWe introduce Pathonoia, an algorithm that detects viruses and bacteria in RNA sequencing data with high precision and recall. Pathonoia first applies an established k-mer based method for species identification and then aggregates this evidence over all reads in a sample. In addition, we provide an easy-to-use analysis framework that highlights potential microbe-host cell interactions by correlating the microbial to host gene expression. Pathonoia outperforms competing algorithms in microbial detection specificity, both on in silico and real datasets. Lastly, we present two case studies in human liver and brain in which microbial infection might exacerbate disease.

AvailabilityA Python package for Pathonoia sample analysis and a guided analysis Jupyter notebook for bulk RNAseq datasets are available on GitHub https://github.com/kepsi/Pathonoia.

Contactaliebho1@jhu.edu and s.bonn@uke.de

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/476681v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16775f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17099f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18b8dfeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@117498b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebhoff, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laschtowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogen Detection in RNA-Seq Data with Pathonoia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hedgehog regulation of epithelial cell state and morphogenesis in the larynx 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The larynx enables speech while regulating swallowing and respiration. Larynx function hinges on the laryngeal epithelium which originates as part of the anterior foregut and undergoes extensive remodeling to separate from the esophagus and form vocal folds that interface with the adjacent trachea. Here we find that Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is essential for epithelial integrity in the larynx as well as the anterior foregut. During larynx-esophageal separation, low Shh expression marks specific domains of actively remodeling epithelium that undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by the induction of N-Cadherin and movement of cells out of the epithelial layer. Consistent with a role for SHH signaling in regulating this process, Shh mutants undergo an abnormal EMT throughout the anterior foregut and larynx, marked by a cadherin switch, movement out of the epithelial layer and cell death. Unexpectedly, Shh mutant epithelial cells are replaced by a new population of Pax-1 expressing cells that form a rudimentary epithelium. These findings have important implications for interpreting the etiology of HH- dependent birth defects within the foregut. We propose that SHH signaling has a default role in maintaining epithelial identity throughout the anterior foregut and that regionalized reductions in SHH trigger epithelial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardenhagen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hedgehog regulation of epithelial cell state and morphogenesis in the larynx]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Antibody Reactivities in Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) is a recently developed technology to assess antibody reactivity, quantifying antibody binding towards hundreds of thousands of candidate epitopes. The output from PhIP-Seq experiments are read count matrices, similar to RNA-Seq data; however some important differences do exist. In this manuscript we investigated whether the publicly available method edgeR1 for normalization and analysis of RNA-Seq data is also suitable for PhIP-Seq data. We find that edgeR is remarkably effective, but improvements can be made and introduce a Bayesian framework specifically tailored for data from PhIP-Seq experiments (Bayesian Enrichment Estimation in R, BEER).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Antibody Reactivities in Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NELL-1 regulates the matrisome to alter osteosarcoma disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcomas produce abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) which in turn provides instructive cues for cell growth and invasion. Neural EGF Like-Like molecule 1 (NELL1) is a secreted glycoprotein characterized by its non-neoplastic osteoinductive effects, yet highly expressed in skeletal sarcomas. Here, NELL1 gene deletion markedly reduced invasive behavior across human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines. This resulted in reduced OS disease progression, inhibited metastatic potential and improved survival in a xenograft model. These observations were recapitulated with Nell1 conditional knockout in mouse models of p53/Rb driven sarcomagenesis, including reduced tumor frequency, and extended tumor free survival.

Transcriptomic and phospho-proteomic analysis demonstrated that NELL1 loss skews the expression of matricellular proteins associated with reduced FAK signaling. Culture on OS enriched matricellular proteins reversed phenotypic and signaling changes among NELL1 knockout sarcoma cells. These findings in mouse and human models suggest that NELL1 expression alters the sarcoma matrix, thereby modulating cellular invasive potential and prognosis. Disruption of NELL1 signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach to short circuit sarcoma disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NELL-1 regulates the matrisome to alter osteosarcoma disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-Targeting CRISPR/Cas13d System Eliminates Disease-Related Phenotypes in Pre-clinical Models of Huntington's Disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a fatal, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the pathogenesis of HD remains complex, the CAG-expanded (CAGEX) HTT mRNA and protein ultimately causes disease through a toxic gain-of-function mechanism. As the reduction of pathogenic mutant HTT mRNA is beneficial as a treatment, we developed a CAGEX RNA-eliminating CRISPR-Cas13d system (Cas13d/CAGEX) that binds and eliminates toxic CAGEX RNA in HD patient iPSC-derived striatal neurons. We show that intrastriatal delivery of Cas13d/CAGEX via a single adeno-associated viral vector, serotype 9 (AAV9) mediates significant and selective reduction of mutant HTT mRNA and protein levels within the striatum of heterozygous zQ175 mice, an established mouse model of HD. Moreover, the reduction of mutant HTT mRNA renders a sustained reversal of HD phenotypes, including improved motor coordination, attenuated striatal atrophy, and reduction of mutant HTT protein aggregates. Importantly, phenotypic improvements were durable for at least 8 months without gross or behavioral adverse effects, and with minimal off-target interactions of Cas13d/CAGEX in the mouse transcriptome. Taken together, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle of an RNA-targeting CRISPR/Cas13d system as a therapeutic approach for HD, a strategy with broad implications for the treatment of other dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morelli, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosztyla, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-Targeting CRISPR/Cas13d System Eliminates Disease-Related Phenotypes in Pre-clinical Models of Huntington's Disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP Binding Facilitates Target Search of SWR1 Chromatin Remodeler by Promoting One-Dimensional Diffusion on DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-dimensional (1D) target search is a well characterized phenomenon for many DNA binding proteins but is poorly understood for chromatin remodelers. Herein, we characterize the 1D scanning properties of SWR1, a yeast chromatin remodeler that performs histone exchange on +1 nucleosomes adjacent to a nucleosome depleted region (NDR) at promoters. We demonstrate that SWR1 has a kinetic binding preference for DNA of NDR length as opposed to gene-body linker length DNA. Using single and dual color single particle tracking on DNA stretched with optical tweezers, we directly observe SWR1 diffusion on DNA. We found that various factors impact SWR1 scanning, including ATP which promotes diffusion through nucleotide binding rather than ATP hydrolysis. A DNA binding subunit, Swc2, plays an important role in the overall diffusive behavior of the complex, as the subunit in isolation retains similar, although faster, scanning properties as the whole remodeler. ATP-bound SWR1 slides until it encounters a protein roadblock, of which we tested dCas9 and nucleosomes. The median diffusion coefficient, 0.024 m2/sec, in the regime of helical sliding, would mediate rapid encounter of NDR-flanking nucleosomes at length scales found in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP Binding Facilitates Target Search of SWR1 Chromatin Remodeler by Promoting One-Dimensional Diffusion on DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BOLD cofluctuation 'events' are predicted from static functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work identified single time points ("events") of high regional cofluctuation in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) which contain more large-scale brain network information than other, low cofluctuation time points. This suggested that events might be a discrete, temporally sparse signal which drives functional connectivity (FC) over the timeseries. However, a different, not yet explored possibility is that network information differences between time points are driven by sampling variability on a constant, static, noisy signal. Using a combination of real and simulated data, we examined the relationship between cofluctuation and network structure and asked if this relationship was unique, or if it could arise from sampling variability alone. First, we show that events are not discrete - there is a gradually increasing relationship between network structure and cofluctuation; [~]50% of samples show very strong network structure. Second, using simulations we show that this relationship is predicted from sampling variability on static FC. Finally, we show that randomly selected points can capture network structure about as well as events, largely because of their temporal spacing. Together, these results suggest that, while events exhibit particularly strong representations of static FC, there is little evidence that events are unique timepoints that drive FC structure. Instead, a parsimonious explanation for the data is that events arise from a single static, but noisy, FC structure.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPast results suggested high cofluctuation BOLD "events" drive fMRI functional connectivity, FC
C_LIO_LIHere, events were examined in both real fMRI data and a stationary null model to test this model
C_LIO_LIIn real data, >50% of BOLD timepoints show high modularity and similarity to time- averaged FC
C_LIO_LIStationary null models identified events with similar behavior to real data
C_LIO_LIEvents may not be a transient driver of static FC, but rather an expected outcome of it.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladwig, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BOLD cofluctuation 'events' are predicted from static functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-L1 blockade restores CAR T cell activity through IFNγ-regulation of CD163+ macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that inhibits T cell infiltration, survival, and anti-tumor activity has posed a major challenge for developing effective immunotherapies for solid tumors. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy has shown unprecedented clinical response in treating patients with hematological malignancies, and intense investigation is underway to achieve similar responses with solid tumors. Immunologically cold tumors, including prostate cancers, are often infiltrated with abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and infiltration of CD163+ M2 macrophages correlates with tumor progression and poor responses to immunotherapy. However, the impact of TAMs on CAR T cell activity alone and in combination with TME immunomodulators is unclear.

MethodsTo model this in vitro, we utilized a novel co-culture system with tumor cells, CAR T cells, and polarized M1 or M2 macrophages from CD14+ PBMCs collected from healthy human donors. Tumor cell killing, T cell activation and proliferation, and macrophage phenotypes were evaluated by flow cytometry, cytokine production, RNA sequencing, and functional blockade of signaling pathways using antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. We also evaluated the TME in humanized mice following CAR T cell therapy for validation of our in vitro findings.

ResultsWe observed inhibition of CAR T cell activity with the presence of M2 macrophages, but not M1 macrophages, coinciding with a robust induction of PD-L1 in M2 macrophages. We observed similar PD-L1 expression in TAMs following CAR T cell therapy in the TME of humanized mice. PD-L1, but not PD-1, blockade in combination with CAR T cell therapy altered phenotypes to more M1-like subsets and led to loss of CD163+ M2 macrophages via IFN{gamma} signaling, resulting in improved anti-tumor activity of CAR T cells.

ConclusionThis study reveals an alternative mechanism by which the combination of CAR T cells and immune checkpoint blockade modulates the immune landscape of solid tumors to enhance therapeutic efficacy of CAR T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarif, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorff, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-L1 blockade restores CAR T cell activity through IFNγ-regulation of CD163+ macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Ciliary Localization Signals Control INPP5E Ciliary Targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia are sensory membrane protrusions whose dysfunction causes diseases named ciliopathies. INPP5E is a ciliary phosphoinositide phosphatase mutated in ciliopathies like Joubert syndrome. INPP5E regulates numerous ciliary functions, such as cilium stability, trafficking, signaling, or exovesicle release. Despite its key ciliary roles, how INPP5E accumulates in cilia remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that INPP5E ciliary targeting requires its folded catalytic domain and is controlled by four ciliary localization signals (CLSs), the first two of which we newly discover: LLxPIR motif (CLS1), W383 (CLS2), FDRxLYL motif (CLS3) and CaaX box (CLS4). We answer two long-standing questions in the field. First, partial redundancy between CLS1 and CLS4 explains why CLS4 is dispensable for ciliary targeting. Second, the essential need for CLS2 on the catalytic domain surface clarifies why CLS3 and CLS4 are together insufficient for ciliary accumulation. Furthermore, we reveal that some Joubert syndrome mutations in INPP5E catalytic domain affect its ciliary targeting, and shed light on the mechanisms of action of each CLS. Thus, we find that CLS2 and CLS3 promote interaction with TULP3 and ARL13B, while downregulating CEP164 binding. On the other hand, CLS4 recruits PDE6D, RPGR and ARL13B, and cooperates with CLS1 in ATG16L1 binding. Lastly, we show INPP5E immune synapse targeting is CLS-independent. Altogether, we reveal unusual complexity in INPP5E ciliary targeting mechanisms, likely reflecting its multiple key roles in ciliary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cilleros-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Morales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeito, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra-Rodero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampliega, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redrejo-Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalo, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Ciliary Localization Signals Control INPP5E Ciliary Targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and Characterization of Lipid Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Immunotherapeutic Peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of therapeutic proteins and peptides is of great interest for the treatment of many diseases, and advances in nanotechnology offer a path toward their stable delivery via preferred routes of administration. In this study, we sought to design and formulate a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing a nominal antigen (insulin peptide) for oral delivery. We utilized the design of experiments (DOE) statistical method to determine the dependencies of formulation variables on physicochemical particle characteristics including particle size, polydispersity (PDI), melting point, and latent heat of melting. The particles were determined to be non-toxic in vitro, readily taken up by primary immune cells, and found to accumulate in regional lymph nodes following oral administration. We believe that this platform technology could be broadly useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by supporting the development of oral delivery-based antigen specific immunotherapies.

Highlights3-5 bullets, 85 char or less O_LIA Design of Experiments method led the formulation of biocompatible nanoparticles
C_LIO_LINLC accumulate into gut-draining lymphatic tissues following oral administration
C_LIO_LINLC protect their antigen cargo and promote its presentation
C_LIO_LINLC formulation is well-suited for oral delivery of immunomodulatory agents
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/478027v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d18054org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14038ddorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1555abdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b83a42_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG The development of nanostructured lipid carriers containing a nominal antigen (insulin peptide) for oral delivery consists on (1) nanoparticle formulation using a statistical method, (2) in-vitro studies to assess cellular toxicity and uptake and T cell activation, and (3) in-vivo studies to assess bio-distribution.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon Colon, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiburzi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and Characterization of Lipid Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Immunotherapeutic Peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity encodes learning as changes in the strength of synapses, sub-micron structures that mediate communication between brain cells. Due to their small size and high density, synapses are extremely difficult to image in vivo, limiting our ability to directly relate synaptic plasticity with behavior. Here, we developed a combination of computational and biological methods to overcome these challenges. First, we trained a deep learning image restoration algorithm that combines the advantages of ex vivo super-resolution and in vivo imaging modalities to overcome limitations specific to each optical system. Applied to in vivo images from transgenic mice expressing fluorescently labeled synaptic proteins, this restoration algorithm super-resolved diffraction-limited synapses, enabling identification and logitudinal tracking of synaptic plasticity underlying behavior with unprecedented spatial resolution. More generally, our method demonstrates the capabilities of image enhancement to learn from ex vivo data and imaging techniques to improve in vivo imaging resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y. K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Guide for Quantifying and Optimizing Measurement Reliability for the Study of Individual Differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing individual variations is central to interpreting individual differences in neuroscience and clinical studies. While the field has examined multifaceted individual differences in brain functional organization, it is only in recent years that neuroimaging researchers have begun to place a priority on its quantification and optimization. Here, we highlight a potential analytic pitfall that can lead to contaminated estimates of inter-individual differences. We define a two-dimensional individual variation field map to decipher sources of individual variation and their relation to fingerprinting and measures of reliability. We illustrate theoretical gradient flow that represents the most effective direction for optimization when measuring individual differences. We propose to use this general framework for dissecting within- and between-individual variation and provide a supporting online tool for the purposes of guiding optimization efforts in biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Guide for Quantifying and Optimizing Measurement Reliability for the Study of Individual Differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of perceived emotions in human insula and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emotional status of a speaker is an important non-linguistic cue carried by human voice and can be perceived by a listener in vocal communication. Understanding the neural circuits involved in processing emotions carried by human voice is crucial for understanding the neural basis of social interaction. Previous studies have shown that human insula and amygdala responded more selectively to emotional sounds than non-emotional sounds. However, it is not clear whether the neural selectivity to emotional sounds in these brain structures is determined by the emotion presented by a speaker or by the emotion perceived by a listener. In this study, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) responses to emotional human voices while subjects performed emotion recognition tasks. We found that the iEEG responses of Heschls gyrus (HG) and posterior insula were determined by the presented emotion, whereas the iEEG responses of anterior insula and amygdala were driven by the perceived emotion. These results suggest that the anterior insula and amygdala play a crucial role in representing subjectively perceived emotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.477631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of perceived emotions in human insula and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation is critical for brain function through processes that remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the in vivo function of a recently reported neuronal membrane-associated proteasome (NMP) in the brain of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We demonstrated that NMPs are present in the tadpole brain with biochemistry and electron microscopy, and showed that they actively degrade neuronal activity-induced nascent proteins. Using in vivo calcium imaging in the optic tectum, we showed that acute inhibition of NMP function rapidly increased spontaneous neuronal activity, resulting in hyper-synchronization among tectal neurons. At the circuit level, inhibiting NMPs abolished learning-dependent improvement in a visuomotor behavior paradigm in live animals. Our data provide the first in vivo characterization of NMP functions in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest that NMP-mediated degradation of activity-induced nascent proteins may serve as a homeostatic modulatory mechanism in neurons that is critical for regulating neuronal activity and experience-dependent circuit plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal membrane proteasomes homeostatically regulate neural circuit activity in vivo and are required for learning-induced behavioral plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic brain functional ultrasound imaging in freely moving rodents performing cognitive tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is an emerging imaging technique that indirectly measures neural activity via changes in blood volume. To date it has not been used to image chronically during cognitive tasks in freely moving animals. Performing those experiments faces a number of exceptional challenges: performing large durable craniotomies with chronic implants, designing behavioural experiments matching the hemodynamic timescale, stabilizing the ultrasound probe during freely moving behavior, accurately assessing motion artifacts and validating that the animal can perform cognitive tasks at high performance while tethered. In this study, we provide validated solutions for those technical challenges. In addition, we present standardized step-by-step repro-ducible protocols, procedures and data processing pipelines that open up the opportunity to perform fUS in freely moving rodents performing complex cognitive tasks. Moreover, we present proof-of-concept analysis of brain dynamics during a decision making task. We obtain stable recordings from which we can robustly decode task variables from fUS data over multiple months. Moreover, we find that brain wide imaging through hemodynamic response is nonlinearly related to cognitive variables, such as task difficulty, as compared to sensory responses previously explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Hady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd-Meredith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic brain functional ultrasound imaging in freely moving rodents performing cognitive tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTOR-regulated Mitochondrial Metabolism Limits Mycobacterium-induced Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrosis of macrophages in the tuberculous granuloma represents a major pathogenic event in tuberculosis. Through a zebrafish forward genetic screen, we identified the mTOR kinase, a master regulator of metabolism, as an early host resistance factor in tuberculosis. We found that mTOR complex 1 protects macrophages from mycobacterium-induced death by enabling infection-induced increases in mitochondrial energy metabolism fueled by glycolysis. These metabolic adaptations are required to prevent mitochondrial damage and death caused by the secreted mycobacterial virulence determinant ESAT-6. Thus, the host can effectively counter this early critical mycobacterial virulence mechanism simply by regulating energy metabolism, thereby allowing pathogen-specific immune mechanisms time to develop. Our findings may explain why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit humanitys most lethal pathogen, is successful in only a minority of infected individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards-Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch-Nentwich, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTOR-regulated Mitochondrial Metabolism Limits Mycobacterium-induced Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inside-out tracking and projection mapping for robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation technique based on the principle of electromagnetic induction of an electric field in the brain with both research and clinical applications. To produce an optimal neuro-modulatory effect, the TMS coil must be placed on the head and oriented accurately with respect to the region of interest within the brain. A robotic method can enhance the accuracy and facilitate the procedure for TMS coil placement. This work presents two system improvements for robot-assisted TMS (RA-TMS) application. Previous systems have used outside-in tracking method where a stationary external infrared (IR) tracker is used as a reference point to track the head and TMS coil position. This method is prone to losing track of the coil or the head if the IR camera is blocked by the robotic arm during its motion. To address this issue, we implemented an inside-out tracking method by mounting a portable IR camera on the robot end-effector. This method guarantees that the line of sight of the IR camera is not obscured by the robotic arm at any time during its motion. We also integrated a portable projection mapping device (PPMD) into the RA-TMS system to provide visual guidance during TMS application. PPMD can track the head via an IR tracker, and can project a planned contact point of the TMS coil on the head or overlay the underlying brain anatomy in real-time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheradmand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inside-out tracking and projection mapping for robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlas of epithelial and stromal cell heterogeneity by lobe and strain in the mouse prostate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the complex interplay of cell types in the tissue microenvironment is critical to understanding the origin and progression of diseases in the prostate and potential opportunities for intervention. Mouse models are an essential tool to investigate the molecular and cell-type-specific contributions of prostate disease at an organismal level. While there are well-documented differences in the extent, timing, and nature of disease development in various genetically engineered mouse models in different mouse strains and prostate lobes within each mouse strain, yet, the underlying molecular phenotypic differences in cell types across mouse strains and prostate lobes are incompletely understood. To address this, we examined the single-cell transcriptomes of individual mouse prostate lobes from two commonly used mouse strains, FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J. Data dimensionality reduction and clustering analysis revealed that basal and luminal cells possessed strain-specific transcriptomic differences, with luminal cells also displaying marked lobe-specific differences. Additionally, three rare populations of epithelial cells clustered independently of strain and lobe: one population of luminal cells expressing Foxi1 and components of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump (Atp6v0d2 and Atp6v1g3), another population expressing Psca and other stem cell-associated genes (Ly6a/Sca-1, Tacstd2/Trop-2), and a neuroendocrine population expressing Chga, Chgb, and Syp. In contrast, stromal cell clusters, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and immune cell types, were conserved across strain and lobe, clustering largely by cell type and not by strain or lobe. One notable exception to this was the identification of two distinct fibroblast populations that we term subglandular fibroblasts and interstitial fibroblasts based on their strikingly distinct spatial distribution in the mouse prostate. Altogether, these data provide a practical reference of the transcriptional profiles of mouse prostate from two commonly used mouse strains and across all four prostate lobes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castagna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieberich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlas of epithelial and stromal cell heterogeneity by lobe and strain in the mouse prostate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mouse Model with Complete Penetrance for Atrioventricular Septal Defect/Complete AV Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect/complete AV canal (AVSD/ cAVC) occurs via defective formation of the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion (DMP) which grows from the interior dorsal wall of the fetal heart. The DMP is derived from cells of the second heart field (SHF). AVSD occurs in about 1/10,000 births in the general population, but is 2000 times more prevalent in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The low penetrance of AVSD in the general population remains a fundamental challenge to investigation of the genetic and developmental basis for this condition. Analysis of the etiology of this condition in mouse models is limited by the fact that the developmental events producing the DMP begin around embryonic day 9 (E9) but AVSD cannot be diagnosed until E14, and no model has been described previously in which AVSD occurs in 100% of embryos. We describe a trisomic mouse DS model with conditional mutations in the SHH pathway that produces AVSD with 100% penetrance. This new mouse model can serve as an important tool to understand the mechanisms underlying AVSD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mouse Model with Complete Penetrance for Atrioventricular Septal Defect/Complete AV Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable and unbiased discordance metric with H+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A standard unsupervised analysis is to cluster observations into discrete groups using a dissimilarity measure, such as Euclidean distance. If there does not exist a ground-truth label for each observation necessary for external validity metrics, then internal validity metrics, such as the tightness or consistency of the cluster, are often used. However, the interpretation of these internal metrics can be problematic when using different dissimilarity measures as they have different magnitudes and ranges of values that they span. To address this problem, previous work introduced the  scale-agnostic G+ discordance metric, however this internal metric is slow to calculate for large data. Furthermore, we show that G+ varies as a function of the proportion of observations in the predicted cluster labels (group balance), which is an undesirable property.

To address this problem, we propose a modification of G+, referred to as H+, and demonstrate that H+ does not vary as a function of group balance using a simulation study and with public single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Finally, we provide scalable approaches to estimate H+, which are available in the fasthplus R package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dyjack, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braverman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable and unbiased discordance metric with H+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic vulnerability to ATR inhibition in concurrent NF1 and ATRX-deficient high-grade solid tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subsets of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)-associated solid tumors have been shown to display high frequencies of ATRX mutations and presence of alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). In addition, a potential biologic vulnerability of ALT-positive cancer cells is ATR inhibition, a regulator of homologous recombination. We studied the phenotype of combined NF1 and ATRX deficiency in malignant solid tumors. For these experiments, cell lines derived from NF1-deficient sporadic glioblastomas (U251, SF188), a NF1-associated ATRX mutant glioblastoma cell line (JHH-NF1-GBM1), a NF1-derived sarcoma cell line (JHH-CRC65), and two NF1-deficient MPNST cell lines (ST88-14, NF90.8) were utilized. Cancer cells were treated with ATR inhibitors (AZD6738 and VE-822), in vitro, with or without a MEK inhibitor (AZD6244, selumetinib) or temozolomide. In contrast to the glioma cell line SF188, combined ATRX knockout (KO) and TERC KO led to ALT-like properties and sensitized U251 glioma cells to ATR inhibition (AZD6738 and VE-822) in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ATR inhibitors sensitized U251 cells to temozolomide, but not MEK inhibition (AZD6244), irrespective of ATRX level manipulation; whereas, the JHH-NF1-GBM1 cell line (ATRX loss/ALT-positive) demonstrated sensitivity to ATR inhibition (AZD6738), but not temozolomide. Similar effects were noted using the MPNST cell line NF90.8 after combined ATRX knockdown and TERC KO; however, not in the MPNST cell line ST88-14. Taken together, our study supports the feasibility of targeting the ATR pathway in subsets of NF1-deficient and associated tumors. Tumors with pre-existing ALT, or that subsequently develop ALT after ATRX downregulation, are particularly vulnerable to this therapeutic approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakeley, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojanova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic vulnerability to ATR inhibition in concurrent NF1 and ATRX-deficient high-grade solid tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRLoop: Feedback loops as a design principle of cell-cell communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide gene expression profiling, and single-cell RNA-seq in particular, allows the predictions of molecular mechanisms regulating cell-cell communication based on the expression of known ligand-receptor pairs. Currently available techniques for predicting ligand-receptor interactions are one-directional from sender to receiver cells. Here we describe LRLoop, a new method for analyzing cell-cell communication that is based on bi-directional ligand-receptor interactions, where two pairs of ligand-receptor interactions are identified that are responsive to each other, and thereby form a closed feedback loop. We assessed LRLoop using both bulk and single-cell datasets and found our method significantly reduces the false positive rate seen with existing methods. Finally, we applied LRLoop to the single-cell datasets obtained from retinal development and discovered many new bi-directional ligand-receptor interactions among individual cell types that potentially control proliferation, neurogenesis and/or cell fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRLoop: Feedback loops as a design principle of cell-cell communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GSK2556286 is a novel antitubercular drug candidate effective in vivo with the potential to shorten tuberculosis treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a result of a high-throughput compound screening campaign of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages, a new preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis has been identified. GSK2556286 inhibits growth within human macrophages (IC50 = 0.07 {micro}M), is active against extracellular bacteria in cholesterol-containing culture media and exhibits no cross-resistance with known antitubercular drugs. In addition, it has shown efficacy in different mouse models of tuberculosis (TB) and has an adequate safety profile in two preclinical species. These features indicate a compound with a novel mode of action, although still not fully defined, that is effective against both multidrug or extensively-resistant (M/XDR) and drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis with the potential to shorten the duration of treatment in novel combination drug regimens.

One Sentence SummaryGSK2556286 is a novel preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis with a new mode of action potentially able to contribute to the shortening of TB chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshoff, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammack, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siles, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Excribano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelievre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Herran, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher-Edwards, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros-Aguirre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GSK2556286 is a novel antitubercular drug candidate effective in vivo with the potential to shorten tuberculosis treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rtt105 configurationally staples RPA and blocks facilitated exchange and interactions with RPA-interacting proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.05.479199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and recruits over three dozen RPA-interacting proteins (RIPs) to coordinate multiple aspects of DNA metabolism including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Rtt105 is a molecular chaperone that regulates nuclear localization of RPA. Whether and how Rtt105 regulates the activities of RPA is poorly understood. Here, we show that Rtt105 binds to multiple DNA binding and protein-interaction domains of RPA and configurationally staples the complex. In the absence of ssDNA, Rtt105 inhibits RPA binding to Rad52, thus preventing spurious binding to RPA-interacting proteins (RIPs). When ssDNA is available, Rtt105 promotes formation of high-density RPA nucleoprotein filaments and dissociates during this process. Free Rtt105 further stabilizes the RPA-ssDNA filaments by inhibiting RPA facilitated exchange. Collectively, our data suggest that Rtt105 sequesters free RPA in the nucleus to prevent untimely RIP interaction, while stabilizing RPA-ssDNA filaments at DNA lesion sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveryshetty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattice, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadauskas, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balci, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.05.479199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rtt105 configurationally staples RPA and blocks facilitated exchange and interactions with RPA-interacting proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InfoMuNet: Information-theory-based Functional Muscle Network Tracks Sensorimotor Integration Post-stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory information is critical for motor coordination. However, understanding sensorimotor integration is complicated, especially in individuals with nervous system impairment. This research presents a novel functional biomarker, based on a nonlinear network graph of muscle connectivity, called InfoMuNet, to quantify the role of sensory information in motor performance. Thirty-two individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis performed a grasp-and-lift task while muscle activities were measured using eight surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors. Subjects performed the task with their affected hand before and after exposure to the sensory stimulation elicited by performing the task with the less-affected hand. For the first time, this work shows that InfoMuNet robustly quantifies functional muscle connectivity improvements in the affected hand after exposure of the less-affected side to sensory information. >90% of the subjects conformed with the improvement resulting from this sensory exposure. InfoMuNet also shows high sensitivity to tactile, kinesthetic, and visual input alterations at the subject level, highlighting the potential use in precision rehabilitation interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Keeffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilaloglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bighamian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atashzar, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InfoMuNet: Information-theory-based Functional Muscle Network Tracks Sensorimotor Integration Post-stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-dependent mechanochemical coupling of helicase translocation and unwinding at single-nucleotide resolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used single-molecule nanopore tweezers (SPRNT) to resolve the millisecond single-nucleotide steps of Superfamily 1 helicase PcrA as it translocates on, or unwinds, several kb-long DNA molecules. We recorded over 2 million enzyme steps under various assisting and opposing forces in diverse ATP and ADP conditions to comprehensively explore the mechanochemistry of PcrA motion. Forces applied in SPRNT mimic forces and physical barriers PcrA experiences in vivo, such as when the helicase encounters bound proteins or duplex DNA; we show how PcrAs kinetics change with such stimuli. SPRNT allows for direct association of the underlying DNA sequence with observed enzyme kinetics. Our data reveal that the underlying DNA sequence passing through the helicase strongly influences the kinetics during translocation and unwinding. Surprisingly, unwinding kinetics are not solely dominated by the base-pairs being unwound. Instead, the sequence of the single stranded DNA on which the PcrA walks determines much of the kinetics of unwinding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laszlo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nova, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCampos-Stairiker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higinbotham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovnikov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-dependent mechanochemical coupling of helicase translocation and unwinding at single-nucleotide resolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Proteomics Using a Trapped Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Provides Insight into the Post-translational Modification Landscape of Individual Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell proteomics is a powerful tool with potential for markedly enhancing understanding of cellular processes. Previously reported single cell proteomics innovations employ Orbitrap mass spectrometers. In this study we describe the development, optimization, and application of multiplexed single cell proteomics to the analysis of human-derived cells using trapped ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This method, denoted as pasefRiQ is an advance as it allows accurate peptide quantification at picogram peptide concentrations. When employing a peptide carrier channel to boost protein sequence coverage, we obtain over 40,000 tandem mass spectra in 30 minutes, while achieving higher sequence coverage of each identified protein than described for SCOPE2. Using NCI-H-358 cells, which are a human bronchioalveolar carcinoma and KRASG12C model cell line, we demonstrate that the level of coverage achieved using this method enables the quantification of up to 1,255 proteins per cell and the detection of multiple classes of post-translational modifications in single cells. Further, when cells were treated with sotorasib, a KRASG12C covalent inhibitor, pasefRiQ revealed cell-to-cell variability in the impact of the drug on the NCI-H-358 cells, providing insight missed by traditional analyses. We provide multiple resources necessary for the application of single cell proteomics to drug treatment studies including tools to reduce cell cycle linked proteomic effects from masking pharmacological phenotypes.

Significance StatementThis work describes the establishment of a single cell proteomics method using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Through this approach, we demonstrate the confident identification of post- translational modifications in single human-derived cells. Additionally, using a KRASG12C covalent inhibitor as a model compound we show that this method can be used to understand pharmacological responses of single human-derived cultured cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Proteomics Using a Trapped Ion Mobility Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Provides Insight into the Post-translational Modification Landscape of Individual Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Sodium Channel Inactivation by Temperature and FHF2 Deficiency Blocks Heat Nociception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.12.480202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient voltage-gated sodium currents are essential for the initiation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and cardiomyocytes. The amplitude and duration of sodium currents are tuned by intracellular fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs/iFGFs) that associate with the cytoplasmic tails of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs), and genetic ablation of Fhf genes disturbs neurological and cardiac functions. Among reported phenotypes, Fhf2null mice undergo lethal hyperthermia-induced cardiac conduction block attributable to the combined effects of FHF2 deficiency and elevated temperature on the cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5) inactivation rate. Fhf2null mice also display a lack of heat nociception, while retaining other somatosensory capabilities. Here, we use electrophysiological and computational methods to show that the heat nociception deficit can be explained by the combined effects of elevated temperature and FHF2 deficiency on the fast inactivation gating of Nav1.7 and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels expressed in dorsal root ganglion C fibers. Hence, neurological and cardiac heat-associated deficits in Fhf2null mice derive from shared impacts of FHF deficiency and temperature towards Nav inactivation gating kinetics in distinct tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Sodium Channel Inactivation by Temperature and FHF2 Deficiency Blocks Heat Nociception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural and induced somatic mutations that accumulate in the genome during development record the phylogenetic relationships of cells; however, whether these lineage barcodes can capture the dynamics of complex progenitor fields remains unclear. Here, we introduce quantitative fate mapping, an approach to simultaneously map the fate and quantify the commitment time, commitment bias, and population size of multiple progenitor groups during development based on a time-scaled phylogeny of their descendants. To reconstruct time-scaled phylogenies from lineage barcodes, we introduce Phylotime, a scalable maximum likelihood clustering approach based on a generalizable barcoding mutagenesis model. We validate these approaches using realistically-simulated barcoding results as well as experimental results from a barcoding stem cell line. We further establish criteria for the minimum number of cells that must be analyzed for robust quantitative fate mapping. Overall, this work demonstrates how lineage barcodes, natural or synthetic, can be used to obtain quantitative fate maps, thus enabling analysis of progenitor dynamics long after embryonic development in any organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapirstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative fate mapping: Reconstructing progenitor field dynamics via retrospective lineage barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The exchange rates of amide and arginine guanidinium CEST in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo develop a pipeline for measuring the exchange rates and concentrations of in vivo excgangeable protons, and to demonstrate this for the amide and arginine (Arg) guanidinium (Guan) protons in mobile proteins in the mouse brain.

MethodsAn ultra-short echo (UTE) CEST sequence with a continuous wave presaturation (preRadCEST) was applied to acquire Z-spectra with robustness to motion and physiological fluctuations. AmideCEST and Arginine guanCEST (ArgCEST) were extracted and their proton concentrations and exchange rates obtained using a two-step multi-B1 Bloch fitting approach that included the semisolid macromolecular background. To minimize contamination from the amine protons from creatine and phosphocreatine, ArgCEST measurements were performed on the Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT-/-) mouse characterized by low creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations in the brain.

ResultsFor the amideCEST proton pool, the exchange rate and concentrations were found to be 59.6 {+/-} 9.0 s-1 and 41.7 {+/-} 7.0 mM, respectively, with the maximum signal observed at B1 = 0.8 T. For the ArgCEST proton, the guanidinium exchange these were 70.1 {+/-} 5.5 s-1 and 10.1 {+/-} 1.3 mM, respectively, with the maximum effect observed at B1 = 0.9 T. The current study suggests that the inverse pH dependence in GuanCEST of brain is led by the CrCEST component, not ArgCEST.

ConclusionThe current pipeline is expected to have general use for in vivo CEST quantitation and optimization of visible CEST resonances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The exchange rates of amide and arginine guanidinium CEST in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The calcium channel Orai1 is required for osteoblast development: studies in a chimeric mouse with variable in vivo Runx-cre deletion of Orai-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The calcium-selective ion channel Orai1 has a complex role in bone homeostasis, with defects in both bone production and resorption detected in Orai1 germline knock-out mice. To determine whether Orai1 has a direct, cell-intrinsic role in osteoblast differentiation and function, we bred Orai1 flox/flox (Orai1f/f) mice with Runx2-cre mice to eliminate its expression in osteoprogenitor cells. Interestingly, Orai1 was expressed in a mosaic pattern in Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre bone. Specifically, antibody labeling for Orai1 in vertebral sections was uniform in wild type animals, but patchy regions in Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre bone revealed Orai1 loss while in other areas expression persisted. Nevertheless, by micro-CT, bones from Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre mice showed reduced bone mass overall, with impaired bone formation identified by dynamic histomorphometry. Cortical surfaces of Orai1f/f-Runx2-cre vertebrae however exhibited patchy defects. In cell culture, Orai1-negative osteoblasts showed profound reductions in store-operated Ca2+ entry, exhibited decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, and had markedly impaired substrate mineralization. We conclude that defective bone formation observed in the absence of Orai1 reflects an intrinsic role for Orai1 in differentiating osteoblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soboloff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourkova, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrouture, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samakai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The calcium channel Orai1 is required for osteoblast development: studies in a chimeric mouse with variable in vivo Runx-cre deletion of Orai-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Signal Extraction from Protein Microarrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWProtein microarrays are a promising technology that measure protein levels in serum or plasma samples. Due to the high technical variability of these assays and high variation in protein levels across serum samples in any population, directly answering biological questions of interest using protein microarray measurements is challenging. Using within-array ranks of protein levels for analysis can mitigate the impact of between-sample variation on downstream analysis. Although ranks are sensitive to pre-processing steps, ranking methods that accommodate uncertainty provide robust and loss-function optimal ranks. Such ranking methods require Bayesian modeling that produces full posterior distributions for parameters of interest. Bayesian models that produce such outputs have been developed for other assays, for example DNA microarrays, but those modeling assumptions are not appropriate for protein microarrays. We develop and evaluate a Bayesian model to extract a full posterior distribution of normalized fluorescent signals and associated ranks for protein microarrays, and show that it fits well to data from two studies that use protein microrarrays from different manufacturing processes. We validate the model via simulation and demonstrate the downstream impact of using estimates from this model to obtain optimal ranks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Signal Extraction from Protein Microarrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Random Forest Classifier Uses Antibody Responses to Plasmodium Antigens to Reveal Candidate Biomarkers of the Intensity and Timing of Past Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Important goals of malaria surveillance efforts include accurately quantifying the burden of malaria over time, which can be useful to target and evaluate interventions. The majority of malaria surveillance methods capture active or recent infections which poses several challenges to achieving malaria surveillance goals. In high transmission settings, asymptomatic infections are common and therefore accurate measurement of malaria burden often demands active surveillance; in low transmission regions where infections are rare accurate surveillance requires sampling a large subset of the population; and in any context monitoring malaria burden over time necessitates serial sampling. Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum parasites persist after infection and therefore measuring antibodies has the potential to overcome several of the current difficulties associated with malaria surveillance. However, identifying which antibody responses are markers of the timing and intensity of past exposure to P. falciparum is challenging, particularly among adults who tend to be re-exposed multiple times over the course of their lifetime and therefore have similarly high antibody responses to many P. falciparum antigens. A previous analysis of 479 serum samples from individuals in three regions in southern Africa with different historical levels of P. falciparum malaria transmission (high, intermediate, and low) revealed regional differences in antibody responses to P. falciparum antigens among children under 5 years of age. Using a novel bioinformatic pipeline optimized for protein microarrays that minimizes between-sample technical variation, we used antibody responses to P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens as predictors in random forest models to classify adult samples into these three regions of differing historical malaria transmission with high accuracy. Many of the antigens that were most important for classification in these models do not overlap with previously published results and are therefore novel candidate markers for the timing and intensity of past exposure to P. falciparum. Measuring antibody responses to these antigens could potentially lead to improved malaria serosurveillance that captures the timing and intensity of past exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Random Forest Classifier Uses Antibody Responses to Plasmodium Antigens to Reveal Candidate Biomarkers of the Intensity and Timing of Past Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes form paranodal bridges that generate chains of myelin sheaths vulnerable to degeneration with age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myelin sheaths in the CNS are generated by the tips of oligodendrocyte processes, which wrap axons to accelerate action potential conduction, provide metabolic support and control excitability. Here we identify a distinct mode of myelination, conserved between zebrafish, mouse and human, in which oligodendrocytes extend myelin along individual axons by linking myelin sheaths across nodes of Ranvier (NoR). By forming thin extensions that cross NoR, which we term paranodal bridges, multiple sheaths can be connected to the soma by a single cytoplasmic process. Extensive in vivo live imaging-based analyses, complemented by serial electron microscopic reconstruction of paranodal bridges, revealed that many oligodendrocytes use this strategy to generate longer stretches of myelin along individual axons. In the mouse somatosensory cortex, paranodal bridges were particularly prevalent along the highly branched axons of parvalbumin expressing (PV) interneurons, which enabled oligodendrocytes to extend myelin sheaths around axon bifurcations. Sheaths at the distal ends of these chains of myelin degenerated more frequently in aged mice, suggesting that they may be more vulnerable to the aging brain environment. This previously undescribed and evolutionarily conserved feature of oligodendrocytes extends myelin coverage of individual axons without new oligodendrogenesis, which may reduce metabolic demand and preserve the fidelity of action potential propagation at axon branch points.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Early, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoupi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocytes form paranodal bridges that generate chains of myelin sheaths vulnerable to degeneration with age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Mathematical Modeling to Distinguish Intrinsic and Acquired Targeted Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The promise of precision medicine has been limited by the pervasive therapeutic resistance to many targeted therapies for cancer. Inferring the timing (i.e., pre-existing or acquired) and mechanism (i.e., drug-induced) of such resistance is crucial for designing effective new therapeutics. This paper studies the mechanism and timing of cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using tumor volume data obtained from patient-derived tumor xenografts. We propose a family of mathematical models, with each member of the family assuming a different timing and mechanism of resistance. We present a method for fitting these models to individual volumetric data, and utilize model selection and parameter sensitivity analyses to ask: which member of the family of models best describes HNSCC response to cetuximab, and what does that tell us about the timing and mechanisms driving resistance? We find that along with time-course volumetric data to a single dose of cetuximab, the initial resistance fraction and, in some instances, dose escalation volumetric data are required to distinguish among the family of models and thereby infer the mechanisms of resistance. These findings can inform future experimental design so that we can best leverage the synergy of wet laboratory experimentation and mathematical modeling in the study of novel targeted cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Mathematical Modeling to Distinguish Intrinsic and Acquired Targeted Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but the timing and organs affected vary among reports. Here, we reveal the dynamics of COVID-19 through transcription profiles in nasopharyngeal and autopsy samples from patients and infected rodent models. While mitochondrial bioenergetics is repressed in the viral nasopharyngeal portal of entry, it is up regulated in autopsy lung tissues from deceased patients. In most disease stages and organs, discrete OXPHOS functions are blocked by the virus, and this is countered by the host broadly up regulating unblocked OXPHOS functions. No such rebound is seen in autopsy heart, results in severe repression of genes across all OXPHOS modules. Hence, targeted enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression may mitigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

One-Sentence SummaryCovid-19 is associated with targeted inhibition of mitochondrial gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazelinia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidane, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes-vieira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromuscular embodiment of feedback control elements in Drosophila flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While insects like Drosophila are flying, aerodynamic instabilities require that they make millisecond-timescale adjustments to their wing motion to stay aloft and on course. These stabilization reflexes can be modeled as a proportional-integral (PI) controller; however, it is unclear how such control might be instantiated in insects at the level of muscles and neurons. Here, we show that the b1 and b2 motor units--prominent components of the flys steering muscles system--modulate specific elements of the PI controller: the angular displacement (integral, I) and angular velocity (proportional, P), respectively. Moreover, these effects are observed only during the stabilization of pitch. Our results provide evidence for an organizational principle in which each muscle contributes to a specific functional role in flight control, a finding that highlights the power of using top-down behavioral modeling to guide bottom-up cellular manipulation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiselman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapici, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirangi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromuscular embodiment of feedback control elements in Drosophila flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their immunosuppressive role, tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (TI-Tregs) represent attractive therapeutic targets. Analysis of TI vs. peripheral Tregs (P-Tregs) from 36 patients, across four malignancies, identified 17 candidate Master Regulators (MRs), predicted to mechanistically regulate TI-Tregs transcriptional state. In vivo, pooled CRISPR-KO screening, using a hematopoietic stem cell transplant model, confirmed essentiality of 7 of 17 MRs in TI-Treg recruitment and/or retention to the TME, without affecting other T cell subtypes, while individual knockout of the most significant MR (TRPS1) significantly reduced tumor allograft growth. TI-Treg drug perturbation profile analysis identified drugs capable of inverting the TI-Treg-specific MR activity signature at low concentration. Low dose treatment with gemcitabine (top prediction) inhibited tumor growth in immunocompetent but not immunocompromised allografts, increased PD-1 inhibitor efficacy, and depleted TI-Tregs in vivo. The study provides key insight into Treg infiltration mechanism and a gene reporter assay to identify additional small molecule inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ager, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirschl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi-Maharlooei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Elucidation and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cell Master Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequence of a 641-kb insertion of mitochondrial DNA in the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular transfers of mitochondrial DNA continue to shape nuclear genomes. Chromosome 2 of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains one of the largest known nuclear insertions of mitochondrial DNA (numts). Estimated at over 600 kb in size, this numt is larger than the entire Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome. The primary Arabidopsis nuclear reference genome contains less than half of the numt because of its structural complexity and repetitiveness. Recent datasets generated with improved long-read sequencing technologies (PacBio HiFi) provide an opportunity to finally determine the accurate sequence and structure of this numt. We performed a de novo assembly using sequencing data from recent initiatives to span the Arabidopsis centromeres, producing a gap-free sequence of the Chromosome 2 numt, which is 641-kb in length and has 99.933% nucleotide sequence identity with the actual mitochondrial genome. The numt assembly is consistent with the repetitive structure previously predicted from fiber-based fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nanopore sequencing data indicate that the numt has high levels of cytosine methylation, helping to explain its biased spectrum of nucleotide sequence divergence and supporting previous inferences that it is transcriptionally inactive. The original numt insertion appears to have involved multiple mitochondrial DNA copies with alternative structures that subsequently underwent an additional duplication event within the nuclear genome. This work provides insights into numt evolution, addresses one of the last unresolved regions of the Arabidopsis reference genome, and represents a resource for distinguishing between highly similar numt and mitochondrial sequences in studies of transcription, epigenetic modifications, and de novo mutations.

Significance statementNuclear genomes are riddled with insertions of mitochondrial DNA. The model plant Arabidopsis has one of largest of these insertions ever identified, which at over 600-kb in size represents one of the last unresolved regions in the Arabidopsis genome more than 20 years after the insertion was first identified. This study reports the complete sequence of this region, providing insights into the origins and subsequent evolution of the mitochondrial DNA insertion and a resource for distinguishing between the actual mitochondrial genome and this nuclear copy in functional studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fields, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waneka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequence of a 641-kb insertion of mitochondrial DNA in the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) allows rapid quality control analysis and filtering of multiplexed single cell proteomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in the sensitivity and speed of mass spectrometers utilized for proteomics and metabolomics workflows has led to a dramatic increase in data file size and density. For a field already challenged by data complexity due to a dependence on desktop PC architecture and the Windows operating systems, further compromises appear inevitable as data density scales. As one method to reduce data complexity, we present herein a light-weight python script that can rapidly filter and provide analysis metrics from tandem mass spectra based on the presence and number of diagnostic fragment ions determined by the end user. Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) can be applied to any mass spectrometry dataset to create smaller output files containing only spectra likely to contain post-translational modifications or chemical labels of interest. In this study we describe the application DIDAR within the context of multiplexed single cell proteomics workflows. When applied in this manner using reporter fragment ions as diagnostic signatures, DIDAR can provide quality control metrics based on the presence of reporter ions derived from single human cells and simplified output files for search engine analysis. The simple output metric text files can be used to rapidly flag entire LCMS runs with technical issues and remove them from downstream analysis based on end user minimum requirements. Acquisition files that pass these criteria are further improved through the automatic removal of spectra where insufficient signal from single cells is observed. We describe the application of DIDAR to two recently described multiplexed single cell proteomics datasets.

Abstract Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic Ion Data Analysis Reduction (DIDAR) allows rapid quality control analysis and filtering of multiplexed single cell proteomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.480720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long read mitochondrial genome sequencing using Cas9-guided adaptor ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.480720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is an important source of disease-causing genetic variability, but existing sequencing methods limit understanding, precluding phased measurement of mutations and clear detection of large sporadic deletions. We adapted a method for amplification-free sequence enrichment using Cas9 cleavage to obtain full length nanopore reads of mtDNA. We then utilized the long reads to phase mutations in a patient with an mtDNA-linked syndrome and demonstrated that this method can map age-induced mtDNA deletions. We believe this method will offer deeper insight into our understanding of mtDNA variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandiver, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pielstick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanagat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.480720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long read mitochondrial genome sequencing using Cas9-guided adaptor ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii-s basal complex: the other apicomplexan business end is multifunctional 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Apicomplexa are famously named for their apical complex, a constellation of organelles at their apical end dedicated to invasion of their host cells. In contrast, at the other end of the cell, the basal complex (BC) has been in the limelight since it is much less prominent and specific functions were not immediately obvious. However, in the past decade a staggering array of functions have been associated with the BC, and strides have been made in understanding its structure. Here, these collective insights are supplemented with new data to provide an overview of the understanding of the BC in Toxoplasma gondii. The emerging picture is that the BC is a dynamic and multifunctional complex, with a series of (putative) functions. The BC has multiple roles in cell division: it is the site where building blocks are added to the cytoskeleton scaffold; it exerts a two-step stretch and constriction mechanism as contractile ring; and it is key in organelle division. Furthermore, the BC has numerous putative roles in  import, such as the recycling of mother cell remnants, the acquisition of host-derived vesicles, possibly the uptake of lipids derived from the extracellular medium, and the endocytosis of micronemal proteins. The latter process ties the BC to motility, whereas an additional role in motility is conferred by Myosin C. Furthermore, the BC acts on the assembly and/or function of the intravacuolar network, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the establishment of chronic tissue cysts. Here we provide experimental support for molecules acting in several of these processes, and identify several new BC proteins critical to maintaining the cytoplasmic bridge between divided parasites. However, the dispensable nature of many BC components leaves many questions unanswered regarding its function. In conclusion, the BC in T. gondii is a dynamic and multifunctional structure at the posterior end of the parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbels, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii-s basal complex: the other apicomplexan business end is multifunctional]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident T cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling in a site peripheral to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection with helminth parasites can affect adiposity, but underlying mechanisms that regulate this process are unclear. We found that fat content of mesenteric adipose tissue (mAT) declined in mice during infection with gut-restricted parasitic worms. This was associated with the accumulation of metabolically activated, immunostimulatory cytokine- and extracellular matrix-secreting multipotent stromal cells, which had potential to differentiate into preadipocytes. Concomitantly, mAT became infiltrated with Th2 lymphocytes that took up long-term residence and responded to signals from stromal cells by producing stromal cell-stimulating cytokines, including Amphiregulin. Signals delivered by Amphiregulin to stromal cells were required for immunity to infection. Our findings reveal intricate intercellular communication between Th2 cells and adipocyte progenitors and link immunity to intestinal infection to T cell-dependent effects on the adipocyte lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards-Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreesen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibilia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisilik, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grün, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident T cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling in a site peripheral to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSD2 E1099K drives relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by disrupting 3D chromatin organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NSD2 p.E1099K (EK) mutation has been shown to be enriched in patients with relapsed ALL and found to play a role in clonal fitness dependent on the underlying genetic/epigenetic landscape of the cells. To uncover 3D chromatin architecture-related mechanisms underlying drug resistance, we systematically integrated Hi-C, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data from three B-ALL cell lines heterozygous for NSD2 EK (RS4;11, RCH-ACV, SEM) and assessed changes upon knockdown. NSD2 knockdown revealed widespread remodeling of the 3D genome, specifically in terms of compartmentalization. Systematic integration of these datasets revealed significant switches in A/B compartments with a strong bias towards B compartments upon knockdown, suggesting that NSD2 EK plays a prominent role in maintaining A compartments through enrichment of H3K36me2 epigenetic marks. In contrast, we identified few changes in intra-TAD activity suggesting that the NSD2 EK impacts transcriptional changes through a remarkable dependence on compartmentalization. Furthermore, EK-mediated reorganization of compartments highlights the existence of a common core of compacting loci shared across the three cell lines that explain previously described phenotypes as well as serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. This study offers a novel mechanism by which NSD2 EK drives clonal evolution and drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evensen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSD2 E1099K drives relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by disrupting 3D chromatin organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSMA-bearing extracellular vesicles secreted from prostate cancer convert the microenvironment to a tumor-supporting, pro-angiogenic state. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are comprised of vesicles budding from cell membranes and smaller intracellular vesicles shed by cells. EV play a role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) and support tumor progression. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with a carboxypeptidase function, frequently associated with poor clinical prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). We previously identified an oncogenic PSMA signaling function in prostate cancer. Others demonstrated that EV isolated from the plasma of patients with high-grade PCa carry PSMA, but so far no pathophysiological effect has been associated with PSMA-bearing EV. Here we demonstrate that EV from PCa cells are able to transfer PSMA and its functionality to cells in the TME. The consequence of that EV-mediated PSMA transfer is an acute to long-term increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), angiogenin, pro-angiogenic and pro-lymphangiogenic mediators and increased 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) phosphorylation in tumors. We compare EV from PCa cells with or without PSMA expression to address the role of PSMA-bearing EV in promoting pro-tumoral changes in the TME using classical molecular biology and novel molecular imaging approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machado, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skubal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haedicke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittela, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stater, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larney, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, T. L. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masotti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otake, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junqueira, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todorova, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.482024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSMA-bearing extracellular vesicles secreted from prostate cancer convert the microenvironment to a tumor-supporting, pro-angiogenic state.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enabling spatiotemporal regulation within biomaterials using DNA reaction- diffusion waveguides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular organisms, cells and tissues coordinate biochemical signal propagation across length scales spanning microns to meters. Endowing synthetic materials with similar capacities for coordinated signal propagation could allow these systems to adaptively regulate themselves across space and over time. Here we combine ideas from cell signaling and electronic circuitry to design a biochemical waveguide that transmits information in the form of a concentration of a DNA species on a directed path. The waveguide can be seamlessly integrated into a soft material because there is virtually no difference between the chemical or physical properties of the waveguide and the material it is embedded within. We propose the design of DNA strand displacement reactions to construct the system and, using reaction-diffusion models, identify kinetic and diffusive parameters that enable super-diffusive transport of DNA species via autocatalysis. Finally, to support experimental waveguide implementation, we show how a sink reaction could mitigate the spurious amplification of an autocatalyst within the waveguide, allowing for controlled waveguide triggering. Chemical waveguides could facilitate the design of synthetic biomaterials with distributed sensing machinery integrated throughout their structure and enable coordinated self-regulating programs triggered by changing environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enabling spatiotemporal regulation within biomaterials using DNA reaction- diffusion waveguides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 Macrodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A series of amino acid based 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and synthesized to discern the structure activity relationships against the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain (Mac1), an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that is critical for coronavirus replication and pathogenesis. Structure activity studies identified compound 15c as a low-micromolar inhibitor of Mac1 in two ADP-ribose binding assays. This compound also demonstrated inhibition in an enzymatic assay of Mac1 and displayed a thermal shift comparable to ADPr in the melting temperature of Mac1 supporting binding to the target protein. A structural model reproducibly predicted a binding mode where the pyrrolo pyrimidine forms a hydrogen bonding network with Asp22 and the amide backbone NH of Ile23 in the adenosine binding pocket and the carboxylate forms hydrogen bonds to the amide backbone of Phe157 and Asp156, part of the oxyanion subsite of Mac1. Compound 15c also demonstrated notable selectivity for coronavirus macrodomains when tested against a panel of ADP-ribose binding proteins. Together, this study identified several low MW, low M Mac1 inhibitors to use as small molecule chemical probes for this potential anti-viral target and offers starting points for further optimization.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/482176v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joya, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atobatele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.482176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 Macrodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological and genetic studies over the past decade have established FSH as an actionable target for diseases affecting millions, notably osteoporosis, obesity and Alzheimers disease (AD). Blocking FSH action prevents bone loss, fat gain and AD-like features in mice. We recently developed a first-in-class, humanized, epitope-specific FSH blocking antibody, MS-Hu6, with a KD of 7.52 nM. Using a GLP-compliant platform, we now report the efficacy of MS-Hu6 in preventing obesity and osteoporosis in mice, and parameters of acute safety in monkeys. Biodistribution studies using 89Zr-labelled, biotinylated or unconjugated MS-Hu6 in mice and monkeys showed localization to bone, bone marrow and fat depots. MS-Hu6 displayed a {beta} phase t[1/2] of 13 days (316 hours) in humanized Tg32 mice, and bound endogenous FSH. We tested 215 variations of excipients using the protein thermal shift assay to generate a final formulation that rendered MS-Hu6 stable in solution upon freeze-thaw and at different temperatures, with minimal aggregation, and without self-, cross-, or hydrophobic interactions or appreciable binding to relevant human antigens. MS-Hu6 showed the same level of "humanness" as human IgG1 in silico, and was non-immunogenic in ELISPOT assays for IL-2 and IFN{gamma} in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. We conclude that MS-Hu6 is efficacious, durable and manufacturable, and is therefore poised for future human testing as a multipurpose therapeutic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMambro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumerova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leent, M. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, T. G. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyashita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannangara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhongade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ievleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muradova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babunovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meseck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caminis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayad, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizneva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Rosen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Multipurpose FSH-Blocking Therapeutic for Osteoporosis and Obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy towards them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3, a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented supports the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vesuna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhrymuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winnard, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehn-Hall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organization and connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSerotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psychedelics including psilocybin and LSD ("classic" psychedelics) evoke acute alterations in perception and cognition. Altered thalamocortical connectivity has been proposed to underlie these effects, which is supported by some functional MRI (fMRI) studies. Likely due to sample size limitations, these studies have treated the thalamus as a unitary structure, despite known differential 5-HT2AR expression and functional specificity of different intrathalamic nuclei. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has been employed to generate functional subdivisions of the thalamus from resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. This report utilizes a novel data-sparing ICA approach in order to examine psilocybin-induced changes in intrathalamic functional organization and thalamocortical connectivity.

MethodsBaseline rsfMRI data (n=38) was utilized to generate a template, which was then applied in a novel ICA-based analysis of the acute effects of psilocybin on intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity in a smaller sample (n=18). Correlations with subjective reports of drug effect and comparisons with a previously reported analytic approach (treating the thalamus as a single functional unit) were conducted.

ResultsSeveral intrathalamic components showed significant psilocybin-induced alterations in intrathalamic spatial organization, largely localized to the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei, and correlated with reported subjective effects. These same components demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical connectivity, largely with visual and default mode networks. Analysis in which the thalamus is treated as a singular unitary structure showed an overall numerical increase in thalamocortical connectivity, consistent with previous literature using this approach, but this increase did not reach statistical significance.

ConclusionsUtilization of a novel analytic approach demonstrated changes in intra- and extra-thalamic functional organization and connectivity of intrathalamic nuclei and cortical networks known to express the 5-HT2AR. Given that these changes were not observed using whole-thalamus analyses, it seems that psilocybin may cause widespread but modest increases in thalamocortical connectivity that are offset by strong focal decreases in functionally relevant intrathalamic nuclei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaddis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidstone, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebel, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meija, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organization and connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding by high-throughput screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of several zoonotic viruses in the last twenty years, especially the pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, has exposed a dearth of antiviral drug therapies for viruses with pandemic potential. Developing a diverse drug portfolio will be critical for our ability to rapidly respond to novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and other viruses with pandemic potential. Here we focus on the SARS-CoV-2 conserved macrodomain (Mac1), a small domain of non-structural protein 3 (nsp3). Mac1 is an ADP-ribosylhydrolase that cleaves mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) from target proteins, protects the virus from the anti-viral effects of host ADP-ribosyltransferases, and is critical for the replication and pathogenesis of CoVs. In this study, a luminescent-based high-throughput assay was used to screen [~]38,000 small molecules for those that could inhibit Mac1-ADP-ribose binding. We identified 5 compounds amongst 3 chemotypes that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding in multiple assays with IC50 values less than 100{micro}M, inhibit ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity, and have evidence of direct Mac1 binding. These chemotypes are strong candidates for further derivatization into highly effective Mac1 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhammad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtiö, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding by high-throughput screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally programmed epigenome regulates cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During metazoan development, the dramatic potency change from germline to embryos raises an important question regarding how the new life cycle is reset. Here, we report a tightly regulated epigenome landscape change from the parental germline to embryos in C. elegans. The epigenome is enriched with histone H3 in early-stage germ cells but switches to a histone variant H3.3-enriched epigenome in the mature egg. This H3.3-dominant epigenome persists in early-stage embryos until gastrulation, when the epigenome becomes H3 abundant again. We further demonstrate that this developmentally programmed H3 [-&gt;] H3.3 [-&gt;] H3 epigenome landscape change is regulated through differential expression of distinct histone gene clusters and is required for both germline integrity and early embryonic cellular plasticity. Together, this study reveals that a bimodal expression of H3 versus H3.3 is important for epigenetic reprogramming during gametogenesis and embryonic plasticity.

One Sentence SummaryDevelopmentally programmed epigenome resets cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semancik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshminarayanan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally programmed epigenome regulates cellular plasticity at the parental-to-zygote transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.481623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.481623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise and reliable cell-specific gene delivery remains technically challenging. Here we report a splicing-based approach for controlling gene expression whereby separate translational reading frames are coupled to the inclusion or exclusion of cell-specific alternative exons. Candidate exons are identified by analyzing thousands of publicly available RNA sequencing datasets and filtering by cell specificity, sequence conservation, and local intron length. This method, which we denote splicing-linked expression design (SLED), can be combined in a Boolean manner with existing techniques such as minipromoters and viral capsids. SLED vectors can leverage the strong expression of constitutive promoters, without sacrificing precision, by decoupling the tradeoff between promoter strength and selectivity. We generated SLED vectors to selectively target all neurons, photoreceptors, or excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that specificity was retained in vivo when delivered using AAVs. We further demonstrated the utility of SLED by creating what would otherwise be unobtainable research tools, specifically a GluA2 flip/flop reporter and a dual excitatory/inhibitory neuronal calcium indicator. Finally, we show the translational potential of SLED by rescuing photoreceptor degeneration in Prph2rds/rds mice and by developing an oncolytic vector that can selectively induce apoptosis in SF3B1 mutant cancer cells. The flexibility of SLED technology enables new avenues for basic and translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bygrave, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teodorescu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaii, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.481623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum generates essential acetyl-CoA for protein acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis is an excellent target for antimalarial intervention. While most studies have focused on the use of CoA to produce acetyl-CoA in the apicoplast and the cytosol of malaria parasites, mitochondrial acetyl-CoA production is less well understood. In the current study, we performed metabolite labeling experiments to measure endogenous metabolites in Plasmodium falciparum lines with genetic deletions affecting mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Our results show that mitochondrial acetyl-CoA biosynthesis is essential for parasite growth and identify a catalytic redundancy between the two main ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes, both of which are able to produce acetyl-CoA. The activity of these enzymes is dependent on the lipoate attachment enzyme LipL2, which is essential for parasite survival solely based on its role in supporting acetyl-CoA metabolism. We also find that acetyl-CoA produced in the mitochondrion is essential for the acetylation of histones and other proteins outside of the mitochondrion. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondrion is an essential de novo source of acetyl-CoA and is required for P. falciparum protein acetylation critical to parasite survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum generates essential acetyl-CoA for protein acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining transgenesis with paratransgenesis to fight malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases and Plasmodium, the causative agent, needs to complete a complex development cycle in its vector mosquito for transmission to occur. Two promising strategies to curb transmission are transgenesis, consisting of genetically engineering mosquitoes to express anti-malarial effector molecules and paratransgenesis, consisting of introducing into the mosquito, commensal bacteria engineered to express anti-malarial effector molecules. Although both approaches restrict parasite development in the mosquito, it is not known how their effectiveness compares. Here we provide an in-depth assessment of transgenesis and paratransgenesis and evaluate the combination of the two approaches. Using the Q-system to drive gene expression, we engineered mosquitoes to produce and secrete two effectors - scorpine and the MP2 peptide - into the mosquito gut and salivary glands. We also engineered Serratia, a commensal bacterium capable to spread through mosquito populations, to secrete the same two effectors into the mosquito gut. Whereas both mosquito-based and bacteria-based approaches strongly reduced the oocyst and sporozoite intensity, a substantially stronger reduction of P. falciparum development was achieved when transgenesis and paratransgenesis were combined. Most importantly, transmission of P. berghei from infected to naive mice was maximally inhibited by the combination of the two approaches. Combining these two strategies promise to become a powerful approach to combat malaria.

SignificanceMalaria kills hundreds of thousand persons yearly. Clearly, new approaches are needed to fight this disease. Two promising approaches are based on the concept of genetically modifying the mosquito to make it a poor vector for the parasite: 1) transgenesis (engineering the mosquito to deliver anti-malarial compounds) and 2) paratransgenesis (engineering mosquito symbiotic bacteria to deliver anti-malarial compounds). The key questions addressed by this manuscript are: which of the two is the most promising approach? And because transgenesis and paratransgenesis are not mutually exclusive, would the combination of both be the most effective strategy? Our results argue for the combination of the two, showing the additive impact that these two strategies may have in controlling malaria transmission in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining transgenesis with paratransgenesis to fight malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors is necessary for sympathetic neuron development and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, many membrane proteins, synthesized in cell bodies, must be efficiently delivered to axons to influence neuronal connectivity, synaptic communication, and repair. Previously, we found that axonal targeting of TrkA neurotrophin receptors in sympathetic neurons occurs via an atypical transport mechanism called transcytosis, which relies on TrkA interactions with PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Here, we generated TrkAR685A mice, where TrkA receptor signaling is preserved, but its PTP1B-dependent transcytosis is disrupted, to show that this mode of axonal transport is essential for sympathetic neuron development and autonomic function. TrkAR685A mice have decreased axonal TrkA levels in vivo, developmental loss of sympathetic neurons, and reduced innervation of targets. Postnatal TrkAR685A mice exhibit reduced pupil size and eyelid ptosis, indicative of sympathetic dysfunction. These findings establish the necessity of transcytosis in supplying TrkA receptors to sympathetic axons and highlight the physiological relevance of this axon targeting mechanism in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors is necessary for sympathetic neuron development and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-betacoronavirus neutralizing antibodies may hold the key to developing broadly protective vaccines against coronaviruses that cause severe disease, for anticipating novel pandemic-causing viruses, and to respond more effectively to SARS-CoV-2 variants. The emergence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has illustrated the limitations of solely targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the envelope Spike (S)-protein. Here, we isolated a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from SARS-CoV-2 recovered-vaccinated donors that target a conserved S2 region in the fusion machinery on betacoronavirus spikes. Select bnAbs show broad in vivo protection against all three pathogenic betacoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, that have spilled over into humans in the past 20 years to cause severe disease. The bnAbs provide new opportunities for antibody-based interventions and key insights for developing pan-betacoronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.479488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ion permeability of DNA nanotube channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Techniques from structural DNA nanotechnology make it possible to assemble complex 3-dimensional nanostructures with virtually arbitrary control over their sizes, shapes and features at length scales of 3-100 nm, providing a flexible means for constructing nanoscale devices and machines. Here, we assemble micron-length DNA nanotubes and assess their performance as pipes for controlled ion transport. DNA nanotubes grow via assembly of DNA tiles from a seed pore, a 12-helix DNA origami cylinder functionalized with cholesterol, to form a DNA nanotube channel. The central channel of a nanotube can be obstructed via Watson-Crick hybridization of a channel cap, a second DNA origami structure, to the end of a nanotube channel or a nanotube seed pore. Single-channel electrophysiological characterization shows that both nanotube seed pores and nanotube channels display ohmic ion conductance consistent with their central channels diameters. Binding of the channel cap reduces the conductances of both DNA nanotube channels and seed pores, demonstrating control of ion-transport through these micron-length channels. Because these channels could be assembled into branched architectures or routed between specific molecular terminals, these results suggest a route to self-assembling nanofluidic devices and circuits in which transport can be controlled using dynamic biomolecular interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhanasekar, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ion permeability of DNA nanotube channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lyophilization induces alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide resulting in reduced antibody binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structural, antigenic, and immunological characterization of microbial polysaccharides requires purification that often involves detergent precipitation and lyophilization. Here we examine physicochemical changes induced by lyophilization on exopolysaccharide (EPS) of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Solution 1H NMR reveals significant anomeric signal attenuation following lyophilization of native EPS while 1H ssNMR shows few changes, suggesting diminished molecular motion and consequent broadening of 1H NMR polysaccharide resonances. 13C ssNMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy show that, while native EPS has rigid molecular characteristics and contains small, loosely packed polysaccharide assemblies, lyophilized and resuspended EPS is disordered and contains larger dense rosette-like aggregates, suggesting that structural water molecules in the interior of the polysaccharide assemblies are removed during extensive lyophilization. Importantly, mAbs to C. neoformans polysaccharide binds the native EPS more strongly than lyophilized EPS. Together, these observations argue for caution when interpreting the biological and immunological attributes of polysaccharides that have been lyophilized to dryness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargett, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedberg, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lyophilization induces alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide resulting in reduced antibody binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET) based on Genetic Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are used by scientists to serve a variety of purposes in clinical practice and laboratory research. To optimize proteins for greater function, a variety of techniques have been developed. For the development of reporter genes used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based on Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST), these techniques have encountered a variety of challenges. Here we develop a mechanism of protein optimization using a computational approach known as "genetic programming". We developed an algorithm called Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET). Starting from a small library of literature values, use of this tool allowed us to develop proteins which produce four times more MRI contrast than what was previously state-of-the-art. Next, we used POET to evolve peptides that produced CEST-MRI contrast at large chemical shifts where no other known peptides have previously demonstrated contrast. This demonstrated the ability of POET to evolve new functions in proteins. Interestingly, many of the peptides produced using POET were dramatically different with respect to their sequence and chemical environment than existing CEST producing peptides, and challenge prior understandings of how those peptides function. This suggests that unlike existing algorithms for protein engineering that rely on divergent evolution, POET relies on convergent evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bricco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miralavy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon,, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banzhaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Optimization Evolving Tool (POET) based on Genetic Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has greatly benefited society1, 2. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological human genome since it is a blend of multiple individuals3, 4. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference genome, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a duplicate genome, and is thus nearly homozygous5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) recently formed with the goal of creating a collection of high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and automated assembly approaches yields the most complete, accurate, and cost-effective diploid genome assemblies with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent-child data to sort haplotypes during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of all the top performing methods, we generated our first high- quality diploid reference assembly, containing only [~]4 gaps (range 0-12) per chromosome, most within + 1% of CHM13s length. Nearly 1/4th of protein coding genes have synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest density of variation. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at the scale required for constructing a human pangenome reference that captures all genetic variation from single nucleotides to large structural rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghurye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory and inhibitory D-serine binding to the NMDA receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) uniquely require binding of two different neurotransmitter agonists for synaptic transmission. D-serine and glycine bind to one subunit, GluN1, while glutamate binds to the other, GluN2. These agonists bind to the receptors bi-lobed ligand-binding domains (LBDs), which close around the agonist during receptor activation. To better understand the unexplored mechanisms by which D-serine contributes to receptor activation, we performed multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the GluN1/GluN2A LBD dimer with free D-serine and glutamate agonists. Surprisingly, we observed D-serine binding to both GluN1 and GluN2A LBDs, suggesting that D-serine competes with glutamate for binding to GluN2A. This mechanism is confirmed by our electrophysiology experiments, which show that D-serine is indeed inhibitory at high concentrations. Although free energy calculations indicate that D-serine stabilizes the closed GluN2A LBD, its inhibitory behavior suggests that it either does not remain bound long enough or does not generate sufficient force for ion channel gating. We developed a workflow using pathway similarity analysis to identify groups of residues working together to promote binding. These conformation-dependent pathways were not significantly impacted by the presence of N-linked glycans, which act primarily by interacting with the LBD bottom lobe to stabilize the closed LBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brantley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory and inhibitory D-serine binding to the NMDA receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.481056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-literal language processing is jointly supported by the language and Theory of Mind networks: Evidence from a novel meta-analytic fMRI approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.481056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Going beyond the literal meaning of utterances is key to communicative success. However, the mechanisms that support non-literal inferences remain debated. Using a novel meta-analytic approach, we evaluate the contribution of linguistic, social-cognitive, and executive mechanisms to non-literal interpretation. We identified 74 fMRI experiments (n=1,430 participants) from 2001-2021 that contrasted non-literal language comprehension with a literal control condition, spanning ten phenomena (e.g., metaphor, irony, indirect speech). Applying the activation likelihood estimation approach to the 825 activation peaks yielded six left-lateralized clusters. We then evaluated the locations of both the individual-study peaks and the clusters against probabilistic functional atlases (cf. macroanatomy, as is typically done) for three candidate brain networks--the language-selective network (Fedorenko et al., 2011), which supports language processing, the Theory of Mind (ToM) network (Saxe & Kanwisher, 2003), which supports social inferences, and the domain-general Multiple-Demand (MD) network (Duncan, 2010), which supports executive control. These atlases were created by overlaying individual activation maps of participants who performed robust and extensively validated  localizer tasks that target each network in question (n=806 for language; n=198 for ToM; n=691 for MD). We found that both the individual-study peaks and the ALE clusters fell primarily within the language network and the ToM network. These results suggest that non-literal processing is supported by both i) mechanisms that process literal linguistic meaning, and ii) mechanisms that support general social inference. They thus undermine a strong divide between literal and non-literal aspects of language and challenge the claim that non-literal processing requires additional executive resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauptman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.481056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-literal language processing is jointly supported by the language and Theory of Mind networks: Evidence from a novel meta-analytic fMRI approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The vigor paradox: saccade velocity during deliberation encodes utility of effortful actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During deliberation, as the brain considers its options, the neural activity representing the goodness of each option rises toward a threshold, and the choice is often dictated by the option for which the rise is fastest. Here we report a surprising correlate of these activities: saccade vigor. We engaged human subjects in a decision-making task in which they considered effortful options, each requiring walking various durations and inclines. As they deliberated, they made saccades between the symbolic representations of those options. These saccades had no bearing on the effort that they would later expend, yet as they deliberated, saccade velocities increased. The rate of rise in vigor was faster for saccades toward the option that they later indicated as their choice, and encoded the difference in the subjective value of the two effortful options. Once deliberation ended, following a brief delay the subjects indicated their choice by making another saccade. Remarkably, vigor for this saccade dropped to baseline and no longer encoded subjective value. These results are consistent with an urgency model of decision-making in which a global signal in the brain drives both the neural circuits that make decisions, and the neural circuits that make movements. Paradoxically, this common drive is shared between the oculomotor circuits and the decision-making circuits, even when the decision involves effortful expenditure during a future event.

SignificanceThere is a link between the decisions we make and the movements that follow. Not only do we prefer options of greater value, but we also move faster to acquire them. When deliberating between options, neural activity rises to a threshold and the option that wins this race is the one chosen. We report a potential correlate of this in the motor control circuits; during deliberation, saccade vigor to both options rise, but faster for the option ultimately chosen. Thus, our movements appear to mirror the neural activity conducting the decision-making process. Paradoxically, this is true even when the movements have no direct bearing on the decision at hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korbisch, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The vigor paradox: saccade velocity during deliberation encodes utility of effortful actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK modulates insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic glucose production is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Although hepatic insulin resistance contributes to excessive glucose production, its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we show that inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a key enzyme in inositol polyphosphate biosynthesis, plays a role in regulating hepatic insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.IPMK-deficient hepatocytes exhibit decreased insulin-induced activation of Akt-FoxO1 signaling. The expression of mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc), key enzymes mediating gluconeogenesis, are increased in IPMK-deficient hepatocytes compared to wild type (WT) hepatocytes. Importantly, re-expressing IPMK restores insulin sensitivity and alleviates glucose production in IPMK-deficient hepatocytes. Moreover, hepatocyte-specific IPMK deletion exacerbates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), accompanied by an increase in hepatic glucose production during pyruvate tolerance test and reduction in Akt phosphorylation in IPMK deficient liver. Our results demonstrate that IPMK mediates insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis and may be potentially targeted for treatment of diabetes.

HighlightsIPMK expression is reduced in livers of HFD-fed mice.

Hepatocyte-specific deletion of IPMK in mice aggravated HFD-induced insulin resistance.

Loss of IPMK decreased insulin-induced activation of Akt-FoxO1 signaling, leading to the increase of glucose production in hepatocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokye-Danso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK modulates insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and phylogeographic analysis of novel Taenia solium mitochondrial genomes reveal further differentiation between and within Asian and African-American genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTaenia solium is a parasite that hampers human health, causing taeniasis and cysticercosis. The genetic variability in its mitochondrial genome is related to the geographical origin of the specimen. Two main genotypes have been identified: The Asian and the African-American. The geographic genetic variability is expected to cause different clinical manifestations. Thus, characterizing differences between and within genotypes is crucial for completing the epidemiology of T. solium diseases.

Methods/Principal FindingsHere, two Peruvian (one complete and one partial; 7,811X and 42X of coverage, respectively) and one Mexican (complete, 3,395X) T. solium mitochondrial genomes were assembled using the Chinese reference. Variant calling with respect to the reference was performed. Thirteen SNPs that involved a change in the amino acid physicochemical nature were identified. Those were present in all the assembled genomes and might be linked to differences in aerobic respiration efficiency between Latin American (African-American) and Asian genotypes. Then, phylogeographic studies were conducted using Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I and cytochrome B from these genomes and other isolates. The analysis showed that Indonesian samples are the most ancient and related to the modern T. solium ancestor of the Asian genotype. Finally, a consistent subdivision of the African-American genotype into two subgroups was found. One subgroup relates to East African countries, while the other is West Africa. The East African linage suggests a previously unnoticed influence of the Indian Ocean trade in the genetic structure of Latin America T. solium.

Conclusions/SignificanceOverall, this study reports novel mitochondrial genomes valuable for further studies. New Latin American SNPs were identified and suggest metabolic differences between parasites of the Asian and African-American genotypes. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis revealed differences within each genotype that shed light on T. soliums historical spread. Overall, the results represent an important step in completing T. solium genetic epidemiology.

Author SummaryTaenia solium is a human parasite that causes taeniasis and cysticercosis. Eradicated from developed countries, they are still a public health problem in developing nations. T. solium differences in the mitochondrial genetic material depend on its geographical origin. This is expected to cause different clinical manifestations. Despite the importance of genetics to the epidemiology of T. solium diseases, few efforts have been made to assemble and compare their genomes. We aimed to help fill this knowledge gap by assembling three mitochondrial genomes from Latin America and comparing them to the Chinese reference. Additionally, two genes from the Latin American genomes and from other isolates were employed to assess T. solium genetic distribution. We found thirteen mutations with respect to the Chinese genome present in all Latin American samples, which involved a change in the amino acid physicochemical nature. Those might be causing metabolic differences between Asian and Latin American parasites that could change their affinity to specific human tissues. Moreover, we determined that Indonesian samples are the most ancient and related to the modern T. solium ancestor. Finally, we identified a previously unnoticed influence of East African countries in T. solium phylogeny, with which our assembled genomes are closely related.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Avalos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto Obando, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and phylogeographic analysis of novel Taenia solium mitochondrial genomes reveal further differentiation between and within Asian and African-American genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.480682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has been widely adopted for its ability to record from large neuronal populations. To summarize the time course of neural activity, dimensionality reduction methods, which have been applied extensively to population spiking activity, may be particularly useful. However, it is unclear if the dimensionality reduction methods applied to spiking activity are appropriate for calcium imaging. We thus carried out a systematic study of design choices based on standard dimensionality reduction methods. We also developed a novel method to perform deconvolution and dimensionality reduction simultaneously (termed CILDS). CILDS most accurately recovered the single-trial, low-dimensional time courses from calcium imaging that would have been recovered from spiking activity. CILDS also outperformed the other methods on calcium imaging recordings from larval zebrafish and mice. More broadly, this study represents a foundation for summarizing calcium imaging recordings of large neuronal populations using dimensionality reduction in diverse experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.480682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensionality reduction of calcium-imaged neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Ccr4-Not complex is most well known as the major eukaryotic deadenylase. However, several studies have uncovered roles of the complex, in particular of the Not subunits, unrelated to deadenylation and relevant for translation. In particular, the existence of Not condensates that regulate translation elongation dynamics have been reported. Typical studies that evaluate translation efficiency rely on soluble extracts obtained after disruption of cells and ribosome profiling. Yet cellular mRNAs in condensates can be actively translated and may not be present in such extracts.

ResultsIn this work, by analyzing soluble and insoluble mRNA decay intermediates in yeast, we determine that insoluble mRNAs are enriched for ribosomes dwelling at non-optimal codons compared to soluble mRNAs. mRNA decay is higher for soluble RNAs, but the proportion of co-translational degradation relative to the overall mRNA decay is higher for insoluble mRNAs. We show that depletion of Not1 and Not4 inversely impact mRNA solubilities and, for soluble mRNAs, ribosome dwelling according to codon optimality. Depletion of Not4 solubilizes mRNAs with lower non-optimal codon content and higher expression that are rendered insoluble by Not1 depletion. By contrast, depletion of Not1 solubilizes mitochondrial mRNAs, which are rendered insoluble upon Not4 depletion.

ConclusionOur results reveal that mRNA solubility defines dynamics of co-translation events and is oppositely regulated by Not1 and Not4, a mechanism that we additionally determine may already be set by Not1 promoter association in the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panasenko, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanyi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaughency, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelechano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collart, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not1 and Not4 inversely determine mRNA solubility that sets the dynamics of co-translational events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unleashing alternative polyadenylation analyses with REPAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism that has major implications in biological processes and diseases. Although specialized sequencing methods for polyadenylation exist, their presence in public repositories is extremely limited when compared to traditional RNA-sequencing. To overcome this, we developed REPAC, a framework for the analysis of APA from RNA-sequencing data. REPAC implements a new method for detection of APA and is designed to take advantage of recount3 which enables a streamlined way to analyze over 750,000 publicly available samples. Using REPAC, we investigated the landscape of APA caused by activation of B cells. Our analysis revealed that during this process, hundreds of genes are regulated by APA, most notably genes involved in the secretion pathway which is central for the transition to antibody-secreting B-cells. Moreover, we also showed that many genes associated with interferon response are also shortened, suggesting that APA might also play a significant role in the immune response. We also show that REPAC is faster than alternative methods by at least 7-fold and that it scales well to analysis involving hundreds of samples. Overall, the REPAC method offers an accurate, easy, and convenient solution for the exploration of APA across many phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imada, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unleashing alternative polyadenylation analyses with REPAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 continues to exact a toll on human health despite the availability of several vaccines. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been shown to confer heterologous immune protection against viral infections including COVID-19 and has been proposed as vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2). Here we tested intravenous BCG vaccination against COVID-19 using the golden Syrian hamster model together with immune profiling and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). We observed that BCG reduced both lung SCV2 viral load and bronchopneumonia. This was accompanied by an increase in lung alveolar macrophages, a reversal of SCV2-mediated T cell lymphopenia, and reduced lung granulocytes. Single cell transcriptome profiling showed that BCG uniquely recruits immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells to the lung suggesting accelerated antibody production. BCG vaccination also recruited elevated levels of Th1, Th17, Treg, CTLs, and Tmem cells, and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed a transcriptional shift away from exhaustion markers and towards antigen presentation and repair. Similarly, BCG enhanced lung recruitment of alveolar macrophages and reduced key interstitial macrophage subsets, with both cell-types also showing reduced IFN-associated gene expression. Our observations indicate that BCG vaccination protects against SCV2 immunopathology by promoting early lung immunoglobulin production and immunotolerizing transcriptional patterns among key myeloid and lymphoid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illei, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psoter, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
-Labeled PARP-1 PET Imaging of PSMA Targeted Alpha Particle Radiotherapy Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe growing interest and clinical translation of alpha particle () therapies brings with it new challenges to assess target cell engagement and to monitor therapeutic effect. Noninvasive imaging has great potential to guide -treatment and to harness the potential of these agents in the complex environment of disseminated disease. Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is among the most abundantly expressed DNA repair enzymes with key roles in multiple repair pathways - such as those induced by irradiation.

Materials and MethodsHere, we used a third-generation PARP1-specific radiotracer, [18F]-PARPZ, to delineate castrate resistant prostate cancer xenografts. Following treatment with the clinically applied [225Ac]-PSMA-617, positron emission tomography was performed and analyzed, along with and correlative autoradiography and histology acquired.

Results[18F]-PARPZ was able to distinguish treated from control (saline) xenografts by uptake. Kinetic analysis of tracer accumulation also suggests that the localization of the agent to sites of increased PARP-1 expression is a consequence of DNA damage response.

ConclusionsTogether, these data support expanded investigation of [18F]-PARPZ to facilitate clinical translation in the -therapy space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benabdallah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turtle, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[-Labeled PARP-1 PET Imaging of PSMA Targeted Alpha Particle Radiotherapy Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projective LDDMM: Spatially Reconstructing a Story of Rostrally-Dominant Tau in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since Braaks initial histological observations, it has been recognized that Alzheimers disease (AD) neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) appear in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) of the brain very early in the disease course. MRI-based shape diffeomorphometry markers have demonstrated pre-clinical AD changes in the MTL but it has not been possible to confirm that these MRI changes correspond to the presence of NFTs. Here, we present a method termed Projective LDDMM for aligning sparse measurement profiles of AD pathology (i.e., 2D digital histology images) with 3D MRI. We reconstruct measures of 2D NFT density in the dense metric of 3D MRI, using the Mai Paxinos Atlas coordinates for two cases of advanced AD. Analyses reveal the highest levels of NFT density in the rostral third (10-15 mm) of the hippocampus and the adjoining regions of the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. These findings emphasize the selective vulnerability of MTL subregions in AD, and suggest that high resolution MRI methods might benefit from focusing on the rostral MTL to more closely link these MRI images to AD neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projective LDDMM: Spatially Reconstructing a Story of Rostrally-Dominant Tau in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interface resistance of biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of biomolecular condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation is that they dynamically exchange material with their surroundings, and this process can be crucial to condensate function. Intuitively, the rate of exchange can be limited by the flux from the dilute phase or by the mixing speed in the dense phase. Surprisingly, a recent experiment suggests that exchange can also be limited by the dynamics at the droplet interface, implying the existence of an "interface resistance". Here, we first derive an analytical expression for the timescale of condensate material exchange, which clearly conveys the physical factors controlling exchange dynamics. We then utilize sticker-spacer polymer models to show that interface resistance can arise when incident molecules transiently touch the interface without entering the dense phase, i.e., the molecules "bounce" from the interface. Our work provides insight into condensate exchange dynamics, with implications for both natural and synthetic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, A. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interface resistance of biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recommendations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) for interpreting sequence variants specify the use of computational predictors as Supporting level of evidence for pathogenicity or benignity using criteria PP3 and BP4, respectively. However, score intervals defined by tool developers, and ACMG/AMP recommendations that require the consensus of multiple predictors, lack quantitative support. Previously, we described a probabilistic framework that quantified the strengths of evidence (Supporting, Moderate, Strong, Very Strong) within ACMG/AMP recommendations. We have extended this framework to computational predictors and introduce a new standard that converts a tools scores to PP3 and BP4 evidence strengths. Our approach is based on estimating the local positive predictive value and can calibrate any computational tool or other continuous-scale evidence on any variant type. We estimate thresholds (score intervals) corresponding to each strength of evidence for pathogenicity and benignity for thirteen missense variant interpretation tools, using carefully assembled independent data sets. Most tools achieved Supporting evidence level for both pathogenic and benign classification using newly established thresholds. Multiple tools reached score thresholds justifying Moderate and several reached Strong evidence levels. One tool reached Very Strong evidence level for benign classification on some variants. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for evidence-based revisions of the PP3 and BP4 ACMG/AMP criteria using individual tools and future assessment of computational methods for clinical interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavtigian, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biesecker, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ClinGen Sequence Variant Interpretation Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.483834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Studies of a siderophore-producing cyclization domain: A refined proposal of substrate binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.483834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) heterocyclization (Cy) domains generate biologically important ox-/thiazoline modifications in natural products, including in production of compounds targeting disease or siderophores that are important for bacterial pathogenicity. Cy domains share the NRPS condensation domain fold but catalyze consecutive condensation and cyclodehydration reactions via an unknown mechanism. To further understanding of Cy domain catalysis, we report the crystal structure of the second Cy domain (Cy2) of yersiniabactin synthetase from the causative agent of the plague, Yersinia pestis. We find the high-resolution structure of Cy2 adopts a conformation enabling exploration of binding the extended, thiazoline-containing cyclodehydration intermediate for catalysis and the acceptor carrier protein to which it is tethered. We also report complementary electrostatic interfaces between Cy2 and its donor carrier protein that mediate donor binding. Lastly, we explore domain flexibility through the normal mode approximation and identify small-molecule fragment binding sites to inform antibiotic design targeting Cy function. Our results suggest how carrier protein binding may influence global conformation, with consequences for active site catalytic states and inhibitor development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnann, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthelemy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawani, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzikoba Musoke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brignole, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.483834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Studies of a siderophore-producing cyclization domain: A refined proposal of substrate binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate Protein Domain Structure Annotation with DomainMapper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated domain annotation plays a number of important roles in structural informatics and typically involves searching query sequences against Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profiles. This process can be ambiguous or inaccurate when proteins contain domains with non-contiguous residue ranges, and especially when insertional domains are hosted within them. Here we present DomainMapper, an algorithm that accurately assigns a unique domain structure annotation to any query sequence, including those with complex topologies. We validate our domain assignments using the AlphaFold database and confirm that non-contiguity is pervasive (6.5% of all domains in yeast and 2.5% in human). Using this resource, we find that certain folds have strong propensities to be non-contiguous or insertional across the Tree of Life, likely underlying evolutionary preferences for domain topology. DomainMapper is freely available and can be run as a single command line function.

HIGHLIGHTSDomainMapper generates a unique domain structure annotation, including non-contiguous and insertional domains

Automated annotations of non-contiguous domains are validated against the AlphaFold database

DomainMapper can be easily installed and used by non-experts

Certain folds have strong preferences to be non-contiguous or insertional

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=188 SRC="FIGDIR/small/484986v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (89K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1900be8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fdae2borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b5bd5corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a31d56_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Sandoval, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.19.484986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate Protein Domain Structure Annotation with DomainMapper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1083 shows lung epithelial protective features in COPD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway epithelial damage is a common feature in respiratory diseases such as COPD and has been suggested to drive inflammation and progression of disease. These features manifest as remodeling and destruction of lung epithelial characteristics including loss of small airways which contributes to chronic airway inflammation. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been shown to play a role in epithelial function and dysregulation, such as in cilia disassembly, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oxidative stress responses, and has been implicated in several diseases. We thus used ACY-1083, an inhibitor with high selectivity for HDAC6, and characterized its effects on epithelial function including epithelial disruption, cytokine production, remodeling, mucociliary clearance and cell characteristics.

Primary lung epithelial air-liquid interface cultures from COPD patients were used and the impacts of TNF, TGF-{beta}, cigarette smoke and bacterial challenges on epithelial function in the presence and absence of ACY-1083 were tested. Each challenge increased the permeability of the epithelial barrier whilst ACY-1083 blocked this effect and even decreased permeability in the absence of challenge. TNF was also shown to increase production of cytokines and mucins, with ACY-1083 reducing the effect. We observed that COPD-relevant stimulations created damage to the epithelium as seen on immunohistochemistry sections and that treatment with ACY-1083 maintained an intact cell layer and preserved mucociliary function. Interestingly, there was no direct effect on ciliary beat frequency or tight junction proteins indicating other mechanisms for the protected epithelium.

In summary, ACY-1083 shows protection of the respiratory epithelium during COPD-relevant challenges which indicates a future potential to restore epithelial structure and function to halt disease progression in clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horndahl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svärd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berntsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdillahi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capodanno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhaye, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC6 inhibitor ACY-1083 shows lung epithelial protective features in COPD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While our understanding of the biology underlying immune checkpoint blockade in NSCLC is still incomplete, studies to date have established predictive roles for PD-L1 tumor expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB). To expand our understanding of the molecular features underlying response to checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, we describe here the first joint analysis of the Stand Up 2 Cancer - Mark Foundation (SU2C-MARK) Cohort, a resource of whole exome and/or RNA sequencing from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, along with matched clinical response annotation. We identify a number of associations between molecular features and outcome, including: 1) favorable (e.g., ATM altered), and unfavorable (e.g., TERT amplified) genomic subgroups, 2) distinct immune infiltration signatures associated with wound healing (unfavorable) and immune activation (favorable), and 3) a novel de-differentiated tumor-intrinsic subtype characterized by expression of endodermal lineage genes, immune activation, and enhanced response rate. Taken together, results from this cohort extend our understanding of NSCLC-specific predictors, providing a rich set of molecular and immunologic hypotheses with which to further our understanding of the biology of checkpoint blockade in NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainor, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arniella, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamesan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velcheti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digumarthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymach, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolchok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-finger Receptive Field Properties in Primary Somatosensory Cortex: A Revised Account of the Spatio-Temporal Integration Functions of Area 3b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe leading view in the somatosensory system indicates that area 3b serves as a cortical relay site that encodes cutaneous (tactile) features limited to individual digits. Our recent work argues against this model by showing that cells in area 3b integrate information from cutaneous and proprioceptive modalities. Here, we further test this model, by studying the multi-finger neural integration properties of area 3b. In contrast to the prevailing view, we found that most cells in area 3b have a receptive field (RF) that extends to multiple digits. Responses to tactile stimulation emerged earlier in cells with a multi-digit (MD) vs. single-digit (SD) RF. We also found that the RF size of MD cells (the number of responsive digits) increased across time, and the orientation preference across digits was highly correlated. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that area 3b plays a larger role in generating neural representations of tactile objects, as opposed to just being a  feature detector relay site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trzcinski, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-finger Receptive Field Properties in Primary Somatosensory Cortex: A Revised Account of the Spatio-Temporal Integration Functions of Area 3b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic insights into metabolic flux in ruby-throated hummingbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds are very well adapted to sustain efficient and rapid metabolic shifts. They oxidize ingested nectar to directly fuel flight when foraging but have to switch to oxidizing stored lipids derived from ingested sugars during the night or long-distance migratory flights. Understanding how this organism moderates energy turnover is hampered by a lack of information regarding how relevant enzymes differ in sequence, expression, and regulation. To explore these questions, we generated a chromosome level de novo genome assembly of the ruby-throated hummingbird (A. colubris) using a combination of long and short read sequencing and scaffolding using other existing assemblies. We then used hybrid long and short-read RNA-sequencing for a comprehensive transcriptome assembly and annotation. Our genomic and transcriptomic data found positive selection of key metabolic genes in nectivorous avian species and a deletion of critical genes (GLUT4, GCK) involved in glucostasis in other vertebrates. We found expression of fructose-specific GLUT5 putatively in place of insulin-sensitive GLUT4, with predicted protein models suggesting affinity for both fructose and glucose. Alternative isoforms may even act to sequester fructose to preclude limitations from transport in metabolism. Finally, we identified differentially expressed genes from fasted and fed hummingbirds suggesting key pathways for the rapid metabolic switch hummingbirds undergo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agirrezabala, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic insights into metabolic flux in ruby-throated hummingbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer learning of an in vivo-derived senescence signature identifies conserved and tissue-specific senescence across species and diverse pathologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent cells (SnCs) contribute to normal tissue development and repair but accumulate with aging where they are implicated in a number of pathologies and diseases. Despite their pathological role and therapeutic interest, SnC phenotype and function in vivo remains unclear due to the challenges in identifying and isolating these rare cells. Here, we developed an in vivo-derived senescence gene expression signature using a model of the foreign body response (FBR) fibrosis in a p16Ink4a-reporter mouse, a cell cycle inhibitor commonly used to identify SnCs. We identified stromal cells (CD45-CD31- CD29+) as the primary p16Ink4a expressing cell type in the FBR and collected the cells to produce a SnC transcriptomic signature with bulk RNA sequencing. To computationally identify SnCs in bulk and single-cell data sets across species and tissues, we used this signature with transfer learning to generate a SnC signature score (SenSig). We found senescent pericyte and cartilage-like fibroblasts in newly collected single cell RNAseq (scRNASeq) data sets of murine and human FBR suggesting populations associated with angiogenesis and secretion of fibrotic extracellular matrix, respectively. Application of the senescence signature to human scRNAseq data sets from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the basal cell carcinoma microenvironment identified both conserved and tissue-specific SnC phenotypes, including epithelial-derived basaloid and endothelial cells. In a wound healing model, ligand-receptor signaling prediction identified putative interactions between SnC SASP and myeloid cells that were validated by immunofluorescent staining and in vitro coculture of SnCs and macrophages. Collectively, we have found that our SenSig transfer learning strategy from an in vivo signature outperforms in vitro-derived signatures and identifies conserved and tissue-specific SnCs and their SASP, independent of p16Ink4a expression, and may be broadly applied to elucidate SnC identity and function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorko, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmlechner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trewartha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Saux, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Deursen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer learning of an in vivo-derived senescence signature identifies conserved and tissue-specific senescence across species and diverse pathologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRSCloud: a Cloud-based MR Spectroscopy Tool for Basis Set Simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate quantification of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectra involves modeling with a linear combination of known metabolite basis functions. Basis sets can be generated by numerical simulation using the quantum mechanical density-matrix formalism. Accurate simulations for a basis set require correct sequence timings, and pulse shapes and durations.

PurposeTo present a cloud-based spectral simulation tool  MRSCloud. It allows community users of MRS to simulate a vendor- and sequence-specific basis set online in a convenient and timeefficient manner. This tool can simulate basis sets for 3 major MR scanner vendors (GE, Philips, Siemens), including conventional acquisitions and spectral editing schemes (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and semi-LASER localization.

Study TypeProspective.

SpecimenN/A

Field Strength/SequenceSimulations of 3T basis sets for conventional and spectral-editing sequences (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and sLASER localizations.

AssessmentSimulated metabolite basis functions generated by MRSCloud are compared to those generated by FID-A and MARSS, and a phantom-acquired basis-set from LCModel.

Statistical TestsIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to measure the agreement between individual metabolite basis functions generated using different packages. Statistical analysis was performed using R in RStudio.

ResultsSimulation time for a full basis set is approximately 1 hour. ICCs between MRSCloud and FID-A were at least 0.98 and ICCs between MRSCloud and MARSS were at least 0.96. ICCs between simulated MRSCloud basis spectra and acquired LCModel basis spectra were lowest for Gln at 0.68 and highest for NAA at 0.96.

Data ConclusionSubstantial reductions in runtime have been achieved by implementing the 1D projection method, coherence-order filtering, and pre-calculation of propagators. High ICC values indicated that the accelerating features are running correctly and produce comparable and accurate basis sets. The generated basis set has been successfully used with LCModel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRSCloud: a Cloud-based MR Spectroscopy Tool for Basis Set Simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Methods for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Prediction and their Evaluations in 3.7 Million Individuals of Diverse Ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) increasingly predict complex traits, however, suboptimal performance in non-European populations raise concerns about clinical applications and health inequities. We developed CT-SLEB, a powerful and scalable method to calculate PRS using ancestry-specific GWAS summary statistics from multi-ancestry training samples, integrating clumping and thresholding, empirical Bayes and super learning. We evaluate CT-SLEB and nine-alternatives methods with large-scale simulated GWAS ([~]19 million common variants) and datasets from 23andMe Inc., the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, All of Us and UK Biobank involving 5.1 million individuals of diverse ancestry, with 1.18 million individuals from four non-European populations across thirteen complex traits. Results demonstrate that CT-SLEB significantly improves PRS performance in non-European populations compared to simple alternatives, with comparable or superior performance to a recent, computationally intensive method. Moreover, our simulation studies offer insights into sample size requirements and SNP density effects on multi-ancestry risk prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Methods for Multi-ancestry Polygenic Prediction and their Evaluations in 3.7 Million Individuals of Diverse Ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptations of endolithic communities to abrupt environmental changes in a hyper-arid desert 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities to natural perturbations remain relatively unexplored, particularly in extreme environments. The extremophilic communities of halite (NaCl) nodules from the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert are self-sustained and represent a unique opportunity to study functional adaptations and community dynamics with changing environmental conditions. We transplanted halite nodules to different sites in the desert and investigated how their taxonomic, cellular, and biochemical changes correlated with water availability, using environmental data modeling and metagenomic analyses. Salt-in strategists, mainly represented by haloarchaea, significantly increased in relative abundance at sites characterized by extreme dryness, multiple wet/dry cycles, and colder conditions. The functional analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed site-specific enrichments in archaeal MAGs encoding for the uptake of various compatible solutes and for glycerol utilization. These findings suggest that opportunistic salt-in strategists took over the halite communities at the driest sites. They most likely benefited from metabolites newly released in the environment by the death of microorganisms least adapted to the new conditions. The observed changes were consistent with the need to maximize cellular bioenergetics when confronted with lower water availability and higher salinity, providing valuable information on microbial community adaptations and resilience to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilburn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptations of endolithic communities to abrupt environmental changes in a hyper-arid desert]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral blood T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with MAC lung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAlthough nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is a growing problem, available treatments are suboptimal and diagnostic tools are inadequate. Immunological mechanisms of susceptibility to NTM disease are poorly understood.

ObjectiveTo understand NTM pathogenesis, we evaluated innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in individuals with MAC lung disease (MACDZ).

MethodsWe synthesized 15mer MAC-, NTM-, or MAC/Mtb-specific peptides and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with pools of these peptides. We measured T-cell responses by cytokine production, expression of surface markers, and analysis of global gene expression in 27 MACDZ individuals and 32 healthy controls. We also analyzed global gene expression in Mav-infected and uninfected peripheral blood monocytes from 17 MACDZ and 17 healthy controls.

Measurements and Main ResultsWe were unable to detect T-cell responses against the peptide libraries or Mav lysate that has increased reactivity in MACDZ subjects compared to controls. T-cell responses to non-mycobacteria derived antigens were preserved.

MACDZ individuals had a lower frequency of Th1 and Th1* T-cell populations. By contrast, global gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of proinflammatory pathways in uninfected and Mav-infected monocytes derived from MACDZ subjects compared to controls.

ConclusionsPeripheral blood T-cell responses to Mycobacterial antigens and the frequency of Th1 and Th1* cell populations are diminished in individuals with MAC disease. In contrast, MACDZ subjects had hyperinflammatory monocyte responses. Together, these data suggest a novel immunologic defect which underlies MAC pathogenesis and includes concurrent innate and adaptive dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dill-McFarland, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arentz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral blood T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with MAC lung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian spinal cord functions as a community of glial and neuronal cell types to accomplish sensory processing, autonomic control, and movement; conversely, the dysfunction of these cell types following spinal cord injury or disease states can lead to chronic pain, paralysis, and death. While we have made great strides in understanding spinal cellular diversity in animal models, it is crucial to characterize human biology directly to uncover specialized features of basic function and to illuminate human pathology. Here, we present a cellular taxonomy of the adult human spinal cord using single nucleus RNA-sequencing with spatial transcriptomics and antibody validation. We observed 29 glial clusters, including rare cell types such as ependymal cells, and 35 neuronal clusters, which we found are organized principally by anatomical location. To demonstrate the potential of this resource for understanding human disease, we analyzed the transcriptome of spinal motoneurons that are prone to degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other diseases. We found that, compared with all other spinal neurons, human motoneurons are defined by genes related to cell size, cytoskeletal structure, and ALS, thereby supporting a model of a specialized motoneuron molecular repertoire that underlies their selective vulnerability to disease. We include a publicly available browsable web resource with this work, in the hope that it will catalyze future discoveries about human spinal cord biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, K. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkaslasi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galuta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshardan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ququmji, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhamad, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonjon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachiery-Lahaye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mery, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourinet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauchet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pichon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Motoneuron Expression Signature is Defined by ALS-Related Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational Changes and Enhanced Cell Migration during Transformation of Breast Non-tumorigenic Cells to Tumorigenic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a major role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, the role of genetic alterations in invasiveness of CSCs is still unclear. Tumor microenvironment signals, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, significantly influence cell behaviors. Unfortunately, these signals are often lost in in vitro cell culture. This study determines putative CSC populations, examines genetic changes during tumorigenesis of human breast epithelial stem cells, and investigates single-cell migration properties on ECM-mimetic platforms. Whole exome sequencing data indicate that tumorigenic cells have a higher somatic mutation burden than non-tumorigenic cells, and that mutations exclusive to tumorigenic cells exhibit higher predictive deleterious scores. Tumorigenic cells exhibit distinct somatic copy number variations (CNVs) including gain of duplications in chromosomes 5 and 8. ECM-mimetic topography selectively enhances migration speed of tumorigenic cells, but not of non-tumorigenic cells, and results in a wide distribution of tumorigenic single-cell migration speeds, suggesting heterogeneity in cellular sensing of contact guidance cues. This study identifies mutations and CNVs acquired during breast tumorigenesis, which can be associated with enhanced migration of breast tumorigenic cells, and demonstrates that a nanotopographically-defined platform can be applied to recapitulate an ECM structure for investigating cellular migration in the simulated tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational Changes and Enhanced Cell Migration during Transformation of Breast Non-tumorigenic Cells to Tumorigenic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Energy Controls Dynamics of Stress-induced Ribonucleoprotein Granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy metabolism and membraneless organelles have been implicated in human diseases including neurodegeneration. How energy stress regulates ribonucleoprotein particles such as stress granules (SGs) is still unclear. Here we identified a unique type of granules formed under energy stress and uncovered the mechanisms by which the dynamics of diverse stress-induced granules are regulated. Severe energy stress induced the rapid formation of energy-associated stress granules (eSGs), whereas moderate energy stress delayed the clearance of conventional SGs. The formation of eSGs or the clearance of conventional SGs was regulated by the mTOR-4EBP1-eIF4E pathway or eIF4A1, involving eIF4F complex assembly or RNA condensation, respectively. In ALS patients neurons or cortical organoids, the eSG formation was enhanced, and conventional SG clearance was impaired. These results reveal a critical role for intracellular energy in the regulation of diverse granules and suggest that an imbalance in these dynamics may contribute to the pathogenesis of relevant diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Energy Controls Dynamics of Stress-induced Ribonucleoprotein Granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive profiling of antibody responses to the human anellome using programmable phage display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses belonging to the diverse Anelloviridae family represent a major constituent of the commensal human virome. Aside from their widespread prevalence and persistence in humans and their absence of detectable pathologic associations, little is known about the immunobiology of the human anellome. In this study, we employed the Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhlP-Seq) assay for comprehensive analyses of antibody binding to 56 amino acid long anellovirus peptides. We designed and constructed a large and diverse "AnelloScan" T7 phage library comprising more than 32,000 non-redundant peptides representing the ORF1, ORF2, ORF3 and TTV-derived apoptosis-inducing protein (TAIP) sequences of more than 800 human anelloviruses (spanning three genera). We used this library to profile the antibody reactivities of serum samples from 156 subjects. The vast majority of anellovirus peptides were not reactive in any of the subjects tested (n=~28,000; ~85% of the library). Antibody reactive peptides were largely restricted to the C-terminal region of the putative capsid protein, ORF1. To characterize antibody responses to newly acquired anellovirus infections, we screened a longitudinal cohort of matched blood-transfusion donors and recipients. Most transmitted anelloviruses did not elicit detectable antibody reactivity in the recipient (29 out of a total of 40 transmitted anelloviruses) and the remainder demonstrated delayed reactivity (~100-150 days after transfusion). This study represents the first large-scale epitope-level serological survey of the antibody response to the human anellome.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486145v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@132dfforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130c47dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b3fc97org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8c49f9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawandar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delagrave, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yozwiak, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive profiling of antibody responses to the human anellome using programmable phage display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) - enabling large-scale 4D isotropic cellular resolution imaging with a diffractive light sheet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental understanding of large-scale dynamic connectivity within a living organism requires volumetric imaging over a large field of view (FOV) at biologically relevant speed and resolution. However, most microscopy methods make trade-offs between FOV and depth resolution, making it challenging to observe highly dynamic processes at cellular resolution in 3D across mesoscopic scales (e.g., whole zebrafish larva). To overcome this limitation, we have developed mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) with a diffractive light sheet. By augmenting the illumination angle of the light sheet with a transmission grating, the axial resolution was improved ~6-fold over existing methods and ~2-fold beyond the diffraction limitation of the primary objective lens. We demonstrated an unprecedented FOV up to 5.4 x 3.3 mm with resolution of 2.5x 3 x 6 m, allowing volumetric imaging of 3D cellular structures with a single scan. Applying Meso-OPM for in vivo imaging of zebrafish larvae, we report here the first in toto whole body volumetric recordings of neuronal activity at 2 Hz volume rate and the first example of whole body volumetric recordings of blood flow dynamics at 5 Hz with 3D cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy (Meso-OPM) - enabling large-scale 4D isotropic cellular resolution imaging with a diffractive light sheet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most existing TWAS tools require individual-level eQTL reference data and thus are not applicable to summary-level reference eQTL datasets. The development of TWAS methods that can harness summary-level reference data is valuable to enable TWAS in broader settings and enhance power due to increased reference sample size. Thus, we develop a TWAS framework called OTTERS (Omnibus Transcriptome Test using Expression Reference Summary data) that adapts multiple polygenic risk score (PRS) methods to estimate eQTL weights from summary-level eQTL reference data and conducts an omnibus TWAS. We show that OTTERS is a practical and powerful TWAS tool by both simulations and application studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitakari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eQTLGen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening the Pathogen Box Compounds for Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the malaria parasite becomes resistant to every drug that we develop, identification and development of novel drug candidates is essential. Many studies have screened compounds designed to target the clinically important blood stages. However, if we are to shrink the malaria map, new drugs that block transmission of the parasite are needed. Sporozoites are the infective stage of the malaria parasite, transmitted to the mammalian host as mosquitoes probe for blood. Sporozoite motility is critical to their ability to exit the inoculation site and establish infection and drug-like compounds targeting motility are effective in blocking infection in the rodent malaria model. In this study, we established a moderate throughput motility assay for sporozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, enabling us to screen the 400 drug-like compounds from the Pathogen box provided by Medicines for Malaria Venture for their activity. Compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on P. falciparum sporozoite motility were further assessed against transmission-blocking activity and asexual stage growth. Five compounds had a significant inhibitory effect on P. falciparum sporozoite motility at 1 M concentration and four of these compounds also showed significant inhibition on transmission of P. falciparum gametocytes to the mosquito and of these four, three had previously been shown to have inhibitory activity on asexual blood stage parasites. Our findings provide new antimalarial drug candidates that have multi-stage activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanabhogin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening the Pathogen Box Compounds for Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-length assembly of the Hawaiian Monk seal (Neomonarchus schauinslandi) confirms genomic stability in the Pinnipeds and a prolonged history of "genetic purging" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hawaiian monk seal (HMS) is the single extant species of tropical earless seals of the genus Neomonachus. The species survived a severe bottleneck in the late 19th century and experienced subsequent population declines until becoming the subject of a NOAA-led species recovery effort beginning in 1976 when the population was fewer than 1000 animals. Like other recovering species, the Hawaiian monk seal has been reported to have reduced genetic heterogeneity due to the bottleneck and subsequent inbreeding. Here we report a chromosomal reference assembly for a male animal produced using a variety of methods including linked-read sequencing, Hi-C contiguity mapping, optical genome mapping, and nanopore long read sequencing. The final assembly consisted of 16 autosomes, an X and portions of the Y chromosomes. We compared variants in the reference animals to nine other HMS and to the human reference NA12878 confirming a low level of variation within the species and one-eighth that of the human reference. A lack of variation in several MHC genes was documented suggesting that this species may be at risk for infectious disease. Lastly, the HMS chromosomal assembly confirmed significant synteny with other pinnipeds. This reference should be a useful tool for long-term management of HMS and evolutionary studies of other carnivorans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naguib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, A. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-length assembly of the Hawaiian Monk seal (Neomonarchus schauinslandi) confirms genomic stability in the Pinnipeds and a prolonged history of "genetic purging"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the relationship between Pathogenic Potential and Infective Inoculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a mathematical description of an individual microbe, virus, or parasites ability to cause disease in a host, given the variables of inoculum, symptomology, mortality, and in some instances, median survival time of the host. We investigated the relationship between pathogenic potential (PP) and infective inoculum (I) using two pathogenic fungi in the wax moth Galleria mellonella with mortality as the relevant outcome. Our analysis for C. neoformans infection revealed negative exponential relationship between PP and I. Plotting the log(I) versus the Fraction symptomatic (Fs) over median host survival time (T) revealed a linear relationship, with a slope that varied between the different fungi studied and a y-intercept corresponding to the inoculum that produced no symptoms. The I vs Fs/T slope provided a measure of the pathogenicity of each microbial species, which we call the pathogenicity constant or kPath. The kPath provides a new parameter to quantitatively compare the relative virulence and pathogenicity of microbial species for a given host. In addition, we investigated the PP and Fs/T from values found in preexisting literature. Overall, the relationship between Fs/T and PP versus inoculum varied among microbial species and extrapolation to zero symptoms allowed the calculation of the lowest pathogenic inoculum (LPI) of a microbe. Microbes tended to fall into two groups: those with positive linear relationships between PP and Fs/T vs I, and those that had a negative exponential PP vs I relationship with a positive logarithmic Fs/T vs I relationship. The microbes with linear relationships tended to be bacteria, whereas the exponential-based relationships tended to be fungi or higher order eukaryotes. Differences in the type and sign of the PP vs I and Fs/T vs I relationships for pathogenic microbes suggest fundamental differences in host-microbe interactions leading to disease.

Author SummaryThe ability of a microbe, virus, or parasite to cause disease is dependent on multiple factors, virulence factors. host immune defenses, the infective inoculum, and the type of immune response. For many microbes their capacity for causing disease is highly dependent on the inoculum. The mathematical formula for Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a way to compare the ability of an organism to have a pathogenic effect, as measured by Fraction Symptomatic (Fs), mortality (M), and inoculum (I), and can include the median survival time of the host (T). Increasing inoculum of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans for a moth host resulted in exponentially smaller pathogenic potential, and the Fs/T versus inoculum plot showed a logarithmic relationship. Together, these relationships show diminishing returns with increasing cryptococcal inoculum, in which each individual fungus plays a smaller role in pathogenicity. Literature data shows that other microbes, mostly bacteria, had linear Fs/T versus inoculum relationships, which indicate that each bacterium contributed an equal amount to pathogenicity. These differences in relationships can point to differences in host-microbe interactions and suggest new ways in which the organism causes disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the relationship between Pathogenic Potential and Infective Inoculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene-induced matrix reorganization controls CD8+ T cell function in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cell dysfunction impedes anti-tumor immunity in solid cancers but the underlying mechanisms are diverse and poorly understood. Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition has been linked to both impaired T cell migration and enhanced tumor progression; however, impacts of individual ECM molecules on T cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are only beginning to be elucidated. Upstream regulators of aberrant ECM deposition and organization in solid tumors are equally ill-defined. Therefore, we investigated how ECM composition modulates CD8+ T cell function in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), an immunologically active and desmoplastic tumor. Using an autochthonous murine model of UPS and data from multiple human patient cohorts, we discovered a multifaceted mechanism wherein the transcriptional co-activator YAP1 promotes collagen VI (COLVI) deposition in the UPS TME. In turn, COLVI induces CD8+ T cell dysfunction and immune evasion by remodeling fibrillar collagen and inhibiting T cell autophagic flux. Unexpectedly, collagen I (COLI) opposed COLVI in this setting, promoting CD8+ T cell function and acting as a tumor suppressor. Thus, CD8+ T cell responses in sarcoma depend upon oncogene-mediated ECM composition and remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pruitt, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devalaraja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotti, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murazzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraietta, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerecht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger-Mathason, T. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene-induced matrix reorganization controls CD8+ T cell function in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multistate structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Mixed Lineage Leukemia-1 (MLL1) complex orchestrates methylation of histone H3K4 to promote transcription and is stimulated by monoubiquitination of histone H2B. Recent structures of the MLL1-WRAD core complex, which comprises the MLL1 methyltransferase, WDR5, RbBp5, Ash2L, and DPY-30, have revealed variation in the docking of MLL1-WRAD on nucleosomes and left ambiguous portions of Ash2L and the position of DPY30. We used an integrated approach combining cryo-electron microscopy and mass spectrometry-crosslinking to determine structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to ubiquitinated nucleosomes containing the Ash2L intrinsically disordered region (IDR), SPRY insertion region, Sdc1-DPY30 interacting region (SDI-motif), and the DPY30 dimer. We resolved three additional states of MLL1-WRAD lacking one or more subunits, which may reflect different steps in the assembly of MLL1-WRAD. The subunits in all four states are positioned on the nucleosome in manner that is similar to a previous structure of MLL1-WRAD bound to ubiquitinated nucleosome, but that differs from structures with unmodified nucleosomes, suggesting that H2B-ubiquitin favors assembly of the active complex. Our results provide a more complete picture of MLL1-WRAD and the role of ubiquitin in promoting formation of the active methyltransferase complex.

SignificanceThe Mixed Lineage Leukemia-1 (MLL1) complex plays a role in activating transcription by methylating lysine 4 in histone H3, a reaction that is stimulated by the presence of ubiquitin conjugated to histone H2B. Recent structures of the core MLL1 complex, termed MLL1-WRAD, have revealed the existence of multiple docking states and have also left ambiguous portions of the structure. Here we combine mass spectrometry-cross linking with cryo-EM to model additional regions of the MLL1-WRAD complex and identify a series of states that light on complex assembly and the role that ubiquitin plays in orienting MLL1-WRAD on nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namitz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multistate structures of the MLL1-WRAD complex bound to H2B-ubiquitinated nucleosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of stereopsis on visual saliency in a proto-object based model of selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some animals including humans use stereoscopic vision which reconstructs spatial information about the environment from the disparity between images captured by eyes in two separate adjacent locations. Like other sensory information, such stereoscopic information is expected to influence attentional selection. We develop a biologically plausible model of binocular vision to study its effect on bottom-up visual attention, i.e., visual saliency. In our model, the scene is organized in terms of proto-objects on which attention acts, rather than on unbound sets of elementary features. We show that taking into account the stereoscopic information improves the performance of the model in the prediction of human eye movements with statistically significant differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uejima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancinelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of stereopsis on visual saliency in a proto-object based model of selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering functional membrane-membrane interface by InterSpy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering synthetic interfaces between membranes has potential applications in designing non-native cellular communication pathways and creating synthetic tissues. Here, InterSpy is introduced as a synthetic biology tool consisting of a heterodimeric protein engineered to form and maintain membrane-membrane interfaces between apposing synthetic as well as cell membranes through SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction. Inclusion of split fluorescent protein fragments in the designed InterSpy toolkit allows tracking the formation of membrane-membrane interface and reconstitution of functional fluorescent protein in the space between apposing membranes. We first demonstrate InterSpy by testing split protein designs using a mammalian cell-free expression system. By utilizing co-translational helix insertion, cell-free synthesized InterSpy fragments are incorporated into the membrane of liposomes and supported lipid bilayers with a desired topology. Functional reconstitution of split fluorescent protein between the membranes is strictly dependent on SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Finally, since InterSpy is fully genetically encoded, the engineered system is adapted to cells and showcased. InterSpy demonstrates the power of cell-free expression systems in functional reconstitution of synthetic membrane interfaces via proximity-inducing proteins. This technology may also prove useful for synthetic biology where cell-cell contacts and communication are recreated in a controlled manner using minimal components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moghimianavval, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashirzadeh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering functional membrane-membrane interface by InterSpy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.486416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation, and ssDNA binding kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.486416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), enabling the enzyme to localize to stalled replication forks (RFs) and promote their restart. Since localization of a potent dNTPase at stalled RFs is not harmonious with DNA replication, we used a series of kinetic and thermodynamic measurements to explore a hypothesis where the combined effects of T592 phosphorylation and ssDNA binding serves as a dual switch to turn-off SAMHD1 dNTPase activity. We report that phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1. However, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (~15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial baseline dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592) which may be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammirati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroski, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.486416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation, and ssDNA binding kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria inflicts the highest rate of morbidity and mortality among the vector-borne diseases. The dramatic bottleneck of parasite numbers that occurs in the gut of the obligatory vector mosquito provides a promising target for novel control strategies. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we analyzed Plasmodium falciparum development in the mosquito gut, from unfertilized female gametes through the first 20 hours post blood feeding, including the zygote and ookinete stages. This study revealed the transcriptional trajectories of the ApiAP2 family of transcription factors, and of parasite stress genes in response to the harsh environment of the mosquito midgut. Further, employing structure-based functional predictions we found several upregulated genes predicted to encode intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), a category of proteins known for their importance in regulation of transcription, translation and protein-protein interactions. IDPs are known for their antigenic properties and may serve as suitable targets for antibody or peptide-based transmission suppression strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedziech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves E Silva, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biryukova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Lorena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankarklev, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics to define Plasmodium falciparum stage-transition in the mosquito midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic insert-dependent neuronal expression of GFAP promoter-driven AAV constructs in adult mouse retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct reprogramming of retinal Muller glia is a promising avenue for replacing photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells lost to retinal dystrophies. However, questions have recently been raised about the accuracy of studies claiming efficient glia-to-neuron reprogramming in retina that were conducted using GFAP mini promoter-driven adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. In this study, we have addressed these questions using GFAP mini promoter-driven AAV constructs to simultaneously overexpress the mCherry reporter and candidate transcription factors predicted to induce glia-to-neuron conversion, in combination with prospective genetic labeling of retinal Muller glia using inducible Cre-dependent GFP reporters. We find that, while control GFAP-mCherry constructs express faithfully in Muller glia, 5 out of 7 transcription factor overexpression constructs tested are predominantly expressed in amacrine and retinal ganglion cells. However, genetic cell lineage analysis shows no evidence for glia-to-neuron conversion. These findings demonstrate strong insert-dependent effects on AAV-based GFAP mini promoter specificity that preclude its use in inferring cell lineage relationships when studying glia-to-neuron conversion in retina.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannullo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic insert-dependent neuronal expression of GFAP promoter-driven AAV constructs in adult mouse retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus incertus (NI), a conserved hindbrain structure implicated in the stress response, arousal, and memory, is a major site for production of the neuropeptide relaxin-3. On the basis of goosecoid homeobox 2 (gsc2) expression, we identified a neuronal cluster that lies adjacent to relaxin 3a (rln3a) neurons in the zebrafish analogue of the NI. To delineate the characteristics of the gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons, we used CRISPR/Cas9 targeted integration to drive gene expression specifically in each neuronal group, and found that they differ in their efferent and afferent connectivity, spontaneous activity, and functional properties. gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons have widely divergent projection patterns and innervate distinct subregions of the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Whereas gsc2 neurons are activated by electric shock, rln3a neurons exhibit spontaneous fluctuations in calcium signaling and regulate locomotor activity. Our findings define heterogeneous neurons in the NI and provide new tools to probe its diverse functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spikol, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macurak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the essential plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide (I-) transport into the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones--the master regulators of intermediary metabolism. NIS couples the inward translocation of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward transport of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. For nearly 50 years before its molecular identification, NIS was already the molecule at the center of the single most effective internal radiation cancer therapy ever devised: radioiodide (131I-) treatment for thyroid cancer. Mutations in NIS cause congenital hypothyroidism, which must be treated immediately after birth to prevent stunted growth and cognitive deficiency. To date, the structure of NIS has been unknown. Here, we report three structures of rat NIS, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): one with no substrates bound, one with 2 Na+ and 1 I- bound, and one with 1 Na+ and the oxyanion perrhenate bound. Structural analyses, functional characterization, and computational studies reveal the substrate binding sites and residues key for transport activity. Our results yield insights into how NIS selects, couples, and translocates anions--thereby establishing a framework for understanding NIS function--and into how it transports different substrates with different stoichiometries and releases substrates from its substrate-binding cavity into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar de Simone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Improvement of Highly Protective Anti-Malarial Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody CIS43 binds Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) and protects against malaria, as recently demonstrated clinically. To improve the efficacy of CIS43, we developed an in silico pipeline to optimize the interaction energy of CIS43 to its junctional epitope (peptide 21: PfCSP residues 101-115). Starting from two improved CIS43 variants, recently elicited from a CIS43-germline knock-in mice, single and double amino acid substitutions in the peptide 21-proximal heavy (VH) and light (VL) variable regions were introduced. CIS43-variants, selected on the basis of improved in silico interface and stability energies, showed increased affinity to peptide 21 and superior malaria-protective efficacy. The best designed variant, antibody P3-43, was significantly more protective than its template antibody m43.151, with greater liver-burden protection than the current best-in-class (antibody iGL-CIS43.D3). Crystal structures of improved antibodies revealed atomic-level interactions explaining gains in binding affinity. The reported pipeline provides a powerful in silico approach to improve antibody functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mateo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva Pereira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyuka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Improvement of Highly Protective Anti-Malarial Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether synthetic genomes can power life has attracted broad interest in the synthetic biology field, especially when the synthetic genomes are extensively modified with thousands of designer features. Here we report de novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome thus far, synIV, a 1,454,621-bp Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome resulting from extensive genome streamlining and modification. During the construction of synIV, we developed megachunk assembly combined with a hierarchical integration strategy, which significantly increased the accuracy and flexibility of synthetic chromosome construction and facilitated chromosome debugging. In addition to the drastic sequence changes made to synIV by rewriting it, we further manipulated the three-dimensional structure of synIV in the yeast nucleus to explore spatial gene regulation within the nuclear space. Surprisingly, we found few gene expression changes, suggesting that positioning inside the yeast nucleoplasm plays a minor role in gene regulation. Lastly, we tethered synIV to the inner nuclear membrane via its hundreds of loxPsym sites and observed transcriptional repression of the entire chromosome, demonstrating chromosome-wide transcription manipulation without changing the DNA sequences. Our manipulation of the spatial structure of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome shed light on higher-order architectural design of the synthetic genomes.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/487066v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18bf586org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a471d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d7690org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c32510_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIDe novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome, synIV
C_LIO_LISynIV shows similar 3D structure to wild-type IV, despite thousands of changes made to it
C_LIO_LI"Inside-out" repositioning of synIV in nucleus shows minor transcriptional changes
C_LIO_LIMultipoint tethering synIV to inner nuclear membrane represses transcription of whole chromosome
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanita, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurasawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanfani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camellato, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacasa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annadanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brammer Basta, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerritos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianercy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGirr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbatini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheifele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shores, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestrone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma scavenges mammalian host organelles through usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogens exploit cellular resources through host cell manipulation. Within its nonfusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), Toxoplasma targets host nutrient-filled organelles and sequesters them into the PV through deep invaginations of the PV membrane (PVM) that ultimately detach from this membrane. Some of these invaginations are generated by an intravacuolar network (IVN) of parasite-derived tubules fusing with the PVM. Here, we examine the parasite usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 to create PVM buds and vesicles. CHMP4B associates with the PVM/IVN and dominant negative (DN) CHMP4B forms many long PVM invaginations containing CHMP4B filaments; the invaginations are shorter in IVN-deficient parasites, suggesting cooperation between IVN and ESCRT. In infected cells expressing Vps4-DN, enlarged intra-PV structures containing host endo-lysosomes accumulate, reflecting defects in PVM scission. Parasite mutants lacking TgGRA14 or TgGRA64 that interact with ESCRT have reduced CHMP4B-DN-induced PVM invaginations and intra-PV host organelles, with greater defects in a double-knockout, revealing the exploitation of ESCRT to scavenge host organelles by Toxoplasma.

SummaryThe parasite Toxoplasma sequesters host nutrient-filled organelles into its parasitophorous vacuole through its exploitation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4 for vacuolar membrane-remodeling and fission processes utilizing the parasite proteins TgGRA14 and TgGRA64 that interact with ESCRT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoral, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Cuevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma scavenges mammalian host organelles through usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airway and the subsequent immune response are early, critical factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. By studying infection of human biopsies in vitro and in a hamster model in vivo, we demonstrated a transition in tropism from olfactory to respiratory epithelium as the virus evolved. Analyzing each variants revealed that SARS-CoV-2 WA1 or Delta infects a proportion of olfactory neurons in addition to the primary target sustentacular cells. The Delta variant possesses broader cellular invasion capacity into the submucosa, while Omicron displays longer retention in the sinonasal epithelium. The olfactory neuronal infection by WA1 and the subsequent olfactory bulb transport via axon is more pronounced in younger hosts. In addition, the observed viral clearance delay and phagocytic dysfunction in aged olfactory mucosa is accompanied by a decline of phagocytosis related genes. Furthermore, robust basal stem cell activation contributes to neuroepithelial regeneration and restores ACE2 expression post-infection. Together, our study characterized the nasal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 strains, immune clearance, and regeneration post infection. The shifting characteristics of viral infection at the airway portal provides insight into the variability of COVID-19 clinical features and may suggest differing strategies for early local intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pet cockatoo was the suspected source of Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of an immunocompromised patient with cryptococcosis based on the molecular analyses available in 2000. Here we report whole genome sequence analysis of the clinical and cockatoo strains. Both are closely related MAT strains belonging to the VNII lineage, confirming that the human infection likely originated from pet bird exposure. The two strains differ by 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 8 nonsynonymous changes involving 7 genes. To ascertain whether changes in these genes are selected during mammalian infection, we passaged the cockatoo strain in mice. Remarkably, isolates obtained from mouse tissue possess a frame-shift mutation in one of the seven genes altered in the human sample, a gene predicted to encode a SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex protein. Both cockatoo and patient strains as well as mouse passaged isolates obtained from brain tissue had a premature stop codon in a homolog of ZFC3, a predicted single-zinc finger containing protein, which is associated with larger capsules when deleted and appears to have reverted to a full-length protein in the mouse passaged isolates obtained from lung tissue. The patient strain and mouse passaged isolates show variability in the expression of virulence factors, with differences in capsule size, melanization, and rates on non-lytic expulsion from macrophages observed. Our results establish that environmental strains undergo genomic and phenotypic changes during mammalian passage, suggesting that animal virulence can be a mechanism for genetic change and that the genomes of clinical isolates may provide a readout of mutations acquired during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sephton-Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stempinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EstG is a novel esterase required for cell envelope integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper regulation of the bacterial cell envelope is critical for cell survival. Identification and characterization of enzymes that maintain cell envelope homeostasis is crucial, as they can be targets for effective antibiotics. In this study, we have identified a novel enzyme, called EstG, whose activity protects cells from a variety of lethal assaults in the -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Despite homology to transpeptidase family cell wall enzymes and an ability to protect against cell wall-targeting antibiotics, EstG does not demonstrate biochemical activity towards cell wall substrates. Instead, EstG is genetically connected to the periplasmic enzymes OpgH and BglX, responsible for synthesis and hydrolysis of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs), respectively. The crystal structure of EstG revealed similarities to esterases and transesterases, and we demonstrated esterase activity of EstG in vitro. Using biochemical fractionation, we identified a cyclic hexamer of glucose as a likely substrate of EstG. This molecule is the first OPG described in Caulobacter and establishes a novel class of OPGs, the regulation and modification of which is important for stress survival and adaptation to fluctuating environments. Our data indicate that EstG, BglX, and OpgH comprise a previously unknown OPG pathway in Caulobacter. Ultimately, we propose that EstG is a novel enzyme that, instead of acting on the cell wall, acts on cyclic OPGs to provide resistance to a variety of cellular stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daitch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhard, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitler, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakoncic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabelli, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EstG is a novel esterase required for cell envelope integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In macrophages fatty acid oxidation spares glutamate for use in diverse metabolic pathways required for alternative activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is upregulated in IL-4-stimulated (alternatively activated) macrophages (M(IL-4)). We examined the effect of loss of function of the enzyme Cpt1a, which facilitates the entry of long chain fatty acids (FA) into mitochondria for FAO, on alternative activation. Expression of M(IL-4) markers ARG1, CD301 and RELM, was impaired in tamoxifen-treated ERT2Cre x Cpt1afl/fl macrophages and in macrophages expressing shRNA targeting Cpt1a (Cpt1a-shRNA). In contrast, VaviCre x Cpt1afl/fl and LysmCre x Cpt1afl/fl M(IL-4) responded normally to IL-4. Reduced alternative activation due to Cpt1a loss of function was linked to decreased cellular pools of -ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutathione, diminished commitment of glucose carbon to serine/glycine synthesis, and decreased expression of genes in the Nrf2-oxidative stress response pathway. Consistent with this, reactive oxygen species were increased. Restoration of glutathione pools with N-acetyl cysteine normalized oxidative stress and allowed alternative activation in the face of Cpt1a-deficiency, pointing to a role for FAO in the control of ROS and as being important for alternative activation. In VaviCre x Cpt1afl/fl M(IL-4), glutamine uptake was increased, compensating for the loss of FAO to meet necessary metabolic demands, to allow alternative activation. The data indicate that macrophages are able to regulate glutamine metabolism to compensate for chronic disruption of FAO to meet metabolic needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Teijlingen Bakker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flachsmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsushita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein Geltink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.487890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In macrophages fatty acid oxidation spares glutamate for use in diverse metabolic pathways required for alternative activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lossless end-to-end transport of small molecules through micron-length DNA nanochannels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Designed and engineered protein and DNA nanopores can sense and characterize single molecules and control transmembrane transport of molecular species. However, designed biomolecular pores are less than 100 nm in length and are used primarily for transport across lipid membranes. Nanochannels that span longer distances could be used as conduits for molecules between non-adjacent compartments or cells. Here, we design microns-long, 7 nm diameter DNA nanochannels that small molecules can traverse according to the laws of continuum diffusion. Binding DNA origami caps to channel ends eliminates transport and demonstrates that molecules diffuse from one channel end to the other rather than permeating through channel walls. These micron-length nanochannels can also grow, form interconnects, and interface with living cells. This work thus shows how to construct multifunctional, dynamic agents that control molecular transport, opening new ways of studying intercellular signaling and modulating molecular transport between synthetic and living cells.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=130 SRC="FIGDIR/small/488239v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maffeo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksimentiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lossless end-to-end transport of small molecules through micron-length DNA nanochannels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.17.488591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastatic potential in clonal melanoma cells is driven by a rare, early-invading subpopulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.17.488591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis occurs when tumor cells leave the primary tumor site and disseminate to distal organs. Even though most cells remain in the primary tumor, the circumstances by which a small fraction of them disseminate remain unclear. Here, we show that a rare, highly invasive subpopulation of melanoma cells can be detected within clonal cell lines due to non-genetic fluctuations in gene expression. The highly invasive phenotype was intrinsic to the cells, independent of their environment, and was marked by transiently high levels of SEMA3C expression, as revealed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Furthermore, the invasive subpopulation drove the bulk dissemination of tumor cells to distal locations in a mouse model of melanoma. The transcription factor NKX2.2 regulated the proportion of invasive cells in the melanoma 1205Lu cell line. Furthermore, an overall tradeoff between proliferation and invasion in single cells was observed. Our results suggest that phenotypes like metastasis may arise from intrinsic differences stemming from non-genetic fluctuations between single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunagin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemberton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.17.488591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastatic potential in clonal melanoma cells is driven by a rare, early-invading subpopulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome sliding by the Chd1 chromatin remodeler relies on theintegrity of the DNA duplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers use a helicase-type ATPase motor to shift DNA around the histone core. Although not directly reading out the DNA sequence, some chromatin remodelers are biased by DNA sequences, suggesting that they may be sensitive to properties of the DNA duplex. Here, we present a high-throughput method for determining nucleosome positioning in vitro using site-specific DNA cleavage coupled with next-generation sequencing. This method allowed us to systematically test how the introduction of poly(dA:dT) tracts and other perturbations affected the distribution of nucleosomes remodeled by the Chd1 remodeler. We found that Chd1 is sensitive to poly(dA:dT) tracts as short as 3 bp, and that its nucleosome sliding activity is severely perturbed by DNA mismatches and single-nucleotide insertions. These results suggest that remodelers rely on the integrity of duplex DNA for nucleosome sliding. We also discovered that DNA on the nucleosome can shift in the absence of a remodeler when multiple mismatches are placed at superhelix location 2 (SHL2). This DNA movement in response to a disruption of the double helix may explain why SHL2 is the preferred site of engagement by most chromatin remodelers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome sliding by the Chd1 chromatin remodeler relies on theintegrity of the DNA duplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intranasal stringent response vaccine targeting dendritic cells as a novel adjunctive therapy against tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lengthy tuberculosis (TB) treatment is required to address the ability of a subpopulation of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to remain in a non-replicating, antibiotic-tolerant state characterized by metabolic remodeling, including induction of the RelMtb-mediated stringent response. We developed a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine construct involving fusion of the relMtb gene with the immature dendritic cell-targeting gene encoding chemokine MIP-3/CCL20. To augment mucosal immune responses, intranasal delivery was also evaluated. We found that the intramuscular MIP-3/relMtb (fusion) vaccine potentiates isoniazid activity more than a similar DNA vaccine expressing relMtb alone in a chronic TB mouse model (absolute reduction of Mtb burden: 0.63 log10 colony-forming units, P=0.0001), inducing pronounced Mtb-protective immune signatures. The intranasal fusion vaccine, an approach combining relMtb fusion to MIP-3 and intranasal delivery, demonstrated the greatest therapeutic effect compared to each approach alone, as evidenced by robust Th1 and Th17 responses systemically and locally and the greatest mycobactericidal activity when combined with isoniazid (absolute reduction of Mtb burden: 1.13 log10, P<0.0001, when compared to the intramuscular vaccine targeting relMtb alone). This DNA vaccination strategy may be a promising adjunctive approach combined with standard therapy to shorten curative TB treatment, and also serve as proof-of-concept for treating other chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KARANTANOS, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, R. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intranasal stringent response vaccine targeting dendritic cells as a novel adjunctive therapy against tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 coordinates mammalian axon regeneration via epigenetic regulation of key regenerative pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current clinical treatment for neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries falls short of success, and one primary reason is that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lose their regeneration ability as they mature. Previous studies indicated that the regeneration ability of neurons is governed by complex signaling networks involving many genes. Therefore, here we investigated the roles of Ezh2, a histone methyltransferase, in regulation of mammalian axon regeneration at the epigenetic level. We found that Ezh2 level was gradually downregulated in the mouse nervous system during maturation but significantly upregulated in mature sensory neurons during spontaneous axon regeneration in the peripheral nerve system (PNS), suggesting its role in supporting axon regeneration. Indeed, Ezh2 loss-of-function in sensory neurons impaired PNS axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of Ezh2 in retinal ganglion cells in the CNS induced optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve injury in both methyltransferase-dependent and -independent manners. Mechanistic exploration with multiomics sequencing, together with functional analyses, revealed that Ezh2 supported axon regeneration by systematically silencing the transcription of genes regulating synaptic function and axon regeneration inhibitory signaling, while broadly activating factors promoting axon regeneration. Our study not only reveals that Ezh2 coordinates axon regeneration via epigenetically regulating multiple key regenerative pathways, but also suggests that modulating chromatin accessibility is a promising strategy to promote CNS axon regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosanam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochuba, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone methyltransferase Ezh2 coordinates mammalian axon regeneration via epigenetic regulation of key regenerative pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, accurate antibody structure prediction from deep learning on massive set of natural antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies have the capacity to bind a diverse set of antigens, and they have become critical therapeutics and diagnostic molecules. The binding of antibodies is facilitated by a set of six hypervariable loops that are diversified through genetic recombination and mutation. Even with recent advances, accurate structural prediction of these loops remains a challenge. Here, we present IgFold, a fast deep learning method for antibody structure prediction. IgFold consists of a pre-trained language model trained on 558M natural antibody sequences followed by graph networks that directly predict backbone atom coordinates. IgFold predicts structures of similar or better quality than alternative methods (including AlphaFold) in significantly less time (under one minute). Accurate structure prediction on this timescale makes possible avenues of investigation that were previously infeasible. As a demonstration of IgFolds capabilities, we predicted structures for 105K paired antibody sequences, expanding the observed antibody structural space by over 40 fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, accurate antibody structure prediction from deep learning on massive set of natural antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin 7 docks synaptic vesicles for Doc2α-triggered asynchronous neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of intense study, the molecular basis of asynchronous neurotransmitter release remains enigmatic. Synaptotagmin (syt) 7 and Doc2 have both been proposed as Ca2+ sensors that trigger this mode of exocytosis, but conflicting findings have led to controversy. Here, we demonstrate that at excitatory mouse hippocampal synapses, Doc2 is the major Ca2+ sensor for asynchronous release, while syt7 supports this process through activity-dependent docking of synaptic vesicles. In synapses lacking Doc2, asynchronous release after single action potentials is strongly reduced, while deleting syt7 has no effect. However, in the absence of syt7, docked vesicles cannot be replenished on millisecond timescales. Consequently, both synchronous and asynchronous release depress from the second pulse onward during repetitive activity. By contrast, synapses lacking Doc2 have normal activity-dependent docking, but continue to exhibit decreased asynchronous release after multiple stimuli. Moreover, disruption of both Ca2+ sensors is non-additive. These findings result in a new model whereby syt7 drives activity-dependent docking, thus providing synaptic vesicles for synchronous (syt1) and asynchronous (Doc2 and other unidentified sensors) release during ongoing transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin 7 docks synaptic vesicles for Doc2α-triggered asynchronous neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projective LDDMM: Mapping Molecular Digital Pathology with Tissue MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing dense 3D anatomical coordinates from 2D projective measurements has become a central problem in digital pathology for both animal models and human studies. We describe a new family of diffeomorphic mapping technologies called Projective LDDMM which generate diffeomorphic mappings of dense human MRI atlases at tissue scales onto sparse measurements at micron scales associated with histological and more general optical imaging modalities. We solve the problem of dense mapping surjectively onto histological sections by incorporating new technologies for crossing modalities that use non-linear scattering transforms to represent multiple radiomic-like textures at micron scales and incorporating a Gaussian mixture-model frame-work for modelling tears and distortions associated to each section. We highlight the significance of our method through incorporation of neuropathological measures and MRI, as relevant to the development of biomarkers for Alzheimers disease and one instance of the integration of imaging data across the scales of clinical imaging and digital pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projective LDDMM: Mapping Molecular Digital Pathology with Tissue MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed can drive selective changes in human gait symmetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMillions of people worldwide are affected by clinical conditions that result in gait asymmetry (e.g., stroke, cerebral palsy, lower limb amputation). There is a need for customizable rehabilitation approaches that can flexibly target different aspects of gait asymmetry with minimal need for specialized equipment. Here, we studied how simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed could drive selective, predictable changes in human gait symmetry.

MethodsIn Experiment 1, ten healthy young adults walked on an instrumented treadmill with and without a closed-loop controller engaged. The controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 m/s or 0.75 m/s depending on whether the right or left leg generated propulsive (i.e., forward-directed) ground reaction forces, respectively. In Experiment 2, a separate group of ten healthy young adults walked on the treadmill with and without an open-loop controller engaged. This controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 m/s or 0.75 at a prescribed time interval. We used a metronome to guide the participants to step at a series of different time points relative to the controller-driven speed change. We collected kinematic and kinetic data in Experiments 1 and 2.

ResultsIn Experiment 1, participants walked with asymmetric kinematics and ground reaction forces when the closed-loop controller was engaged. The leg that accelerated during propulsion (right leg) showed a smaller leading limb angle and a larger trailing limb angle than the leg that decelerated during propulsion (left leg). The right leg also generated smaller propulsive forces than the left leg. In Experiment 2, the patterns of asymmetry in spatiotemporal gait parameters, kinematics, and ground reaction forces depended on the timing of the speed change within the gait cycle. Step times, leading limb angles, and peak propulsion became asymmetric when the treadmill speed changed early in stance. When the treadmill speed changed later in stance, step lengths, step times, and propulsion impulses became asymmetric.

ConclusionsSimple manipulations of treadmill speed can drive predictable, selective changes in human gait symmetry. Future work will explore this customizable technique as a potential approach for restoring gait symmetry in clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Browne, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed can drive selective changes in human gait symmetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The language network reliably 'tracks' naturalistic meaningful non-verbal stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The language network, comprised of brain regions in the left frontal and temporal cortex, responds robustly and reliably during language comprehension but shows little or no response during many non-linguistic cognitive tasks (e.g., Fedorenko & Blank, 2020). However, one domain whose relationship with language remains debated is semantics--our conceptual knowledge of the world. Given that the language network responds strongly to meaningful linguistic stimuli, could some of this response be driven by the presence of rich conceptual representations encoded in linguistic inputs? In this study, we used a naturalistic cognition paradigm to test whether the cognitive and neural resources that are responsible for language processing are also recruited for processing semantically rich non-verbal stimuli. To do so, we measured BOLD responses to a set of [~]5-minute-long video and audio clips that consisted of meaningful event sequences but did not contain any linguistic content. We then used the inter-subject correlation (ISC) approach (Hasson et al., 2004) to examine the extent to which the language network  tracks these stimuli, i.e. exhibits stimulus-related variation. Across all the regions of the language network, non-verbal meaningful stimuli elicited reliable ISCs. These ISCs were higher than the ISCs elicited by semantically impoverished non-verbal stimuli (e.g., a music clip), but substantially lower than the ISCs elicited by linguistic stimuli. Our results complement earlier findings from controlled experiments (e.g., Ivanova et al., 2021) in providing further evidence that the language network shows some sensitivity to semantic content in non-verbal stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The language network reliably 'tracks' naturalistic meaningful non-verbal stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elicits Sustained IL-1β Upregulation in Alveolar Macrophages from Lung Transplant Recipients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIsolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is associated with increased BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) inflammation and lung allograft injury in lung transplant recipients (LTR). However, the effect of PsA on macrophage responses in this population is incompletely understood. We examined human alveolar macrophage (AM) responses to PsA and Pseudomonas dominant microbiome in healthy lung transplant recipients (LTR).

MethodsWe stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages (THP-1M) and human AM from LTR with different bacteria and LTR BAL derived microbiome characterized as Pseudomonas-dominant. Macrophage responses were assessed by high dimensional flow cytometry, including their intracellular production of cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1{beta}, IL-10, IL-1RA, and TGF-{beta}). Pharmacological inhibitors were utilized to evaluate the role of the inflammasome in PsA-macrophages interaction.

ResultsWe observed upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1{beta}) following stimulation by PsA compared to other bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Prevotella melaninogenica, Streptococcus pneumoniae) in both THP-1 derived and LTR AM, predominated by IL-1{beta}. IL-1{beta} production from THP-1 was sustained after PsA stimulation for up to 96 hours and 48 hours in LTR AM. Treatment with the inflammasome inhibitor BAY11-7082 abrogated macrophage IL-1{beta} and IL-18 production after PsA exposure. BAL Pseudomonas-dominant microbiota elicited an increased IL-1{beta}, similar to PsA, an effect abrogated by the addition of antibiotics.

ConclusionPsA and PsA-dominant lung microbiota induce sustained IL-1{beta} production in LTR AM. Pharmacological targeting of the inflammasome reduces PsA-macrophage-IL1{beta} responses, underscoring their use in lung transplant recipients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbor-Enoh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elicits Sustained IL-1β Upregulation in Alveolar Macrophages from Lung Transplant Recipients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related changes of deep-brain neurophysiological activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive decline with age is associated with brain atrophy and reduced brain activations, but the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are unclear, especially in deeper brain structures primarily affected by healthy aging or neurodegenerative processes. Here, we characterize time-resolved, resting-state magnetoencephalography activity of the hippocampus and subcortical brain regions in a large cohort of healthy young and older volunteers from the Cam-CAN open repository. The data show age-related changes in both rhythmic and arrhythmic signal strength and temporal variability in multiple deeper brain regions, including the hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. We observe a slowing of neural activity in deeper brain regions, which echoes previous reports of cortical slowing. We also report reduced occipito-parietal alpha peak associated with increased theta-band activity and signal variability in the hippocampus, an effect that may reflect compensatory processes as theta activity and variability were more strongly expressed when cognitive performances are preserved. Overall, this study advances the understanding of the biological nature of inter-individual variability in aging. The data provide new insight of how hippocampus and subcortical neurophysiological activity evolve with biological age, and highlight frequency-specific effects associated with cognitive decline vs. cognitive maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinault, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related changes of deep-brain neurophysiological activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved sequence mapping using a complete reference genome and lift-over 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complete, telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies promise improved analyses and the discovery of new variants, but many essential genomic resources remain associated with older reference genomes. Thus, there is a need to translate genomic features and read alignments between references. Here we describe a new method called levioSAM2 that accounts for reference changes and performs fast and accurate lift-over between assemblies using a whole-genome map. In addition to enabling the use of multiple references, we demonstrate that aligning reads to a high-quality reference (e.g. T2T-CHM13) and lifting to an older reference (e.g. GRCh38) actually improves the accuracy of the resulting variant calls on the old reference. By leveraging the quality improvements of T2T-CHM13, levioSAM2 reduces small-variant calling errors by 11.4-39.5% compared to GRC-based mapping using real Illumina datasets. LevioSAM2 also improves long-read-based structural variant calling and reduces errors from 3.8-11.8% for a PacBio HiFi dataset. Performance is especially improved for a set of complex medically-relevant genes, where the GRC references are lower quality. The software is available at https://github.com/milkschen/leviosam2 under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved sequence mapping using a complete reference genome and lift-over]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral habenula mediates the association of a conditioned stimulus with the absence of an appetitive unconditioned stimulus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral habenula (LHb) has been implicated in conditioned inhibition. Here, the modulating effects of LHb activity on the association of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US) were assessed in vivo using chemogenetic methods. Animals initially received explicitly unpaired CS light and US food presentations. Animals subjected to a retardation-of-acquisition task subsequently underwent light and food pairings, whereas those subjected to a summation task underwent compound light-tone and food pairings. The inhibitory light strength was assessed based on retardation of the acquisition of food-cup conditioned responses (CRs) in light-food pairings and comparisons of food-cup CRs to each stimulus in a CS-alone test following compound training. Neurotoxic LHb lesions and chemogenetic LHb inhibition throughout unpaired training attenuated the inhibitory light strength. Furthermore, chemogenetic LHb activation accelerated the decline in CR induced by repeated light-alone presentations following light-food pairings. Therefore, the LHb critically contributes to conditioned inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, I.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral habenula mediates the association of a conditioned stimulus with the absence of an appetitive unconditioned stimulus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-Jun N-terminal Kinase Promotes Stress Granule Assembly and Neurodegeneration in C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs), RNA/protein condensates assembled in cells under stress, are believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, how SG assembly is regulated and related to pathomechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we show that ER stress activates JNK via IRE1 in fly and cellular models of C9orf72-mediated ALS/FTD (c9ALS/FTD), the most common genetic form of ALS/FTD. Furthermore, activated JNK promotes SG assembly induced by poly(GR) and poly(PR), two toxic proteins implicated in c9ALS/FTD, by promoting the transcription of G3BP1, a key SG protein. Consistent with these findings, JNK or IRE1 inhibition reduced SG formation, G3BP1 mRNA and protein levels, and neurotoxicity in cells overexpressing poly(GR) and poly(PR) or neurons derived from c9ALS/FTD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Our findings connect ER stress, JNK, and SG assembly in a unified pathway contributing to c9ALS/FTD neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossoll, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-Jun N-terminal Kinase Promotes Stress Granule Assembly and Neurodegeneration in C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control becomes habitual early on when learning a novel motor skill 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When people perform the same task repeatedly, their behavior becomes habitual, or inflexible to changes in the goals or structure of a task. While habits have been hypothesized to be a key aspect of motor skill acquisition, there has been little empirical work investigating the relationship between skills and habits. To better understand this relationship, we examined whether and when peoples behavior would become habitual as they learned a challenging new motor skill. After up to ten days of practice, we altered the structure of the task to assess whether participants would flexibly adjust their behavior or habitually persist in performing the task the way they originally learned. We found that participants behavior became habitual early in practice--after only two days--at which point they were still relatively unskilled. These data demonstrate that motor skills become habitual after relatively little training, but can nevertheless further improve with practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control becomes habitual early on when learning a novel motor skill]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft tissue sarcomas that often develop in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1-MPNST), but can occur sporadically. Through a multi-institution collaboration, we have developed 13 NF1-associated MPNST patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Genomic analysis of the PDX-tumor pairs identified somatic mutations in NF1 (61%), SUZ12 (61%), EED (15%), and TP53 (15%), and chromosome 8 (Chr8) gain (77%), consistent with published data. Pre-clinical models that capture this molecular heterogeneity are needed to identify and prioritize effective drug candidates for clinical translation. Here, we describe the successful development of a medium-throughput ex vivo 3D microtissue model with several advantages over 2D cell line growth, which can be utilized to predict drug response in vivo. Herein, we present proof-of-principle of this PDX-to-microtissue system, using four genomically representative MPNST and three drugs. This work highlights the development of a novel ex vivo to in vivo preclinical platform in MPNST that successfully captures the genomic diversity observed in patients and represents a resource to identify future therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhatia^, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson^, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calizo^, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conniff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbitts, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osum, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crampton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubenville, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schefer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largaespada, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The light chain immunoglobulin genes of biomedically relevant mouse strains are poorly documented in current germline gene databases. We previously showed that IGH loci of wild-derived mouse strains representing the major mouse subspecies contained 247 germline IGHV sequences not curated in the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) information system, which is the most commonly used database that curates the germline repertoires used for sequence alignment in AIRR-seq analysis. Despite containing levels of polymorphism similar to the IGH locus, the germline gene content and diversity of the light chain loci have not been comprehensively cataloged. To explore the extent of germline light chain repertoire diversity across mouse strains commonly used in the biomedical sciences, we performed AIRR-seq analysis and germline gene inference for 18 inbred mouse strains, including the four wild-derived strains with diverse sub-species origins. We inferred 1582 IGKV and 63 IGLV sequences, representing 459 and 22 unique IGKV and IGLV sequences. Of the unique inferred germline IGKV and IGLV sequences, 67.8% and 59%, respectively, were undocumented in IMGT. Across strains we observed germline IGKV sequences shared by three distinct IGK haplotypes and a more conserved IGLV germline repertoire. In addition, J gene inference indicated a novel IGK2 allele shared between PWD/PhJ and MSM/MsJ and a novel IGLJ1 allele for LEWES/EiJ and IGLJ2 allele for MSM/MsJ. Finally, a combined IGHV, IGKV, and IGLV phylogenetic analysis of wild-derived germline repertoires displayed reduced germline diversity for the light chain repertoire compared to the heavy chain repertoire, suggesting potential evolutionary differences between the two chains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.489089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-dependent modulation of protein localization and function in living bacteria cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most bacteria lack membrane-enclosed organelles to compartmentalize cellular processes. In lieu of physical compartments, bacterial proteins are often recruited to macromolecular scaffolds at specific subcellular locations to carry out their functions. Consequently, the ability to modulate a proteins subcellular location with high precision and speed bears the potential to manipulate its corresponding cellular functions. Here we demonstrate that the CRY2/CIB1 system from Arabidopsis thaliana can be used to rapidly direct proteins to different subcellular locations inside live E. coli cells including the nucleoid, the cell pole, membrane, and the midcell division plane. We further show that such light-induced re-localization can be used to rapidly inhibit cytokinesis in actively dividing E. coli cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the CRY2/CIBN binding kinetics can be modulated by green light, adding a new dimension of control to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQuillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-dependent modulation of protein localization and function in living bacteria cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome modulates host immunity and aids in maintenance of tolerance in the gut, where microbial and food-derived antigens are abundant. Modern lifestyle practices, including diet and antibiotic use, have depleted beneficial taxa, specifically butyrate-producing Clostridia. This depletion is associated with the rising incidence of food allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other noncommunicable chronic diseases. Although butyrate is known to play important roles in regulating gut immunity and maintaining epithelial barrier function, its clinical translation is challenging due to its offensive odor and quick absorption in the upper gut. Here, we have developed two polymeric micelle systems, one with a neutral charge (NtL-ButM) and one with a negative charge (Neg-ButM) that release butyrate from their polymeric core in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract when administered intragastrically to mice. We show that these butyrate-containing micelles, used in combination, restore a barrier-protective response in mice treated with either dextran sodium sulfate or antibiotics. Moreover, butyrate micelle treatment protects peanut-allergic dysbiotic mice from an anaphylactic reaction to peanut challenge and rescues their antibiotic-induced dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Clostridium Cluster XIVa. Butyrate micelle treatment also reduces the severity of colitis in a murine model. By restoring microbial and mucosal homeostasis, these butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles may function as a new, antigen-agnostic approach for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshaikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helminth egg derivatives as pro-regenerative immunotherapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of tissue repair. We developed a regenerative immunotherapy from the helminth Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) to stimulate production of interleukin (IL)-4 and other type 2-associated cytokines without negative infection-related sequelae. The regenerative SEA (rSEA) applied to a murine muscle injury induced accumulation of IL-4 expressing T helper cells, eosinophils, and regulatory T cells, and decreased expression of IL-17A in gamma delta ({gamma}{delta}) T cells, resulting in improved repair and decreased fibrosis. Encapsulation and controlled release of rSEA in a hydrogel further enhanced type 2 immunity and larger volumes of tissue repair. The broad regenerative capacity of rSEA was validated in articular joint and corneal injury models. These results introduce a new regenerative immunotherapy approach using natural helminth-derivatives.

One-Sentence SummaryHelminth-derived soluble egg antigen regenerative immunotherapies promote tissue repair in multiple injury models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerfeld, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieu Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, J. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorko, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahatme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helminth egg derivatives as pro-regenerative immunotherapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypereosinophilia causes progressive cardiac pathologies in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a progressive disease with extensive eosinophilia that results in organ damage. Cardiac pathologies are the main reason for its high mortality rate. A better understanding of the mechanisms of eosinophil-mediated tissue damage would benefit therapeutic development. Here, we describe the cardiac pathologies that developed in a mouse model of hypereosinophilic syndrome. These IL-5 transgenic mice exhibited decreased left ventricular function at a young age which worsened with age. Mechanistically, we demonstrated infiltration of activated eosinophils into the heart tissue that led to an inflammatory environment. Gene expression signatures showed tissue damage as well as repair and remodeling processes. Cardiomyocytes from IL-5Tg mice exhibited significantly reduced contractility relative to WT controls. This impairment may result from the inflammatory stress experienced by the cardiomyocytes and suggest that dysregulation of contractility and Ca2+ reuptake in cardiomyocytes contributes to cardiac dysfunction at the whole organ level in hypereosinophilic mice.

TeaserToo many eosinophils cause inflammation in the heart and change cardiomyocyte contraction leading to poor heart function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diny, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talor, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cihakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypereosinophilia causes progressive cardiac pathologies in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions and synaptic basis of diverse cortical neuron responses to task performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal responses during behavior are diverse, ranging from highly reliable  classical responses to irregular or seemingly-random  non-classically responsive firing. While a continuum of response properties is frequently observed across neural systems, little is known about the synaptic origins and contributions of diverse response profiles to network function, perception, and behavior. Here we use a task-performing, spiking recurrent neural network model incorporating spike-timing-dependent plasticity that captures heterogeneous responses measured from auditory cortex of behaving rodents. Classically responsive and non-classically responsive model units contributed to task performance via output and recurrent connections, respectively. Excitatory and inhibitory plasticity independently shaped spiking responses and task performance. Local patterns of synaptic inputs predicted spiking response properties of network units as well as the responses of auditory cortical neurons from in vivo whole-cell recordings during behavior. Thus a diversity of neural response profiles emerges from synaptic plasticity rules with distinctly important functions for network performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Insanally, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions and synaptic basis of diverse cortical neuron responses to task performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic characterization and pandemic risk assessment of North American H1 influenza A viruses circulating in swine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first pandemic of the 21st century was caused by an H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) introduced from pigs into humans, highlighting the importance of swine as reservoirs for pandemic viruses. Two major lineages of swine H1 circulate in North America: the 1A classical swine lineage (including the 2009 pandemic H1N1) and 1B human seasonal-like lineage. Here, we investigated the evolution of these H1 IAV lineages in North American swine and their potential pandemic risk. We assessed the antigenic distance between the HA of representative swine H1 and human seasonal vaccine strains (1978-2015) in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays using a panel of monovalent anti-sera raised in pigs. Antigenic cross-reactivity varied by strain but was associated with genetic distance. Generally, swine 1A lineage viruses that seeded the 2009 H1 pandemic were antigenically most similar to H1 pandemic vaccine strains, with the exception of viruses in the genetic clade 1A.1.1.3 that had a two-amino acid deletion mutation near the receptor-binding site, dramatically reducing antibody recognition. The swine 1B lineage strains, which arose from previously circulating (pre-2009 pandemic) human seasonal viruses, were more antigenically similar to pre-2009 human seasonal H1 vaccine viruses than post-2009 strains. Human population immunity was measured by cross-reactivity in HI assays to representative swine H1 strains. There was a broad range of titers against each swine strain that was not associated with age, sex, or location. However, there was almost no cross-reactivity in human sera to the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 genetic clades of swine viruses, and the 1A.1.1.3 and 1B.2.1 clades were also the most antigenically distant from all human vaccine strains. Our data demonstrate that antigenic distances of representative swine strains from human vaccine strains represent a rational assessment of swine IAV for zoonotic risk research and pandemic preparedness prioritization.

ImportanceHuman H1 influenza A viruses (IAV) spread to pigs in North America, resulting in sustained circulation of two major groups of H1 viruses in swine. We quantified the genetic diversity of H1 in swine and measured antigenic phenotypes. We demonstrated that swine H1 lineages were significantly different from human vaccine strains and this antigenic dissimilarity increased over time as the viruses evolved in swine. Pandemic preparedness vaccine strains for human vaccines also demonstrated a loss in similarity with contemporary swine strains. Human sera revealed a range of responses to swine IAV, including two groups of viruses with little to no immunity. Surveillance and risk assessment of IAV diversity in pig populations are essential to detect strains with reduced immunity in humans, providing critical information for pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw-Saliba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic characterization and pandemic risk assessment of North American H1 influenza A viruses circulating in swine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling from the cholinergic basal forebrain to the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) signaling exhibits multiple timescales of activity with classic, slow signals related to brain and behavioral states and faster, phasic signals reflecting behavioral events, including movement and reinforcement. Recent evidence suggests that the CBF may also exhibit fast, sensory-evoked responses. It remains unknown, however, whether such sensory signals target the sensory cortex and how they relate to local functional topography. Moreover, the extent to which fast and slow CBF activity interact has been largely unexplored. Here, we used simultaneous two-channel, two-photon imaging of CBF axons and auditory cortical (AC) neurons to reveal that CBF axons project a robust, non-habituating, and stimulus-specific sensory signal to the AC. Individual axon segments exhibited heterogeneous but stable tuning to auditory stimuli allowing stimulus identity to be decoded from the population. However, CBF axons displayed no tonotopy and their frequency tuning was uncoupled from that of nearby cortical neurons. Chemogenetic suppression revealed the auditory thalamus as a principal source of auditory information to the CBF. Finally, slow fluctuations in cholinergic activity modulated the fast, sensory-evoked signals in the same axons, suggesting that a multiplexed combination of fast and slow signals is projected from the CBF to the AC. Taken together, our work demonstrates a novel, non-canonical function of the CBF as a parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling to the sensory cortex that provides repeated representations of a broad range of sound stimuli at all points on the tonotopic map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elnozahy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A parallel channel of state-dependent sensory signaling from the cholinergic basal forebrain to the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-scanner brain MRI volumetric biases persist even in a harmonized multi-subject study of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/PurposeMulticenter study designs involving a variety of MRI scanners have become increasingly common. However, these present the issue of biases in image-based measures due to scanner or site differences. To assess these biases, we imaged 11 volunteers with multiple sclerosis (MS) with scan and rescan data at 4 sites.

Materials and MethodsImages were acquired on Siemens or Philips scanners at 3-tesla. Automated white matter lesion detection and whole brain, gray and white matter, and thalamic volumetry were performed, as well as expert manual delineations of T1 and T2 (FLAIR) lesions. Random effect and permutation-based nonparametric modeling was performed to assess differences in estimated volumes within and across sites.

ResultsRandom effect modeling demonstrated model assumption violations for most comparisons of interest. Non-parametric modeling indicated that site explained > 50% of the variation for most estimated volumes. This expanded to > 75% when data from both Siemens and Philips scanners were included. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between average inter- and intra-scanner differences in most estimated brain volumes (P < .05). The automatic activation of spine coil elements during some acquisitions resulted in a shading artifact in these images. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between thalamic volume measurements from acquisitions with and without this artifact.

ConclusionDifferences in brain volumetry persisted across MR scanners despite protocol harmonization. These differences were not well explained by variance component modeling; however, statistical innovations for mitigating inter-scanner differences show promise in reducing biases in multi-center studies of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauhid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Or, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-scanner brain MRI volumetric biases persist even in a harmonized multi-subject study of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent Preosteoclast Secretome Promotes Metabolic Syndrome Associated Osteoarthritis through Cyclooxygenase 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis (MetS-OA) is a distinct osteoarthritis phenotype defined by the coexistence of MetS or its individual components. Despite the high prevalence of MetS-OA, its pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cellular senescence in the development of MetS-OA.

MethodsAnalysis of the human osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) dataset was conducted to investigate the MRI subchondral bone features of MetS-human OA participants. Joint phenotype and senescent cells were evaluated in two MetS-OA mouse models: high-fat diet (HFD)-challenged mice and STR/Ort mice. In addition, the molecular mechanisms by which preosteoclasts become senescent as well as how the senescent preosteoclasts impair subchondral bone microenvironment were characterized using in vitro preosteoclast culture system.

ResultsHumans and mice with MetS are more likely to develop osteoarthritis-related subchondral bone alterations than those without MetS. MetS-OA mice exhibited a rapid increase in joint subchondral bone plate and trabecular thickness before articular cartilage degeneration. Subchondral preosteoclasts undergo senescence at the pre- or early-osteoarthritis stage and acquire a unique secretome to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Antagonizing preosteoclast senescence markedly mitigates pathological subchondral alterations and osteoarthritis progression in MetS-OA mice. At the molecular level, preosteoclast secretome activates COX2-PGE2, resulting in stimulated differentiation of osteoblast progenitors for subchondral bone formation. Administration of a selective COX2 inhibitor attenuated subchondral bone alteration and osteoarthritis progression in MetS-OA mice. Longitudinal analyses of the human Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort dataset also revealed that COX2 inhibitor use, relative to non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, is associated with less progression of osteoarthritis and subchondral bone marrow lesion worsening in participants with MetS-OA.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest a central role of a senescent preosteoclast secretome-COX2/PGE2 axis in the pathogenesis of MetS-OA, in which selective COX2 inhibitors may have disease-modifying potential.

FundingThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R01AG068226 and R01AG072090 to M.W., R01AR079620 to S.D., and P01AG066603 to X.C.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohajer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guermazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demehri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent Preosteoclast Secretome Promotes Metabolic Syndrome Associated Osteoarthritis through Cyclooxygenase 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical cue control of drug seeking in the face of cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is characterized by intermittent drug seeking despite rising costs. This behavior is heavily influenced by environmental stimuli that signal drug availability and reinforce seeking. We aimed to establish the relationship between three key aspects of human drug use in rats: the intermittent, binge nature of drug intake, the motivational conflict of drug seeking in the face of escalating negative costs, and the ability of different drug cues to interact to modulate relapse. Rats were trained to self administer cocaine on an intermittent access schedule, where brief drug availability states were signaled by a shift in the ambient lighting of the environment and cocaine delivery was signaled by a separate proximal cue. Rats then went through a conflict procedure, where foot shock intensity associated with cocaine seeking was escalated until intake was suppressed. We completed relapse tests where the drug delivery cue was non contingently presented alone, or in the context of dynamic drug availability state transitions. Intermittent access spurred psychomotor sensitization and binge-like cocaine intake. The intensity of binge-like drug taking during training was predictive of later drug seeking despite escalating costs. In relapse tests, the ability of a proximal drug cue to trigger relapse was gated by the presence of a global cue signaling drug-availability state transitions. Our results suggest that the pattern of drug intake plays a role in many features of addiction, including modifying an individuals willingness to endure high costs associated with drug seeking. Further, our results indicate that drug-related sensory information can be hierarchically organized to exert a dynamic modulating influence on drug-seeking motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhoft, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical cue control of drug seeking in the face of cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomous untethered microinjectors for gastrointestinal delivery of insulin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The delivery of macromolecular drugs via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is challenging. Macromolecular drugs display low stability and poor absorption across the intestinal epithelium. While permeation-enhancing drug delivery methods can increase the bioavailability of low molecular weight drugs, the effective delivery of high molecular weight drugs across the tight epithelial cell junctions remains a formidable challenge. Here, we describe autonomous microinjectors that can efficiently penetrate the GI mucosa and deliver insulin systemically. In addition, we performed in vitro studies to characterize insulin release and the penetration capacity of microinjectors and measure in vivo release of insulin in live rats. We found that the microinjectors administered within the luminal GI tract could deliver insulin trans-mucosally to the systemic circulation at similar levels to intravenously administered insulin. Due to their small size, tunability in sizing and dosing, wafer-scale fabrication, and parallel, autonomous operation, we anticipate that these novel microinjectors could significantly advance drug delivery across the GI tract mucosa to the systemic circulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selaru, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomous untethered microinjectors for gastrointestinal delivery of insulin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinstatement of Pavlovian responses to alcohol cues by stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleStress may contribute to relapse to alcohol use in part by enhancing reactivity to cues previously paired with alcohol. Yet, standard models of stress-induced reinstatement generally use contingent presentations of alcohol-paired cues to reinforce instrumental behaviors, making it difficult to isolate the ability of cues to invigorate alcohol-seeking.

ObjectiveHere we sought to test the impact of stress on behavioral responses to alcohol-paired cues, using a model of stress-induced reinstatement of Pavlovian conditioned approach, inspired by Nadia Chaudhris work on context-induced reinstatement.

MethodsLong Evans rats were trained to associate one auditory cue with delivery of alcohol or sucrose and an alternative auditory cue with no reward. Following extinction training, rats were exposed to a stressor prior to being re-exposed to the cues under extinction conditions. We assessed the effects of yohimbine, intermittent footshock and olfactory cues paired with social defeat on responses to alcohol-paired cues, and the effects of yohimbine on responses to sucrose-paired cues.

ResultsThe pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhanced Pavlovian responses to both alcohol and sucrose cues, but intermittent footshock and social defeat cues did not.

ConclusionsWhile yohimbine elicited reinstatement of Pavlovian conditioned responses, these effects may be unrelated to activation of stress systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinstatement of Pavlovian responses to alcohol cues by stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipokine C1q/Tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation via Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSThe adipokine C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) has anti-inflammatory effects in several non-intestinal disorders. Although CTRP3 is reduced in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its function in IBD has not been established. We aimed to elucidate the function of CTRP3 and related molecular mechanisms in intestinal inflammation using a colitis model of genetically-modified CTRP3 mice and intestinal epithelial tissue from patients with Crohns disease (CD), one of the two main forms of IBD.

METHODSCTRP3 knockout (KO) and overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice along with their corresponding wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 6-10 days to induce acute colitis. Mouse colitis symptoms and histological data were analyzed. CTRP3-mediated signaling was examined in the intestinal tissue of mice and patients with CD.

RESULTSCTRP3 mRNA and protein were detected in murine and human intestinal epithelial cells, as well as in murine intestinal smooth muscle cells and mesenteric fat. In DSS-induced acute colitis models, CTRP3 KO mice developed more severe colitis than their WT littermates, while CTRP3 overexpressing Tg mice developed less severe colitis than their WT littermates. In both water- and DSS-treated CTRP3 KO mice, reduced CTRP3 levels correlated with decreased levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase, increased levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) subunit p65, resulting in increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The results from CTRP3 Tg mice mirrored those from CTRP3 KO mice in most respects. This CTRP3/SIRT1/NF-{kappa}B relationship was also observed in the intestinal epithelial tissue of patients with active and inactive CD.

CONCLUSIONSCTRP3 expression levels correlate negatively with intestinal inflammation in mouse colitis models and CD patients. CTRP3 attenuates intestinal inflammation via SIRT1/NF-{kappa}B signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse colitis models and patients with IBD. The manipulation of CTRP3 signaling, including through the use of SIRT1 agonists, may offer translational potential in the treatment of IBD.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWO_ST_ABSBACKGROUND AND CONTEXTC_ST_ABSAdipokine C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with known non-intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. CTRP3 is reduced in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, little is known about whether and how CTRP3 influences intestinal inflammation in IBD.

NEW FINDINGSCTRP3 mRNA and protein were detected in murine and human intestinal epithelial cells, as well as in murine intestinal smooth muscle cells and mesenteric fat. CTRP3 deletion was associated with more severe acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, while CTRP3 overexpression was associated with less severe colitis. In both mice and humans, reduced CTRP3 levels correlated with reduced levels of the histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), resulting in the up-regulation of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis.

LIMITATIONSThis study was performed using genetically modified mice and human tissue samples. An acute DSS-induced colitis model was used; additional mouse colitis models designed to mimic other aspects of IBD will be examined in future studies. The specific source of the secreted CTRP3 protein which influences intestinal inflammation is yet to be identified. The use of recombinant CTRP3 protein supplementation and SIRT1 agonists to mitigate intestinal inflammation also requires further study.

IMPACTCTRP3 is a novel anti-inflammatory adipokine that attenuates intestinal inflammation in colitis mouse models and intestinal epithelial tissue of patients with IBD. CTRP3 attenuates intestinal inflammation by activating SIRT1, which suppresses the pro-inflammatory transcriptional activity of phosphorylated NF-{kappa}B p65. CTRP3 and SIRT1 agonists have potential as novel IBD drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhsh, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selaru, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.491034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipokine C1q/Tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation via Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal atlas of the fetal brain depicts cortical developmental gradient in Chinese population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fetal brains experience rapid and complex development in utero during the second and third trimesters. MRI atlas of the fetal brain in this period enables us to quantify the normal fetal brain development in the spatiotemporal domain. In this study, we constructed a high quality spatiotemporal atlas between 23-38 weeks gestational age (GA) from 90 healthy Chinese fetuses using a pairwise and groupwise registration-based pipeline. We quantified the fetal cortical morphology and characterized the developmental trajectories of each morphological index. The cortical thickness exhibited a biphasic growth pattern; the developmental trend of curvature fitted well into the Gompertz model; sulcal depth increased linearly while surface area expanded exponentially. The cortical thickness and curvature trajectories consistently pointed to a characteristic time-point during development around 31 weeks of GA. The characteristic GA and growth rate obtained from individual cortical regions suggested a central-to-peripheral developmental gradient, with the earliest development in the parietal lobe, and we also observed within-lobe regional orders, which may be linked to biophysical events such as dendritic arborization and thalamocortical fibers ingrowth. The proposed atlas was also compared with an existing fetal atlas from a Caucasian/mixed population. Finally, we examined the structural asymmetry of the fetal brains and found extensive asymmetry that dynamically changed with development. The current study depicted a comprehensive profile of fetal cortical development and the established atlas could be used as a normative reference for neurodevelopmental and diagnostic purposes, especially in the Chinese population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal atlas of the fetal brain depicts cortical developmental gradient in Chinese population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and CDKN2A occurs early during gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) tumorigenesis. However, due to a paucity of GEJ-specific disease models, cancer-promoting consequences of TP53 and CDKN2A inactivation at the GEJ have been incompletely characterized. Here we report the development of the first wild-type primary human GEJ organoid model, as well as a CRISPR-edited transformed GEJ organoid model. CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to inactivate TP53 and CDKN2A (TP53/CDKN2AKO) in GEJ organoids induced morphologic dysplasia as well as pro-neoplastic features in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Notably, lipidomic profiling identified several Platelet-Activating Factors (PTAFs) among the most upregulated lipids in CRISPR-edited organoids; and importantly, PTAF/PTAFR abrogation by siRNA knockdown or a pharmacologic inhibitor (WEB2086) significantly blocked proliferation and other pro-neoplastic features of TP53/CDKN2AKO GEJ organoids in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. In addition, murine xenografts derived from Eso26, an established esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell line, were suppressed by WEB2086. Mechanistically, TP53/CDKN2A dual inactivation disrupted both the transcriptome and the DNA methylome, likely mediated by key transcription factors, particularly Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1). Importantly, FOXM1 activated PTAFR transcription by binding to the PTAFR promoter, further amplifying the PTAF-PTAFR pathway. In summary, we established a robust model system for investigating early GEJ neoplastic events, identified crucial metabolic and epigenomic changes occurring during GEJ model tumorigenesis, and discovered a potential cancer-therapeutic strategy, while providing insights into pro-neoplastic mechanisms associated with TP53/CDKN2A inactivation in early GEJ neoplasia.

One Sentence SummaryNovel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/491356v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngamruengphong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khashab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel tumorigenic FOXM1-PTAFR-PTAF axis revealed by multi-omic profiling in TP53/CDKN2A-double knockout human gastroesophageal junction organoid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial map of antennal-expressed olfactory ionotropic receptors in the malaria mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii uses odors to guide various behaviors such as host-seeking. The detection of behaviorally relevant odors is mediated by a diverse family of receptors including the olfactory Ionotropic Receptors (IRs). Olfactory receptors are expressed on olfactory neurons, with the mosquito antennae representing the main olfactory appendage for detecting volatile chemical cues from the environment. It is currently unknown how many neurons across the antenna express a certain IR, or how these IR-expressing neurons are spatially arranged. Here, we performed whole mount fluorescent in situ hybridization of all IRs expressed in the antennae. The organization of IR-positive cells within an antennal segment (flagellomere) appeared stereotyped across multiple antennae. The spatial map of IR-expressing neurons revealed that the antenna might be organized into proximal and distal functional domains. Highly expressed tuning (odor-binding) IRs exhibit distinct co-localization patterns with cognate IR co-receptor(s) in a combinatorial fashion that might predict their functional properties. These findings reveal organizing principles of Anopheles IR-expressing neurons in the mosquito which might underlie their functional contribution to the detection of behaviorally relevant odors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raji, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial map of antennal-expressed olfactory ionotropic receptors in the malaria mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE Expression and Secretion are Modulated by Copper-Dependent and -Independent Mitochondrial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria influence cellular function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as production of paracrine and endocrine factors. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial regulation of the secretome is more extensive than previously appreciated, as both genetic and pharmacological disruption of the electron transport chain caused upregulation of the Alzheimers disease risk factor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other secretome components. This upregulation of secretory proteins was of a similar extent as modifications to the mitochondrial annotated proteome. Indirect disruption of the electron transport chain by gene editing of SLC25A mitochondrial membrane transporters as well as direct genetic and pharmacological disruption of either complexes I, III, or the copper-containing complex IV of the electron transport chain, elicited upregulation of APOE transcript, protein, and secretion, up to 49-fold. These APOE phenotypes were robustly expressed in diverse cell types and iPSC-derived human astrocytes as part of an inflammatory gene expression program. Moreover, age- and genotype-dependent decline in brain levels of respiratory complex I preceded an increase in APOE in the 5xFAD mouse model. We propose that mitochondria act as novel upstream regulators of APOE-dependent cellular processes in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wynne, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunbona, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senoo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE Expression and Secretion are Modulated by Copper-Dependent and -Independent Mitochondrial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a common mechanism supporting invigoration of action selection and action execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The speed, or vigor, of our movements can vary depending on circumstances. For instance, the promise of a reward leads to faster movements. Reward also leads us to move with a lower reaction time, suggesting that the process of action selection can also be invigorated by reward. It has been proposed that invigoration of action selection and of action execution might occur through a common mechanism, and thus these aspects of behavior might be coupled. To test this hypothesis, we asked participants to make reaching movements to "shoot" through a target at varying speeds to assess whether moving more quickly was also associated with more rapid action selection. We found that, when participants were required to move with a lower velocity, the speed of their action selection was also significantly slowed. This finding was recapitulated in a further dataset in which participants determined their own movement speed, but had to move slowly in order to stop their movement inside the target. By re-analyzing a previous dataset, we also found evidence for the converse relationship between action execution and action selection: when pressured to select actions more rapidly, people also executed movements with higher velocity. Our results establish that invigoration of action selection and action execution vary in tandem with one another, supporting the hypothesis of a common underlying mechanism.

Significance statementWe show that voluntary increases in the vigor of action execution lead action selection to also occur more rapidly. Conversely, hastening action selection by imposing a deadline to act also leads to increases in movement speed. These findings provide evidence that these two distinct aspects of behavior are modulated by a common underlying mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a common mechanism supporting invigoration of action selection and action execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase-1 Inhibitors and the Antiandrogen Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abiraterone, a standard treatment for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), slows disease progression by abrogating androgen synthesis and antagonizing the androgen receptor (AR). We report that inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Plk1, including the clinically active third-generation Plk1 inhibitor onvansertib, when co-administered with abiraterone, synergistically kill cancer cells from a wide variety of tumor types in an androgen-independent manner, both in vitro and in vivo. Abiraterone treatment alone results in defects in mitotic spindle orientation, failure of complete chromosome condensation, and upregulation of mitosis and mitotic-spindle related gene sets independently of its effects on AR signaling. These effects, while mild following abiraterone monotherapy, result in profound sensitization to the anti-mitotic effects of Plk1 inhibition, leading to spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent mitotic cell death and entosis. In a murine PDX model of mCRPC, combined onvansertib and abiraterone resulted in enhanced mitotic arrest and dramatic inhibition of tumor cell growth compared to either agent alone.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEA phase 2 clinical trial is underway (NCT03414034) testing combined Plk1 inhibitor onvansertib and abiraterone in mCRPC patients with nascent abiraterone resistance. Our work establishes a mechanistic basis for that trial and indicates that combined abiraterone and onvansertib co-treatment may have broad utility for cancer treatment beyond mCRPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varkaris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, P. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darlymple, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makusha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlander, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polo-like kinase-1 Inhibitors and the Antiandrogen Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human retinal organoid transplantation can potentially restore vision in patients with degenerative retinal diseases. How the recipient retina regulates the maturation, fate specification, and migration of transplanted organoid cells is unknown. We transplanted human retinal organoid-derived cells into photoreceptor-deficient mice, conducted histology and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses, and observed two main classes of graft-derived cells. The first class consisted of retinal astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like neural precursors, absent or rare in cultured organoids, that migrated into all recipient retinal layers and traveled long distances. The second class consisted of retinal progenitor-derived cells, including rods and cones, that remained in the subretinal space and matured more rapidly than photoreceptors in culture. These data suggest that the recipient subretinal space promotes the maturation of transplanted photoreceptors while inducing or expanding migratory cell populations that are not normally derived from retinal progenitors. These findings have important implications for cell-based treatment of retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogunro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Picking winners in cell-cell collisions: wetting, speed, and contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Groups of eukaryotic cells can coordinate their crawling motion to follow cues more effectively, stay together, or invade new areas. This collective cell migration depends on cell-cell interactions, which are often studied by colliding pairs of cells together. Can the outcome of these collisions be predicted? Recent experiments on trains of colliding epithelial cells suggest that cells with a smaller contact angle to the surface or larger speeds are more likely to maintain their direction ("win") upon collision. When should we expect shape or speed to correlate with the outcome of a collision? We build a model for two-cell collisions within the phase field approach, which treats cells as deformable objects. We can reproduce the observation that cells with high speed and small contact angles are more likely to win with two different assumptions for how cells interact: (1) velocity-aligning, in which we hypothesize that cells sense their own velocity and align to it over a finite timescale, and (2) front-front contact repolarization, where cells polarize away from cell-cell contact, akin to contact inhibition of locomotion. Surprisingly, though we simulate collisions between cells with widely varying properties, in each case, the probability of a cell winning is completely captured by a single summary variable: its relative speed (in the velocity-aligning model) or its relative contact angle (in the contact repolarization model). Both models are currently consistent with reported experimental results, but they can be distinguished by varying cell contact angle and speed through orthogonal perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Picking winners in cell-cell collisions: wetting, speed, and contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGFβ treatment alters the scleral fibroblast migratory response to cyclic strain in an ERK-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMyofibroblasts are associated with scleral remodeling in myopia and glaucoma. We showed reduced myofibroblast alignment with topographic cues in sclera can be modeled by cyclic strain exposure of aligned myofibroblasts in vitro. Here, we characterize the scleral myofibroblast response to cyclic mechanical strain.

MethodsHuman peripapillary scleral (PPS) fibroblasts were cultured on topographically aligned grooves to promote cell alignment, exposed to TGF{beta} (2 ng/ml) in the presence of vehicle or kinase inhibitors, and exposed to uniaxial strain (1 Hz, 5%, 12-24 hours). Alignment with grooves was determined at baseline, immediately following strain, and 24 hours after strain cessation with 0{degrees} being completely aligned and 90{degrees} being perpendicular to grooves. A wound healing assay was developed to investigate further fibroblast migration across topographic cues. Transcriptional profiling of myofibroblasts with or without strain was performed by RT-PCR and pERK, pSMAD2, and pSMAD3 levels were measured by immunoblot.

ResultsPre-strain alignment (6.2{+/-}1.5{degrees}) was reduced after strain (21.7{+/-}5.3{degrees}, p<0.0001) and restored 24 hours after cessation (9.5{+/-}2.6{degrees}). ERK, FAK, and ALK5 inhibition preserved alignment following strain; however, alignment reduction was not inhibited by ROCK, YAP, or SMAD3 inhibition. TGF{beta}-induced myofibroblast markers were reduced by strain. While TGF{beta}-induced phosphorylation of ERK and SMAD2 was unaffected by strain, SMAD3 phosphorylation was reduced (p=0.0004). Wound healing across grooves was enhanced by ROCK and SMAD3 inhibition but not ERK or TGF{beta}R1 inhibition.

ConclusionsStrain-induced myofibroblast migration across topographic confinement is ERK dependent and associated with pSMAD3 inhibition. These results provide insight into potential mechanisms of pathologic scleral remodeling.

PrecisGlaucomatous scleral remodeling is driven by cellular activity. Here we find that scleral myofibroblasts have an exaggerated response to mechanical strain that is ERK dependent, associated with pSMAD3 inhibition and mitigated TGF{beta} signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGFβ treatment alters the scleral fibroblast migratory response to cyclic strain in an ERK-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated human cellular microRNAome based on 196 primary cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAn incomplete picture of the expression distribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) across human cell types has long hindered our understanding of this important regulatory class of RNA. With the continued increase in available public small RNA sequencing datasets, there is an opportunity to more fully understand the general distribution of miRNAs at the cell level.

ResultsFrom the NCBI Sequence Read Archive, we obtained 6,054 human primary cell datasets and processed 4,184 of them through the miRge3.0 small RNA-seq alignment software. This dataset was curated down, through shared miRNA expression patterns, to 2,077 samples from 196 unique cell types derived from 175 separate studies. Of 2,731 putative miRNAs listed in miRBase (v22.1), 2,452 (89.8%) were detected. Among reasonably expressed miRNAs, 108 were designated as cell specific/near specific, 59 as infrequent, 52 as frequent, 54 as near ubiquitous and 50 as ubiquitous. The complexity of cellular microRNA expression estimates recapitulates tissue expression patterns and informs on the miRNA composition of plasma.

ConclusionsThis study represents the most complete reference, to date, of miRNA expression patterns by primary cell type. The data is available through the human cellular microRNAome track at the UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgHubConnect) and an R/Bioconductor package (https://bioconductor.org/packages/microRNAome/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated human cellular microRNAome based on 196 primary cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary cilia regulate Meibomian glands development and dimensions without impairing the lipid composition of the meibum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePrimary cilia regulate the development of various ectoderm-derived tissues, including the corneal epithelium, skin, hair follicle and sebaceous glands. We aimed to investigate their role in meibomian gland (MG) development.

MethodsPrimary cilium ablation in MGs was achieved by crossing a floxed Ift88 mouse (Ift88fl/fl) with a mouse expressing the Cre recombinase under the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, to generate K14-Cre;Ift88fl/fl mice. MG morphology was evaluated by histology and immunostaining, as well as lipid staining and 2-photon microscopy on whole mount tarsal plates. MG lipid profiles were assessed by chromatography.

ResultsWe showed that most of MG cells are ciliated during early stages of MG development and that MG ciliated rate decreases throughout morphogenesis. In morphologically mature glands, only the MG central duct and ductules are ciliated, and meibocytes lose their cilia as they differentiate and become filled with lipids. Primary cilium ablation induces enlargement of MGs, dilation of the MG central duct, and an increased production of lipids, without dramatically changing the lipid profiles. In addition, primary cilia regulate MG elongation and the spatial distribution of proliferating and dying cells within MGs, without changing the total cell proliferation and death rates.

ConclusionsThese findings indicate that primary cilia are not necessary for normal MG development. However, they promote MG enlargement and lipid production, suggesting that primary cilia could be an interesting target for treatments of ocular surface diseases involving MGs, like dry eye disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butovich, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iomini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary cilia regulate Meibomian glands development and dimensions without impairing the lipid composition of the meibum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Racemase is a Cysteine Racemase and Physiologic Down Regulator of Insulin Promoter Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D-amino acids are being recognized in mammals as important molecules with function. This is a first identification of endogenous D-cysteine in mammalian pancreas. D-cysteine is synthesized by serine racemase (SR) and SR-/- mice produce 6-10 fold higher levels of insulin in the pancreas and plasma including higher glycogen and ketone bodies in the liver. The excess insulin is stored as amyloid in secretory vesicles and exosomes. In glucose stimulated insulin secretion studies in mouse and human islets, equimolar amount of D-cysteine showed higher inhibition of insulin secretion compared to D-serine, another closely related stereoisomer synthesized by SR. In mouse models of diabetes (STZ and NOD) and human pancreas, the diabetic state showed increased expression of D-cysteine compared to D-serine followed by increased expression of SR. SR-/- mice show decreased cAMP in the pancreas followed by reduced phosphorylation of CREB (S133), lower DNA methyltransferase enzymatic and promoter activities resulting in decreased methylation of the Ins1 promoter. D-cysteine is efficiently metabolized by D-amino acid oxidase and transported by ASCT2 and Asc1. Dietary supplementation with methyl donors restored the high insulin levels and low DNMT enzymatic activity in SR-/- mice. Our data show that endogenous D-cysteine in the mammalian pancreas is a regulator of insulin secretion.

HighlightsO_LISerine Racemase also functions as a cysteine racemase.
C_LIO_LILack of Serine Racemase results in significantly high levels of insulin in the pancreas, plasma and larger islets.
C_LIO_LID-cysteine shows greater inhibition of insulin secretion compared to D-serine.
C_LIO_LIEndogenous D-cysteine signals via cyclic AMP that mediates downstream CREB-DNMT1 interaction.
C_LIO_LICREB-DNMT1 interaction results in hypomethylation of Ins1 promoter that can be rescued by high methyl donor dietary supplementation rescuing high insulin levels.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Racemase is a Cysteine Racemase and Physiologic Down Regulator of Insulin Promoter Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Considerations for Deconvolution: A Case Study with GTEx Coronary Artery Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential expression analyses are ubiquitous in the realm of statistical genomics, used to estimate functional differences between genomes of groups of subjects. However, differences in tissue composition between groups may contribute to changes in gene expression, potentially obscuring the detection of functionally significant genes of interest. Deconvolution techniques allow researchers to estimate the abundance of each cell type assumed to be in a tissue. While deconvolution is a useful tool to estimate composition, several crucial considerations must be made when setting up and employing such a workflow in an analysis. We perform a deconvolution on GTEx coronary artery data using CIBERSORT and discuss the challenges and limitations in order to highlight future areas of improvement in the deconvolution framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brehm, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Considerations for Deconvolution: A Case Study with GTEx Coronary Artery Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate cytokine signaling, cell growth and hematopoietic differentiation.1 Gain-of-function mutations activating JAK2 signaling are seen in the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients, most commonly due to the JAK2V617F driver allele.2 While clinically-approved JAK inhibitors improve symptoms and outcomes in MPNs, remissions are rare, and mutant allele burden does not substantively change with chronic JAK inhibitor therapy in most patients.3, 4 This has been postulated to be due to incomplete dependence on constitutive JAK/STAT signaling, alternative signaling pathways, and/or the presence of cooperating disease alleles;5 however we hypothesize this is due to the inability of current JAK inhibitors to potently and specifically abrogate mutant JAK2 signaling. We therefore developed a conditionally inducible mouse model allowing for sequential activation, and then inactivation, of Jak2V617F from its endogenous locus using a Dre-rox/Cre-lox dual orthogonal recombinase system. Deletion of oncogenic Jak2V617Fabrogates the MPN disease phenotype, induces mutant-specific cell loss including in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and extends overall survival to an extent not observed with pharmacologic JAK inhibition. Furthermore, reversal of Jak2V617F in MPN cells with antecedent loss of Tet26, 7 abrogates the MPN phenotype and inhibits mutant stem cell persistence suggesting cooperating epigenetic-modifying alleles do not alter dependence on mutant JAK/STAT signaling. Our results suggest that mutant-specific inhibition of JAK2V617F represents the best therapeutic approach for JAK2V617F-mutant MPN and demonstrate the therapeutic relevance of a dual-recombinase system to assess mutant-specific oncogenic dependencies in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Maestre, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waarts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Benitez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jak2V617F Reversible Activation Shows an Essential Requirement for Jak2V617F in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TERT promoter is polycomb-repressed in neuroblastoma cells with long telomeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring a telomere maintenance mechanism is one of the hallmarks of high-risk neuroblastoma and commonly occurs by expressing telomerase (TERT). Telomerase-negative neuroblastoma has, characteristically, long telomeres and most utilize the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. Conversely, no discernable telomere maintenance mechanism is detected in a fraction of neuroblastoma with long telomeres, representing a phenomenon referred to as ever-shorter telomeres. Here, we show that, unlike most cancers, DNA of the TERT promoter is broadly hypomethylated in neuroblastoma. In telomerase-positive neuroblastoma cells, the hypomethylated DNA promoter is approximately 1.5-kb in length and is bound by hypermethylated TERT gene body and upstream intergenic sequences. The TERT locus shows active chromatin marks including H3K4me3, H3K27Ac, H3K14Ac, RNA PolII and BRD4 with low enrichment for the repressive mark, H3K27me3. Strikingly, in neuroblastoma with long telomeres, the hypomethylated region spans the entire TERT locus, including multiple nearby genes with enrichment for the repressive H3K27me3 chromatin mark. Furthermore, subtelomeric regions showed enrichment of repressive chromatin marks in neuroblastomas with long telomeres relative to those with short telomeres. These repressive marks were even more evident at the genic loci, suggesting a telomere position effect. Inhibiting H3K27 methylation by the EZH2 inhibitor, Tazemetostat, induced the expression of TERT, particularly in cell lines with long telomeres and H3K27me3 marks in the promoter region. Taken together, these data suggest that epigenetic regulation of TERT expression differs in neuroblastoma depending on the telomere maintenance status, and H3K27 methylation is important in repressing TERT expression in neuroblastoma with long telomeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TERT promoter is polycomb-repressed in neuroblastoma cells with long telomeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenomic genotyping with the marker array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a new method and software tool called rowbowt that applies a pangenome index to the problem of inferring genotypes from short-read sequencing data. The method uses a novel indexing structure called the marker array. Using the marker array, we can genotype variants with respect from large panels like the 1000 Genomes Project while avoiding the reference bias that results when aligning to a single linear reference. rowbowt can infer accurate genotypes in less time and memory compared to existing graph-based methods. The method is implemented in the open source software tool rowbowt available at https://github.com/alshai/rowbowt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddadi, N. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenomic genotyping with the marker array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell migration and polarization, hundreds of signal transduction and cytoskeletal components self-organize to generate localized protrusions. Although biochemical and genetic analyses have delineated many specific interactions, how the activation and localization of so many different molecules are spatiotemporally orchestrated at the subcellular level has remained unclear. Here we show that the regulation of negative surface charge on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane plays an integrative role in the molecular interactions. Surface charge, or zeta potential, is transiently lowered at new protrusions and within cortical waves of Ras/PI3K/TORC2/F-actin network activation. Rapid alterations of inner leaflet anionic phospholipids, such as PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid, collectively contribute to the surface charge changes. Abruptly reducing the surface charge by recruiting positively charged optogenetic actuators was sufficient to trigger the entire biochemical network, initiate de novo protrusions, and abrogate pre-existing polarity. These effects were blocked by genetic or pharmacological inhibitions of key signaling components such as Akt and PI3K/TORC2. Conversely, increasing the negative surface deactivated the network and locally suppressed chemoattractant-induced protrusions or subverted EGF-induced ERK activation. Computational simulations involving excitable biochemical networks demonstrated that slight changes in feedback loops, induced by recruitment of the actuators, could lead to outsized effects on system activation. We propose that key signaling network components act on, and are in turn acted upon, by surface charge, closing feedback loops which bring about the global-scale molecular self-organization required for spontaneous protrusion formation, cell migration, and polarity establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bisected graph matching improves automated pairing of bilaterally homologous neurons from connectomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph matching algorithms attempt to find the best correspondence between the nodes of two networks. These techniques have been used to match individual neurons in nanoscale connectomes - in particular, to find pairings of neurons across hemispheres. However, since graph matching techniques deal with two isolated networks, they have only utilized the ipsilateral (same hemisphere) subgraphs when performing the matching. Here, we present a modification to a state-of-the-art graph matching algorithm which allows it to solve what we call the bisected graph matching problem. This modification allows us to leverage the connections between the brain hemispheres when predicting neuron pairs. Via simulations and experiments on real connectome datasets, we show that this approach improves matching accuracy when sufficient edge correlation is present between the contralateral (between hemisphere) subgraphs. We also show how matching accuracy can be further improved by combining our approach with previously proposed extensions to graph matching, which utilize edge types and previously known neuron pairings. We expect that our proposed method will improve future endeavors to accurately match neurons across hemispheres in connectomes, and be useful in other applications where the bisected graph matching problem arises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bisected graph matching improves automated pairing of bilaterally homologous neurons from connectomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression screen of chromosome 21 genes reveals modulators of Sonic hedgehog signaling relevant to Down syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling may contribute to multiple Down syndrome-associated phenotypes, including cerebellar hypoplasia, congenital heart defects, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphologies, and Hirschsprung disease. Granule cell precursors isolated from the developing cerebellum of Ts65Dn mice are less responsive to the mitogenic effects of SHH than euploid cells, and a single postnatal dose of the SHH pathway agonist SAG rescues cerebellar morphology and performance on learning and memory tasks in Ts65Dn mice. SAG treatment also normalizes expression levels of OLIG2 in neural progenitor cells derived from human trisomy 21 iPSCs. However, despite evidence that activating SHH signaling can ameliorate some Down syndrome-associated phenotypes, chromosome 21 does not encode any components of the canonical SHH pathway. Here, we screened 163 chromosome 21 cDNAs in a series of SHH-responsive cell lines to identify chromosome 21 genes that modulate SHH signaling. We confirmed overexpression of trisomic candidate genes using RNA-seq in Ts65Dn and TcMAC21 cerebellum. Our study indicates that some chromosome 21 genes, including DYRK1A, upregulate SHH signaling while others, such as HMGN1 and MIS18A, inhibit SHH signaling. Overexpression of genes involved in chromatin structure and mitosis, but not genes previously implicated in ciliogenesis, regulate the SHH pathway. Our data suggest that cerebellar hypoplasia and other phenotypes related to aberrant SHH signaling arise from the net effect of trisomy for multiple chromosome 21 genes rather than the overexpression of a single trisomic gene. Identifying which chromosome 21 genes modulate SHH signaling may suggest new therapeutic avenues for ameliorating Down syndrome phenotypes.

One Sentence SummaryMultiple chromosome 21 genes modulate Sonic hedgehog signaling, which is dysregulated in Down syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinedinst, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression screen of chromosome 21 genes reveals modulators of Sonic hedgehog signaling relevant to Down syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periostin+ stromal cells guide lymphovascular invasion by cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell dissemination to the sentinel lymph node associates with poor patient outcomes, particularly in breast cancers. How cancer cells egress the primary tumor upon interfacing with the lymphatic vasculature is complex and driven by dynamic interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells including cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The matricellular protein periostin can distinguish CAF subtypes in breast cancer and is associated with increased desmoplasia and disease recurrence in patients. However, since periostin is secreted, periostin-expressing CAFs are difficult to characterize in situ, limiting our understanding of their specific contribution to cancer progression. Here, we used in vivo genetic labelling and ablation to lineage trace periostin+ cells and characterize their function(s) during tumor growth and metastasis. We report that periostin-expressing CAFs are spatially found at periductal and perivascular margins, are enriched at lymphatic vessel peripheries, and are differentially activated by highly-metastatic cancer cells versus low-metastatic counterparts. Surprisingly, genetically depleting periostin+ CAFs slightly accelerated primary tumor growth but impaired intratumoral collagen organization and inhibited lymphatic, but not lung, metastases. Periostin ablation in CAFs impaired their ability to deposit aligned collagen matrices and inhibited cancer cell invasion through collagen and across lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers. Thus, highly-metastatic cancer cells mobilize periostin-expressing CAFs in the primary tumor site which promote collagen remodeling and collective cell invasion within lymphatic vessels and ultimately to sentinel lymph nodes.

Significance StatementMetastatic disease causes the majority of cancer-related deaths but is challenging to treat as it is a complex multi-step process driven by heterotypic cell interactions. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundant in most solid tumors and display pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic functions, but extensive molecular diversity among CAFs has yielded contradictory results in previous attempts to target this population. Therefore, there is a need to identify markers of CAF subpopulations that promote or inhibit metastasis and functionally characterize them to understand their contributions during tumor progression. Our work identifies a population of CAFs, marked by expression of the matricellular protein periostin, that remodel the ECM to promote the escape of cancer cells into lymphatic vessels thereby driving colonization of proximal lymph nodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Null, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edatt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecot, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periostin+ stromal cells guide lymphovascular invasion by cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.491883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Remarkable Adaptive Paradigm Of Heart Performance And Protection Emerges In Response To The Constitutive Challenge Of Marked Cardiac-Specific Overexpression Of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.491883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) type VIII (TGAC8) adapt to an incessantly increased cAMP-induced cardiac workload ([~]30% increases in heart rate, ejection fraction and cardiac output) for up to a year without signs of heart failure or excessive mortality. Here we show that despite markedly increased cardiac work, classical cardiac hypertrophy markers were absent in TGAC8, total left ventricular (LV) mass was not increased: a reduced LV cavity volume in TGAC8 was encased by thicker LV walls harboring an increased number of small cardiac myocytes and a network of small interstitial non-cardiac myocytes, manifesting increased proliferation markers and compared to WT. Protein synthesis, proteosome activity, autophagy, and Nrf-2, Hsp90, ACC2 protein levels were increased in TGAC8, but LV ATP and phosphocreatine levels in vivo did not differ by genotype. 2,323 transcripts and 2,184 proteins identified in unbiased omics analyses, spanning a wide array of biological processes and molecular functions in numerous cellular compartments differed in TGAC8 vs WT; and over 250 canonical signaling pathways characteristic of adaptive survival circuitry of cancers, including PI3K and growth factor signaling, cytokine and T cell receptor signaling, immune responses, ROS scavenging, proliferation, protection from apoptosis, and nutrient sensing, were activated in TGAC8; and compared to WT there was a shift from fatty acid oxidation to increased aerobic glycolysis in the context of increased utilization of the pentose phosphate shunt and nucleotide synthesis. Thus, the adaptive paradigm, that becomes activated in the LV of TGAC8 in response to severe chronic, intense AC/PKA/Ca2+ signaling embodies many hallmarks of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarasov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordon, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyashkov, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perino, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvester, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukyanenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, M. C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhaszova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarasova, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telljohann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beshkov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollott, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.491883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Remarkable Adaptive Paradigm Of Heart Performance And Protection Emerges In Response To The Constitutive Challenge Of Marked Cardiac-Specific Overexpression Of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification and statistical modeling of Chromium-based single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex tissues containing cells that are difficult to dissociate, single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) has become the preferred experimental technology over single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to measure gene expression. To accurately model these data in downstream analyses, previous work has shown that droplet-based scRNA-seq data are not zero-inflated, but whether droplet-based snRNA-seq data follow the same probability distributions has not been systematically evaluated. Using pseudo-negative control data from nuclei in mouse cortex sequenced with the 10x Genomics Chromium system, we found that snRNA-seq data follow a negative binomial distribution, suggesting that parametric statistical models applied to scRNA-seq are transferable to snRNA-seq. Furthermore, we found that the quantification choices in adapting quantification mapping strategies from scRNA-seq to snRNA-seq can play a significant role in downstream analyses and biological interpretation. In particular, reference transcriptomes that do not include intronic regions result in significantly smaller library sizes and incongruous cell type classifications. We also confirmed the presence of a gene length bias in snRNA-seq data, which we show is present in both exonic and intronic reads, and investigate potential causes for the bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification and statistical modeling of Chromium-based single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from ones past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or deja vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology.

Public significance statementThis systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at the cell surface, which constitutes the primary mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Molecular interactions between the transduced S and endogenous proteins likely occur post-infection, but such interactions are not well understood. We used an unbiased primary screen to profile the binding of full-length S against >9,000 human proteins and found significant S-host protein interactions, including one between S and human estrogen receptor alpha (ER). After confirming this interaction in a secondary assay, we used bioinformatics, supercomputing, and experimental assays to identify a highly conserved and functional nuclear receptor coregulator (NRC) LXD-like motif on the S2 subunit and an S-ER binding mode. In cultured cells, S DNA transfection increased ER cytoplasmic accumulation, and S treatment induced ER-dependent biological effects and ACE2 expression. Noninvasive multimodal PET/CT imaging in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters using [18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) localized lung pathology with increased ER lung levels. Postmortem experiments in lung tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and humans confirmed an increase in cytoplasmic ER expression and its colocalization with S protein in alveolar macrophages. These findings describe the discovery and characterization of a novel S-ER interaction, imply a role for S as an NRC, and are poised to advance knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology, COVID-19 pathology, and mechanisms of sex differences in the pathology of infectious disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaconis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talarico, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwachukwu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montopoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocetta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borocci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prandi, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napiorkowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chillemi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaventura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomper, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettles, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegretti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelides, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Potent CD43+ Effector CD8+ T cells Elicited After Transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYCD8+ T cells mediate acute rejection of allografts, which threatens the long-term survival of transplanted organs. The factors that govern differentiation of graft-directed effector CD8+ T cells could lead to targeted approaches to limit acute rejection. Using MHC Class I tetramers, we found that allogeneic CD8+ T cells were present at an elevated precursor frequency in naive mice, only modestly increased in number after grafting, and maintained high T cell receptor diversity throughout the immune response. While antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells poorly express the canonical effector marker KLRG-1, expression of the activated glycoform of CD43 defined potent effectors after transplantation. Activated CD43+ effector T cells maintained high expression of ICOS in the presence of CTLA-4 Ig, and dual CTLA-4 Ig/anti-ICOS treatment prolonged graft survival. These data demonstrate that graft-specific CD8+ T cells have a distinct response profile relative to anti-pathogen CD8+ T cells, and that CD43 and ICOS are critical surface receptors that define potent effector CD8+ T cell populations that form after transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallarakal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibukun, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Potent CD43+ Effector CD8+ T cells Elicited After Transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.492682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac-Gated Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Imaging for Ablation-Induced Necrotic Lesion Visualization: In Vivo Demonstration in a Beating Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.492682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a minimally invasive therapy for heart arrhythmia, including atrial fibrillation (A-fib), which creates lesions using an electric current to isolate the heart from abnormal electrical signals. However, conventional RF procedures do not involve intraoperative monitoring of the area and extent of ablation-induced necrosis, making the assessment of the procedure completeness challenging. Previous studies have suggested that spectroscopic photoacoustic (sPA) imaging is capable of differentiating ablated tissue from its non-ablated counterpart based on PA spectrum variation. Here, we aim to demonstrate the applicability of sPA imaging in an in vivo environment, where the cardiac motion presents, and introduce a framework for mapping the necrotic lesion using cardiac-gated sPA imaging. We computed the degree of necrosis, or necrotic extent (NE), by dividing the quantified ablated tissue contrast by the total contrast from both ablated and non-ablated tissues, visualizing it as continuous colormap to highlight the necrotic area and extent. To compensate for tissue motion during the cardiac cycle, we applied the cardiac-gating on sPA data, based on the image similarity. The in vivo validation of the concept was conducted in a swine model. As a result, the ablation-induced necrotic lesion at the surface of the beating heart was successfully depicted throughout the cardiac cycle through cardiac-gated sPA (CG-sPA) imaging. The results suggest that the introduced CG-sPA imaging system has great potential to be incorporated into clinical workflow to guide ablation procedures intraoperatively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashikaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghesu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boctor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.492682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac-Gated Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Imaging for Ablation-Induced Necrotic Lesion Visualization: In Vivo Demonstration in a Beating Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered interaction network in an RNA chaperone revealed by native mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions whose functions in RNA recognition are poorly understood. The RNA chaperone Hfq is a homohexamer that contains six flexible C-terminal domains (CTDs). The effect of the CTDs on Hfqs integrity and RNA binding has been challenging to study because of their sequence identity and inherent disorder. We used native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with surface-induced dissociation (SID) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to disentangle the arrangement of the CTDs and their impact on the stability of E. coli Hfq with and without RNA. The results show that the CTDs stabilize the Hfq hexamer through multiple interactions with the core and between CTDs. RNA binding perturbs this network of CTD interactions, destabilizing the Hfq ring. This destabilization is partially compensated by binding of RNAs that contact multiple surfaces of Hfq. By contrast, binding of short RNAs that only contact one or two subunits results in net destabilization of the complex. Together, the results show that a network of intrinsically disordered interactions integrate RNA contacts with the six subunits of Hfq. We propose that this CTD network raises the selectivity of RNA binding.

Significance StatementHfq is a protein hexamer necessary for gene regulation by non-coding RNA in bacteria, during infection or under stress. In the cell, Hfq must distinguish its RNA partners from many similar nucleic acids. Mass spectrometry dissociation patterns, together with molecular dynamics simulations, showed that flexible extensions of each Hfq subunit form a dense network that interconnects the entire hexamer. This network is disrupted by RNA binding, but the lost interactions are compensated by RNAs that contact multiple Hfq subunits. By measuring interactions that are too irregular to be counted by other methods, mass spectrometry shows how flexible protein extensions help chaperones like Hfq recognize their RNA partners in the messy interior of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarni, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damjanovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Małecka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically disordered interaction network in an RNA chaperone revealed by native mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of cyanobacteria to the endolithic light spectrum in hyper-arid deserts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In hyper-arid deserts, endolithic microbial communities survive in the pore spaces and cracks of rocks, an environment that enhances water retention and filters UV radiation. The rock colonization zone is enriched in far-red light (FRL) and depleted in visible light. This poses a challenge to cyanobacteria, which are the primary producers of endolithic communities. Many species of cyanobacteria are capable of Far-Red Light Photoacclimation (FaRLiP), a process in which FRL induces the synthesis of specialized chlorophylls and remodeling of the photosynthetic apparatus, providing the ability to grow in FRL. While FaRLiP has been reported in cyanobacteria from various low-light environments, our understanding of light adaptations for endolithic cyanobacteria remains limited. Here, we demonstrated that endolithic Chroococidiopsis isolates from deserts around the world synthesize chlorophyll f, an FRL-specialized chlorophyll when FRL is the sole light source. The metagenome-assembled genomes of these isolates encoded chlorophyll f synthase and all the genes required to implement the FaRLiP response. We also present evidence of FRL-induced changes to the major light-harvesting complexes of a Chroococidiopsis isolate. These findings indicate that endolithic cyanobacteria from hyper-arid deserts use FRL photo-acclimation as an adaptation to the unique light transmission spectrum of their rocky habitat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulier, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRuggiero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of cyanobacteria to the endolithic light spectrum in hyper-arid deserts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in glutamate and GABA genes and their association with brain structure and chemistry in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis posits that an imbalance between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission contributes to autism symptomatology. Whether this is due to altered GABAergic or glutamatergic functioning, or both, remains largely unknown. We integrated genetic, brain structure and brain chemistry data to investigate the relationship between E/I genetic variation and expression, glutamate concentrations and cortical thickness (CT). Participants (60 autism and 104 neurotypical controls, aged 8-13 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for glutamate quantification in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left dorsal striatum. Genetic involvement in these regional glutamate concentration levels was investigated using competitive gene-set association and polygenic scores (PGS). Further, glutamate as well as GABA gene-set expression profiles were investigated in relation to CT. Aggregated genetic variation in the glutamate gene-set was associated with ACC but not striatal glutamate concentrations. PGS analysis, however, showed a genome-wide PGS for autism to be predictive of striatal but not ACC glutamate levels. Expression profiles of GABAergic-but not glutamatergic genes were associated with differences in cortical thickness between groups. This study showed differential involvement of aggregated glutamatergic and GABAergic genetic variation in brain structure and chemistry in autism, which suggests regional variability in E/I imbalance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naaijen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lythgoe, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelmans, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruisch, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in glutamate and GABA genes and their association with brain structure and chemistry in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PACeR: a bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function in post-transcriptional gene regulation through imperfect base pairing with mRNA targets which results in inhibition of translation and often destabilization of bound transcripts. Sequence-based algorithms historically used to predict miRNA targets face inherent challenges in reliably reflecting in vivo interactions. Recent strategies have directly profiled miRNA-target interactions by cross-linking and ligation of miRNAs to their targets within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), followed by high throughput sequencing of the chimeric RNAs. Despite the strength of these direct chimeric miRNA:target profiling approaches, standardized pipelines for analyzing the resulting chimeric RNA sequencing data are not readily available. Here we present PACeR, a robust bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA sequencing data. PACeR consists of two parts, each of which are optimized for the distinctive characteristics of chimeric RNA sequencing reads: first, read processing and alignment and second, peak calling and motif analysis. We apply PACeR to chimeric RNA sequencing data generated in our lab as well as a published benchmark dataset. PACeR has minimal computational power requirements and contains extensive annotation to broaden accessibility for processing chimeric RNA sequencing data and enable insights to be gained about the targets of small non-coding RNAs in regulating diverse biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffert, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PACeR: a bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of chimeric RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALDH9A1 Deficiency as a Source of Endogenous DNA Damage that Requires Repair by the Fanconi Anemia Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is required for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). ICLs are caused by genotoxins, such as chemotherapeutic agents or reactive aldehydes. Inappropriately repaired ICLs contribute to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) failure and tumorigenesis. While endogenous acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are known to induce HSC failure and leukemia in humans with FA, the effects of other toxic metabolites in FA pathogenesis have not been systematically investigated. Using a metabolism-focused CRISPR screen, we found that ALDH9A1 deficiency causes synthetic lethality in FA pathway-deficient cells. Combined deficiency of ALDH9A1 and FANCD2 causes genomic instability, apoptosis, and decreased hematopoietic colony formation. Fanca-/-Aldh9a1-/- mice exhibited an increased incidence of ovarian tumors. A suppressor CRISPR screen revealed that the loss of ATP13A3, a polyamine transporter, resulted in improved survival of FANCD2-/-ALDH9A1-/- cells. These findings implicate high intracellular polyamines and the resulting 3-aminopropanal or acrolein in the pathogenesis of FA. In addition, we find that ALDH9A1 variants may be modifying disease onset in FA patients.

Statement of SignificanceALDH9A1 deficiency is a previously unrecognized source of endogenous DNA damage. If not repaired by the Fanconi anemia pathway, such damage leads to increased genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Limiting substrates that accumulate when ALDH9A1 is absent can reduce aldehyde production and rescue synthetic lethality in the combined deficiency of ALDH9A1/FANCD2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilyashov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanagoudr Bhojappa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keahi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durmaz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choijilsuren, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lach, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharappa, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smogorzewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALDH9A1 Deficiency as a Source of Endogenous DNA Damage that Requires Repair by the Fanconi Anemia Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.492984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sMAP: An interactive microarray data analysis tool for early-stage researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.492984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microarray data enables biologists to extract differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple phenotypes. While several pipelines and tools exist to perform microarray data analysis, they are targeted to users with moderate to advanced computational understanding and lack an easy-to-use, interactive and dynamic methodology to perform analysis assisted with comprehensive learning resources. In this study, we developed an interactive application "sMAP" (Standard Microarray Analysis Pipeline) to make transcriptome microarray data analysis more accessible in learning environments and to enable the identification of significant pathological biomarkers. In a case study of colorectal cancer, we showed that sMAP enabled us to reproduce previous findings and discover relevant pathways. sMAP provides a comprehensive set of tutorials and learning documentation to help early-stage researchers. The latest URLs of sMAPs hosting, tutorial, and frequently updated documentation can be found at https://github.com/BI-STEM-Away/sMAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyssi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momeni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.492984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sMAP: An interactive microarray data analysis tool for early-stage researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On How, and Why, and When, We Grow Old 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth and aging are fundamental features of animal life. The march from fertilization to oblivion comes in enormous variety: days and hundreds of cells for nematodes, decades and trillions of cells for humans.1-4 Since Verhulst (18385) proposed the Logistic Equation - exponential growth with countervailing linear decline in rate - biologists have searched for ever better density dependent growth equations,6-12 none which accurately capture the relationship between size and time for real animals.13-15 Furthermore, while growth and aging run in parallel, whether the relationship is causal has been unknown. Here we show, by examining growth and lifespan in units of numbers of cells, N, (Cellular Phylodynamics6), that both processes are linked to the same reduction in the fraction of cells dividing, occurring by a simple expression, the Universal Mitotic Fraction Equation. Lifespan is correlated with an age when fewer than one-in-a-thousand cells are dividing, quantifying the long-appreciated mechanism of aging, the failure of cells to be rejuvenated by dilution with new materials made, and DNA repaired, at mitosis.24-26 These observations provide practical mathematical expressions for comprehending, and managing, the challenges of growth and aging, for such tasks as improving the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Citti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On How, and Why, and When, We Grow Old]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered human cytokine/antibody fusion proteins expand regulatory T cells and confer autoimmune disease protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low dose human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) treatment is used clinically to treat autoimmune disorders due to the cytokines preferential expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (TRegs). However, high toxicity, short serum half-life, and off-target immune cell activation limit the clinical potential of IL-2 treatment. Recent work showed that complexes comprising hIL-2 and the anti-hIL-2 antibody F5111 overcome these limitations by preferentially stimulating TRegs over immune effector cells. Although promising, therapeutic translation of this approach is complicated by the need to optimize dosing ratios and by the instability of the cytokine/antibody complex. We leveraged structural insights to engineer a single-chain hIL-2/F5111 antibody fusion protein, termed F5111 immunocytokine (IC), that potently and selectively activates and expands TRegs. F5111 IC conferred protection in mouse models of colitis and checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes mellitus. These results provide a roadmap for IC design and establish a TReg-biased immunotherapy that could be clinically translated for autoimmune disease treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcutt-Jahns, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henclova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balolong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered human cytokine/antibody fusion proteins expand regulatory T cells and confer autoimmune disease protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Value of Zero-filling in In Vivo MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two opinions currently exist on the role of zero-filling in data processing for in vivo MRS: that it results in a purely cosmetic interpolation; or that it confers a benefit. Most commonly, in vivo MRS data are acquired as complex time-domain half-echoes, that are Fourier transformed to the give a real spectrum that is modeled for quantification. In this manuscript, we highlight that performing zero-filling draws the independent information from the imaginary part of the spectrum into the real spectrum, improving modeling accuracy. In order to demonstrate this, 10,000 time-domain datasets were simulated as decaying exponentials and noise was added. Data were then Fourier transformed with no-zero filling, 2x, 4x and 8x zero-filling. All spectra were then modeled using a simple single-Lorentzian frequency-domain model. It was demonstrated that 2x zero-filling results in a [~]{surd}2 benefit in modeling accuracy, compared to no zero-filling. There was no additional advantage for further zero-filling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Value of Zero-filling in In Vivo MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Cullin-Associated E3 Ligases Regulate Cyclin D1 Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of cell cycle progression, which forms a complex with CDK4/6 to regulate G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. Cyclin D1 has been recognized as an oncogene since it was upregulated in several different types of cancers. It is known that the post-translational regulation of cyclin D1 is controlled by ubiquitination/ proteasome degradation system in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. A few cullin-associated F-box E3 ligases have been shown to regulate cyclin D1 degradation; however, it is not known if additional cullin-associated E3 ligases participate in the regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. In this study, we have screened a siRNA library containing siRNAs specific for 154 ligase subunits, including F-box, SOCS, BTB-containing proteins and DDB proteins. We found that multiple cullin-associated E3 ligases regulate cyclin D1 activity, including Keap1, DDB2, WSB2 and Rbx1. We found that these E3 ligases directly interact with cyclin D1, regulate cyclin D1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. These E3 ligases also control cell cycle progression and cell proliferation through regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. Our study provides novel insights into regulatory mechanisms of cyclin D1 protein stability and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Cullin-Associated E3 Ligases Regulate Cyclin D1 Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function determines severity but not risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Selective vulnerability of energy-intensive motor neurons (MNs) has fostered speculation that mitochondrial function is a determinant of ALS. Previously, the position of mitochondrial function in the pathogenic cascade leading to neurotoxicity has been unclear. We separated upstream genetic determinants of mitochondrial function, including genetic variation within the mitochondrial genome or autosomes; from downstream changeable factors including mitochondrial copy number (mtCN) and MN gene expression. We discovered that functionally validated mitochondrial haplotypes are a determinant of ALS survival but not ALS risk. Loss-of-function genetic variants within, and reduced MN expression of, ACADM and DNA2 lead to shorter ALS survival; both genes impact mitochondrial function. MtCN responds dynamically to the onset of ALS independent of mitochondrial haplotype, and is also significantly correlated with disease severity. We conclude that mitochondrial function impacts ALS progression but not risk; our findings have therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hop, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwamborn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial function determines severity but not risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Achieving single nucleotide sensitivity in direct hybridization genome imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct visualization of point mutations in situ can be informative for studying genetic diseases and nuclear biology. We describe a direct hybridization genome imaging method with single-nucleotide sensitivity, sgGOLDFISH, which leverages the high cleavage specificity of enhanced Cas9 combined with a single extended guide RNA to load a superhelicase and reveal probe binding sites through local denaturation. Using sgGOLDFISH, we identified base-editor-modified and unmodified progeroid fibroblasts from a heterogeneous population, validated the identification through progerin immunofluorescence, and demonstrated accurate sub-nuclear localization of point mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottle, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Achieving single nucleotide sensitivity in direct hybridization genome imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greater breadth of vaccine-induced immunity in females than males is mediated by increased antibody diversity in germinal center B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant mouse-adapted A/California/2009 (maA/Cal/09) H1N1 viruses containing mutations at one (1M), two (2M), or three (3M) antigenic sites, in addition to a virus containing the 1M mutation and a substitution of the Ca2 antigenic site (Sub) with one derived from an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) to challenge mice of both sexes. Following maA/Cal/09 vaccination, females produced greater virus-specific class-switched IgG and IgG2c antibodies against the vaccine and all mutant viruses, and antibodies from females recognized more unique, linear HA epitopes than antibodies from males. While females had greater neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against the vaccine virus, both sexes showed lower neutralization capacity against mutant viruses. After virus challenge, vaccinated females had lower pulmonary virus titers and reduced morbidity than males against the 1M and 2M viruses, but not the Sub virus. Females generated greater numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells containing superior somatic hypermutation frequencies than vaccinated males. Deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) eliminated female-biased immunity and protection against the 2M virus. Harnessing methods to improve GC B cell responses and frequencies of somatic hypermutations, especially in males, should be considered in the development of universal influenza vaccines.

SummaryCompared with males, inactivated influenza vaccination of female mice causes greater production of class-switched, somatically-hypermutated antibodies and a more robust germinal center B cell response, leading to more diverse H1N1 antigen recognition and better protection against mutant influenza A viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ursin, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldetsadik, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearhart, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greater breadth of vaccine-induced immunity in females than males is mediated by increased antibody diversity in germinal center B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-regional delays fluctuate in the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flow of information between cortical regions depends on the excitability at each site, which is reflected in fluctuating field potentials. It remains uncertain how global changes in field potentials affect the latency and strength of cortico-cortical couplings. Therefore, we measured changes in oscillations and inter-regional couplings by recording intracranially from the human cerebral cortex. As participants listened to an auditory narrative, global increases in low-frequency (4-14 Hz) power were associated with stronger and more delayed inter-regional couplings. Conversely, increases in broadband high-frequency power were associated with weaker coupling and zero lag. In network oscillator models, these changes in cortico-cortical latency can be generated by varying the effective influence of inter-regional projections relative to intra-regional dynamics. Altogether, low-frequency oscillations appear to modulate information flow across the human cerebral cortex, as they covary with the timing of peak excitability between regions, and this process may be regulated by nonspecific ascending projections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muesch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-regional delays fluctuate in the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging place field repetition to understand positional versus nonpositional inputs to hippocampal field CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is believed to encode episodic memory by binding information about the content of experience within a spatiotemporal framework encoding the location and temporal context of that experience. Previous work implies a distinction between positional inputs to the hippocampus that provide information about an animals location and nonpositional inputs which provide information about the content of experience, both sensory and navigational. Here we leverage the phenomenon of "place field repetition" to better understand the functional dissociation between positional and nonpositional inputs to CA1. Rats navigated freely on a novel maze consisting of linear segments arranged in a rectilinear, city-block configuration, which combined elements of open-field foraging and linear-track tasks. Unlike typical results in open-field foraging, place fields were directionally tuned on the maze, even though the animals behavior was not constrained to 1-D trajectories. Repeating fields from the same cell tended to have the same directional preference when the fields were aligned along a linear corridor of the maze, but they showed uncorrelated directional preferences when they were unaligned across different corridors. Lastly, individual fields displayed complex time dynamics which resulted in the population activity changing gradually over the course of minutes. These temporal dynamics were evident across repeating fields of the same cell. These results demonstrate that the positional inputs that drive a cell to fire in similar locations across the maze can be behaviorally and temporally dissociated from the nonpositional inputs that alter the firing rates of the cell within its place fields, thereby increasing the flexibility of the system to encode episodic variables within a spatiotemporal framework provided by place cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hockeimer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natrajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging place field repetition to understand positional versus nonpositional inputs to hippocampal field CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable graph analysis tools for the connectomics community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscientists now have the opportunity to analyze synaptic resolution connectomes that are larger than the memory on single consumer workstations. As dataset size and tissue diversity have grown, there is increasing interest in conducting comparative connectomics research, including rapidly querying and searching for recurring patterns of connectivity across brain regions and species. There is also a demand for algorithm reuse -- applying methods developed for one dataset to another volume. A key technological hurdle is enabling researchers to efficiently and effectively query these diverse datasets, especially as the raw image volumes grow beyond terabyte sizes. Existing community tools can perform such queries and analysis on smaller scale datasets, which can fit locally in memory, but the path to scaling remains unclear. Existing solutions such as neuPrint or FlyBrainLab enable these queries for specific datasets, but there remains a need to generalize algorithms and standards across datasets. To overcome this challenge, we present a software framework for comparative connectomics and graph discovery to make connectomes easy to analyze, even when larger-than-RAM, and even when stored in disparate datastores. This software suite includes visualization tools, a web portal, a connectivity and annotation query engine, and the ability to interface with a variety of data sources and community tools from the neuroscience community. These tools include MossDB (an immutable datastore for metadata and rich annotations); Grand (for prototyping larger-than-RAM graphs); GrandIso-Cloud (for querying existing graphs that exceed the capabilities of a single work-station); and Motif Studio (for enabling the public to query across connectomes). These tools interface with existing frameworks such as neuPrint, graph databases such as Neo4j, and standard data analysis tools such as Pandas or NetworkX. Together, these tools enable tool and algorithm reuse, standardization, and neuroscience discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable graph analysis tools for the connectomics community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic KRas activates mitochondrial fission through Erk-mediated phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Drp1 deletion inhibits tumorigenesis of KRas-driven pancreatic cancer, but the role of mitochondrial dynamics in other Ras-driven malignancies is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo growth of KRas-driven lung adenocarcinoma is unaffected by deletion of Drp1, but inhibited by deletion of Opa1, the GTPase that regulates inner membrane fusion and promotes proper cristae morphology. Mechanistically, Opa1 knockout induces loss of electron transport chain (ETC) complex I assembly and activity that inhibits tumor cell proliferation through loss of NAD+ regeneration. Simultaneous inactivation of Drp1 and Opa1 restores cristae morphology, complex I activity and cell proliferation indicating that mitochondrial fission activity drives ETC dysfunction induced by Opa1 knockout. Our results support a model in which mitochondrial fission events disrupt cristae structure and tumor cells with hyperactive fission activity require Opa1 activity to maintain ETC function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sessions, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashatus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashatus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic classification with KrakenUniq on low-memory computers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kraken and KrakenUniq are widely-used tools for classifying metagenomics sequences. A key requirement for these systems is a database containing all k-mers from all genomes that the users want to be able to detect, where k = 31 by default. This database can be very large, easily exceeding 100 gigabytes (GB) and sometimes 400 GB. Previously, Kraken and KrakenUniq required loading the entire database into main memory (RAM), and if RAM was insufficient, they used memory mapping, which significantly increased the running time for large datasets. We have implemented a new algorithm in KrakenUniq that allows it to load and process the database in chunks, with only a modest increase in running time. This enhancement now makes it feasible to run KrakenUniq on very large datasets and huge databases on virtually any computer, even a laptop, while providing the same very high classification accuracy as the previous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic classification with KrakenUniq on low-memory computers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin forms liquid-like condensates at synapses to support ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis at synapses is accelerated by the pre-accumulation of Dynamin 1xA at the endocytic zone by Syndapin 1. However, it is unclear how these proteins support the ultrafast kinetics of endocytosis. Here we report that these proteins phase separate at the presynaptic endocytic zone where ultrafast endocytosis takes place. Specifically, the proline-rich motif of Dynamin 1xA interacts with the Src-Homology 3 domain of Syndapin 1 and forms liquid-like condensates. Single-particle tracking of Dynamin 1xA molecules at synapses shows that their diffusion slows down substantially when they are in the condensates, indicating the presence of molecular crowding and intermolecular interaction. When Dynamin 1xA is mutated to disrupt its interaction with Syndapin 1 the condensates do not form. Thus, the liquid-like assembly of these endocytic proteins provides a catalytic platform for ultrafast endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumrich, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin forms liquid-like condensates at synapses to support ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.490672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.490672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) enable gene expression measurements from a tissue sample while retaining its spatial context. This technology enables unprecedented in situ resolution of the regulatory pathways that underlie the heterogeneity in the tumor and its microenvironment (TME). The direct characterization of cellular co-localization with spatial technologies facilities quantification of the molecular changes resulting from direct cell-cell interaction, as occurs in tumor-immune interactions. We present SpaceMarkers, a novel bioinformatics algorithm to infer molecular changes from cell-cell interaction from latent space analysis of ST data. We apply this approach to infer molecular changes from tumor-immune interactions in Visium spatial transcriptomics data of metastasis, invasive and precursor lesions, and immunotherapy treatment. Further transfer learning in matched scRNA-seq data enabled further quantification of the specific cell types in which SpaceMarkers are enriched. Altogether, SpaceMarkers can identify the location and context-specific molecular interactions within the TME from ST data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Maria, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uytingco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bent, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.490672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advances in non-invasive tracking of wave-type electric fish in natural and laboratory settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technological advances greatly improved the possibility to study freely behaving animals in natural conditions. However, many systems still rely on animal-mounted devices, which can already bias behavioral observations. Alternatively, animal behaviors can be detected and tracked in recordings of stationary sensors, e.g. video cameras. While these approaches circumvent the influence of animal-mounted devices, identification of individuals is much more challenging. We take advantage of the individual-specific electric fields electric fish generate by discharging their electric organ (EOD) to record and track their movement and communication behaviors without interfering with the animals themselves. EODs of complete groups of fish can be recorded with electrode arrays submerged in the water and then be tracked for individual fish. Here, we present an improved algorithm for tracking electric signals of wave-type electric fish with unprecedented accuracy. Our algorithm benefits from combining and refining previous approaches of tracking individual specific EOD frequencies (EODf) and spatial electric field properties. In this process, the similarity of signal pairs in extended data windows determines their tracking order, making the algorithm more robust against detection losses and intersections. We quantify the performance of the algorithm and show its application for a data set recorded with a 64-electrode array in a stream in the Llanos, Colombia, where we managed, for the first time, to track Apteronotus leptorhynchus over many days. These technological advances make electric fish a unique model system for a detailed analysis of social and communication behaviors, with strong implications for our research on sensory coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advances in non-invasive tracking of wave-type electric fish in natural and laboratory settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching! 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an ongoing explosion of scientific datasets being generated, brought on by recent technological advances in many areas of the natural sciences. As a result, the life sciences have become increasingly computational in nature, and bioinformatics has taken on a central role in research studies. However, basic computational skills, data analysis and stewardship are still rarely taught in life science educational programs [1], resulting in a skills gap in many of the researchers tasked with analysing these big datasets. In order to address this skills gap and empower researchers to perform their own data analyses, the Galaxy Training Network (GTN) has previously developed the Galaxy Training Platform (https://training.galaxyproject.org); an open access, community-driven framework for the collection of FAIR training materials for data analysis utilizing the user-friendly Galaxy framework as its primary data analysis platform [2].

Since its inception, this training platform has thrived, with the number of tutorials and contributors growing rapidly, and the range of topics extending beyond life sciences to include topics such as climatology, cheminformatics and machine learning. While initially aimed at supporting researchers directly, the GTN framework has proven to be an invaluable resource for educators as well. We have focused our efforts in recent years on adding increased support for this growing community of instructors. New features have been added to facilitate the use of the materials in a classroom setting, simplifying the contribution flow for new materials, and have added a set of train-the-trainer lessons. Here, we present the latest developments in the GTN project, aimed at facilitating the use of the Galaxy Training materials by educators, and its usage in different learning environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiltemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagtap, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretaudeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bras, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syme, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droesbeke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranzo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psomopoulos, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Föll, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Solano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouilloux, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heusden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grüning, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batut, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galaxy Training Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching!]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to differentiate stem cells into human cell types is essential to define basic mechanisms and therapeutics, especially for cell types not routinely accessible by biopsies. But while engineered expression of transcription factors (TFs) identified through TF screens has been found to rapidly and efficiently produce some cell types, generation of other cell types that require complex combinations of TFs has been elusive. Here we develop an iterative, pooled single-cell TF screening method that improves the identification of effective TF combinations using the generation of human microglia-like cells as a testbed: Two iterations identified a combination of SPI1, CEBPA, FLI1, MEF2C, CEBPB, and IRF8 as sufficient to differentiate human iPSC into microglia-like cells in 4 days. Characterization of TF-induced microglia demonstrated molecular and functional similarity to primary microglia. We explore the use of single-cell atlas reference datasets to confirm identified TFs and how combining single-cell TF perturbation and gene expression data can enable the construction of causal gene regulatory networks. We describe what will be needed to fashion these methods into a generalized integrated pipeline, further ideas for enhancement, and possible applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sambeek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshakhlagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Corral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Large-Scale Multi-Trait Analysis Characterizes Global Patterns of Pleiotropy and Unique Trait-Specific Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found widespread evidence of pleiotropy, but characterization of global patterns of pleiotropy remain highly incomplete due to insufficient power of current approaches. We develop fastASSET, an extension of the method ASSET, to allow computationally efficient detection of variant-level pleiotropic association across a large number of traits. We analyze GWAS summary statistics of 116 complex traits of diverse types collected from the NIH GRASP repository and a number of other large GWAS consortia. We identify a total of 2,293 independent loci at the genome-wide significance level and found that the lead variants in nearly all of these loci ([~]99%) to be associated with to two or more (median = 6) traits. Further, the estimated degree of pleiotropy for the detected variants strongly predicted their degree of pleiotropy across a much larger number of traits (K=4,114) in the UK Biobank Study. Follow-up analyses of 21 unique trait-specific variants suggest that they are often linked to the expression in trait-related tissues for a small number of genes, some of which are well known to be involved in relevant biological processes. Our findings provide deeper insight into the nature of complex trait pleiotropy and leads to, for the first time, identification of highly unique trait-specific susceptibility variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Large-Scale Multi-Trait Analysis Characterizes Global Patterns of Pleiotropy and Unique Trait-Specific Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last three decades, the appeal for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics has been steadily increasing as evident with FDAs recent landmark approval of the 100th mAb. Unlike mAbs that bind to single targets, multispecific biologics (bsAbs) with their single-chain variable fragment (scFv) modules have garnered particular interest owing to the advantage of engaging distinct targets. Despite their exquisite specificity and affinity, the relatively poor thermostability of these scFv modules often hampers their development as a potential therapeutic drug. In recent years, engineering antibody sequences to enhance their stability by mutations has gained considerable momentum. As experimental methods for antibody engineering are time-intensive, laborious, and expensive, computational methods serve as a fast and inexpensive alternative to conventional routes. In this work, we show two machine learning methods - one with pre-trained language models (PTLM) capturing functional effects of sequence variation, and second, a supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) trained with Rosetta energetic features - to better classify thermostable scFv variants from sequence. Both these models are trained over temperature-specific data (TS50 measurements) derived from multiple libraries of scFv sequences. In this work, we show that a sufficiently simple CNN model trained with energetic features generalizes better than a pre-trained language model on out-of-distribution (blind) sequences (average Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.4 as opposed to 0.15). Further, we demonstrate that for an independent mAb with available thermal melting temperatures for 20 experimentally characterized thermostable mutations, these models trained on TS50 data could identify 18 residue positions and 5 identical amino-acid mutations showing remarkable generalizability. Our results suggest that such models can be broadly applicable for improving the biological characteristics of antibodies. Further, transferring such models for alternative physico-chemical properties of scFvs can have potential applications in optimizing large-scale production and delivery of mAbs or bsAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisting, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anlahr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoenig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czwikla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sienz-Widmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catterall, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinberg, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards generalizable prediction of antibody thermostability using machine learning on sequence and structure features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide microarray-based screening of PAR-binding proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling and scaffolding through covalent modification or non-covalent binding to target proteins. The non- covalent binding PARylome has not been extensively characterized. Here we performed a PAR-binding screen using a human protein microarray that covers most of the human proteome to characterize the non-covalent binding PARylome. A total of 356 PAR- binding proteins were identified. The PAR-binding PARylome suggests that PAR- binding regulates a variety of biological processes beyond well-characterized DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. Proteins that may be reprogrammed by PAR-binding include signaling molecules, transcription factors, nucleic acid binding proteins, calcium binding proteins, ligases, oxidoreductases, enzymes, transferases, hydrolases, and receptors. The global database of PAR-binding proteins that we established will be a valuable tool for further in-depth analysis of the role of PARylation in a wide range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide microarray-based screening of PAR-binding proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdalar and ERC Rostral Atrophy and Tau Pathology Reconstruction in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research has emphasized the unique impact of Alzheimers Disease (AD) pathology on the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a reflection that tau pathology is particularly striking in the entorhinal and transentorhinal cortex (ERC, TEC) early in the course of disease. However, other brain regions are affected by AD pathology during its early phases. Here, we use longitudinal diffeomorphometry to measure the atrophy rate from MRI of the amygdala compared with that in the ERC and TEC in controls, individuals who progressed from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and individuals with MCI who progressed to AD dementia, using a dataset from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Our results show significantly higher atrophy rates of the amygdala in both preclinical and MCI  converters compared to controls, with rates of volume loss comparable to rates of thickness loss in the ERC and TEC. Using our recently developed method, referred to as Projective LDDMM, we map measures of neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) from digital pathology to MRI atlases and reconstruct, for the first time, dense 3D spatial distributions of NFT density within regions of the MTL. The distribution of NFTs is consistent with the MR atrophy rates, revealing high densities not only in ERC, but in the amygdala and rostral third of the MTL. The similarity of the location of NFTs and shape changes in a well-defined clinical population suggests that amygdalar atrophy rate, as measured through MRI may be a viable biomarker for AD.

PACS0000, 1111

2000 MSC0000, 1111

HighlightsO_LIAmygdala atrophy rate estimated from MRIs in preclinical Alzheimers disease (AD)
C_LIO_LI3D distributions of neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) reconstructed from 2D histology
C_LIO_LINFTs highest in the rostral medial temporal lobe, including amygdala and ERC
C_LIO_LIAmygdala atrophy rate is comparable to ERC atrophy rate in preclinical AD
C_LIO_LIAmygdala and ERC atrophy rates as potential biomarkers rooted in NFT pathology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceritoglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdalar and ERC Rostral Atrophy and Tau Pathology Reconstruction in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLK4 drives centriole amplification and apical surface area expansion in multiciliated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated epithelia that assemble multiple motile cilia used to promote fluid flow. To template these cilia, MCCs dramatically expand their centriole content during a process known as centriole amplification. In cycling cells, the master regulator of centriole assembly Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is essential for centriole duplication; however recent work has questioned the role of PLK4 in centriole assembly in MCCs. To address this discrepancy, we created genetically engineered mouse models and demonstrated that both PLK4 protein and kinase activity are critical for centriole amplification in MCCs. Tracheal epithelial cells that fail centriole amplification accumulate large assemblies of centriole proteins and do not undergo apical surface area expansion. These results show that the initial stages of centriole assembly are conserved between cycling cells and MCCs and suggest that centriole amplification and surface area expansion are coordinated events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LoMastro, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drown, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryniak, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLK4 drives centriole amplification and apical surface area expansion in multiciliated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hallucinating structure-conditioned antibody libraries for target-specific binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are widely developed and used as therapeutics to treat cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. During development, initial leads routinely undergo additional engineering to increase their target affinity. Experimental methods for affinity maturation are expensive, laborious, and time-consuming and rarely allow the efficient exploration of the relevant design space. Deep learning (DL) models are transforming the field of protein engineering and design. While several DL-based protein design methods have shown promise, the antibody design problem is distinct, and specialized models for antibody design are desirable. Inspired by hallucination frameworks that leverage accurate structure prediction DL models, we propose the FvHallucinator for designing antibody sequences, especially the CDR loops, conditioned on an antibody structure. Such a strategy generates targeted CDR libraries that retain the conformation of the binder and thereby the mode of binding to the epitope on the antigen. On a benchmark set of 60 antibodies, FvHallucinator generates sequences resembling natural CDRs and recapitulates perplexity of canonical CDR clusters. Furthermore, the FvHallucinator designs amino acid substitutions at the VH-VL interface that are enriched in human antibody repertoires and therapeutic antibodies. We propose a pipeline that screens FvHallucinator designs to obtain a library enriched in binders for an antigen of interest. We apply this pipeline to the CDR H3 of the Trastuzumab-HER2 complex to generate in silico designs improving upon the binding affinity and interfacial properties of the original antibody. Thus, the FvHallucinator pipeline enables generation of inexpensive, diverse, and targeted antibody libraries enriched in binders for antibody affinity maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hallucinating structure-conditioned antibody libraries for target-specific binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of transmembrane helix interactions in EphA2 dimers and oligomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateral interactions can stabilize different EphA2 receptor assemblies in the plasma membrane in response to different ligands. Here we use two fluorescent techniques, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuations (FIF) spectrometry, to investigate how mutations in the EphA2 transmembrane (TM) helix affect the association between full-length EphA2 molecules in the absence of ligand and in the presence of three ligands: ephrinA1-Fc, m-ephrinA1, and the YSA peptide. The EphA2 mutations we studied have been previously characterized in the context of the isolated EphA2 TM helix. Working with full-length EphA2, we observed modest effects of the mutations on receptor-receptor interaction. Our data do not support the currently accepted model of a switch between two discrete TM helix dimerization motifs corresponding to active or inactive receptor states. Instead, we propose that different dimeric/oligomeric arrangements of the EphA2 extracellular region couple to an ensemble of TM helix dimer interfaces. Plasticity in the arrangements of receptor tyrosine kinase TM helices in active dimers and oligomers may serve to facilitate the cross-phosphorylation of multiple tyrosines in different positions of the intracellular regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.495010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of transmembrane helix interactions in EphA2 dimers and oligomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The efficacy of EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation increases with EphA2 oligomer size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EphA2 is expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells and controls the assembly of cell-cell junctions. EphA2 has also been implicated in many diseases, including cancer. Unlike most RTKs, which signal predominantly as dimers, EphA2 readily forms higher order oligomers upon ligand binding. Here we investigated if a correlation exists between EphA2 signaling properties and the size of the EphA2 oligomers induced by multiple ligands, including the widely used ephrinA1-Fc ligand, the soluble monomeric m-ephrinA1, and novel engineered peptide ligands. We used Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuation (FIF) spectrometry to characterize the EphA2 oligomer populations induced by the different ligands. Interestingly, we found that different monomeric and dimeric ligands induce EphA2 oligomers with widely different size distributions. Comparison of FIF brightness distribution parameters and EphA2 signaling parameters reveals that the efficacy of EphA2 phosphorylation on tyrosine 588, which is indicative of receptor activation, correlates with EphA2 mean oligomer size. However, other characteristics, such as the efficacy of AKT inhibition and ligand bias coefficients, appear to be independent of EphA2 oligomer size. This work highlights the utility of FIF in RTK signaling research and demonstrates a quantitative correlation between the architecture of EphA2 signaling complexes and signaling features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Mercado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raicu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The efficacy of EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation increases with EphA2 oligomer size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging is not well-established, in part due to diversity of quantification methodology. In this study, a large structured cross-sectional cohort of male and female subjects throughout adulthood was recruited to investigate neurometabolic changes as a function of age, using consensus-recommended magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification methods.

Methods102 healthy volunteers, with approximately equal numbers of male and female participants in each decade of age from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, were recruited with IRB approval. MR spectroscopic data were acquired on a 3T MRI scanner. Metabolite spectra were acquired using PRESS localization (TE = 30 ms; 96 transients) in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Water-suppressed spectra were modeled using the Osprey algorithm, employing a basis set of 18 simulated metabolite basis functions and a cohort-mean measured macromolecular spectrum. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between metabolite concentrations and age for each voxel; paired t-tests were run to determine whether metabolite concentrations differed between the PCC and CSO.

ResultsTwo datasets were excluded (1 ethanol; 1 unacceptably large lipid signal). Statistically significant age-by-metabolite correlations were seen for tCr (R2=0.36; p<0.001), tCho (R2=0.11; p<0.001), sI (R2=0.11; p=0.004), and mI (R2=0.10; p<0.001) in the CSO, and tCr (R2=0.15; p<0.001), tCho (R2=0.11; p<0.001), and GABA (R2=0.11; p=0.003) in the PCC. No significant correlations were seen between tNAA, NAA, GSH, Glx or Glu and age in either region (all p>0.25). Levels of sI were significantly higher in the PCC in female subjects (p<0.001) than in male subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between linewidth and age.

ConclusionThe results indicated age correlations for tCho, tCr, sI, and mI in CSO and for tCr, tCho and GABA in PCC, while no age-related changes were found for NAA, tNAA, GSH, Glu or Glx. Our results provide a normative foundation for future work investigating the neurometabolic time course of healthy aging using MRS.

HighlightsO_LIA large structured cross-sectional cohort of neurometabolic aging dataset is presented;
C_LIO_LIAge correlations were observed for tCho, tCr, sI, and mI in CSO and for tCr, tCho and GABA in PCC;
C_LIO_LINo age correlations were found for NAA, tNAA, GSH, Glu or Glx in either region.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtype-specific single β1 integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although integrins are known to be mechano-sensitive and to possess many subtypes that have distinct physiological roles, single molecule studies of force exertion have thus far been limited to RGD-binding integrins. Here, we show that integrin 4{beta}1 and RGD-binding integrins (V{beta}1 and 5{beta}1) require markedly different tension thresholds to support cell spreading. Furthermore, actin assembled downstream of 4{beta}1 forms cross-linked networks in circularly spread cells, is in rapid retrograde flow, and exerts low forces from actin polymerization. In contrast, actin assembled downstream of V{beta}1 forms stress fibers linking focal adhesions in elongated cells, is in slow retrograde flow, and matures to exert high forces (>54-pN) via myosin II. Conformational activation of both integrins occurs below 12-pN, suggesting that post-activation subtype-specific cytoskeletal remodeling imposes the higher threshold for spreading on RGD substrates. Multiple layers of single integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling revealed here may underlie subtype-dependence of diverse processes such as somite formation and durotaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtype-specific single β1 integrin mechanics for activation, mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly accurate isoform identification for the human transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore a new hypothesis in genome annotation, namely whether computationally predicted protein structures can help to identify which of multiple possible gene isoforms represents a functional protein product. Guided by structure predictions, we evaluated over 140,000 isoforms of human protein-coding genes assembled from over 10,000 RNA sequencing experiments across many human tissues. We illustrate our new method with examples where structure provides a guide to function in combination with expression and evolutionary evidence. Additionally, we provide the complete set of structures as a resource to better understand the function of human genes and their isoforms. These results demonstrate the promise of protein structure prediction as a genome annotation tool, allowing us to refine even the most highly-curated catalog of human proteins.

One-Sentence SummaryWe describe the use of 3D protein structures on a genome-wide scale to evaluate human protein isoforms for biological functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly accurate isoform identification for the human transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.494639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the protein disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) impairs cardiac resistance against ischemia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.494639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular targets that contribute to post-myocardial infarction heart failure remains elusive. Here we studied the global transcriptional landscape of human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes under simulated ischemia at the whole genome level in an unbiased manner. Unexpectedly, we identified Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), which has been almost exlusively studied in neurodevelopment/neurosignaling, as a key molecule. Reduced DISC1 levels increase infarct size in mouse hearts, increases cTnT release following surgery in coronary artery bypass grafting patients and decrease the survival of human AC16 cardiomyocytes exposed to ischemic conditions by disrupting cardioprotective pathways. Mechanistically, the loss of DISC1 interaction with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3{beta}) heightens GSK3{beta} activity, promoting cell death. Conversely, increasing DISC1 levels enhances cardioprotective signaling by maintaining the DISC1-GSK3{beta} interaction. Although DISC1 is known to interact with many proteins as an intracellular hub, we have identified that its specific interaction with GSK3{beta} is crucial for cardioprotection. These data also indicate that a key molecule involved in brain health and disease also contributes to cardiac health and disease, supporting the idea that neuropsychiatric conditions are systemic.

SummaryThrough an unbiased screening at the whole genome level, we underscore that DISC1 is a key molecule for cardiomyocyte resilience post-myocardial infarction. DISC1 has been studied almost exclusively in neuroscience, involving in multiple cellular mechanisms. In contrast, we highlight DISC1s interaction with GSK3{beta} as specific mechanism that drives cardioprotection. We also report DISC1s implication in cardiac health following coronary artery bypass grafting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurdeep Marwahra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinho, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slagsvold, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbjorgen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, C. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoydal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.494639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the protein disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) impairs cardiac resistance against ischemia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) fitting improves intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo improve the reliability of intravoxel incoherent motion model (IVIM) parameter estimation for the diffusion-weighted imaging in the kidney using a novel Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) approach.

MethodsThe robustness of IDEAL was investigated using simulated diffusion-weighted MRI data corrupted with different levels of Rician noise. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed method was tested by fitting bi- and triexponential IVIM model to in vivo renal DWI data acquired on a clinical 3 Tesla MRI scanner and compared to conventional approaches (Fixed D* and Segmented fitting).

ResultsThe numerical simulations demonstrated that the IDEAL algorithm provides robust estimates of the IVIM parameters in the presence of noise as indicated by relatively low absolute percentage bias (sMdPB [%]) and normalized root-mean-square error (RMSE [%]). The analysis of the in vivo data showed that the IDEAL-based IVIM parameter maps were less noisy and more visually appealing than those obtained using the Fixed D* and Segmented methods. Further, the use of IDEAL for the triexponential IVIM modelling resulted in reduced cortical and medullary coefficients of variation (CVs) for all IVIM parameters when compared with Fixed D*, reflecting greater accuracy of this method.

ConclusionThe proposed fitting algorithm yields more robust IVIM parameter estimates and is less susceptible to poor SNR than the conventional fitting approaches. Thus, the IDEAL approach has the potential to improve the reliability of renal DW-MRI analysis for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stabinska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittsack, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Downsampling Expedited Adaptive Least-squares (IDEAL) fitting improves intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Racemase mediates Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis via Fatty acid Metabolism. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adult subventricular zone is one of the two neurogenic niches that continuously produce newborn neurons. Here we show that serine racemase (SR), an enzyme that catalyzes the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and vice versa, affects neurogenesis in the adult SVZ by controlling de novo fatty acid synthesis. Complete and conditional deletion of SR in nestin precursor cells lead to diminished neurogenesis in the SVZ. Nestin-cre+ mice showed reduced expression of fatty acid synthase and its substrate malonyl CoA, which are involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Global lipidomic analyses revealed significant alterations in lipid subclasses in nestin-cre+ mice. Decrease in fatty acid synthesis was mediated by phospho acetyl CoA carboxylase that was AMPK independent. Both L and D serine treatment rescued defects in SVZ neurogenesis, proliferation and levels of malonyl CoA in vitro. Our work shows that SR affects adult neurogenesis in the SVZ via lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roychaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Racemase mediates Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis via Fatty acid Metabolism.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotopography modulates intracellular excitable systems through cytoskeleton actuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular sensing of most environmental cues involves receptors that affect a signal-transduction excitable network (STEN), which is coupled to a cytoskeletal excitable network (CEN). We show that the mechanism of sensing of nanoridges is fundamentally different. CEN activity occurs preferentially on nanoridges, whereas STEN activity is constrained between nanoridges. In the absence of STEN, waves disappear, but long-lasting F-actin puncta persist along the ridges. When CEN is suppressed, wave propagation is no longer constrained by nanoridges. A computational model reproduces these experimental observations. Our findings indicate that nanotopography is sensed directly by CEN, whereas STEN is only indirectly affected due to a CEN-STEN feedback loop. These results explain why texture sensing is robust, and acts cooperatively with multiple other guidance cues in complex microenvironments.

One-Sentence SummaryCells sense nanotopography directly through their cytoskeletal dynamics, in a reversal of traditional signaling pathway hierarchies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourwitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourkas, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotopography modulates intracellular excitable systems through cytoskeleton actuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inclusion of a GaAs detector model in the Photon Counting Toolkit software for the study of breast imaging systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an upgraded version of the Photon Counting Toolkit (PcTK), a publicly available MATLAB tool for the simulation of semiconductor-based photon counting detectors (PCD), which has been extended and validated to account for gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based PCD(s). The modified PcTK version was validated by performing simulations and acquiring experimental data for three different cases. The LAMBDA 60 K module planar detector (X-Spectrum GmbH, Germany) based on the Medipix3 ASIC technology was used in all cases. This detector has a 500-{micro}m thick GaAs sensor and a 256 x 256-pixel array 55 {micro}m pixel size. The first validation was a comparison between simulated and measured spectra from a 109Cd radionuclide source. In the second validation study, experiments and simulations of mammography spectra were conducted to observe the performance of the GaAs version of the PcTK with polychromatic radiation used in conventional x-ray imaging systems. The third validation study used single event analysis to validate the spatio-energetic model of the extended PcTK version. Overall, the software provided a good agreement between simulated and experimental data, validating the accuracy of the GaAs model. The software could be an attractive tool for accurate simulation of breast imaging modalities relying on photon counting detectors and therefore could assist in their characterization and optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghammraoui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inclusion of a GaAs detector model in the Photon Counting Toolkit software for the study of breast imaging systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compensatory endocytosis keeps the surface area of secretory cells constant following exocytosis. At chemical synapses, clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis maintains such homeostasis. This endocytic pathway is temporally and spatially coupled to exocytosis, initiating within 50 ms at the region immediately next to where vesicles fuse: the active zone. How synaptic vesicle exocytosis induces ultrafast endocytosis is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that actin filaments are enriched in the region surrounding active zone at mouse hippocampal synapses and that the membrane area conservation due to this actin corral is necessary for exo-endocytic coupling. Simulations suggest that flattening of fused vesicles exerts lateral membrane pressure in the plasma membrane against the actin corral, resulting in rapid formation of endocytic pits at the border between the active zone and the surrounding actin-enriched region. Consistent with our simulations, ultrafast endocytosis does not initiate when actin organization is disrupted, either pharmacologically or by ablation of the actin-binding protein Epsin1. These data suggest that endocytosis is mechanically coupled to exocytosis at synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunmowo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusick, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop control and recalibration of place cells by optic flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the interplay between sensory input, endogenous neural dynamics, and behavioral output is key toward understanding the principles of neural computation. Hippocampal place cells are an ideal system to investigate this closed-loop interaction, as they are influenced by both self-motion (idiothetic) signals and by external sensory landmarks as an animal navigates its environment1-9. To continuously update a position signal on an internal "cognitive map", the hippocampal system integrates self-motion signals over time10,11. In the absence of stable, external landmarks, however, these spatial correlates of neuronal activity can quickly accumulate error and cause the internal representation of position or direction to drift relative to the external environment1,5. We have previously demonstrated that, in addition to their known roles in preventing and/or correcting path-integration error, external landmarks can be used as a putative teaching signal to recalibrate the gain of the path integration system6. However, it remains unclear whether idiothetic cues, such as optic flow, exert sufficient influence on the cognitive map to enable recalibration of path integration, or if instead an unambiguous allocentric frame of reference, anchored by polarizing landmark information, is essential for path integration recalibration. Here, we use principles of control theory12,13 to demonstrate systematic control of place fields by pure optic flow information in freely moving animals by using a neurally closed-loop virtual reality system that adjusts optic flow speed as a function of real-time decoding of the hippocampal spatial map. Using this "cognitive clamp", we show that we can not only bring the updating of the map under control of the optic flow cues but we can also elicit recalibration of path integration. This finding demonstrates that the brain continuously rebalances the influence of conflicting idiothetic cues to fine-tune the neural dynamics of path integration, and that this recalibration process does not require a top-down, unambiguous position signal from landmarks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madhav, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop control and recalibration of place cells by optic flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with latent infection or sterilizing protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) affects 2 billion people worldwide and causes 1.5 million deaths every year. There is great need for new TB vaccines that are more efficacious than the currently licensed BCG vaccine, which provides only limited protection. Our goal was to identify potential targets for new TB vaccines by characterizing the immune responses that distinguish individuals with sterilizing protection against TB (TB-resisters), defined by presence of TB-specific immune responses and absence of latent infection, from individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI-participants).

Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 13 TB-resisters and 10 LTBI-participants were analyzed by high dimensional spectral flow cytometry after overnight M. tuberculosis (Mtb) antigenic stimulation or unstimulated control. Activation of conventional and nonconventional T cells, NK cells, and antigen presenting cells (APC) was compared between the two groups. Compared with LTBI-participants, TB-resisters had significantly higher proportions of conventional and nonconventional T cells expressing granzyme B (GranzB) and PD-1, and of polyfunctional cells in unstimulated and Mtb-stimulated conditions. Conversely LTBI-participants had higher expression of CD25, CD69, CD107a, IL10 and IFN{gamma}. An unbiased cluster analysis revealed higher frequency of recently described CD8+GMM+GranzB+ T cells in unstimulated PBMC from TB-resisters than LTBI-participants. APC activation revealed very few differences between TB-resisters and LTBI-participants. An exploratory analysis of responses in 14 BCG-recipients with minimal exposure to TB showed multiple differences with TB-resisters and LTBI-participants in PBMC activation; lower polyfunctionality of T cells and APC in Mtb-stimulated PBMC; and absence of CD8+GMM+GranzB+ T cells.

We conclude that combined increased T cell expression of GranzB and checkpoint inhibitors may contribute to immune protection against TB and may be targeted by new vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mave, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valvi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokhande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with latent infection or sterilizing protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level genome and the identification of sex chromosomes in Uloborus diversus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orb-web is a remarkable example of animal architecture that is observed in families of spiders that diverged over 200 million years ago. While several genomes exist for Araneid orb-weavers, none exist for other orb-weaving families, hampering efforts to investigate the genetic basis of this complex behavior. Here we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for the cribellate orb-weaving spider Uloborus diversus. The assembly reinforces evidence of an ancient arachnid genome duplication and identifies complete open reading frames for every class of spidroin gene, which encode the proteins that are the key structural components of spider silks. We identified the two X chromosomes for U. diversus and identify candidate sex-determining genes. This chromosome-level assembly will be a valuable resource for evolutionary research into the origins of orb-weaving, spidroin evolution, chromosomal rearrangement, and chromosomal sex-determination in spiders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level genome and the identification of sex chromosomes in Uloborus diversus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early selection of the amino acid alphabet was adaptively shaped by biophysical constraints of foldability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas modern proteins rely on a quasi-universal repertoire of 20 canonical amino acids (AAs), numerous lines of evidence suggest that ancient proteins relied on a limited alphabet of 10  early AAs, and that the 10  late AAs were products of biosynthetic pathways. However, many non-proteinogenic AAs were also prebiotically available, which begs two fundamental questions: Why do we have the current modern amino acid alphabet, and Would proteins be able to fold into globular structures as well if different amino acids comprised the genetic code? Here, we experimentally evaluated the solubility and secondary structure propensities of several prebiotically relevant amino acids in the context of synthetic combinatorial 25-mer peptide libraries. The most prebiotically abundant linear aliphatic and basic residues were incorporated along with or in place of other early amino acids to explore these alternative sequence spaces. We show that foldability was a critical factor in the selection of the canonical alphabet. Unbranched aliphatic and short-chain basic amino acids were purged from the proteinogenic alphabet despite their high prebiotic abundance because they generate polypeptides that are over-solubilized and have low packing efficiency. Surprisingly, we find that the inclusion of a short-chain basic amino acid also decreases polypeptides secondary structure potential. Our results support the view that despite lacking basic residues, the early canonical alphabet was remarkably adaptive at supporting protein folding and explain why basic residues were only incorporated at a later stage of the alphabet evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystufek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherepashuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzmitruk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charnavets, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujishima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlouchova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early selection of the amino acid alphabet was adaptively shaped by biophysical constraints of foldability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Storage Condition and Duration on Function of Native and Cargo-Loaded Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As evidenced by ongoing clinical trials and increased activity in the commercial sector, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have begun the transition from bench to bedside. As this progression continues, one critical aspect to EV clinical translation is understanding the effects of storage and transport conditions. Several studies have assessed the impact of storage on EV characteristics such as morphology, uptake, and component content, but effects of storage duration and temperature on EV functional bioactivity and, especially, loaded cargo are scarcely reported. Here, EV outcomes following storage at different temperatures (room temperature, 4{degrees}C, -20{degrees}C, -80{degrees}C) for various durations as well as after lyophilization were assessed. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) EVs were observed to retain key aspects of their bioactivity (pro-vascularization, anti-inflammation) for up to 4-6 weeks at -20{degrees}C, -80{degrees}C, and after lyophilization. Furthermore, via in vitro assays and an in vivo wound healing model respectively, these same storage conditions were also demonstrated to enable preservation of the functionality of loaded microRNA (miRNA) as well as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cargo in MSC EVs. These findings extend the current understanding of how EV therapeutic potential is impacted by storage conditions and may inform best practices for handling and storage of MSC EVs for both basic research and translational purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourmohammadi Abadchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting Wei Hsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Storage Condition and Duration on Function of Native and Cargo-Loaded Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JASPER: a fast genome polishing tool that improves accuracy and creates population-specific reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing technologies have dramatically improved the contiguity and completeness of genome assemblies. Using the latest nanopore-based sequencers, we can generate enough data for the assembly of a human genome from a single flow cell. With the long-read data from these sequences, we can now routinely produce de novo genome assemblies in which half or more of a genome is contained in megabase-scale contigs. Assemblies produced from nanopore data alone, though, have relatively high error rates and can benefit from a process called polishing, in which more-accurate reads are used to correct errors in the consensus sequence. In this manuscript, we present a novel tool for genome polishing called JASPER (Jellyfish-based Assembly Sequence Polisher for Error Reduction). In contrast to other polishing methods, JASPER gains efficiency by avoiding the alignment of reads to the assembly. Instead, JASPER uses a database of k-mer counts that it creates from the reads to detect and correct errors in the consensus. In addition to its use for polishing genomes, JASPER can also create population-specific genomes using an existing reference genome along with sequencing reads from multiple individuals from the population of interest. In this mode, JASPER alters the reference genome so that it contains variants that are common in the target population. In our experiments, we show that after creating a Japanese-specific reference genome, we observed a 27% reduction in homozygous variant calls using whole-genome sequencing reads from an individual from Tokyo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JASPER: a fast genome polishing tool that improves accuracy and creates population-specific reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.492526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily administration of low-dose daunorubicin or doxorubicin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and tumor vascularization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.492526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-dependent luciferase reporter in Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, we screened over 3,000 drugs that have been used in clinical trials and identified multiple anthracyclines as inhibitors of HIF-1 activity. Anthracyclines interfered with the ability of HIF-1 to bind to DNA. Daily injection of tumor-bearing mice with anthracyclines at low dose inhibited expression of the luciferase reporter and HIF-1 target genes that encode vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA; ligand of VEGFR2), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1; ligand of CXCR4), and stem cell factor (SCF; ligand of CD117) in tumor tissue. Increased numbers of circulating CXCR4+/Sca1+, VEGFR2+/CD34+, and VEGFR2+/CD117+ cells were demonstrated in immunodeficient mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts but not in tumor-bearing mice treated with anthracyclines, which also significantly inhibited angiogenesis in tumor tissue. Our findings indicate that HIF-1 inhibition underlies the anti-angiogenic effect associated with daunorubicin or doxorubicin metronomic therapy and suggest that these drugs may be particularly effective in patients with high levels of HIF-1 in their diagnostic tumor biopsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.492526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily administration of low-dose daunorubicin or doxorubicin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and tumor vascularization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.495952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights for disease modeling from single cell transcriptomics of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes across differentiation time and co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.495952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trans-differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neurons via Ngn2-induction (hiPSC-N) has become an efficient system to quickly generate neurons for disease modeling and in vitro assay development, a significant advance from previously used neoplastic and other cell lines. Recent single-cell interrogation of Ngn2-induced neurons however, has revealed some similarities to unexpected neuronal lineages. Similarly, a straightforward method to generate hiPSC derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders has also been described. Here we examine the homogeneity and similarity of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A to their in vivo counterparts, the impact of different lengths of time post Ngn2 induction on hiPSC-N (15 or 21 days) and of hiPSC-N / hiPSC-A co-culture. Leveraging the wealth of existing public single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data in Ngn2-induced neurons and in vivo data from the developing brain, we provide perspectives on the lineage origins and maturation of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A. While induction protocols in different labs produce consistent cell type profiles, both hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A show significant heterogeneity and similarity to multiple in vivo cell fates, and both more precisely approximate their in vivo counterparts when co-cultured. Gene expression data from the hiPSC-N show enrichment of genes linked to schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as has been previously shown for neural stem cells and neurons. These overrepresentations of disease genes are strongest in our system at early times (day 15) in Ngn2-induction/maturation of neurons, when we also observe the greatest similarity to early in vivo excitatory neurons. We have assembled this new scRNA-seq data along with the public data explored here as an integrated biologist-friendly web-resource for researchers seeking to understand this system more deeply: nemoanalytics.org/p?l=DasEtAlNGN2&g=PRPH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahbeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.495952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights for disease modeling from single cell transcriptomics of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes across differentiation time and co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dermal nerve growth factor is increased in prurigo nodularis compared to atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperkeratotic nodules on the trunk and extremities. While there is growing research on the immunological basis of PN, the neuropathic and structural components of PN lesions are unknown.

ObjectiveTo determine the inflammatory, neuropathic, and structural pathways in PN compared to atopic dermatitis (AD).

MethodsLesional and non-lesional skin biopsies were collected from 13 PN and 6 AD patients. mRNA and protein expression in biopsies was determined using RNA-Sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the DESeq2 R package and pathway level enrichment was determined using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. IHC expression was quantified with QuPath followed by statistical comparison with the Students t-test and Mann-Whitney U.

ResultsCompared to lesional AD, lesional PN had greater mRNA expression of MMPs, OSM, NGF, IL1{beta}, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL8, and insulin-like growth factors, and lower expression of CCL13, CCL26, EPHB1, and collagens. Compared to non-lesional AD, non-lesional PN showed upregulation of keratin-family genes. GSEA revealed that lesional PN had greater keratinization, cornified envelope, myelin sheath, TGF-beta signaling, extracellular matrix disassembly, metalloendopeptidase activity, and neutrotrophin-TRK receptor signaling, while non-lesional PN had higher keratin filament, extracellular structure organization, extracellular matrix disassembly, and angiogenesis. IHC showed increased dermal nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in lesional PN compared to lesional AD (p=0.038), and greater epidermal NGF compared to dermal NGF in non-lesional PN (p=0.014).

LimitationsSingle, tertiary care center.

ConclusionsPN demonstrated increased neurotrophic and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling signatures compared to AD, possibly explaining the morphological differences in their lesions. These signatures may therefore be important components of the PN pathogenesis and may serve as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordeaux, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutaria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dermal nerve growth factor is increased in prurigo nodularis compared to atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular morphogenesis requires persistent endothelial cell motility that is responsive to diverse and dynamic mechanical stimuli. Here, we interrogated the mechanotransductive feedback dynamics that govern endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis. We show that the transcriptional regulators, YAP and TAZ, are activated by mechanical cues to transcriptionally limit cytoskeletal and focal adhesion maturation, forming a conserved mechanotransductive feedback loop that mediates human endothelial cell motility in vitro and zebrafish intersegmental vessel (ISV) morphogenesis in vivo. This feedback loop closes in 4 hours, achieving cytoskeletal equilibrium in 8 hours. Feedback loop inhibition arrested endothelial cell migration in vitro and ISV morphogenesis in vivo. Inhibitor washout at 3 hrs, prior to feedback loop closure, restored vessel growth, but washout at 8 hours, longer than the feedback timescale, did not, establishing lower and upper bounds for feedback kinetics in vivo. Mechanistically, YAP and TAZ induced transcriptional suppression of RhoA signaling to maintain dynamic cytoskeletal equilibria. Together, these data establish the mechanoresponsive dynamics of a transcriptional feedback loop necessary for persistent endothelial cell migration and vascular morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeckel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerckel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanotransductive feedback control of endothelial cell motility and vascular morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific age-related changes in excitatory and inhibitory intra-cortical circuits in mouse primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common impairment in aging is age-related hearing loss (presbycusis), which manifests as impaired spectrotemporal processing. Aging is accompanied by alteration in normal inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission and changes in excitatory (NMDA and AMPA) synapses in the auditory cortex (ACtx). However, the circuit mechanisms responsible for age-related auditory dysfunction remain unknown. Here we investigated how auditory cortical microcircuits change with age. We performed laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) combined with whole-cell patch clamp recordings from Layer (L) 2/3 cells in primary auditory cortex (A1) in young adult (postnatal day (P) 47-P72) and aged (P543 to P626) male and female CBA/CaJ mice. We found that L2/3 cells in aged male animals display functional hypoconnectivity of both excitatory and inhibitory circuits originating from L4. Compared to cells from young adult mice, cells from aged male mice have fewer inhibitory connections from L4 while female mice show weaker connection strength. These results suggest a sex-specific reduction in excitatory and inhibitory intralaminar cortical circuits in aged mice compared with young adult animals. We speculate that these unbalanced changes in cortical circuits contribute to the functional manifestations of age-related hearing loss in both males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific age-related changes in excitatory and inhibitory intra-cortical circuits in mouse primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential CanonicalType 6 (TRPC6) by O-GlcNAcylation at Threonine-221 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient receptor potential canonical type 6 (TRPC6) is a non-voltage gated cation channel that principally conducts calcium to regulate signaling in cardiac, vascular, neuronal and other cells. Abnormally increased TRPC6 expression/conductance and genetic gain of function mutations contribute to fibrosis, hypertrophy, proteinuria, and edema, notably linked to its stimulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Hyperglycemia (HG) also activates TRPC6/NFAT as a cause of diabetic renal disease. While prior work linked HG-TRPC6 activation to oxidant stress, the role of another major HG modification - O-GlcNAcylation, is unknown. Here we show TRPC6 is constitutively O-GlcNAcylated, TRPC6 and O-GlcNAc transferase proteins interact, this modification potently suppresses basal channel conductance and NFAT activity, and it is unaltered by HG. Proteomics identifies O-GlcNAcylation at Ser14, Thr70, and Thr221 in the N-terminus ankyrin-4 (AR4) and neighboring linker (LH1) domains of TRPC6. Of these, T221 is most impactful as a T221A mutation increases basal NFAT activity 11-fold, TRPC6 conductance 75-80% vs wild-type, and when expressed in cardiomyocytes amplifies NFAT-pro-hypertrophic gene expression. T221 is highly conserved and mutating homologs in TRPC3 and TRPC7 also markedly elevates basal NFAT activity. Molecular models predict electrostatic interactions between T221 O-GlcNAc and Ser199, Glu200, and Glu246, and we find similarly elevated NFAT activity from alanine substitutions at these coordinating sites as well. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation at T221 and its interaction with coordinating residues in AR4-LH1 is required for basal TRPC6 channel conductance and regulation of NFAT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential CanonicalType 6 (TRPC6) by O-GlcNAcylation at Threonine-221]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.494717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pumping the brakes on RNA velocity -- understanding and interpreting RNA velocity estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.494717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA velocity analysis of single cells promises to predict temporal dynamics from gene expression. Indeed, in many systems, it has been observed that RNA velocity produces a vector field that qualitatively reflects known features of the system. Despite this observation, the limitations of RNA velocity estimates are poorly understood. Using real data and simulations, we dissect the impact of different steps in the RNA velocity workflow on the estimated vector field. We find that the process of mapping RNA velocity estimates into a low-dimensional representation, such as those produced by UMAP, has a large impact on the result. The RNA velocity vector field strongly depends on the k-NN graph of the data. This dependence leads to significant estimator errors when the k-NN graph is not a faithful representation of the true data structure, a feature that cannot be known for most real datasets. Finally, we establish that RNA velocity estimates expression speed neither at the gene nor cellular level. We propose that RNA velocity is best considered a smoothed interpolation of the observed k-NN structure, as opposed to an extrapolation of future cellular states, and that the use of RNA velocity as a validation of latent space embedding structures is circular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.494717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pumping the brakes on RNA velocity -- understanding and interpreting RNA velocity estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Location-Specific Facilitation in Marmoset Auditory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural responses to sensory stimuli are markedly influenced by the context in which a stimulus is preceded or embedded. Cortical and subcortical neurons typically exhibit adaptation to repetitive auditory, visual, somatosensory, and olfactory stimulation. Here, we investigated single neuron responses to sequences of sounds either repeatedly delivered from a single spatial location or randomly delivered from multiple spatial locations in the auditory cortex of awake marmosets. Instead of inducing adaptation, repetitive stimulation from a target speaker evoked long-lasting, location-specific facilitation (LSF) in many neurons, irrespective of the visibility of the target speaker. The extent of LSF decreased with decreasing presentation probability of the target speaker. Intracellular recordings showed that repetitive sound stimulation evoked sustained membrane potential depolarization which gave rise to firing rate facilitation. Computational models suggest two distinct neural mechanisms underlying LSF. Our findings revealed a novel form of contextual modulation in the auditory cortex that may play a role in auditory streaming and predictive coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Location-Specific Facilitation in Marmoset Auditory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development is a complex yet robust process that can withstand lengthy and variable interruptions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, adverse conditions can trigger entry into dauer, a stress-resistant, developmentally arrested diapause stage that occurs midway through larval development. Favorable conditions promote recovery from dauer, and post-dauer larvae develop normally. During larval development, epidermal seam cells are multipotent and divide at each stage. At adulthood, seam cells differentiate and express the adult-specific COL-19 collagen. The progression of cell fates is controlled by a network of genes called the heterochronic pathway, including the LIN-29 transcription factor that directly activates col-19 expression, and the let-7 microRNA that indirectly promotes lin-29 expression. Notably, most known heterochronic genes that oppose adult cell fate act only during continuous development; these genes are dispensable after dauer. We performed a genetic screen for heterochronic genes that act after dauer and identified ztf-16, encoding a zinc finger transcription factor in the hunchback/Ikaros-like family. We found that ztf-16 is required to prevent precocious expression of the adult cell fate marker col-19p::gfp equally during both life histories, making ztf-16(-) the first precocious heterochronic mutant to be unaffected by dauer. Our data indicate that ztf-16 regulates col-19p::gfp via a novel, lin-29-independent mechanism. Endogenous ztf-16b::gfp expression is regulated by let-7 and ztf-16 acts genetically downstream of let-7, but lin-29 is not required for col-19p::gfp expression in ztf-16 mutant larvae or adults. Finally, mRNA-seq experiments identified genes whose expression is regulated by ztf-16 in each life history. Taken together, this work illuminates a novel aspect of the heterochronic pathway relevant to both dauer and non-dauer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daul, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoye, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzade, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougvie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ztf-16 is a novel heterochronic modulator that opposes adult cell fate in dauer and continuous life histories in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we deep sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from immune and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both naive and immune individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, we identified clear mutational hotspots within the viral genome, consistent with selection and differing between naive and immune individuals. In rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of virus between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farjo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MrgprA3-expressing pruriceptors drive pruritogen-induced alloknesis through mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although touch and itch are coded by distinct neuronal populations, light touch also provokes itch in the presence of exogenous pruritogens, resulting in a phenomenon called alloknesis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of pruritogen-induced mechanical itch sensitization are poorly understood. Here we show that intradermal injections of histamine or chloroquine (CQ) provoke alloknesis through activation of TRPV1- and MrgprA3- expressing prurioceptors, and functional ablation of these neurons reverses pruritogen-induced alloknesis. Moreover, genetic ablation of mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel function from MrgprA3-expressing prurioceptors also dampens pruritogen-induced alloknesis. Mechanistically, histamine and CQ sensitize Piezo2 channel function through activation of the PLC-PKC{delta} signaling. Collectively, our data uncovered a TRPV1+/MrgprA3+ prurioceptor-Piezo2 signaling axis in the initiation of pruritogen-induced mechanical itch sensitization in the skin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MrgprA3-expressing pruriceptors drive pruritogen-induced alloknesis through mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression Microdissection for use in qPCR based analysis of miRNA in a single cell type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-specific microRNA (miRNA) expression estimates are important in characterizing the localization of miRNA signaling within tissues. Much of this data is obtained from cultured cells, a process known to significantly alter miRNA expression levels. Thus, our knowledge of in vivo cell miRNA expression estimates is poor. We previously demonstrated expression microdissection-miRNA-sequencing (xMD-miRNA-seq) as a means to acquire in vivo estimates, directly from formalin fixed tissues, albeit with limited yield. Here we optimized each step of the xMD process including tissue retrieval, tissue transfer, film preparation, and RNA isolation to increase RNA yields and ultimately show strong enrichment for in vivo miRNA expression by qPCR array. These method improvements, including the development of a non-crosslinked ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) membrane, resulted in a 23-45 fold increase in miRNA yield, depending on cell type. By qPCR, miR-200a was increased 14-fold in xMD-derived small intestine epithelial cells, with a concurrent 336-fold reduction in miR-143, relative to the matched non-dissected duodenal tissue. xMD is now an optimized method to obtain robust in vivo miRNA expression estimates from cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenike, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunkelman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perzel Mandell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafailovich, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression Microdissection for use in qPCR based analysis of miRNA in a single cell type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enrichment of breast cancer stem cells following cytotoxic chemotherapy is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancers (BCs) that do not express the estrogen or progesterone receptor or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are known as triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Women with TNBC receive non-targeted chemotherapy with a durable response rate of less than 20%. BC stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subpopulation of BC cells that are characterized by the capacity for infinite self-renewal; are the only BC cells capable of forming a secondary (recurrent or metastatic) BC; and must be eliminated in order to eradicate BC. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) activate hundreds of genes in TNBCs and HIF-1 expression in the diagnostic tumor biopsy is associated with patient mortality. In this paper, we report that treatment of TNBC cells with cytotoxic chemotherapy increased HIF-1 and HIF-2 protein levels and HIF target gene expression. Chemotherapy also increased the percentage of BCSCs through pathways involving interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and multidrug resistance 1. HIF inhibitors blocked increased BCSC specification in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy and combination therapy led to tumor eradication. Increased HIF target gene expression in BC biopsies was correlated with increased mortality, especially in those patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Our results suggest that HIF-dependent BCSC enrichment provides a molecular and cellular basis for the high incidence of relapse in women with TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samanta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enrichment of breast cancer stem cells following cytotoxic chemotherapy is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient midbrain inhibitory neurons control selective spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To behave adaptively in complex environments, animals must selectively process the most important information in space while ignoring distractors. Contrary to the dominant cortico-centric view, we report that an evolutionarily old group of inhibitory neurons in the brainstem, called PLTi, is critical for this function of selective spatial attention. In freely behaving mice performing a human-like spatial attention task, we found that bilateral silencing of PLTi severely disrupted target selection without causing perceptual or motor impairments. PLTis effects depended necessarily on goal-relevant, rather than just physical salience-based signals, together revealing it as a dedicated brain site for priority-driven attentional target selection. PLTis core computational function is its explicit implementation of the abstract cognitive decision boundary separating target from distracters: it controlled the accuracy and categorical precision of this decision boundary, doing so by shaping neural representations of competing stimuli in the superior colliculus, a major sensorimotor hub. PLTi may, therefore, be a conserved brainstem engine across vertebrates for winner-take-all-like spatial decisions in goal-driven behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kothari, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient midbrain inhibitory neurons control selective spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Action inhibition revisited: Stopping is not faster than going 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much work has examined the process of canceling or inhibiting an impending action. However, the converse process of initiating a movement has, comparatively, been much less studied. Action initiation and action inhibition are generally considered to be independent and qualitatively distinct processes, while the exact relationship between these processes remains unclear. One respect in which action initiation and action inhibition are often thought to differ is in their speed; action inhibition is typically considered to be faster than action initiation, which allows for impending actions to be inhibited before they are initiated. This apparent contrast is, however, largely observed in tasks in which there is much greater urgency to inhibit an action that there is to initiate an action. This asymmetry in the urgency between action initiation and action inhibition, as well as other asymmetries in how action initiation and inhibition are cued, make it impossible to compare their relative time courses. Here, we demonstrate that, when action initiation and action inhibition are measured under conditions that are matched as closely as possible, their speed is the same. In light of this, we suggest that action initiation and action inhibition may not necessarily be qualitatively distinct processes, but may instead reflect two opposing states of a single process supporting a decision about whether to act or not. This perspective carries significant implications for computational models and presumed neural mechanisms of action control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.497798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Action inhibition revisited: Stopping is not faster than going]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental spontaneous activity promotes sensory domains, frequency tuning and proper gain in central auditory circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons that process sensory information exhibit bursts of electrical activity during development, providing early training to circuits that will later encode similar features of the external world. In the mammalian auditory system, this intrinsically generated activity emerges from the cochlea prior to hearing onset, but its role in maturation of auditory circuitry remains poorly understood. We show that selective disruption of cochlear supporting cell spontaneous activity suppressed patterned burst firing of central auditory neurons without impacting cell survival or acoustic thresholds. However, neurons within the inferior colliculus of these mice exhibited enhanced acoustic sensitivity and broader frequency tuning, resulting in wider isofrequency lamina. Despite this enhanced neural responsiveness, total tone-responsive regions of the midbrain and cortex were substantially smaller. Thus, loss of pre-hearing cochlear activity causes profound changes in neural encoding of sound, with important implications for restoration of hearing in individuals that experience disrupted activity during this critical developmental period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental spontaneous activity promotes sensory domains, frequency tuning and proper gain in central auditory circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high incidence of aneuploidy in early human development, arising either from errors in meiosis or postzygotic mitosis, is the primary cause of pregnancy loss, miscarriage, and still birth following natural conception as well as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has confirmed the prevalence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies among blastocyst-stage IVF embryos that are candidates for transfer. However, only about half of normally fertilized embryos develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro, while the others arrest at cleavage to late morula or early blastocyst stages. To achieve a more complete view of the impacts of aneuploidy, we applied a validated method of PGT-A to a large series (n = 909) of arrested embryos and trophectoderm biopsies. We then correlated observed aneuploidies with abnormalities of the first two cleavage divisions using time lapse imaging (n = 843). The combined incidence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies was strongly associated with blastocyst morphological grading, with the proportion ranging from 20% to 90% for the highest to lowest grades, respectively. In contrast, the incidence of aneuploidy among arrested embryos was exceptionally high (94%), dominated by mitotic aneuploidies affecting multiple chromosomes. In turn, these mitotic aneuploidies were strongly associated with abnormal cleavage divisions, such that 51% of abnormally dividing embryos possessed mitotic aneuploidies compared to only 23% of normally dividing embryos. We conclude that the combination of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drives arrest of human embryos in vitro, as development increasingly relies on embryonic gene expression at the blastocyst stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottolini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handyside, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the automaticity of visual statistical learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can extract regularities from their environment, enabling them to recognize and predict sequences of events. The process of regularity extraction is called  statistical learning and is generally thought to occur rapidly and automatically; that is, regularities are extracted from repeated stimulus presentations, without intent or awareness, as long as the stimuli are attended. We hypothesized that visual statistical learning is not entirely automatic, even when stimuli are attended, and that the learning depends on the extent to which viewers process the relationships between stimuli. To test this, we measured statistical learning performance across seven conditions in which participants (N=774) viewed image sequences. As task instructions across conditions increasingly required participants to attend to relationships between stimuli, their learning performance increased from chance to robust levels. We conclude that the learning observed in visual statistical learning paradigms is, for the most part, not automatic and requires more than passively attending to stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himberger, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the automaticity of visual statistical learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody repertoire gene usage is explained by common genetic variants in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in the antibody response has been linked to differential outcomes in disease, and suboptimal vaccine and therapeutic responsiveness, the determinants of which have not been fully elucidated. Countering models that presume antibodies are generated largely by stochastic processes, we demonstrate that polymorphisms within the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) significantly impact the naive and antigen-experienced antibody repertoire, indicating that genetics predisposes individuals to mount qualitatively and quantitatively different antibody responses. We pair recently developed long-read genomic sequencing methods with antibody repertoire profiling to comprehensively resolve IGH genetic variation, including novel structural variants, single nucleotide variants, and genes and alleles. We show that IGH germline variants determine the presence and frequency of antibody genes in the expressed repertoire, including those enriched in functional elements linked to V(D)J recombination, and overlapping disease-associated variants. These results illuminate the power of leveraging IGH genetics to better understand the regulation, function and dynamics of the antibody response in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marasco, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody repertoire gene usage is explained by common genetic variants in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of PITPNA in Type 2 diabetic human islets reverses pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in insulin processing and granule maturation are linked to pancreatic beta-cell failure during type 2 diabetes (T2D). Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha (PITPNA) stimulates activity of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-OH kinase to produce sufficient PtdIns-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P) in the trans-Golgi network to promote insulin granule maturation. PITPNA in beta-cells of T2D human subjects is markedly reduced suggesting its depletion accompanies beta-cell dysfunction. Conditional deletion of Pitpna in the beta-cells of Ins-Cre;Pitpnaflox/flox mice leads to hyperglycemia resulting from decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and reduced pancreatic beta-cell mass. Furthermore, PITPNA silencing in human islets confirmed its role in PtdIns-4-P synthesis and led to impaired insulin granule maturation and docking, GSIS, and proinsulin processing with evidence of ER stress. Restoration of PITPNA in islets of T2D human subjects reversed these beta-cell defects and identify PITPNA as a critical target linked to beta-cell failure in T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arunagiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazenave-Gassiot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Meyenn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumarasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najjar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor-Kaplan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankaitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poy, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of PITPNA in Type 2 diabetic human islets reverses pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohort-mean measured macromolecules lead to more robust linear-combination modeling than subject-specific or parameterized ones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expert consensus recommends linear-combination modeling (LCM) of 1H MR spectra with sequence-specific simulated metabolite basis function and experimentally derived macromolecular (MM) basis functions. Measured MM basis functions have been derived from metabolite-nulled spectra averaged across a small cohort. The use of subject-specific instead of cohort-averaged measured MM basis functions has not been studied. Furthermore, measured MM basis functions are not widely available to non-expert users, who commonly rely on parameterized MM signals internally simulated by LCM software. To investigate the impact of the choice of MM modeling, this study, therefore, compares metabolite level estimates between different MM modeling strategies (cohort-mean measured; subject-specific measured; parameterized) in a lifespan cohort and characterizes its impact on metabolite-age associations.

100 conventional (TE = 30 ms) and metabolite-nulled (TI = 650 ms) PRESS datasets, acquired from the medial parietal lobe in a lifespan cohort (20-70 years of age), were analyzed in Osprey. Short-TE spectra were modeled in Osprey using six different strategies to consider the macromolecular baseline. Fully tissue- and relaxation-corrected metabolite levels were compared between MM strategies. Model performance was evaluated by model residuals, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the impact on metabolite-age associations.

The choice of MM strategy had a significant impact on the mean metabolite level estimates and no major impact on variance. Correlation analysis revealed moderate-to-strong agreement between different MM strategies (r > 0.6). The lowest relative model residuals and AIC values were found for the cohort-mean measured MM. Metabolite-age associations were consistently found for two major singlet signals (tCr, tCho) for all MM strategies, however, findings for highly J-coupled metabolites it was depended on the MM strategy. A variance partition analysis indicated that up to 44% of the total variance was related to the choice of MM strategy. Additionally, the variance partition analysis reproduced the metabolite-age association for tCr and tCho found in the simpler correlation analysis.

In summary, the inclusion of a single high-SNR MM basis function (cohort-mean) leads to more robust metabolite estimation (lower model residuals and AIC values) compared to MM strategies with more degrees of freedom (Gaussian parametrization) or subject-specific MM information. Integration of multiple LCM analyses into a single statistical model potentially improves the robustness in the detection of underlying effects (e.g. metabolite vs age), reduces algorithm-based bias, and estimates algorithm-related variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohort-mean measured macromolecules lead to more robust linear-combination modeling than subject-specific or parameterized ones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modbamtools: Analysis of single-molecule epigenetic data for long-range profiling, heterogeneity, and clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of long-read sequencing methods provides new opportunities for profiling the epigenome - especially as the methylation signature comes for "free" when native DNA is sequenced on either Oxford Nanopore or Pacific Biosciences instruments. However, we lack tools to visualize and analyze data generated from these new sources. Recent efforts from the GA4GH consortium have standardized methods to encode modification location and probabilities in the BAM format. Leveraging this standard format, we developed a technology-agnostic tool, modbamtools to visualize, manipulate and compare base modification/methylation data in a fast and robust way. modbamtools can produce high quality, interactive, and publication-ready visualizations as well as provide modules for downstream analysis of base modifications. Modbamtools comprehensive manual and tutorial can be found at https://rrazaghi.github.io/modbamtools/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razaghi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modbamtools: Analysis of single-molecule epigenetic data for long-range profiling, heterogeneity, and clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA binding protein, RNP1A, works with Contractility Kit proteins to facilitate macropinocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell shape regulation is important for many biological processes. Some cell shape regulating proteins harbor mechanoresponsive properties that enable them to sense and respond to mechanical cues, allowing for cell adaptation. In Dictyostelium discoideum, mechanoresponsive network proteins include Cortexillin I and IQGAP1, which assemble in the cytoplasm into macromolecular complexes, which we term Contractility Kits. In vivo fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy revealed that Cortexillin I also interacts with an RNA-binding protein, RNP1A. The rnp1A knockdown cells have reduced cell growth rate, reduced adhesion, defective cytokinesis, and a gene expression profile that indicates rnp1A knockdown cells shift away from the vegetative growth state. RNP1A binds to transcripts encoding proteins involved in macropinocytosis. One of these, DlpA, facilitates macropinosome maturation, similar to RNP1A. Loss of different CK proteins leads to macropinocytotic defects characterized by reduced macropinocytotic crown size. RNP1A interacts with IQGAP1 in vivo and has cross-talk with IQGAP1 during macropinocytosis. Overall, RNP1A contributes to macropinocytosis, in part through interacting with transcripts encoding macropinocytotic proteins like dlpA, and does so in coordination with the Contractility Kit proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA binding protein, RNP1A, works with Contractility Kit proteins to facilitate macropinocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning method well suited to high-throughput biology. Still, inferring biological processes requires additional post hoc statistics and annotation for interpretation of features learned from software packages developed for NMF implementation. Here, we aim to introduce a suite of computational tools that implement NMF and provide methods for accurate, clear biological interpretation and analysis. A generalized discussion of NMF covering its benefits, limitations, and open questions in the field is followed by three vignettes for the Bayesian NMF algorithm CoGAPS (Coordinated Gene Activity across Pattern Subsets). Each vignette will demonstrate NMF analysis to quantify cell state transitions in public domain single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of malignant epithelial cells in 25 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors and 11 control samples. The first uses PyCoGAPS, our new Python interface for CoGAPS that we developed to enhance runtime of Bayesian NMF for large datasets. The second vignette steps through the same analysis using our R CoGAPS interface, and the third introduces two new cloud-based, plug-and-play options for running CoGAPS using GenePattern Notebook and Docker. By providing Python support, cloud-based computing options, and relevant example workflows, we facilitate user-friendly interpretation and implementation of NMF for single-cell analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinny-Köster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Borrelia Burgdorferi Invasion and Intravasation in a Tissue Engineered Dermal Microvessel Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease prevalent in North America, Europe, and Asia. Dissemination of vector-borne pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), results in infection of distant tissues and is the main contributor to poor outcomes. Despite the accumulated knowledge from epidemiological, in vitro, and in animal studies, the understanding of dissemination remains incomplete with several important knowledge gaps, especially related to invasion and intravasation at the site of a tick bite, which cannot be readily studied in animal models or humans. To elucidate the mechanistic details of these processes we developed a tissue-engineered human dermal microvessel model. Fluorescently-labeled Bb (B31 strain) were injected into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the model to mimic tick inoculation. High resolution, confocal imaging was performed to visualize Bb migration in the ECM and intravasation into circulation. From analysis of migration paths we found no evidence to support adhesin-mediated interactions between Bb and components of the ECM or basement membrane, suggesting that collagen fibers serve as inert obstacles to migration. Transendothelial migration occurred at cell-cell junctions and was relatively fast, consistent with Bb swimming in ECM. In addition, we found that Bb alone can induce endothelium activation, resulting in increased immune cell adhesion but no changes in global or local permeability. Together these results provide new insight into the minimum requirements for dissemination of Bb at the site of a tick bite, and highlight how tissue-engineered models are complementary to animal models in visualizing dynamic processes associated with vector-borne pathogens.

Significance StatementUsing a tissue-engineered human dermal microvessel model we reveal new insight into the invasion and intravasation of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), a causative agent of Lyme disease in North America, following a tick bite. These results show how tissue-engineered models enable imaging of dynamic processes that are challenging in animal models or human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ademola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linville, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Borrelia Burgdorferi Invasion and Intravasation in a Tissue Engineered Dermal Microvessel Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of gradient scheme and shimming on out-of-voxel echo artifacts in edited MRS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Out-of-voxel (OOV) signals are common spurious echo artifacts in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). These signals often manifest in the spectrum as very strong  ripples which interfere with spectral quantification by overlapping with targeted metabolite resonances. Dephasing Optimization Through Coherence Order Pathway Selection (DOTCOPS) gradient schemes are algorithmically optimized to suppress all potential alternative coherence transfer pathways (CTPs), and should suppress unwanted OOV echoes. In addition, second-order shimming uses non-linear gradient fields to maximize field homogeneity inside the voxel, which unfortunately increases the diversity of local gradient fields outside of the voxel. Given that strong local spatial B0 gradients can refocus unintended CTPs, it is possible that OOVs are less prevalent when only linear first-order shimming is applied. Here we compare the size of unwanted OOV signals in Hadamard-edited (HERMES) data acquired with either a local gradient scheme (which we refer to here as "Shared") or DOTCOPS, and with first or second-order shimming. We collected data from 15 healthy volunteers in two brain regions (voxel size 30x26x26mm3) from which it is challenging to acquire MRS data: medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and left temporal cortex (LTC). Characteristic OOV echoes were seen in both GABA- and GSH-edited spectra for both brain regions, gradient schemes, and shimming approaches. A linear mixed-effect (LME) model revealed a statistically significant difference in the average residual based on gradient scheme in both GABA-(p < 0.001) and GSH-edited (p < 0.001) spectra; that is, the DOTCOPS gradient scheme resulted in smaller OOV artifacts compared with the Shared scheme. There were no significant differences in OOV artifacts associated with shimming method. Thus, these results suggest that the DOTCOPS gradient scheme for J-difference-edited PRESS acquisitions yields spectra with smaller OOV echo artifacts than the Shared gradient scheme implemented in a widely disseminated editing sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of gradient scheme and shimming on out-of-voxel echo artifacts in edited MRS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration and blood pressure (BP) are regulated to maintain optimal delivery of O2 to every cell in the body. Arterial hypoxemia is sensed by the carotid body (CB), which initiates sympathetic reflex arcs to the diaphragm to increase ventilation, and to the adrenal medulla (AM) to increase catecholamine secretion and thereby increase BP. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully delineated. Here, we report that the relative activities of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 determine the set point for the CB and AM, with respect to their maintenance of BP and respiration. In Hif2a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-2, expression of HIF-1 and NADPH oxidase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in an oxidized intracellular redox state with augmented sensitivity to hypoxia, increased BP, and respiratory abnormalities, which were all normalized by treatment with a HIF-1 inhibitor or a superoxide anion scavenger. By contrast, in Hif1a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-1, the expression of HIF-2 and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in a reduced intracellular redox state with impaired CB and ventilatory responses to chronic hypoxia, which were normalized by treatment with a HIF-2 inhibitor. None of the abnormalities that were observed in Hif1a+/- or Hif2a+/- mice were observed in Hif1a+/-; Hif2a+/- double- heterozygous mice. Our results demonstrate that redox balance in the CB and AM, which is determined by mutual antagonism between HIF- isoforms, establishes the set point for responses of the CB and AM to hypoxia, and is required for the maintenance of normal BP and respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-Stimulated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Modulates Catalytic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type II topoisomerases modulate chromosome supercoiling, condensation, and catenation by moving one double-stranded DNA segment through a transient break in a second duplex. How DNA strands are chosen and selectively passed to yield appropriate topological outcomes - e.g., decatenation vs. catenation - is poorly understood. Here we show that at physiological enzyme concentrations, eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerases (topo IIs) readily coalesce into condensed bodies. DNA stimulates condensation and fluidizes these assemblies to impart liquid-like behavior. Condensation induces both budding yeast and human topo IIs to switch from DNA unlinking to active DNA catenation, and depends on an unstructured C-terminal region, the loss of which leads to high levels of knotting and reduced catenation. Our findings establish that local protein concentration and phase separation can regulate how topo II creates or dissolves DNA links, behaviors that can account for the varied roles of the enzyme in supporting transcription, replication, and chromosome compaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-Stimulated Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Modulates Catalytic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling the agency of an erroneous outcome via synchronization of spikes in the cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the inferior olive are thought to anatomically organize the Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum into computational modules. To better understand what is computed by these modules, we designed a saccade task in marmosets that dissociated sensory and motor events and then recorded the complex and simple spikes of hundreds of P-cells. We found that when a visual target was presented at a random location, the olive reported the direction of that sensory event to one group of P-cells, but not to a second group. However, just before movement onset it reported the direction of the planned movement to both groups, even if that movement was not toward the target. At the end of the movement if there was an error but the subject chose to withhold the corrective movement, only the first group received information about the sensory prediction error. We organized the P-cells based on the information content of their olivary input and found that in the group that received sensory information, the simple spikes were suppressed during fixation, then produced a burst before saccade onset in a direction consistent with assisting the movement. In the second group the simple spikes were not suppressed during fixation but burst near saccade deceleration in a direction consistent with stopping the movement. Thus, the olive differentiated the P-cells based on whether they would receive sensory or motor information, and this defined their contributions to control of movements as well as holding still.

Significance statementWe found that in the oculomotor region of the vermis, the olive informed a subset of P-cells about sensory events that were prediction errors, but all P-cells about the forthcoming movement. Using the information content of the olivary input we labeled the P-cells and produced a population code, revealing two groups with simple spikes that were antagonistic to each other, one contributing to movement initiation, the other signaling movement end.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling the agency of an erroneous outcome via synchronization of spikes in the cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activating and repressing gene expression between chromosomes during stochastic fate specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA elements act across long genomic distances to regulate gene expression in processes including enhancer-promoter interactions and imprinting. During the gene-regulatory phenomenon of transvection in Drosophila, DNA elements on one allele of a gene act between chromosomes to increase or decrease expression of another allele of the gene. Despite the discovery of transvection over 60 years ago, little is known about its biological role. Furthermore, how different cis regulatory DNA elements contribute to the activation or repression of transvection at distinct times during development is unclear. Here, we studied the stochastic expression of spineless (ss) in developing photoreceptors in the fly eye to understand gene activation and repression between chromosomes. We identified a biological role for transvection in regulating expression of naturally occurring ss alleles. We characterized CRISPR-engineered deletions of sequences across the ss locus and identified DNA elements required for activating and repressing transvection. We found that different enhancers participated in transvection at different times during development to promote gene expression and specify cell fates. Bringing a silencer element on a heterologous chromosome into proximity with the ss locus "reconstituted" the gene, leading to repression. Our studies show that transvection regulates gene expression via distinct DNA elements at specific timepoints in development, with implications for genome organization and architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urban, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viets-Layng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activating and repressing gene expression between chromosomes during stochastic fate specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In search of a brain microbiome: A machine learning search pipeline for electron microscopy images of brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The healthy human brain has long been considered a sterile environment, with the blood brain barrier preventing the formation of a bacterial brain microbiome. Recent electron microscopy (EM) imaging of brain tissue has, however, provided the first preliminary evidence of bacteria in otherwise healthy brain slices. Whether due to contamination, disease, or a previously unknown relationship of bacteria to healthy brain tissue, novel tools are needed to detect and search for bacteria in nanoscale, volumetric EM images. While computer vision tools are widely used in cell segmentation and object detection problems in EM imaging, no bacteria detection tool or dataset exists. Overcoming the rarity of training data, this work presents the first pipeline for training a bacteria detection network for EM images, leveraging existing deep networks for object detection. A deployment and proofreading pipeline is presented, along with characterization of deployment to public EM image datasets. While bacteria in healthy brain tissue were not discovered in this work, this tool presents an opportunity for large scale bacteria search in EM imaging for both scientific discovery and experimental quality control, and serves more generally as a framework for sparse object detection in large imagery datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hijazi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In search of a brain microbiome: A machine learning search pipeline for electron microscopy images of brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-performing neural network models of visual cortex benefit from high latent dimensionality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geometric descriptions of deep neural networks (DNNs) have the potential to uncover core representational principles of computational models in neuroscience. Here we examined the geometry of DNN models of visual cortex by quantifying the latent dimensionality of their natural image representations. A popular view holds that optimal DNNs compress their representations onto low-dimensional subspaces to achieve invariance and robustness, which suggests that better models of visual cortex should have lower dimensional geometries. Surprisingly, we found a strong trend in the opposite direction--neural networks with high-dimensional image subspaces tended to have better generalization performance when predicting cortical responses to held-out stimuli in both monkey electrophysiology and human fMRI data. Moreover, we found that high dimensionality was associated with better performance when learning new categories of stimuli, suggesting that higher dimensional representations are better suited to generalize beyond their training domains. These findings suggest a general principle whereby high-dimensional geometry confers computational benefits to DNN models of visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elmoznino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-performing neural network models of visual cortex benefit from high latent dimensionality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory Signaling and Fibroblast-Cancer Cell Interactions Transfer from a Harmonized Human Single-cell RNA Sequencing Atlas of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Organoid Co-Culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) that is enriched with cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs)1. Cell-cell interactions involving these CAFs promote an immunosuppressive phenotype with altered inflammatory gene expression. While single-cell transcriptomics provides a tool to dissect the complex intercellular pathways that regulate cancer-associated inflammation in human tumors, complementary experimental systems for mechanistic validation remain limited. This study integrated single-cell data from human tumors and novel organoid co-cultures to study the PDAC TME. We derived a comprehensive atlas of PDAC gene expression from six published human single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets2-7 to characterize intercellular signaling pathways between epithelial tumor cells and CAFs that regulate the inflammatory TME. Analysis of the epithelial cell compartment identified global gene expression pathways that modulate inflammatory signaling and are correlated with CAF composition. We then generated patient-derived organoid-CAF co-cultures to serve as a biological model of the cellular interactions learned from human tissue in the atlas. Transfer learning analysis to additional scRNA-seq data of this co-culture system and mechanistic experiments confirmed the epithelial response to fibroblast signaling. This bidirectional approach of complementary computational and in vitro applications provides a framework for future studies identifying important mechanisms of intercellular interactions in PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinny-Koster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandurella, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucsek, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppala, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlomke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseef, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory Signaling and Fibroblast-Cancer Cell Interactions Transfer from a Harmonized Human Single-cell RNA Sequencing Atlas of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Organoid Co-Culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium ions serve as key intracellular signals. Local, transient increases in calcium concentrations can activate calcium sensor proteins that in turn trigger downstream effectors. In neurons, calcium transients play a central role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. However, it is challenging to capture the molecular events associated with these localized and ephemeral calcium signals. Here we present an engineered biotin ligase that combines the power of genetically encoded calcium indicators with protein proximity labeling. The enzyme, Cal-ID, biotinylates nearby proteins within minutes in response to elevated local calcium levels. The biotinylated proteins can be identified via mass spectrometry and visualized using microscopy. In neurons, Cal-ID labeling is triggered by neuronal activity, leading to prominent protein biotinylation that enables transcription-independent activity mapping in the brain. Cal-ID produces a biochemical record of calcium signaling and neuronal activity with high spatial resolution and molecular specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular recording of calcium signaling via calcium-dependent protein proximity labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melanization of Candida auris is Associated with Alteration of Extracellular pH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris is a recently emerged global fungal pathogen, which causes life-threatening infections, often in healthcare settings. C. auris infections are worrisome because the fungus is often resistant to multiple antifungal drug classes. Furthermore, C. auris forms durable and difficult to remove biofilms. Due to the relatively recent, resilient, and resistant nature of C. auris, we investigated whether it produces the common fungal virulence factor melanin. Melanin is a black-brown pigment typically produced following enzymatic oxidation of aromatic precursors, which promotes fungal virulence through oxidative stress resistance, mammalian immune response evasion, and antifungal peptide and pharmaceutical inactivation. We found that certain strains of C. auris oxidized L-DOPA and catecholamines into melanin. Melanization occurred extracellularly in a process mediated by alkalinization of the extracellular environment, resulting in granule-like structures that adhere to the fungus external surface. C. auris had relatively high cell surface hydrophobicity, but there was no correlation between hydrophobicity and melanization. Melanin protected the fungus from oxidative damage, but we did not observe a protective role during infection of macrophages or Galleria mellonella larvae. In summary, C. auris alkalinizes the extracellular medium, which promotes the non-enzymatic oxidation of L-DOPA to melanin that attaches to its surface, thus illustrating a novel mechanism for fungal melanization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrak, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamith-Miranda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honorato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerfen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melanization of Candida auris is Associated with Alteration of Extracellular pH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic yeast chromosome XI design enables extrachromosomal circular DNA formation on demand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe construction of the 660 kilobase synthetic yeast chromosome XI (synXI) and reveal how synthetic redesign of non-coding DNA elements impact the cell. To aid construction from synthesized 5 to 10 kilobase DNA fragments, we implemented CRISPR-based methods for synthetic crossovers in vivo and used these methods in an extensive process of bug discovery, redesign and chromosome repair, including for the precise removal of 200 kilobases of unexpected repeated sequence. In synXI, the underlying causes of several fitness defects were identified as modifications to non-coding DNA, including defects related to centromere function and mitochondrial activity that were subsequently corrected. As part of synthetic yeast chromosome design, loxPsym sequences for Cre-mediated recombination are inserted between most genes. Using the GAP1 locus from chromosome XI, we show here that targeted insertion of these sites can be used to create extrachromosomal circular DNA on demand, allowing direct study of the effects and propagation of these important molecules. Construction and characterization of synXI has uncovered effects of non-coding and extrachromosomal circular DNA, contributing to better understanding of these elements and informing future synthetic genome design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blount, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driessen, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovicevic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciurkot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKiernan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowers, G.-O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanfani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobzaev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios-Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesketh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic yeast chromosome XI design enables extrachromosomal circular DNA formation on demand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed selectivity coding of content-temporal detail by dorsomedial posterior parietal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial posterior parietal cortex is part of a higher-cognition network implicated in elaborate processes underpinning memory formation, recollection, episodes reconstruction, and temporal information processing. Neural coding for complex episodic processing is however under-documented. Here we revealed a set of neural codes of  neuroethogram in the primate parietal cortex. Analyzing neural responses in macaque dmPPC to naturalistic videos, we discovered several groups of neurons that are sensitive to different categories of ethogram-items and to low-level sensory features, and saccadic eye movement. We also discovered that the processing of category and feature information by these neurons is sustained by accumulation of temporal information over a long timescale up to 30 s, corroborating its reported long temporal receptive windows. We performed an additional behavioral experiment and found that saccade-related activities could not account for the mixed neuronal responses elicited by the video stimuli. We further observed monkeys scan-paths and gaze consistency are modulated by video content. Taken altogether, these neural findings explain how dorsomedial PPC weaves fabrics of ongoing experiences together in real-time. The high dimensionality of neural representations should motivate us to shift the focus of attention from pure selectivity neurons to mixed selectivity neurons, especially in increasingly complex naturalistic task designs.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINeural codes for "neuroethogram" in macaque dorsomedial parietal cortex
C_LIO_LIParietal neural codes exhibit mixed selectivity of event features
C_LIO_LIDorsomedial PPC neurons support a long temporal receptive window for episodes
C_LIO_LISaccadic movement could not explain away mixed neuronal responses
C_LIO_LIConsistency in scan-path and gaze shown across viewing repetitions
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusunoki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed selectivity coding of content-temporal detail by dorsomedial posterior parietal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics of FFPE pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias reveals cellular and molecular alterations of progression to pancreatic ductal carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a powerful new approach to characterize the cellular and molecular architecture of the tumor microenvironment. Previous single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have revealed a complex immunosuppressive environment characterized by numerous cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) subtypes that contributes to poor outcomes. Nonetheless, the evolutionary processes yielding that microenvironment remain unknown. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is a premalignant lesion with potential to develop into PDAC, but the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens required for PanIN diagnosis preclude scRNA-seq profiling. We developed a new experimental pipeline for FFPE ST analysis of PanINs that preserves clinical specimens for diagnosis. We further developed novel multi-omics analysis methods for threefold integration of imaging, ST, and scRNA-seq data to analyze the premalignant microenvironment. The integration of ST and imaging enables automated cell type annotation of ST spots at a single-cell resolution, enabling spot selection and deconvolution for unique cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Overall, this approach demonstrates that PanINs are surrounded by the same subtypes of CAFs present in invasive PDACs, and that the PanIN lesions are predominantly of the classical PDAC subtype. Moreover, this new experimental and computational protocol for ST analysis suggests a biological model in which CAF-PanIN interactions promote inflammatory signaling in neoplastic cells which transitions to proliferative signaling as PanINs progress to PDAC.

SummaryPancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) are pre-malignant lesions that progress into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent advances in single-cell technologies have allowed for detailed insights into the molecular and cellular processes of PDAC. However, human PanINs are stored as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens limiting similar profiling of human carcinogenesis. Here, we describe a new analysis protocol that enables spatial transcriptomics (ST) analysis of PanINs while preserving the FFPE blocks required for clinical assessment. The matched H&E imaging for the ST data enables novel machine learning approaches to automate cell type annotations at a single-cell resolution and isolate neoplastic regions on the tissue. Transcriptional profiles of these annotated cells enable further refinement of imaging-based cellular annotations, showing that PanINs are predominatly of the classical subtype and surrounded by PDAC cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes. Applying transfer learning to integrate ST PanIN data with PDAC scRNA-seq data enables the analysis of cellular and molecular progression from PanINs to PDAC. This analysis identified a transition between inflammatory signaling induced by CAFs and proliferative signaling in PanIN cells as they become invasive cancers. Altogether, this integration of imaging, ST, and scRNA-seq data provides an experimental and computational approach for the analysis of cancer development and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujikura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambichler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics of FFPE pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias reveals cellular and molecular alterations of progression to pancreatic ductal carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuromorphic Model of Hippocampus Place cells using an Oscillatory Interference Technique for Hardware Implementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we propose a simplified and robust model for Place cell generation based on the Oscillatory Interference (OI) model concept. Aiming toward hardware implementation in bio-inspired Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems for mobile robotics, we base our model on logic operations that reduce its computational complexity. The model compensates for parameter variations in the behaviors of the population of constituent Theta cells, and allows the Theta cells to have square-wave oscillation profiles. The robustness of the model, with respect to mismatch in the Theta cells base oscillation frequency and gain--as a function of modulatory inputs--is demonstrated. Place cell composed of 48 Theta cells with base frequency variations with a 25% standard deviation from the mean and a gain error with 20% standard deviation from the mean only result in a 20% deformations within the place field and 0.24% outer side lobes, and an overall pattern with 0.0015 mean squared error on average. We also present how the model can be used to achieve the localization and path-tracking functionalities of SLAM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemohammad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furuta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuromorphic Model of Hippocampus Place cells using an Oscillatory Interference Technique for Hardware Implementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S100a9 Attenuates Inflammation during Repeated Social Defeat Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a consequence of psychological trauma, is associated with increased inflammation and an elevated risk of developing comorbid inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanistic link between this mental health disorder and inflammation remains elusive. Using a pre-clinical model of PTSD known as repeated social defeat stress (RSDS), we previously identified that S100a8 and S100a9 mRNA, genes that encode the protein calprotectin, were significantly upregulated in T-lymphocytes after psychological trauma. Calprotectin expression positively correlated with inflammatory gene expression and the mitochondrial redox environment in T-lymphocytes, therefore, we hypothesized that genetic deletion of calprotectin would attenuate the inflammatory and redox phenotype displayed after RSDS. Using pharmacological and genetic manipulation of S100a9 (which functionally eliminates calprotectin) in mice, we unexpectedly observed worsening of behavioral pathology, inflammation, and the mitochondrial redox environment in mice after RSDS compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Furthermore, loss of calprotectin significantly enhanced the metabolic demand on T-lymphocytes suggesting this protein may play an undescribed role in mitochondrial regulation. This was further supported by single-cell RNA sequencing analysis demonstrating that RSDS and loss of S100a9 primarily altered genes associated with mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. Taken together, these data demonstrate the loss of calprotectin potentiates the RSDS-induced phenotype, which suggests its observed upregulation after psychological trauma may provide previously unexplored protective functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshfegh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkhatib, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauten, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clopp, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vladimirov, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S100a9 Attenuates Inflammation during Repeated Social Defeat Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuVue: A Framework and Workflows for High-Throughput Electron Microscopy Connectomics Proofreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomic reconstruction from large image volumes produces segmentation and synaptic-assignment errors that must be resolved to support downstream analyses. As datasets have grown larger and teams more distributed, proofreading has become a critical operational bottleneck. Workflows for proofreading and error correction have not scaled commensurately with connectomic data production and may not accommodate heterogeneous proofreader expertise and machine-generated candidate edits. New tools are therefore needed to organize, prioritize, and coordinate proofreading at volume scale. Here we present NeuVue, a task-management and prioritization framework that operationalizes proofreading through atomic, auditable tasks for individual and team review, multistage routing across proofreader cohorts, performance and volume-state tracking, and integration with community annotation, visualization, and analysis services. We report the use of NeuVue across two volumetric datasets, supporting scalable proofreading by over forty proofreaders and producing over fifty thousand edits. NeuVue provides a reproducible human-in-the-loop framework for generating, validating, and maintaining large connectomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villafane-Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuVue: A Framework and Workflows for High-Throughput Electron Microscopy Connectomics Proofreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Class of Protein Misfolding is Observed in All-atom Folding Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several mechanisms intrinsic to a proteins primary structure are known to cause monomeric protein misfolding. Coarse-grained simulations, in which multiple atoms are represented by a single interaction site, have predicted a novel mechanism of misfolding exists involving off-pathway, non-covalent lasso entanglements, which are distinct from protein knots and slip knots. These misfolded states can be long-lived kinetic traps, and in some cases are structurally similar to the native state according to those simulations. Here, we examine whether such misfolded states occur in long-time-scale, physics-based all-atom simulations of protein folding. We find they do indeed form, estimate they can persist for weeks, and some have characteristics similar to the native state. Digestion patterns from Limited Proteolysis Mass Spectrometry are consistent with the presence of changes in entanglement in these proteins. These results indicate monomeric proteins can exhibit subpopulations of misfolded, self-entangled states that can explain long-timescale changes in protein structure and function in vivo.

One-Sentence SummaryEntangled misfolded states form in physics-based all-atom simulations of protein folding and have characteristics similar to the native state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, Q. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Class of Protein Misfolding is Observed in All-atom Folding Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal interference current stimulation in peripheral nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One strategy to electrically stimulate nerves utilizes the interference of multiple high frequency waveforms. This technique has recently gained significant attention as a method to improve the state-of-the-art in neurostimulation. Here we report our investigation into the fundamental properties of the neuronal response to these types of waveforms. Our data suggest, contrary to the currently accepted explanation, that neurons do not extract envelopes at all, and that the response to these signals is well explained by a resistor-capacitor (i.e., integrator) membrane with a fixed firing threshold. This new understanding of the fundamental mechanism of interferential neural stimulation changes how we should model and evaluate the safety and efficacy of these signals. Utilizing this new understanding, we develop several novel interferential stimulation techniques. Interferential strategies demonstrate promising results and may improve many neuromodulation therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budde, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal interference current stimulation in peripheral nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IMC-Denoise: a content aware denoising pipeline to enhance Imaging Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) is an emerging multiplexed imaging technology for analyzing complex microenvironments that has the ability to detect the spatial distribution of at least 40 cell markers. However, this new modality has unique image data processing requirements, particularly when applying this technology to patient tissue specimens. In these cases, signal-to-noise ratio for particular markers can be low despite optimization of staining conditions, and the presence of pixel intensity artifacts can deteriorate image quality and the subsequent performance of downstream analysis. Here we demonstrate an automated content-aware pipeline, IMC-Denoise, to restore IMC images. Specifically, we deploy a differential intensity map-based restoration (DIMR) algorithm for removing hot pixels and a self-supervised deep learning algorithm for filtering shot noise (DeepSNF). IMC-Denoise outperforms existing methods for adaptive hot pixel removal, and delivers significant image quality improvement and background noise removal to a diverse set of IMC channels and datasets. This includes a unique, technically challenging, human bone marrow IMC dataset; in which we achieve noise level reduction of 87% for a 5.6-fold higher contrast-to-noise ratio, and more accurate background noise removal with approximately two-fold improved F1 score. Our approach remarkably enhances both manual gating and automated phenotyping with cell-scale down-stream analysis on these complex data. We anticipate that IMC-Denoise will provide similar benefits in mass cytometry imaging domains to more deeply characterize the complex and diverse tissue microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oetjen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzinova, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachynski, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennen, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorek, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IMC-Denoise: a content aware denoising pipeline to enhance Imaging Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution and polyploid SCRaMbLE reveal genomic plasticity to synthetic chromosome defects and rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed, constructed, and debugged a synthetic 753,096 bp version of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIV as part of the international Sc2.0 project. We showed that certain synthetic loxPsym recombination sites can interfere with mitochondrial protein localization, that the deletion of one intron (NOG2) reduced fitness, and that a reassigned stop codon can lead to a growth defect. In parallel to these rational debugging modifications, we used Adaptive Laboratory Evolution to generate a general growth defect suppressor rearrangement in the form of increased TAR1 copy number. We also extended the utility of the Synthetic Chromosome Recombination and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution (SCRaMbLE) system by engineering synthetic-wild-type tetraploid hybrid strains that buffer against essential gene loss. The presence of wild-type chromosomes in the hybrid tetraploids increased post-SCRaMbLE viability and heterologous DNA integration, highlighting the plasticity of the S. cerevisiae genome in the presence of rational and non-rational modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroukamp, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, E. L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llorente, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borneman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wyk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevalainen, H. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curach, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goold, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pretorius, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution and polyploid SCRaMbLE reveal genomic plasticity to synthetic chromosome defects and rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal phenotypic reliability impedes reproducible human neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphBiomarkers of behavior and psychiatric illness for cognitive and clinical neuroscience remain out of reach1-4. Suboptimal reliability of biological measurements, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is increasingly cited as a primary culprit for discouragingly large sample size requirements and poor reproducibility of brain-based biomarker discovery1,5-7. In response, steps are being taken towards optimizing MRI reliability and increasing sample sizes8-11, though this will not be enough. Optimizing biological measurement reliability and increasing sample sizes are necessary but insufficient steps for biomarker discovery; this focus has overlooked the  other side of the equation - the reliability of clinical and cognitive assessments - which are often suboptimal or unassessed. Through a combination of simulation analysis and empirical studies using neuroimaging data, we demonstrate that the joint reliability of both biological and clinical/cognitive phenotypic measurements must be optimized in order to ensure biomarkers are reproducible and accurate. Even with best-case scenario high reliability neuroimaging measurements and large sample sizes, we show that suboptimal reliability of phenotypic data (i.e., clinical diagnosis, behavioral and cognitive measurements) will continue to impede meaningful biomarker discovery for the field. Improving reliability through development of novel assessments of phenotypic variation is needed, but it is not the sole solution. We emphasize the potential to improve the reliability of established phenotypic methods through aggregation across multiple raters and/or measurements12-15, which is becoming increasingly feasible with recent innovations in data acquisition (e.g., web- and smart-phone-based administration, ecological momentary assessment, burst sampling, wearable devices, multimodal recordings)16-20. We demonstrate that such aggregation can achieve better biomarker discovery for a fraction of the cost engendered by large-scale samples. Although the current study has been motivated by ongoing developments in neuroimaging, the prioritization of reliable phenotyping will revolutionize neurobiological and clinical endeavors that are focused on brain and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal phenotypic reliability impedes reproducible human neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully Desktop Fabricated Flexible Graphene Electrocorticography (ECoG) Arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible Electrocorticography (ECoG) electrode arrays that conform to the cortical surface and record surface field potentials from multiple brain regions provide unique insights into how computations occurring in distributed brain regions mediate behavior. Current flexible ECoG devices require highly specialized microfabrication methods, precluding the ability to fabricate customizable and low-cost flexible ECoG devices easily. Here we present a fully desktop fabricated flexible graphene ECoG array. First, we synthesized a stable, conductive ink via liquid exfoliation of Graphene in Cyrene. Next, we have established a stencil-printing process for patterning the graphene ink via laser-cut stencils on flexible polyimide substrates. Benchtop tests indicate that the graphene electrodes have good conductivity of [~] 1.1 x 103 S{middle dot}cm-1, flexibility to maintain their electrical connection under static bending, and electrochemical stability in a 15-day accelerated corrosion test. Chronically implanted graphene ECoG devices remain fully functional for up to 180 days, with average in vivo impedances of 24.72 {+/-} 95.23 k {Omega} at 1 kHz. The ECoG device can measure spontaneous surface field potentials from mice under awake and anesthetized states and sensory stimulus-evoked responses. The stencil-printing fabrication process can be used to create Graphene ECoG devices with customized electrode layouts within 24 hours using commonly available laboratory equipment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navabi, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laroque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swisher, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodandaramaiah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully Desktop Fabricated Flexible Graphene Electrocorticography (ECoG) Arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.499571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
naRNA is a canonical neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component and novel inflammation-amplifying composite DAMP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.499571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a key antimicrobial feature of cellular innate immunity mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), the primary human leukocyte population. NETs trap and kill microbes but have also been linked to inflammation, e.g. atherosclerosis, arthritis or psoriasis by unknown mechanisms. We here characterize naRNA (NET-associated RNA), as a new canonical, abundant, and unexplored inflammatory NET component. naRNA, upon release by NET formation, drove further NET formation in naive PMN, and induced macrophage and keratinocyte activation via TLR8 in humans and Tlr13 in mice, in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in vivo naRNA strongly drove skin inflammation, whereas genetic ablation of RNA sensing drastically ameliorated psoriatic skin inflammation. Rather than accidentally assembling with LL37 on the NET, naRNA was intracellularly pre-associated in resting neutrophils as a  composite DAMP, thus highlighting NET formation as a DAMP release process. This re-defines sterile NETs as an intentionally inflammatory agent, signaling and amplifying neutrophil activation. Moreover, in the many conditions previously linked to NETs and extracellular RNA, TLR-mediated naRNA sensing emerges as both potential cause and new intervention target.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/499571v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bork, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greve, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheurer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubbelaar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schittek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skokowa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.499571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[naRNA is a canonical neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component and novel inflammation-amplifying composite DAMP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent dynamics of adult stem cell lineages from single nucleus and single cell RNA-Seq of Drosophila testes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper differentiation of sperm from germline stem cells, essential for production of the next generation, requires dramatic changes in gene expression that drive remodeling of almost all cellular components, from chromatin to organelles to cell shape itself. Here we provide a single nucleus and single cell RNA-seq resource covering all of spermatogenesis in Drosophila starting from in-depth analysis of adult testis single nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) data from the Fly Cell Atlas (FCA) study (Li et al., 2022). With over 44,000 nuclei and 6,000 cells analyzed, the data provide identification of rare cell types, mapping of intermediate steps in differentiation, and the potential to identify new factors impacting fertility or controlling differentiation of germline and supporting somatic cells. We justify assignment of key germline and somatic cell types using combinations of known markers, in situ hybridization, and analysis of extant protein traps. Comparison of single cell and single nucleus datasets proved particularly revealing of dynamic developmental transitions in germline differentiation. To complement the web-based portals for data analysis hosted by the FCA, we provide datasets compatible with commonly used software such as Seurat and Monocle. The foundation provided here will enable communities studying spermatogenesis to interrogate the datasets to identify candidate genes to test for function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vida, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viveiros, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brill, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matunis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White-Cooper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent dynamics of adult stem cell lineages from single nucleus and single cell RNA-Seq of Drosophila testes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MISPEL: A deep learning approach for harmonizingmulti-scanner matched neuroimaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale data obtained from aggregation of already collected multi-site neuroimaging datasets has brought benefits such as higher statistical power, reliability, and robustness to the studies. Despite these promises from growth in sample size, substantial technical variability stemming from differences in scanner specifications exists in the aggregated data and could inadvertently bias any downstream analyses on it. Such a challenge calls for data normalization and/or harmonization frameworks, in addition to comprehensive criteria to estimate the scanner-related variability and evaluate the harmonization frameworks. In this study, we propose MISPEL (Multi-scanner Image harmonization via Structure Preserving Embedding Learning), a supervised multi-scanner harmonization method that is naturally extendable to more than two scanners. We also designed a set of criteria to investigate the scanner-related technical variability and evaluate the harmonization techniques. As an essential requirement of our criteria, we introduced a multi-scanner matched dataset of 3T T1 images across four scanners, which, to the best of our knowledge is one of the few datasets of this kind. We also investigated our evaluations using two popular segmentation frameworks: FSL and segmentation in statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Lastly, we compared MISPEL to popular methods of normalization and harmonization, namely White Stripe, RAVEL, and CALAMITI. MISPEL outperformed these methods and is promising for many other neuroimaging modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torbati, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laymon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudorascu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MISPEL: A deep learning approach for harmonizingmulti-scanner matched neuroimaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Smartphone Based Free Flap Monitoring Tool Using Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free flap monitoring is important to ensure early detection of arterial or venous failure to facilitate salvage. Our prior research has shown ability to magnify skin change as a result of skin changes. This study was undertaken to test the feasibility of detecting venous and arterial occlusion using a smartphone camera and pattern recognition (a simplistic implementation of a machine learning algorithm). Bilateral hands of seven patients were video recorded with various tourniquet pressures on one hand simulating no occlusion, venous occlusion, and arterial occlusion with the other hand as internal control. Video data resolved at an average iPhone camera quality of 33 fps was processed using the sci-kit learn library in Python to detect changes in color frequency between frames and then compared to the control hand. Comparing the test hand to the control hand allowed for the depiction of the "delta" that was sensitive enough to detect changes on a video without any additional augmentation. The average rate of change in red pixels between video frames was noticeably different compared to control for both arterial occlusion (1.06x greater) and venous occlusion (1.07x greater). A graphical representation depicted a clear relationship while an individual was undergoing occlusion (Fig 1). Our smartphone video capture and analysis facilitates visualization of skin perfusion and can distinguish between states of no occlusion, arterial occlusion, and venous occlusion. This study shows promise for the use of inexpensive smartphone monitoring in a clinical setting for accurate free flap monitoring.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/501864v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Provenzano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandawarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Smartphone Based Free Flap Monitoring Tool Using Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking in the world is driven by cues that can have ambiguous predictive and motivational value. To produce adaptive, flexible reward-seeking it is necessary to exploit occasion setters, other distinct features in the environment, to resolve the ambiguity of Pavlovian reward-paired cues. Despite this, very little research has investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of occasion setting and as a result little is known about which brain regions are critical for occasion setting. To address this, we exploited a recently developed task that was amenable to neurobiological inquiry where a conditioned stimulus is only predictive of reward delivery if preceded in time by the non-overlapping presentation of a separate cue - an occasion setter. This task required male rats to maintain and link cue-triggered expectations across time to produce adaptive reward-seeking. We interrogated the contributions of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to occasion setting as these regions are thought to be critical for the computation and exploitation of state value, respectively. Reversible inactivation of either structure prior to the occasion-setting task resulted in a profound inability of rats to use the occasion setter to guide reward seeking. In contrast, inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus, a region fundamental for context-specific responding was without effect nor did inactivation of the basolateral amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex in a standard Pavlovian conditioning preparation affect conditioned responding. We conclude that neural activity within the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala circuit is necessary to update and resolve ambiguity in the environment to promote cue-driven reward-seeking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing Physalis as a new Solanaceae model system enables genetic reevaluation of the inflated calyx syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly diverse Solanaceae family contains several widely studied model and crop species. Fully exploring, appreciating, and exploiting this diversity requires additional model systems. Particularly promising are orphan fruit crops in the genus Physalis, which occupy a key evolutionary position in the Solanaceae and capture understudied variation in traits such as inflorescence complexity, fruit ripening and metabolites, disease and insect resistance, self-compatibility, and most notable, the striking Inflated Calyx Syndrome (ICS), an evolutionary novelty found across angiosperms where sepals grow exceptionally large to encapsulate fruits in a protective husk. We recently developed transformation and genome editing in Physalis grisea (groundcherry). However, to systematically explore and unlock the potential of this and related Physalis as genetic systems, high-quality genome assemblies are needed. Here, we present chromosome-scale references for P. grisea and its close relative P. pruinosa and use these resources to study natural and engineered variation in floral traits. We first rapidly identified a natural structural variant in a bHLH gene that causes petal color variation. Further, and against expectations, we found that CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis of 11 MADS-box genes, including purported essential regulators of ICS, had no effect on inflation. In a forward genetics screen, we identified huskless, which lacks ICS due to mutation of an AP2-like gene that causes sepals and petals to merge into a single whorl of mixed identity. These resources and findings elevate Physalis to a new Solanaceae model system, and establish a new paradigm for the search of factors driving ICS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.502011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing Physalis as a new Solanaceae model system enables genetic reevaluation of the inflated calyx syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive single-cell breast tumor atlas defines cancer epithelial and immune cell heterogeneity and interactions predicting anti-PD-1 therapy response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an integrated single-cell RNA-seq resource of the breast tumor microenvironment consisting of 236,363 cells from 119 biopsy samples across 8 publicly available datasets. In this computational study, we first leverage this novel resource to define cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity based on two clinically relevant markers and identify six new and distinct subsets of natural killer cells. We then illustrate how cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity impacts immune cell interactions. We develop T cell InteractPrint, which considers how cancer epithelial cell heterogeneity shifts the predicted strength of T cell interactions. We use InteractPrint to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in two clinical trials testing immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer. T cell InteractPrint was predictive in both trials (AUC = 0.81 and 0.84), versus PD-L1 expression (AUC = 0.54 and 0.72). This result provides an alternative predictive biomarker to PD-L1 to select patients who should receive ICI.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe developed a novel integrated single-cell atlas of the breast tumor microenvironment to interrogate breast tumor cell heterogeneity and define how heterogenous cancer epithelial cell and immune cell interactions predict response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maues, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgdon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos-Torres, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.501918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive single-cell breast tumor atlas defines cancer epithelial and immune cell heterogeneity and interactions predicting anti-PD-1 therapy response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D-Beacons: Decreasing the gap between protein sequences and structures through a federated network of protein structure data resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.501973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While scientists can often infer the biological function of proteins from their 3-dimensional quaternary structures, the gap between the number of known protein sequences and their experimentally determined structures keeps increasing. A potential solution to this problem is presented by ever more sophisticated computational protein modelling approaches. While often powerful on their own, most methods have strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, it benefits researchers to examine models from various model providers and perform comparative analysis to identify what models can best address their specific use cases. To make data from a large array of model providers more easily accessible to the broader scientific community, we established 3D-Beacons, a collaborative initiative to create a federated network with unified data access mechanisms. The 3D-Beacons Network allows researchers to collate coordinate files and metadata for experimentally determined and theoretical protein models from state-of-the-art and specialist model providers and also from the Protein Data Bank.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillitoe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauriello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anyango, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegedus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekkelman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joosten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laydon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodenskiy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piovesan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salladini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhajda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svergun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenorio-Ku, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosatto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunyasuvunakool, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassabis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwede, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.501973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D-Beacons: Decreasing the gap between protein sequences and structures through a federated network of protein structure data resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation large-scale binary protein interaction network for Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating reference maps of the interactome networks underlying most cellular functions can greatly illuminate genetic studies by providing a protein-centric approach to finding new components of existing pathways, complexes, and processes. Here, we applied state-of-the-art experimental and bioinformatics methods to identify high-confidence binary protein-protein interactions (PPIs) for Drosophila melanogaster. We performed four all-by-all yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens of >10,000 Drosophila proteins, resulting in the  FlyBi dataset of 8,723 PPIs among 2,939 proteins. As part of this effort, we tested subsets of our data and data from previous PPI datasets using an orthogonal assay, which allowed us to normalize data quality across datasets. Next, we integrated our FlyBi data with previous PPI data, resulting in an expanded, high-confidence binary Drosophila reference interaction network, DroRI, comprising 17,232 interactions among 6,511 proteins. These data are accessible through the Molecular Interaction Search Tool (MIST) and other databases. To assess the utility of the PPI resource, we used novel interactions from the FlyBi dataset to generate an autophagy interaction network that we validated in vivo using two different autophagy-related assays. We found that deformed wings (dwg) encodes a protein that is both a regulator and a target of autophagy. Altogether, the resources generated in this project provide a strong foundation for building high-confidence new hypotheses regarding protein networks and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang-Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rouck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desbuleux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodiger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlabach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TeeKing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation large-scale binary protein interaction network for Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tudor domain containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) identifies a novel germline granule that regulates maternal RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tudor domain-containing proteins are conserved across the animal kingdom for their function in germline development and fertility. Previously, we demonstrated that Tudor domain-containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) plays an important role in the germline where it promotes male identity. However, Tdrd5l is also expressed in both the ovary and testis during later stages of germline development, suggesting that it plays a role in germline differentiation in both sexes. We found that Tdrd5l localizes to a potentially novel germline body and plays a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. RNA sequencing of Tdrd5l-mutant ovaries compared to wild-type showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for maternally deposited RNAs. Additionally, embryos laid by Tdrd5l-mutant females exhibited reduced viability and displayed dorsal appendage defects suggesting a failure of proper dorsal-ventral (D/V) patterning. As D/V patterning is dependent on gurken (grk), we examined Grk expression during oogenesis. We observed premature accumulation of Grk protein in nurse cells indicating that translation is no longer properly repressed during mRNA transport to the oocyte. We also observed increased nurse cell accumulation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein Oo18 RNA-Binding Protein (Orb or CPEB), a translational activator of Grk. Decreasing orb function was able to partially rescue the Tdrd5l-mutant phenotype, and so defects in Orb are likely a primary cause of the defects in Tdrd5l mutants. Our data indicate that Tdrd5l is important for translational repression of maternal mRNAs such as orb, and possibly others, following their synthesis in the nurse cells and during their transport to the oocyte.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pozmanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curnutte, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tudor domain containing protein 5-like (Tdrd5l) identifies a novel germline granule that regulates maternal RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design Principles for Inflammasome Inhibition by Pyrin-Only-Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammasomes are filamentous signaling platforms essential for host defense against various intracellular calamities such as pathogen invasion and genotoxic stresses. However, dysregulated inflammasomes cause an array of human diseases including autoinflammatory disorders and cancer. It was recently identified that endogenous pyrin-only-proteins (POPs) regulate inflammasomes by directly inhibiting their filament assembly. Here, by combining Rosetta in silico, in vitro, and in cellulo methods, we investigate the target specificity and inhibition mechanisms of POPs. In contrast to a previous report, we find that POP1 is a poor inhibitor of the central inflammasome adaptor ASC. Instead, POP1 inhibits the assembly of upstream receptor PYD filaments such as those of AIM2, IFI16, NLRP3, and NLRP6. Moreover, not only does POP2 directly suppress the nucleation of ASC, but it can also inhibit the elongation of receptor filaments. In addition to inhibiting the elongation of AIM2 and NLRP6 filaments, POP3 potently suppresses the nucleation of ASC. Our Rosetta analyses and biochemical experiments consistently suggest that a combination of favorable and unfavorable interactions between POPs and PYDs is necessary for effective recognition and inhibition. Together, we reveal the intrinsic target redundancy of POPs and their inhibitory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazanek, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belotte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lueck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design Principles for Inflammasome Inhibition by Pyrin-Only-Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pla2g12b is Essential for Expansion of Nascent Lipoprotein Particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYTriglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) are micelle-like particles that enable efficient transport of lipids throughout the bloodstream, but also promote atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite this central relevance to cardiovascular disease, very little is known about how lipids are loaded onto nascent TRLs prior to secretion. Here we show that Pla2g12b, a gene with no previously described function, concentrates components of the TRL biogenesis machinery along the ER membrane to ensure efficient delivery of lipids to nascent TRLs. We find that the lipid-poor TRLs secreted in PLA2G12B-/- mice and zebrafish support surprisingly normal growth and physiology while conferring profound resistance to atherosclerosis, and demonstrate that these same processes are conserved in human cells. Together these findings shed new light on the poorly understood process of TRL expansion, ascribe function to the previously uncharacterized gene Pla2g12b, and reveal a promising new strategy to remodel serum lipoproteins to prevent cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thierer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foresti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch-Nentwich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohlke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawls, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pla2g12b is Essential for Expansion of Nascent Lipoprotein Particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability and accuracy of single-molecule FRET studies for characterization of structural dynamics and distances in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become an established tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics in vitro and in live cells. We performed a worldwide blind study involving 19 labs to assess the uncertainty of FRET experiments for proteins with respect to the measured FRET efficiency histograms, determination of distances, and the detection and quantification of structural dynamics. Using two protein systems that undergo distinct conformational changes, we obtained an uncertainty of the FRET efficiency of less than {+/-} 0.06, corresponding to an interdye distance precision of [&le;] 0.2 nm and accuracy of [&le;] 0.5 nm. We further discuss the limits for detecting distance fluctuations with sensitivity down to [lsim] 10% of the Forster distance and provide guidelines on how to detect potential dye perturbations. The ability of smFRET experiments to simultaneously measure distances and avoid averaging of conformational dynamics slower than the fluorescence lifetime is unique for dynamic structural biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebhardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maechtel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craggs, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grohmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschfeld, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammerer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krainer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margeat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, G. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quast, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robb, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlierf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinnefeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Noort, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability and accuracy of single-molecule FRET studies for characterization of structural dynamics and distances in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a Novel Hyper-Variable Variable Number Tandem Repeat in the Dopamine Transporter Gene (SLC6A3) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.502653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3, has received substantial attention in genetic association studies of various phenotypes. Although some variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) present in SLC6A3 have been tested in genetic association studies, results have not been consistent. VNTRs in SLC6A3 that have not been examined genetically were characterized. Tandem Repeat Annotation Library (TRAL) was used to characterize the VNTRs of 64 unrelated long-read haplotype-phased SLC6A3 sequences. Sequence similarity of each repeat unit of the five VNTRs is reported, along with the correlations of SNP-SNP, SNP-VNTR and VNTR-VNTR alleles across the gene. One of these VNTRs is a novel hyper-VNTR (hyVNTR) in intron 8 of SLC6A3, which contains a range of 3.4-133.4 repeat copies and has a consensus sequence length of 38bp, with 82% G+C content. The 38-base repeat was predicted to form G-quadruplexes in silico and was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Additionally, this hyVNTR contains multiple putative binding sites for PRDM9, which, in combination with low levels of linkage disequilibrium around the hyVNTR, suggests it might be a recombination hotspot.

Summary BlurbThis VNTR has a heterozygosity value of 0.93, forms G-tetrads, and is in low linkage disequilibrium with surrounding sequence, making it a new site for genetic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Apsley, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domico, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbiest, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brogan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burich, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardone, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anisimova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbergh, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a Novel Hyper-Variable Variable Number Tandem Repeat in the Dopamine Transporter Gene (SLC6A3)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae alkalizes its environment via citrate metabolism to inhibit enteric growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen, living in constant competition with other bacteria in both marine environments and during human infection. One competitive advantage of V. cholerae is the ability to metabolize diverse carbon sources such as chitin and citrate. We observed that when V. cholerae strains were grown on a medium with citrate, the mediums chemical composition turned into a hostile alkaline environment for Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. We found that although the ability to exclude competing bacteria was not contingent on exogenous citrate, V. cholerae citrate metabolism mutants {Delta}oadA-1, {Delta}citE, and {Delta}citF mutants were not able to inhibit S. flexneri or E. coli growth. Lastly, we demonstrated that while the V. cholerae mediated increased medium pH was necessary for the enteric exclusion phenotype, secondary metabolites such as bicarbonate (protonated to carbonate in the raised pH) from the metabolism of citrate enhanced the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli. These data provide a novel example of how V. cholerae outcompetes other Gram-negative bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostiuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churaman, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukatzki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio cholerae alkalizes its environment via citrate metabolism to inhibit enteric growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic forecasting with neural ODEs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics technologies can uncover changes in the molecular states that underlie cellular phenotypes. However, understanding the dynamic cellular processes requires extending from inferring trajectories from snapshots of cellular states to estimating temporal changes in cellular gene expression. To address this challenge, we have developed a neural ordinary differential equation-based method, RNAForecaster, for predicting gene expression states in single cells for multiple future time steps in an embedding-independent manner. We demonstrate that RNAForecaster can accurately predict future expression states in simulated single cell transcriptomic data with cellular tracking over time. We then show that using metabolic labeling scRNA-seq data from constitutively dividing cells, RNAForecaster accurately recapitulates many of the expected changes in gene expression during progression through the cell cycle over a three day period. Thus, RNAForecaster enables short term estimation of future expression states in biological systems from high-throughput datasets with temporal information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic forecasting with neural ODEs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Object representation in a gravitational reference frame 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When your head tilts laterally, as in sports, reaching, and resting, your eyes counterrotate less than 20%, and thus eye images rotate, over a total range of about 180{degrees}. Yet, the world appears stable and vision remains normal. We discovered a neural strategy for rotational stability in anterior inferotemporal cortex (IT), the final stage of object vision in primates. We measured object orientation tuning of IT neurons in macaque monkeys tilted +25 and -25{degrees} laterally, producing [~]40{degrees} difference in retinal image orientation. Among IT neurons with consistent object orientation tuning, 63% remained stable with respect to gravity across tilts. Gravitational tuning depended on vestibular/somatosensory but also visual cues, consistent with previous evidence that IT processes scene cues for gravitys orientation. In addition to stability across image rotations, an internal gravitational reference frame is important for physical understanding of a world where object position, posture, structure, shape, movement, and behavior interact critically with gravity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emonds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinath, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Object representation in a gravitational reference frame]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first gapless, reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Southern Han Chinese individual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used long-read DNA sequencing to assemble the genome of a Southern Han Chinese male. We organized the sequence into chromosomes and filled in gaps using the recently completed CHM13 genome as a guide, yielding a gap-free genome, Han1, containing 3,099,707,698 bases. Using the CHM13 annotation as a reference, we mapped all genes onto the Han1 genome and identified additional gene copies, generating a total of 60,708 genes, of which 20,003 are protein coding. A comprehensive comparison between the genes revealed that 235 protein-coding genes were substantially different between the individuals, with frameshifts or truncations affecting the protein-coding sequence. Most of these were heterozygous variants in which one gene copy was unaffected. This represents the first gene-level comparison between two finished, annotated individual human genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first gapless, reference-quality, fully annotated genome from a Southern Han Chinese individual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of ubiquitin at Ser65 increases the population of a rare C-terminally retracted (CR) conformation. Transition between the CR and the Major ubiquitin conformations is critical for promoting mitochondrial degradation. The mechanisms by which the Major and CR conformations of Ser65-phosphorylated (pSer65) ubiquitin interconvert, however, have not yet been revealed. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations using the string method with swarms of trajectories to calculate the lowest free-energy path between these two conformers. Our analysis reveals the existence of a Bent intermediate in which the C-terminal residues of the {beta}5 strand shift to resemble the CR conformation, while pSer65 retains contacts resembling the Major conformation. This stable intermediate was reproduced in well-tempered metadynamics calculations, with the exception of a Gln2Ala mutant that disrupts contacts with pSer65. Lastly, dynamical network modelling reveals that the transition from the Major to CR conformations involves a decoupling of residues near pSer65 from the adjacent {beta}1 strand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wied, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.502833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of human HSPE1 for OPA1 processing independent of HSPD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mtHSP60/HSPD1-mtHSP10/HSPE1 system prevents protein misfolding and maintains proteostasis in the mitochondrial matrix. Altered activities of this chaperonin system have been implicated in human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. However, how defects in HSPD1 and HSPE1 affect mitochondrial structure and dynamics remains elusive. In the current study, we address this fundamental question in a human cell line, HEK293T. We found that the depletion of HSPD1 or HSPE1 results in fragmentation of mitochondria, suggesting a decrease in mitochondrial fusion. Supporting this notion, HSPE1 depletion led to proteolytic inactivation of OPA1, a dynamin-related GTPase that fuses the mitochondrial membrane. This OPA1 inactivation was mediated by a stress-activated metalloprotease, OMA1. In contrast, HSPD1 depletion did not induce OMA1 activation or OPA1 cleavage. These data suggest that HSPE1 controls mitochondrial morphology through a mechanism separate from its chaperonin activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iijima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of human HSPE1 for OPA1 processing independent of HSPD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sound localization acuity of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small arboreal New World primate which has emerged as a promising model in auditory neuroscience. One potentially useful application of this model system is in the study of the neural mechanism underlying spatial hearing in primate species, as the marmosets visually occluded natural habitat in the forest would make sound localization an essential behavior for survival. However, interpretation of neurophysiological data on sound localization requires an understanding of perceptual abilities, and the sound localization behavior of marmosets has not been well studied. The present experiment measured sound localization acuity using an operant conditioning procedure in which marmosets were trained to discriminate changes in sound location in the horizontal (azimuth) or vertical (elevation) dimension. Our results showed that the minimum audible angle (MAA) for horizontal discrimination was on average 15{degrees} for band-passed Gaussian noise and 13{degrees} for Random Spectral Shape (RSS) stimuli, whereas the MAA for vertical locations was at 17{degrees} and 22{degrees} for band-passed Gaussian noises containing more and less high frequency energy, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.13.503849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sound localization acuity of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.501890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking requires the coordination of motor programs to achieve goals. Midbrain dopamine neurons are critical for reinforcement and their activation is sufficient for learning about cues, actions, and outcomes. Here we examine in detail the mechanisms underlying the ability of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) dopamine neurons to support instrumental learning. By exploiting numerous behavioral tasks in combination with time-limited optogenetic manipulations, we reveal that VTA and SNc dopamine neurons generate reinforcement through separable psychological processes. VTA dopamine neurons imbue actions and their associated cues with motivational value that allows flexible and persistent pursuit whereas SNc dopamine neurons support time-limited, precise, action-specific learning that is non-scalable and inflexible. This architecture is reminiscent of actor-critic reinforcement learning models with VTA and SNc instructing the critic and actor, respectively. Our findings indicate that heterogeneous dopamine systems support unique forms of instrumental learning that ultimately result in disparate reward-seeking strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribut, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiflin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.501890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Prediction to Action: Dissociable Roles of Ventral Tegmental Area and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons in Instrumental Reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal states as a source of subject-dependent movement variability and their representation by large-scale networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A humans ability to adapt and learn relies on reflecting on past performance. Such reflections form latent factors called internal states that induce variability of movement and behavior to improve performance. Internal states are critical for survival, yet their temporal dynamics and neural substrates are less understood. Here, we link internal states with motor performance and neural activity using state-space models and local field potentials captured from depth electrodes in over 100 brain regions. Ten human subjects performed a goal-directed center-out reaching task with perturbations applied to random trials, causing subjects to fail goals and reflect on their performance. Using computational methods, we identified two internal states, indicating that subjects kept track of past errors and perturbations, that predicted variability in reaction times and speed errors. These states granted access to latent information indicative of how subjects strategize learning from trial history, impacting their overall performance. We further found that large-scale brain networks differentially encoded these internal states. The dorsal attention network encoded past errors in frequencies above 100 Hz, suggesting a role in modulating attention based on tracking recent performance in working memory. The default network encoded past perturbations in frequencies below 15 Hz, suggesting a role in achieving robust performance in an uncertain environment. Moreover, these networks more strongly encoded internal states and were more functionally connected in higher performing subjects, whose learning strategy was to respond by countering with behavior that opposed accumulating error. Taken together, our findings suggest large-scale brain networks as a neural basis of strategy. These networks regulate movement variability, through internal states, to improve motor performance.

Key pointsO_LIMovement variability is a purposeful process conjured up by the brain to enable adaptation and learning, both of which are necessary for survival.
C_LIO_LIThe culmination of recent experiences--collectively referred to as internal states--have been implicated in variability during motor and behavioral tasks.
C_LIO_LITo investigate the utility and neural basis of internal states during motor control, we estimated two latent internal states using state-space representation that modeled motor behavior during a goal-directed center-out reaching task in humans with simultaneous whole-brain recordings from intracranial depth electrodes.
C_LIO_LIWe show that including these states--based on error and environment uncertainty--improves the predictability of subject-specific variable motor behavior and reveals latent information related to task performance and learning strategies where top performers counter error scaled by trial history while bottom performers maintain error tendencies.
C_LIO_LIWe further show that these states are encoded by the large-scale brain networks known as the dorsal attention network and default network in frequencies above 100 Hz and below 15 Hz but found neural differences between subjects where network activity closely modulates with states and exhibits stronger functional connectivity for top performers.
C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest the involvement in large-scale brain networks as a neural basis of motor strategy that orchestrates movement variability to improve motor performance.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breault, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal states as a source of subject-dependent movement variability and their representation by large-scale networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perpendicular Shear Stresses Drive Transmural Helical Remodeling in Engineered Human Ventricular Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue engineering with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes enables unique opportunities for creating physiological models of the heart in vitro. However, there are few approaches available that can recapitulate the complex structure-function relationships that govern cardiac function at the macroscopic organ level. Here, we report a down-scaled, conical human 3D ventricular model with controllable cellular organization using multilayered, patterned cardiac sheets. Tissue engineered ventricles whose cardiomyocytes were pre-aligned parallel or perpendicular to the long axis outperformed those whose cardiomyocytes were angled or randomly oriented. Notably, the inner layers of perpendicular cardiac sheets realigned over 4 days into a parallel orientation, creating a helical transmural architecture, whereas minimal remodeling occurred in the parallel or angled sheets. Finite element analysis of engineered ventricles demonstrated that circumferential alignment leads to maximal perpendicular shear stress at the inner layer, whereas longitudinal orientation leads to maximal parallel stress. We hypothesize that cellular remodeling occurs to reduce perpendicular shear stresses in myocardium. This advanced platform provides evidence that physical forces such as shear stress drive self-organization of cardiac architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beussman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodehamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniadecki, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perpendicular Shear Stresses Drive Transmural Helical Remodeling in Engineered Human Ventricular Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transport of Antibody into the Skin is Only Partially Dependent Upon the Neonatal Fc-Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dermis is the portal of entry for most vector-transmitted pathogens, making the hosts immune response at this site critical in mitigating the magnitude of infection. For malaria, antibody-mediated neutralization of Plasmodium parasites in the dermis was recently demonstrated. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms that govern antibody transport into the skin. Since the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been shown to transcytose IgG into various tissues, we sought to understand its contribution to IgG transport and antibody-mediated inhibition of Plasmodium parasites following mosquito bite inoculation. Using confocal imaging, we show that the transport of an anti-Langerin mAb into the skin is only partially reduced in mice lacking FcRn. To understand the relevance of FcRn in the context of malaria infection, we use the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei and show that the protective efficacy of a passively-administered anti-malarial antibody is reduced in the skin in FcRn deficient mice, but not to the same extent that we have previously observed in wildtype mice. Overall, our data suggest that FcRn plays a role in the transport of IgG into the skin but is not the major driver of IgG transport into this tissue. These findings have implications for the rational design of antibody-based therapeutics for malaria as well as other vector-transmitted pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transport of Antibody into the Skin is Only Partially Dependent Upon the Neonatal Fc-Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40-290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera--Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N=2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31-47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45-59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, Onyongnyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaro, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanogo, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samake, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ousman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajacich, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple mechanisms prevent ectopic condensation of FG nucleoporins in the cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoporins (Nups) assemble nuclear pores that form the permeability barrier that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Nups have also been observed in cytoplasmic foci proposed to function as pore pre-assembly intermediates. Here we characterize the composition and incidence of cytoplasmic Nup foci in an intact animal, C. elegans. We find that, in young non-stressed animals, Nup foci only appear in developing sperm, oocytes, and embryos, tissues that express high Nup levels. The foci are condensates of highly cohesive FG-Nups that are maintained near their solubility limit in the cytoplasm by posttranslational modifications and chaperone activity. Only a minor fraction of FG-Nup molecules concentrate in Nup foci, which dissolve during M phase and are dispensable for nuclear pore assembly. Nup condensation is enhanced by stress and advancing age, and overexpression of a single FG-Nup in post-mitotic neurons is sufficient to induce ectopic condensation and organismal paralysis. Our results suggest that Nup foci are non-essential, "accidental", and potentially toxic condensates whose assembly is actively suppressed in healthy cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askjaer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple mechanisms prevent ectopic condensation of FG nucleoporins in the cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of Structural Variants in Parkinson's Disease using Short-Read Sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, affecting approximately one million individuals in the USA alone. A significant proportion of risk for Parkinsons disease is driven by genetics. Despite this, the majority of the common genetic variation that contributes to disease risk is unknown, in-part because previous genetic studies have focussed solely on the contribution of single nucleotide variants. Structural variants represent a significant source of genetic variation in the human genome. However, because assay of this variability is challenging, structural variants have not been cataloged on a genome-wide scale, and their contribution to the risk of Parkinsons disease remains unknown. In this study, we 1) leveraged the GATK-SV pipeline to detect and genotype structural variants in 7,772 short-read sequencing data and 2) generated a subset of matched whole-genome Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing data from the PPMI cohort to allow for comprehensive structural variant confirmation. We detected, genotyped, and tested 3,154 "high-confidence" common structural variant loci, representing over 412 million nucleotides of non-reference genetic variation. Using the long-read sequencing data, we validated three structural variants that may drive the association signals at known Parkinsons disease risk loci, including a 2kb intronic deletion within the gene LRRN4. Further, we confirm that the majority of structural variants in the human genome cannot be detected using short-read sequencing alone, encompassing on average around 4 million nucleotides of inaccessible sequence per genome. Therefore, although these data provide the most comprehensive survey of the contribution of structural variants to the genetic risk of Parkinsons disease to date, this study highlights the need for large-scale long-read datasets to fully elucidate the role of structural variants in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jerez, p. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>illarionova, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>moore, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vitale, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>reed, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ehrlich, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubb, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of Structural Variants in Parkinson's Disease using Short-Read Sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen presentation (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-MHC I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we found that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an IFN-{gamma} producing CD8+ T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP deficient cells. We also observed that ERAAP downregulation during infection led to presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulated effector markers upon MCMV infection and were sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norepinephrine enhances oligodendrocyte precursor cell calcium dynamics in the cerebral cortex during arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes are generated from a widely distributed population of progenitors that express neurotransmitter receptors, but the mechanisms that alter activity of these oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in vivo have not been determined. We generated a novel line of transgenic mice to express membrane-anchored GCaMP6s in OPCs and used longitudinal two-photon microscopy to monitor their Ca2+ changes in the cerebral cortex of awake mice. OPCs exhibited high rates of spontaneous activity, consisting of focal, transient Ca2+ increases within their highly ramified processes. Unexpectedly, these events occurred independent of excitatory neuron activity, but were inhibited by anesthesia, sedative agents, and antagonists of noradrenergic signaling. These norepinephrine enhanced Ca2+ dynamics rapidly declined as with differentiation. Selective knockout of 1A adrenergic receptors in OPCs suppressed both spontaneous and locomotion-induced Ca2+ increases, indicating that OPCs are directly modulated by norepinephrine in vivo, providing a means to alter their dynamics and lineage progression during distinct brain states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumaihgari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norepinephrine enhances oligodendrocyte precursor cell calcium dynamics in the cerebral cortex during arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian Gene Expression in Mouse Renal Proximal Tubule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian variability in kidney function has long been recognized but is often ignored as a potential confounding variable in in vivo physiological experiments. To provide a guide for physiological studies on the kidney proximal tubule, we have now created a data resource consisting of expression levels for all measurable mRNA transcripts in microdissected proximal tubule segments from mice as a function of the time of day. This approach employs small-sample RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) applied to microdissected renal proximal tubules including both S1 proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and S2 proximal straight tubules (PSTs). The data were analyzed using JTK-Cycle to detect periodicity. The data are provided as a user-friendly web page at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/Databases/Circadian-Prox/. In PCTs, 234 transcripts were found to vary in a circadian manner (3.7 % of total quantified). In PSTs, 334 transcripts were found to vary in a circadian manner (5.3 % of total quantified). Transcripts previously known to be associated with corticosteroid action and transcripts associated with increased flow were found to be overrepresented among circadian transcripts peaking during the "dark" portion of the day (Zeitgeber 14-22), corresponding to the peak levels of corticosterone and glomerular filtration rate in mice.

BlurbCircadian variation in gene expression can be an important determinant in the regulation of kidney function. The authors used RNA-seq in microdissected proximal S1 and S2 segments to identify transcripts that vary in a circadian manner. The data were used to construct a user-friendly web resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bingham, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neijman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poll, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipziger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian Gene Expression in Mouse Renal Proximal Tubule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNTNAP4 signaling regulates osteosarcoma disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved treatment strategies for sarcoma rely on clarification of the molecular mediators of disease progression. Recently, we reported that the secreted glycoprotein NELL-1 modulates osteosarcoma (OS) disease progression in part via altering the sarcomatous extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-ECM interactions. Of known NELL-1 interactor proteins, Contactin-associated protein-like 4 (Cntnap4) encodes a member of the neurexin superfamily of transmembrane molecules best known for its presynaptic functions in the central nervous system. Here, CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion of CNTNAP4 reduced OS tumor growth, sarcoma-associated angiogenesis, and pulmonary metastases. CNTNAP4 knockout (KO) in OS tumor cells largely phenocopied the effects of NELL-1 KO, including reductions in sarcoma cell attachment, migration, and invasion. Further, CNTNAP4 KO cells were found to be unresponsive to the effects of NELL-1 treatment. Transcriptomic analysis combined with protein phospho-array demonstrated notable reductions in the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade with CNTNAP4 deletion, and the ERK1/2 agonist isoproterenol restored cell functions among CNTNAP4 KO tumor cells. Finally, human primary cells and tissues in combination with sequencing datasets confirmed the significance of CNTNAP4 signaling in human sarcomas. In summary, our findings demonstrate the biological importance of NELL-1/CNTNAP4 signaling axis in disease progression of human sarcomas and suggest that targeting the NELL-1/CNTNAP4 signaling pathway represents a strategy with potential therapeutic benefit in sarcoma patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherief, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratapneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNTNAP4 signaling regulates osteosarcoma disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Signaling Events in Renal Compensatory Hypertrophy Revealed by Multi-Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of a kidney results in compensatory growth of the remaining kidney, a phenomenon of considerable clinical importance. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we used a multi-omic approach in a mouse unilateral nephrectomy model to identify signaling processes associated with compensatory hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubule. Morphometry applied to microdissected proximal tubules showed that growth of the proximal tubule involves a marked, rapid increase in cell volume rather than cell number. Measurements of DNA accessibility (ATAC-seq), transcriptome (RNA-seq) and proteome (quantitative protein mass spectrometry) independently identified patterns of change that are indicative of activation of the lipid-regulated transcription factor, PPAR. Activation of PPAR by fenofibrate administration increased proximal tubule cell size, while genetic deletion of PPAR in mice decreased it. The results indicate that PPAR is an important determinant of proximal tubule cell size and is a likely mediator of compensatory proximal tubule hypertrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbutara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knepper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Signaling Events in Renal Compensatory Hypertrophy Revealed by Multi-Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Neural Networks Predict MHC-I Epitope Presentation and Transfer Learn Neoepitope Immunogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying neoepitopes that elicit an adaptive immune response is a major bottleneck to developing personalized cancer vaccines. Experimental validation of candidate neoepitopes is extremely resource intensive, and the vast majority of candidates are non-immunogenic, making their identification a needle-in-a-haystack problem. To address this challenge, we present computational methods for predicting MHC-I epitopes and identifying immunogenic neoepitopes with improved precision. The BigMHC method comprises an ensemble of seven pan-allelic deep neural networks trained on peptide-MHC eluted ligand data from mass spectrometry assays and transfer learned on data from assays of antigen-specific immune response. Compared with four state-of-the-art classifiers, BigMHC significantly improves the prediction of epitope presentation on a test set of 45,409 MHC ligands among 900,592 random negatives (AUROC=0.9733, AUPRC=0.8779). After transfer learning on immunogenicity data, BigMHC yields significantly higher precision than seven state-of-the-art models in identifying immunogenic neoepitopes, making BigMHC effective in clinical settings. All data and code are freely available at https://github.com/KarchinLab/bigmhc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Neural Networks Predict MHC-I Epitope Presentation and Transfer Learn Neoepitope Immunogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism underlying desensitization of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desensitization is a common property of membrane receptors, including ion channels. The newly identified proton-activated chloride (PAC) channel plays an important role in regulating the pH and size of organelles in the endocytic pathway, and is also involved in acid-induced cell death. However, how the PAC channel desensitizes is largely unknown. Here, we show by patch-clamp electrophysiological studies that PAC undergoes pH-dependent desensitization upon prolonged acid exposure. Through structure-guided and comprehensive mutagenesis, we identified several residues critical for PAC desensitization, including histidine (H) 98, glutamic acid (E) 94, and aspartic acid (D) 91 at the extracellular extension of the transmembrane helix 1 (TM1), as well as E107, D109, and E250 at the extracellular domain (ECD)-transmembrane domain (TMD) interface. Structural analysis and molecular dynamic simulations revealed extensive interactions between residues at the TM1 extension and those at the ECD-TMD interface. These interactions likely facilitate PAC desensitization by stabilizing the desensitized conformation of TM1, which undergoes a characteristic rotational movement from the resting and activated states to the desensitized state. Our studies establish a new paradigm of channel desensitization in this ubiquitously expressed ion channel and pave the way for future investigation of its relevance in cellular physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osei-Owusu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matasic, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism underlying desensitization of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic Potential of Blocking GAPDH Nitrosylation with CGP3466b in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although classically considered a demyelinating disease, neuroaxonal injury occurs in both the acute and chronic phases and represents a pathologic substrate of disability not targeted by current therapies. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by CNS macrophages and microglia contributes to neuroaxonal injury in all phases of MS, but candidate therapies that prevent NO-mediated injury have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the multifunctional protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is robustly nitrosylated in the CNS in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. GAPDH nitrosylation is blocked in vivo with daily administration of CGP3466b, a CNS-penetrant compound with an established safety profile in humans. Consistent with the known role of nitrosylated GAPDH (SNO-GAPDH) in neuronal cell death, blockade of SNO-GAPDH with CGP3466b attenuates neurologic disability and reduces axonal injury in EAE independent of effects on the immune system. Our findings suggest that SNO-GAPDH contributes to neuroaxonal injury during neuroinflammation and identify CGP3466b as a candidate neuroprotective therapy in MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharibani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic Potential of Blocking GAPDH Nitrosylation with CGP3466b in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Camera-Assisted Pathology Microscope to Capture the Lost Data in Clinical Glass Slide Diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digital pathology, or the practice of acquiring, managing, and interpreting high-resolution digital images from glass pathology slides, holds much promise in precision medicine, potentially transforming diagnosis and prognosis based on computational image biomarkers derived from digital tissue images. However, for all its promise, digital imaging in pathology has not yet become an integral part of the clinical workflow as it has in radiology due to high cost, workflow disruptions, burdensome data sizes and IT requirements, and additional dedicated personnel requirements. Consequently, pathology retains the 150-year-old analog workflow, and the vast majority of slides used in clinical diagnosis are never digitized. Furthermore, there is a missed opportunity to capture the image information and associated data on search processes that led to the clinical diagnosis, which could serve as the foundation for computational clinical decision support. This paper describes an approach for slide digitization during clinical review using a camera attached to a standard brightfield pathology microscope. While a pathologist reviews a glass slide using the eyepiece oculars, the continuously running camera digitizes a complete record of the slide review, resulting in multi-resolution slide images and spatiotemporal saliency maps of the slide review. Unlike other approaches, the pathologist does not stop to review the video stream or monitor the acquisition of video frames but performs the diagnostic review at the microscope using the standard clinical protocol. This hybrid analog-digital approach combines the benefits of digital slide analysis, including annotation, computation, and the ability to confirm the completeness and quality of the glass slide review with the ease of using the microscope for primary diagnosis. Furthermore, a record of the pathologists attention during the review, including their search path, magnification level, and dwell times at each location on the slide, is obtained. In the future, this approach could enable the development and application of new and emerging computational decision-support algorithms in real-time to provide feedback to the pathologist, reduce diagnostic errors, and improve disease diagnosis and prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Camera-Assisted Pathology Microscope to Capture the Lost Data in Clinical Glass Slide Diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiota studies of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitoes generally focus on the bacterial communities found in adult female midguts. However, other compartments of the digestive tract maintain communities of bacteria which remain almost entirely unstudied. For example, the Dipteran crop stores nectar and other sugars, but few studies have looked at the microbiome of crops in mosquitoes, and only a single previous study has investigated the crop in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to compare the bacterial communities in midguts and crops of laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti. Both methods revealed a trend towards higher abundance, but also higher variability, of bacteria in the midgut than the crop. When present, bacteria from the genus Elizabethkingia (family Weeksellaceae) dominated midgut bacterial communities. In crops, we found a higher diversity of bacteria, and these communities were generally dominated by acetic acid bacteria (family Acetobacteriaceae) from the genera Tanticharoenia and Asaia. These three taxa drove significant community structure differences between the tissues. We used FAPROTAX to predict the metabolic functions of these communities and found that crop bacterial communities were significantly more likely to contain bacteria capable of methanol oxidation and methylotrophy. Both the presence of acetic acid bacteria (which commonly catabolize sugar to produce acetic acid) and the functional profile that includes methanol oxidation (which is correlated with bacteria found with natural sources like nectar) may relate to the presence of sugar in the crop. A better understanding of what bacteria are present in the digestive tract of mosquitoes and how these communities assemble will inform how the microbiota impacts mosquito physiology and the full spectrum of functions provided by the microbiota. It may also facilitate better methods of engineering the mosquito microbiome for vector control or prevention of disease transmission.

Author summaryBacteria inside mosquitoes guts have been found to have an impact on mosquito life history traits (such as longevity and fecundity) as well as their susceptibility to infection by human pathogens. Engineering these communities may provide an effective and safe way to control mosquitoes and reduce the impact of the pathogens they spread. In this work, we assayed the bacteria found in midgut and crop tissues of a medically important mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Our results show that these tissues harbor communities of bacteria that differ in composition and function and vary in abundance. Experiments like ours are important to better understand where bacteria are found in an insects body and how these communities assemble. This knowledge may help future researchers more successfully engineer bacterial communities in mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Villegas, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicked tRNAs are stable reservoirs of tRNA halves in cells and biofluids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonvesicular extracellular RNAs (nv-exRNAs) constitute the majority of the extracellular RNAome, but little is known about their stability, function and potential use as disease biomarkers. Herein, we measured the stability of several naked RNAs when incubated in human serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We identified extracellularly produced tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) with half-lives of up to three hours in CSF. Contrary to widespread assumptions, these intrinsically stable small RNAs are full-length tRNAs containing broken phosphodiester bonds (i.e., nicked tRNAs). Standard molecular biology protocols, including phenol-based RNA extraction and heat, induce the artifactual denaturation of nicked tRNAs and the consequent in vitro production of tDRs. Broken bonds are roadblocks for reverse transcriptases, preventing amplification and/or sequencing of nicked tRNAs in their native state. To solve this, we performed enzymatic repair of nicked tRNAs purified under native conditions, harnessing the intrinsic activity of phage and bacterial tRNA repair systems. Enzymatic repair regenerated an RNase R-resistant tRNA-sized band in northern blot and enabled RT-PCR amplification of full-length tRNAs. We also separated nicked tRNAs from tDRs by chromatographic methods under native conditions, identifying nicked tRNAs inside stressed cells and in vesicle-depleted human biofluids. Dissociation of nicked tRNAs produces single-stranded tDRs that can be spontaneously taken up by human epithelial cells, positioning stable nv-exRNAs as potentially relevant players in intercellular communication pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Calzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevasanta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosar, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicked tRNAs are stable reservoirs of tRNA halves in cells and biofluids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting aneuploidy phenotypes by constructing Sc2.0 chromosome VII and SCRaMbLEing synthetic disomic yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy compromises genomic stability, often leading to embryo inviability, and is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and aging. Different aneuploid chromosome stoichiometries lead to distinct transcriptomic and phenotypic changes, making it helpful to study aneuploidy in tightly controlled genetic backgrounds. By deploying the engineered SCRaMbLE system to the newly synthesized Sc2.0 megabase chromosome VII (synVII), we constructed a synthetic disomic yeast and screened hundreds of SCRaMbLEd derivatives with diverse chromosomal rearrangements. Phenotypic characterization and multi-omics analysis revealed that fitness defects associated with aneuploidy could be restored by i) removing most of the chromosome content, or ii) modifying specific regions in the duplicated chromosome. These findings indicate that both chromosome copy number and chromosomal regions contribute to the aneuploidy-related phenotypes, and the synthetic yeast resource opens new paradigms in studying aneuploidy.

In briefUse of SCRaMbLE and newly synthesized Mb-scale Sc2.0 chromosome VII enables insights into genotype/phenotype relationships associated with aneuploidy

HighlightsO_LIDe novo design and synthesis of a Mb-scale synthetic yeast chromosome VII, carrying 11.8% sequence modifications and representing nearly 10% of the yeast genome.
C_LIO_LIA disomic yeast (n + synVII) is constructed for dissecting the aneuploidy phenotype
C_LIO_LISCRaMbLE enables systematic exploration of regions causing aneuploidy phenotypes
C_LIO_LIChromosomal copy number and content both contribute to aneuploidy phenotypes
C_LIO_LIA 20 Kb deletion on the right arm of synVII leads to fitness improvement linked to up-regulation of protein synthesis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting aneuploidy phenotypes by constructing Sc2.0 chromosome VII and SCRaMbLEing synthetic disomic yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melaninization Reduces Cryptococcus neoformans Susceptibility to Mechanical Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanin is a complex pigment found in various fungal species that is associated with a multitude of protective functions against environmental stresses. In Cryptococcus neoformans, melanin is synthesized from exogenous substrate and deposited in the cell wall. Although melanin is often cited as a protector against mechanical stress, there is a paucity of direct experimental data supporting this claim. To probe whether melanin enhances cellular strength, we used ultrasonic cavitation and French pressure cell press to stress cryptococcal cells and then measured changes in cellular morphology and survival for melanized and non-melanized C. neoformans. Melanized yeast exhibited lower rates of fragmentation and lower decreases in cell area when compared to non-melanized yeast after sonication and French press conditions. Our results indicate that melanization protects against some of the morphologic changes initiated by mechanical energy derived from either sonic cavitation or French press, thus supporting the notion that this pigment provides mechanical strength to fungal cell walls.

ImportanceMelanin has been shown from prior experiments in microbiology to be associated with protection against environmental stressors and has often been cited as being associated with mechanical stress protection. However, there is a lack of direct experimentation to confirm this claim. By examining the response of melanized and non-melanized C. neoformans to sonication and French press, we report differences in outcomes dependent not only based on melanization status but also culture age. Such findings have important implications in the design and interpretation of laboratory experiments involving C. neoformans. In addition, uncovering some of melanins mechanical properties promotes further research into fungal melanins applications in healthcare and industry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattoon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melaninization Reduces Cryptococcus neoformans Susceptibility to Mechanical Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has shown considerable promise for improving our understanding of brain function and characterizing various mental and cognitive states in the healthy and disordered brain. However, the lack of accurate and precise estimations of comparable functional patterns across datasets, individuals, and ever-changing brain states in a way that captures both individual variation and inter-subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single-subject analyses.

We posit that using reliable network templates and advanced group-informed network estimation approaches to accurately and precisely obtain individualized (dynamic) networks that retain cross-subject correspondence while maintaining subject-specific information is one potential solution to overcome the aforementioned barrier when considering cross-study comparability, independence of subject-level estimates, the limited data available in single studies, and the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rsfMRI.

Toward this goal, we first obtained a reliable and replicable network template. We combined rsfMRI data of over 100k individuals across private and public datasets and selected around 58k that meet quality control (QC) criteria. We then applied multi-model-order independent component analysis (ICA) and subsampling to obtain reliable canonical intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) across multiple spatial scales. The selected ICNs (i.e., network templates) were also successfully replicated by independently analyzing the data that did not pass the QC criteria, highlighting the robustness of our adaptive template to data quality.

We next studied the feasibility of estimating the corresponding subject-specific ICNs using a multivariate-spatially constrained ICA as an example of group-informed network estimation approaches. The results highlight that several factors, including ICNs themselves, data length, and spatial resolution, play key roles in successfully estimating the ICNs at the subject level. Large-scale ICNs, in general, require less data to achieve a specific level of spatial similarity with their templates (as well as within- and between-subject spatial similarity). Moreover, increasing data length can reduce an ICNs subject-level specificity, suggesting longer scans might not always be desirable. We also show spatial smoothing can alter results, and the positive linear relationship we observed between data length and spatial smoothness (we posit that it is at least partially due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics or individual variation) indicates the importance of considering this factor in studies such as those focused on optimizing data length. Finally, the consistency in the spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full-length of data and subset of it across different data lengths may suggest that the lower within-subject spatial similarity in shorter data lengths is not necessarily only defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates; rather, it can also be an indication of brain dynamics (i.e., different subsets of data may reflect different ICN dynamics), and as we increase the data length, the result approaches the average (also known as static) ICN pattern, and therefore loses its distinctiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles of the distinct N-terminal amino acid between H3 and H3.3 in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce two daughter cells with distinct cell fates: one capable of self-renewal and the other committed for differentiation. Mis-regulation of this delicate balance can lead to cancer and tissue degeneration. During asymmetric division of Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs), preexisting (old) and newly synthesized histone H3 are differentially segregated whereas old and new histone variant H3.3 are more equally inherited. However, what underlies these distinct inheritance patterns remains unknown. Here, we report that the N-terminal tails of H3 and H3.3 are critical for their inheritance patterns, as well as GSC maintenance and proper differentiation. H3 and H3.3 differ at the 31st position in their N-termini with Alanine for H3 and Serine for H3.3. By swapping these two amino acids, we generated two mutant histones (i.e., H3A31S and H3.3S31A). Upon expressing them in the early-stage germline, we identified opposing phenotypes: over-population of early-stage germ cells in the H3A31S-expressing testes and significant germ cell loss in testes expressing the H3.3S31A. Asymmetric H3 inheritance is disrupted in the H3A31S-expressing GSCs, due to mis-incorporation of old histones between sister chromatids during DNA replication. Furthermore, H3.3S31A mutation accelerates old histone turn-over in the GSCs. Finally, using a modified Chromatin Immunocleavage assay on early-stage germ cells, we found that H3A31S has an enhanced occupancy at the promoters and transcription starting sites than H3, while H3.3S31A is more enriched at transcriptionally silent intergenic regions compared to H3.3. Overall, these results suggest that the 31st amino acids for both H3 and H3.3 are critical for their proper genomic occupancy and function. Together, our findings indicate a critical role for the different amino acid composition of the N-terminal tails between H3 and H3.3 in an endogenous stem cell lineage, and provide insights into the importance of proper histone inheritance in specifying cell fates and regulating cellular differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles of the distinct N-terminal amino acid between H3 and H3.3 in Drosophila male germline stem cell lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles and small RNA during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesLatent infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hinders viral eradication despite effective antiretroviral treatment (ART), Amongst proposed contributors to viral latency are cellular small RNAs that have also been proposed to shuttle between cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Thus, we profiled EV small RNAs during different infection phases to understand the potential relationship between these EV-associated small RNAs and viral infection.

DesignA well characterized simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of HIV was used to profile EV-enriched blood plasma fractions harvested during pre-infection, acute infection, latent infection/ART treatment, and rebound after ART interruption.

MethodsMeasurement of EV concentration, size distribution, and morphology was complemented with qPCR array for small RNA expression, followed by individual qPCR validations. Iodixanol density gradients were used to separate EV subtypes and virions.

ResultsPlasma EV particle counts correlated with viral load and peaked during acute infection. However, SIV gag RNA detection showed that virions did not fully explain this peak. EV microRNAs miR-181a, miR-342-3p, and miR-29a decreased with SIV infection and remained downregulated in latency. Interestingly, small nuclear RNA U6 had a tight association with viral load peak.

ConclusionsThis study is the first to monitor how EV concentration and EV small RNA expression change dynamically in acute viral infection, latency, and rebound in a carefully controlled animal model. These changes may also reveal regulatory roles in retroviral infection and latency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.04.506571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles and small RNA during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially modulated firing, or place fields, which can remap to encode changes in the environment or other variables. Unique among hippocampal subregions, the dentate gyrus (DG) has two excitatory populations of place cells, granule cells and mossy cells, which are among the least and most active spatially modulated cells in the hippocampus, respectively. Previous studies of remapping in the DG have drawn different conclusions about whether granule cells exhibit global remapping and contribute to the encoding of context specificity. By recording granule cells and mossy cells as mice foraged in different environments, we found that by most measures, both granule cells and mossy cells remapped robustly but through different mechanisms that are consistent with firing properties of each cell type. Our results resolve the ambiguity surrounding remapping in the DG and suggest that most spatially modulated granule cells contribute to orthogonal representations of distinct spatial contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temme, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GRAS-1 is a conserved novel regulator of early meiotic chromosome dynamics in 	C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome movements and licensing of synapsis must be tightly regulated during early meiosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and avoid aneuploidy, although how these steps are coordinated is not fully understood. Here we show that GRAS-1, the worm homolog of mammalian GRASP/Tamalin and CYTIP, coordinates early meiotic events with cytoskeletal forces outside the nucleus. GRAS-1 localizes close to the nuclear envelope (NE) in early prophase I and interacts with NE and cytoskeleton proteins. Delayed homologous chromosome pairing, synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly, and DNA double-strand break repair progression are partially rescued by the expression of human CYTIP in gras-1 mutants, supporting functional conservation. However, Tamalin, Cytip double knockout mice do not exhibit obvious fertility or meiotic defects, suggesting evolutionary differences between mammals. gras-1 mutants show accelerated chromosome movement during early prophase I, implicating GRAS-1 in regulating chromosome dynamics. GRAS-1-mediated regulation of chromosome movement is DHC-1-dependent, placing it acting within the LINC-controlled pathway, and depends on GRAS-1 phosphorylation at a C-terminal S/T cluster. We propose that GRAS-1 serves as a scaffold for a multi-protein complex coordinating the early steps of homology search and licensing of SC assembly by regulating the pace of chromosome movement in early prophase I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Garcia, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beese-Sims, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaiacovo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GRAS-1 is a conserved novel regulator of early meiotic chromosome dynamics in 	C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topical GZ21T inhibits the growth of actinic keratoses in a UVB induced model of skin carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actinic keratoses (AKs) are premalignant intraepidermal neoplasms that occur as a result of cumulative sun damage. AKs commonly relapse, and up to 16% undergo malignant transformation into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). There is a need for novel therapies that reduce the quantity and surface area of AKs as well as prevent malignant transformation to cSCCs. We recently showed that GZ17-6.02, an anti-cancer agent composed of curcumin, haramine, and isovanillin, inhibited the growth of H297.T cells. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a novel topical formulation of GZ17-6.02, known as GZ21T, in a murine model of AK generated by exposing SKH1 mice to ultraviolet irradiation. Treatment of mice with topical GZ21T inhibited the growth of AKs by decreasing both lesion count (p=.028) and surface area occupied by tumor (p=.026). GZ21T also suppressed the progression of AKs to cSCC by decreasing the count (p=.047) and surface area (p=.049) of lesions more likely to represent cSCC. RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses revealed that GZ21T suppressed several pathways, including MAPK (p=.026), Pi3K-Akt (p=.028), HIF-1 (p=.030), Wnt (p=.031), insulin (p=.011), and ErbB (p=.006) signaling. GZ21T also upregulated the autophagy-promoting protein AMPK, while suppressing proteins such as PD-L1, glutaminase, pAkt1 S473, and eEF2K.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bordeaux, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LU, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphonse, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topical GZ21T inhibits the growth of actinic keratoses in a UVB induced model of skin carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) enables cross-study meta-analysis of cell fate engineering protocols 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimization of cell fate engineering protocols requires evaluating their fidelity, efficiency, or both. We previously adopted CellNet, a computational tool to quantitatively assess the transcriptional fidelity of engineered cells and tissues as compared to their in vivo counterparts based on bulk RNA-Seq. However, this platform and other similar approaches are sensitive to experimental and analytical aspects of transcriptomics methodologies. This makes it challenging to capitalizing on the expansive, publicly available sets of transcriptomic data that reflect the diversity of cell fate engineering protocols. Here, we present Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet), which extends the functionality of CellNet by enabling the assessment of transcriptional profiles in a platform-agnostic manner, and by enabling the comparison of user-supplied data to panels of engineered cell types from state-of-the-art protocols. To demonstrate the utility of PACNet, we evaluated a range of cell fate engineering protocols for cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Through this analysis, we identified the best-performing methods, characterized the extent of intra-protocol and inter-lab variation, and identified common off-target signatures, including a surprising neural and neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids. Finally, we made our tool accessible as a user-friendly web application that allows users to upload their own transcriptional profiles and assess their protocols relative to our database of reference engineered samples.

Highlights* The development of Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) that classifies engineered cell populations from transcriptome data regardless of profiling method or transcript abundance estimation method
* PACNet enables cross-study comparisons of cell fate engineering protocols
* Comparison of cardiomyocyte engineering protocols emphasizes metabolic selection as a key step in achieving a strong cardiomyocyte fate.
* PACNet identifies an unexpected off-target neural and neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids.


eTOC BlurbCahan and colleagues created a computational resource, PACNet, which evaluates the fidelity of cell engineering expression profiles in a platform-agnostic manner to facilitate cross-protocol benchmarking. Examining state-of-the-field cardiomyocyte and hepatocyte derivation protocols, they identified that two techniques in cardiomyocyte engineering best increase cardiac identity and that an off-target neural/neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids may reflect a cholangiopathic signature.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platform-Agnostic CellNet (PACNet) enables cross-study meta-analysis of cell fate engineering protocols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional MRS studies of GABA and Glutamate/Glx: a systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) can be used to investigate neurometabolic responses to external stimuli in-vivo, but findings are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on fMRS studies of the primary neurotransmitters Glutamate (Glu), Glx (Glutamate + Glutamine), and GABA. Data were extracted, grouped by metabolite, stimulus domain, and brain region, and analysed by determining standardized effect sizes. The quality of individual studies was rated. When results were analysed by metabolite type small to moderate effect sizes of 0.29-0.47 (p < 0.05) were observed for changes in Glu and Glx regardless of stimulus domain and brain region, but no significant effects were observed for GABA. Further analysis suggests that Glu, Glx and GABA responses differ by stimulus domain or task and vary depending on the time course of stimulation and data acquisition. Here, we establish effect sizes and directionality of GABA, Glu and Glx response in fMRS. This work highlights the importance of standardised reporting and minimal best practice for fMRS research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasanta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lythgoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puts, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional MRS studies of GABA and Glutamate/Glx: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each human genome has tens of thousands of rare genetic variants; however, identifying impactful rare variants remains a major challenge. We demonstrate how use of personal multi-omics can enable identification of impactful rare variants by using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) which included several hundred individuals with whole genome sequencing, transcriptomes, methylomes, and proteomes collected across two time points, ten years apart. We evaluated each multi-omic phenotypes ability to separately and jointly inform functional rare variation. By combining expression and protein data, we observed rare stop variants 62x and rare frameshift variants 216x as frequently as controls, compared to 13x to 27x for expression or protein effects alone. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to prioritize specific rare variants underlying multi-omic signals across the regulatory cascade. With this approach, we identified rare variants that exhibited large effect sizes on multiple complex traits including height, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Wiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shojaie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional impact of rare variation across the regulatory cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPUMONI 2: Improved pangenome classification using a compressed index of minimizer digests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics analyses often use a large sequence collection as a reference, like a pangenome or taxonomic database. We previously described SPUMONI, which performs binary classification of nanopore reads using pangenomic matching statistics. Here we describe SPUMONI 2, an improved version that is faster, more memory efficient, works effectively for both short and long reads, and can solve multi-class classification problems with the aid of a novel sampled document array structure. By incorporating minimizers, SPUMONI 2 reduces index size by a factor of 2 compared to SPUMONI, yielding an index more than 65 times smaller than minimap2s for a mock community pangenome. SPUMONI 2 also achieves a speed improvement of 3-fold compared to SPUMONI and 15-fold compared to minimap2. We show SPUMONI 2 achieves an advantageous mix of accuracy and efficiency for short and long reads, including in an adaptive sampling scenario. We further demonstrate that SPUMONI 2 can detect contaminated contigs in genome assemblies, and can perform multi-class metagenomic read classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.506805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPUMONI 2: Improved pangenome classification using a compressed index of minimizer digests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of EGFR transmembrane region variants indicates specific transmembrane dimers are not required for EGFR activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase that mediates cell proliferation and differentiation events during development and maintenance of complex organisms. Formation of specific, ligand-dependent EGFR dimers is a key step in stimulating EGFR signaling, and crystal structures of active, dimeric forms of isolated EGFR extracellular regions and kinase domains have revealed much about how dimer interactions regulate EGFR activity. The nature and role of the transmembrane region in regulating EGFR activity remains less clear, however. Proposed roles for the transmembrane region range from nonspecific but energetically favorable interactions to specific transmembrane dimer conformations being associated with active, inactive, or activity-modulated states of EGFR. To investigate the role of specific transmembrane dimers in modulating EGFR activity we generated thirteen EGFR variants with altered transmembrane sequences designed to favor or disfavor specific types of transmembrane region interactions. We show using FRET microscopy that EGFR transmembrane regions have an intrinsic propensity to associate in mammalian cell membranes that is counteracted by the extracellular region. We show using cell-based assays that each of the EGFR transmembrane variants except the Neu variant, which results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation, is able to autophosphorylate and stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors Erk and Akt. Our results indicate that many transmembrane sequences, including polyleucine, are compatible with EGFR activity and provide no evidence for specific transmembrane dimers regulating EGFR function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartzoka, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Magaldi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callery, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of EGFR transmembrane region variants indicates specific transmembrane dimers are not required for EGFR activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of regulatory elements in primary sensory neurons involved in neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain is a significant public health issue that is often refractory to existing therapies. Here we use a multiomic approach to identify cis-regulatory elements that show differential chromatin accessibility, and reveal transcription factor (TF) binding motifs with functional regulation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons, after nerve injury. We integrated RNA-seq to understand how differential chromatin accessibility after nerve injury may influence gene expression. Using TF protein arrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, we confirmed C/EBP{gamma} binding to a differentially accessible sequence and used RNA-seq to identify processes in which C/EBP{gamma} plays an important role. Our findings offer insights into TF motifs that are associated with chronic pain. These data show how interactions between chromatin landscapes and TF expression patterns may work together to determine gene expression programs in DRG neurons after nerve injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfro, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of regulatory elements in primary sensory neurons involved in neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-targeting BCL-XL and MCL-1 with DT2216 and AZD8055 synergistically inhibits small-cell lung cancer growth without causing on-target toxicities in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. The dismal prognosis in SCLC is in part associated with an upregulation of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, including BCL-XL and MCL-1. Unfortunately, the currently available inhibitors of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, except BCL-2 inhibitors, are not clinically relevant because of various on-target toxicities. We, therefore, aimed to develop an effective and safe strategy targeting these anti-apoptotic proteins with DT2216 (our platelet-sparing BCL-XL degrader) and AZD8055 (an mTOR inhibitor) to avoid associated on-target toxicities while synergistically optimizing tumor response. Through BH3 mimetic screening, we identified a subset of SCLC cell lines that is co-dependent on BCL-XL and MCL-1. After screening inhibitors of selected tumorigenic pathways, we found that AZD8055 selectively downregulates MCL-1 in SCLC cells and its combination with DT2216 synergistically killed BCL-XL/MCL-1 co-dependent SCLC cells, but not normal cells. Mechanistically, the combination caused BCL-XL degradation and suppression of MCL1 expression, and thus disrupted MCL-1 interaction with BIM leading to an enhanced apoptotic induction. In vivo, DT2216+AZD8055 combination significantly inhibited the growth of cell line-derived and patient-derived xenografts and reduced tumor burden accompanied with extended survival in a genetically-engineered mouse (GEM) model of SCLC without causing significant thrombocytopenia or other normal tissue injury. Thus, these preclinical findings lay a strong foundation for future clinical studies to test DT2216+mTOR inhibitor combination in a subset of SCLC patients whose tumors are co-driven by BCL-XL and MCL-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KHAN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellish, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budamagunta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hromas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac-Kaye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-targeting BCL-XL and MCL-1 with DT2216 and AZD8055 synergistically inhibits small-cell lung cancer growth without causing on-target toxicities in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) direct PIWI proteins to silence complementary targets such as transposons. In animals with a maternally specified germline, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, maternally deposited piRNAs initiate piRNA biogenesis in the progeny. Normal fertility in D. melanogaster males requires repression of tandemly repeated Stellate genes by piRNAs from Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)]. Because the Su(Ste) loci are on the Y chromosome, Su(Ste) piRNAs are not deposited in oocytes. How the male germline produces Su(Ste) piRNAs in the absence of maternally deposited Su(Ste) piRNAs is unknown. Here, we show that Su(Ste) piRNAs are made in the early male germline via 5'-to-3' phased piRNA biogenesis triggered by maternally deposited 1360/Hoppel transposon piRNAs. Strikingly, deposition of Su(Ste) piRNAs from XXY mothers obviates the need for phased piRNA biogenesis in sons. Together, our study uncovers the developmentally programmed mechanism that allows fly mothers to protect their sons using a Y-linked piRNA locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkei, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer physics of structural evolution in synthetic yeast chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeast SCRaMbLE is an experimental method using designed synthetic yeast chromosomes to generate combinatorial diversity through genome rearrangements. These events occur at designed loxPsym recombination sites through the activity of Cre recombinase. While the synthetic SCRaMbLE system was designed to explore minimal genomes and permit rapid genome evolution, the pattern of recombinations also reflects inherent properties of DNA looping required to coalesce pairs of loxPsym sites.

Genomes of yeast strains generated by SCRaMbLE are analyzed here using a new statistical mechanics model, called the SCRaMbLE Polymer Interaction (SPI) model. SPI uses polymer physics to model recombinations, and implements efficient rejection sampling and histogram reweighting algorithms to conduct SCRaMbLE experiments in silico.

Using SPI, we found that recombination events observed experimentally are consistent with a random walk scaling exponent ranging between 0.45 and 0.6, which spans values of 0.5 for a Gaussian polymer and 0.588 for a self-avoiding walk. SPI provides a highly accurate tool to study SCRaMbLE recombinations and massively parallel genome recombination experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer physics of structural evolution in synthetic yeast chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of Karyopherin-β2 chaperone and disaggregation activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.508025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Karyopherin-{beta}2 (Kap{beta}2) is a nuclear-import receptor that recognizes proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signals (PY-NLSs) of diverse cytoplasmic cargo for transport to the nucleus. Kap{beta}2 cargo include several disease-linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with prion-like domains (PrLDs), such as FUS, TAF15, EWSR1, hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA2. These RBPs with PrLDs are linked via pathology and genetics to debilitating degenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and multisystem proteinopathy (MSP). Remarkably, Kap{beta}2 prevents and reverses aberrant phase transitions of these cargo, which is cytoprotective. However, the molecular determinants of Kap{beta}2 that enable these activities remain poorly understood, particularly from the standpoint of nuclear-import receptor architecture. Kap{beta}2 is a superhelical protein comprised of 20 HEAT repeats. Here, we design truncated variants of Kap{beta}2 and assess their ability to antagonize FUS aggregation and toxicity in yeast and FUS condensation at the pure protein level and in human cells. We find that HEAT repeats 8-20 of Kap{beta}2 recapitulate all salient features of Kap{beta}2 activity. By contrast, Kap{beta}2 truncations lacking even a single cargo-binding HEAT repeat display reduced activity. Thus, we define a minimal Kap{beta}2 construct for delivery in adeno-associated viruses as a potential therapeutic for ALS/FTD, MSP, and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of Karyopherin-β2 chaperone and disaggregation activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths, it is quite rare at the cellular level. Only a rare subset of cancer cells ([~]1 in 1.5 billion) can complete the entire metastatic cascade: invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, extravasation, and colonization (i.e. are metastasis competent). We propose that cells engaging a Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) phenotype are metastasis competent. PACCs are enlarged, non-dividing cells with increased genomic content that form in response to stress. Single-cell tracking using time-lapse microscopy reveals that PACCs are more motile than nonPACCs. Additionally, PACCs exhibit increased capacity for environment-sensing and directional migration in chemotactic environments, predicting successful invasion. Magnetic Twisting Cytometry and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that cells in the PACC state display hyper-elastic properties like increased peripheral deformability and maintained peri-nuclear cortical integrity that predict successful intravasation and extravasation. Furthermore, four orthogonal methods reveal that PACCs have increased expression of Vimentin, a known hyper-elastic biomolecule. Lastly, anoikis-resistance assays and detection of PACCs in the blood of a patient with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer using a selection- free circulating tumor cell detection platform reveal that PACCs are capable of surviving in the circulation. Taken together with the knowledge that PACCs are capable of eventual depolyploidization and progeny formation (as a potential route to colonization), these data support PACCs as candidate metastasis-competent cells worthy of further analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cingulo-opercular network is composed of two distinct sub-systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cingulo-opercular (CO) network and its two best studied regions - the dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula - have been linked to task control, but also implicated in many additional processes across cognitive, social, and emotional domains. However, most prior work investigating the CO network has used a group-average approach, which may mix signals across nearby regions that vary across individuals. Here, we reevaluate the CO networks role in task control with both task and rest fMRI, using regions with a high probability of CO network agreement across individuals. Hierarchical clustering analyses suggest heterogeneity in the CO networks task response properties, with one sub-system (CO1) showing consistency with prior task control characterizations while another sub-system (CO2) has weak task control responses, but preserved ties to pain and motor functions. Resting-state connectivity confirms subtle differences in the architecture of these two sub-systems. This evidence suggests that, when individual variation in network locations is addressed, the CO network includes (at least) two linked sub-systems with differential roles in task control and other cognitive/motor/interoceptive responses, which may help explain varied accounts of its functions. We propose that this fractionation may reflect expansion of primary CO body-oriented control functions to broader domain-general contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitzman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cingulo-opercular network is composed of two distinct sub-systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is associated with heterogeneous atrophy patterns. We employed a semi-supervised clustering technique known as Surreal-GAN, through which we identified two dominant dimensions of brain atrophy in symptomatic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients: the "diffuse-AD" (R1) dimension shows widespread brain atrophy, and the "MTL-AD" (R2) dimension displays focal medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy. Critically, only R2 was associated with widely known sporadic AD genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE {varepsilon}4) in MCI and AD patients at baseline. We then independently detected the presence of the two dimensions in the early stages by deploying the trained model in the general population and two cognitively unimpaired cohorts of asymptomatic participants. In the general population, genome-wide association studies found 77 genes unrelated to APOE differentially associated with R1 and R2. Functional analyses revealed that these genes were overrepresented in differentially expressed gene sets in organs beyond the brain (R1 and R2), including the heart (R1) and the pituitary gland, muscle, and kidney (R2). These genes were enriched in biological pathways implicated in dendritic cells (R2), macrophage functions (R1), and cancer (R1 and R2). Several of them were "druggable genes" for cancer (R1), inflammation (R1), cardiovascular diseases (R1), and diseases of the nervous system (R2). The longitudinal progression showed that APOE {varepsilon}4, amyloid, and tau were associated with R2 at early asymptomatic stages, but this longitudinal association occurs only at late symptomatic stages in R1. Our findings deepen our understanding of the multifaceted pathogenesis of AD beyond the brain. In early asymptomatic stages, the two dimensions are associated with diverse pathological mechanisms, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and hormonal dysfunction - driven by genes different from APOE - which may collectively contribute to the early pathogenesis of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulkadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boquet-Pujadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMontagne, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fripp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dav</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear morphology and functional characteristics that enable survival of cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell state following cytotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we characterized nuclear morphology and function as cancer cells underwent recovery following chemotherapeutic treatment to identify the unique characteristics associated with treatment resistance and successful survival. Cells that survived following treatment and resisted therapy-induced cell death were predominantly mononucleated with increased nuclear/cellular size, enabled by continuous endocycling. We found that cells that survive after therapy release likely employ more efficient DNA damage repair and exhibit a distinct nucleolar phenotype - fewer but larger nucleoli - and increased rRNA levels. These data support a paradigm where soon after therapy release, the treated population mostly contains cells with a high level of widespread and catastrophic DNA damage that leads to apoptosis, while the minority of cells that have successful DDR are more likely to access a pro-survival state. These findings suggest that one way cancer cells can survive systemic therapy is to enter the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state, a recently-described mechanism of therapy resistance. Cancer cells in this state are physically enlarged, undergo whole-genome doubling resulting in polyaneuploid genomes, and are associated with worse prognosis in cancer patients. The PACC state is accessed when a cancer cell experiences external stress, such as genotoxic chemotherapy; after a period of recovery, cells exit the PACC state and resume proliferation to repopulate the tumor cell pool. Our findings demonstrate the fate of cancer cells following chemotherapy treatment and define key characteristics of the resistant PACC state. This work is essential for understanding and, ultimately, targeting, cancer resistance and recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonye, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truskowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear morphology and functional characteristics that enable survival of cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell state following cytotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-Wide Photo-Crosslinking Enables Residue-Level Visualization of Protein Interaction Networks in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) is emerging as a unique method at the crossroads of structural and cellular biology, uniquely capable of identifying protein-protein interactions with residue-level resolution and on the proteome-wide scale. With the development of crosslinkers that can form linkages inside cells and easily cleave during fragmentation on the mass spectrometer (MS-cleavable crosslinks), it has become increasingly facile to identify contacts between any two proteins in complex samples, including in live cells or tissues. Photo-crosslinkers possess the advantages of high temporal resolution and high reactivity, thereby engaging all residue-types (rather than just lysine); nevertheless, photo-crosslinkers have not enjoyed widespread use, and have yet to be employed for proteome-wide studies, because their products are challenging to identify, and an MS-cleavable photo-crosslinker has not yet been reported. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis and application of two heterobifunctional photo-crosslinkers that feature diazirines and N-hydroxy-succinimidyl carbamate groups, the latter of which unveil MS-cleavable linkage upon acyl transfer to protein targets. Moreover, these crosslinkers demonstrate high water-solubility and cell-permeability. Using these compounds, we demonstrate the feasibility of proteome-wide photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry (photo-XL-MS), both in extracts and in cellulo. These studies provide a partial interaction map of the E. coli cytosol with residue-level resolution. We find that photo-XL-MS has a propensity to capture protein-protein interactions, particularly involving low-abundance uncharacterized proteins, suggesting it could be a powerful tool to shed light on the "darker" corners of the proteome. Overall, we describe methods that enable the detection of protein quinary interaction networks in their native environment at residue-level resolution proteome-wide, and we expect they will prove useful toward the effort to explore the molecular sociology of the cell.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faustino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-Wide Photo-Crosslinking Enables Residue-Level Visualization of Protein Interaction Networks in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs of neonatal and juvenile mice in response to E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial pneumonias cause significantly higher morbidity and mortality in neonates compared to other age groups. To understand the immune mechanisms that underlie these age-related differences, we employed a mouse model of E. coli pneumonia to examine cellular and molecular dynamics in immune responsiveness in neonates (PND 3-5) and juveniles (PND 12-18) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cytokine gene expression from whole lung extracts was quantified using qRT-PCR. E. coli challenge resulted in rapid and significant increases in neutrophils, monocytes, and y{delta}T cells and significant decreases in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages for both neonates and juveniles. Juveniles had significant increases in interstitial macrophages and recruited monocytes that were not observed in neonatal lungs. Expression of IFN{gamma}-responsive genes were positively correlated with the levels and dynamics of MHCII-expressing innate cells in neonatal and juvenile lungs. Several facets of the responses of wild-type neonates was recapitulated in juvenile MHCII-/- juveniles. Employing a pre-clinical model of E. coli pneumonia, we identified significant differences in the early cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs that likely contribute to the elevated susceptibility of neonates to bacterial pneumonia and could represent targets for intervention to improve respiratory outcomes and survivability of neonates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venezia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimbro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs of neonatal and juvenile mice in response to E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape-shifting microgel automata controlled by DNA sequence instructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling material shapes using information-bearing molecular signals is central to the creation of autonomous, reconfigurable soft devices. While physical and chemical stimuli can direct simple material swelling, bending, or folding, it has been challenging to direct multi-step shape-change programs crucial for complex, robotic tasks. Here, we demonstrate gel automata-- sub-millimeter, photopatterned, highly swellable DNA gels--whose parts grow or shrink in response to easily designed DNA activator sequences, allowing for precisely controlled device articulation. We design and fabricate gel automata that reversibly transform between different letter shapes, and use neural networks to design automata that transform into every even or every odd numeral via designed reconfiguration programs. This sequential and repetitive metamorphosis of materials via chemical reorganization could dramatically advance our ability to manipulate micro-particles, cells, and tissues.

One-Sentence SummaryPhotopatterned microgels follow sequences of DNA instructions to transform between complex, meaningful shapes such as letters and numerals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalise, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape-shifting microgel automata controlled by DNA sequence instructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling emergent behaviors from single-cell motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell motility plays an essential role in many biological processes as cells move and interact within their local microenvironments. Current methods for quantifying cell motility typically involve tracking individual cells over time, but the results are often presented as averaged values across cell populations. While informative, these ensemble approaches have limitations in assessing cellular heterogeneity and identifying generalizable patterns of single-cell behaviors, at baseline and in response to perturbations. In this study, we introduce CaMI, a computational framework designed to leverage the single-cell nature of motility data. CaMI identifies and classifies distinct spatio-temporal behaviors of individual cells, enabling robust classification of single-cell motility patterns in a large dataset (n=74,253 cells). This framework allows quantification of spatial and temporal heterogeneities, determination of single-cell motility behaviors across various biological conditions, and provides a visualization scheme for direct interpretation of dynamic cell behaviors. Importantly, CaMI reveals insights that conventional cell motility analyses may overlook, showcasing its utility in uncovering robust biological insights. Together, we present a multivariate framework to classify emergent patterns of single-cell motility, emphasizing the critical role of cellular heterogeneity in shaping cell behaviors across populations.

TeaserA computational framework to identify and classify single-cell motility patterns and phenotypic heterogeneity across biological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maity, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamponi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturitti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerchietti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling emergent behaviors from single-cell motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle contraction is performed by arrays of contractile proteins in the sarcomere. Serious heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, can often be results of mutations in myosin and actin. Direct characterization of how small changes in the myosin-actin complex impact its force production remains challenging. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, although capable of studying protein structurefunction relationships, are limited owing to the slow timescale of the myosin cycle as well as a lack of various intermediate structures for the actomyosin complex. Here, employing comparative modeling and enhanced sampling MD simulations, we show how the human cardiac myosin generates force during the mechanochemical cycle. Initial conformational ensembles for different myosin-actin states are learned from multiple structural templates with Rosetta. This enables us to efficiently sample the energy landscape of the system using Gaussian accelerated MD. Key myosin loop residues, whose substitutions are related to cardiomyopathy, are identified to form stable or metastable interactions with the actin surface. We find that the actin-binding cleft closure is allosterically coupled to the myosin core transitions and ATP-hydrolysis product release from the active site. Furthermore, a gate between switch I and switch II is suggested to control phosphate release at the pre-powerstroke state. Our approach demonstrates the ability to link sequence and structural information to motor functions.

Significance StatementInteractions between myosin and actin are essential in producing various cellular forces. Targeting cardiac myosin, several small molecules have been developed to treat cardiomyopathy. A clear mechanistic picture for the allosteric control in the actomyosin complex can potentially facilitate drug design by uncovering functionally important intermediate states. Here, integrating Rosetta comparative modeling and accelerated molecular dynamics, we reveal how ATP-hydrolysis product release correlates with powerstroke and myosin tight binding to actin. The predicted metastable states and corresponding energetics complement available experimental data and provide insights into the timing of elementary mechanochemical events. Our method establishes a framework to characterize at an atomistic level how a molecular motor translocates along a filament.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A data-driven investigation of human action representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding actions performed by others requires us to integrate different types of information about people, scenes, objects, and their interactions. What organizing dimensions does the mind use to make sense of this complex action space? To address this question, we collected intuitive similarity judgments across two large-scale sets of naturalistic videos depicting everyday actions. We used cross-validated sparse non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify the structure underlying action similarity judgments. A low-dimensional representation, consisting of nine to ten dimensions, was sufficient to accurately reconstruct human similarity judgments. The dimensions were robust to stimulus set perturbations and reproducible in a separate odd-one-out experiment. Human labels mapped these dimensions onto semantic axes relating to food, work, and home life; social axes relating to people and emotions; and one visual axis related to scene setting. While highly interpretable, these dimensions did not share a clear one-to-one correspondence with prior hypotheses of action-relevant dimensions. Together, our results reveal a low-dimensional set of robust and interpretable dimensions that organize intuitive action similarity judgments and highlight the importance of data-driven investigations of behavioral representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebart, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A data-driven investigation of human action representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complement overactivation mediates microglial synapse elimination in neurological diseases like Alzheimers disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but how complement activity is regulated in the brain remains largely unknown. We identified that the secreted neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 binds complement C1q and thereby regulates its activity in the brain. Nptx2-deficient mice show increased complement activity and C1q-dependent microglial synapse engulfment and loss of excitatory synapses. In a neuroinflammation culture model and in aged TauP301S mice, AAV-mediated neuronal overexpression of Nptx2 was sufficient to restrain complement activity and ameliorate microglia-mediated synapse loss. Analysis of human CSF samples from a genetic FTD cohort revealed significantly reduced levels of Nptx2 and Nptx2-C1q protein complexes in symptomatic patients, which correlated with elevated C1q and activated C3. Together, these results show that Nptx2 regulates complement activity and microglial synapse elimination in the healthy and diseased brain and that diminished Nptx2 levels might exacerbate complement-mediated neurodegeneration in FTD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graykowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Swieten, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejanovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marginal Zone B cells are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-Donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of anti-MHC antibody is a significant barrier to improved outcomes in organ transplantation. Patients with pre-formed anti-HLA antibodies have limited options for suitable donors, and the formation of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after transplantation is a harbinger of graft rejection. Despite the recognized importance of anti-HLA antibodies, the mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of B cells after exposure to allogeneic antigen are poorly understood. In order to evaluate the differentiation of B cells in response to allogeneic antigen, we used a model of H-2b C57/Bl6 sensitization with H-2d antigen. We found that although the formation of anti-H-2d IgG was robust, few class switched B cells and germinal center B cells were formed. Sensitization induced weak expression of classical memory B cell markers, but we observed populations of CD21+ and IRF4+ B cells, that corresponded to an increase in the frequency of marginal zone phenotype B cells after sensitization. Depletion of marginal zone B cells prior to sensitization resulted in a significant dimunition of anti-H-2d IgG and also fewer germinal center B cells. These results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for marginal zone B cells as a reservoir of alloreactive B cells that are activated by allogeneic antigen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kallarakal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibukun, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marginal Zone B cells are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-Donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplatform Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Phospholamban as Central Regulator of Cardiac Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans, present in > 33 million people worldwide. Although AF is often developed secondary to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, or lifestyle factors, recent GWAS studies have identified >200 genetic variants that substantially contribute to AF risk. However, it is currently not known how these genetic predispositions contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of AF-associated phenotypes. In this context, one major barrier to progress is the lack of experimental systems enabling to rapidly explore the function of large cohort of genes on rhythm parameters in models with human atrial relevance. To address these modeling challenges, we have developed a new multi-model platform enabling 1) high-throughput characterization of the role of AF-associated genes on action potential duration and rhythm parameters at the cellular level, using human iPSC-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes (ACMs), and at the whole organ level, using the Drosophila heart model, and 2) validation of the physiological relevance of our experimental results using computational models of heterogenous human adult atrial myocytes (HAMs) and tissue. As proof of concept, we screened a cohort of 20 AF-associated genes and identified Phospholamban (PLN) loss of function as a top conserved hit that significantly shortens action potential duration in ACMs, HAMs and fly cardiomyocytes. Remarkably, while PLN knock-down (KD) was not sufficient to induce arrhythmia phenotypes, addition of environmental stressors (i.e fibroblasts, {beta}-adrenergic stimulation) to the model systems, led to the robust generation of irregular beat to beat intervals, delayed after depolarizations, and triggered action potentials, as compared to controls. Finally, to delineate the mechanism underlying PLN KD-dependent arrhythmia, we used a logistic regression approach in HAM populations, and predicted that PLN functionally interacts with both NCX (loss of function) and L-type calcium channels (gain of function) to mediate these arrhythmic phenotypes. Consistent with our predictions, co-KD of PLN and NCX in ACMs and flies, led to increased arrhythmic events, while treatment of ACMs with L-type calcium channel inhibitor, verapamil, reverted these phenotypes. In summary, these results collectively demonstrate that our integrated multi-model system approach was successful in identifying and characterizing conserved roles (i.e regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis) for AF-associated genes and phenotypes, and thus paves the way for the discovery and molecular delineation of new gene regulatory networks controlling atrial rhythm with application to AF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocorr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kezos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplatform Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Phospholamban as Central Regulator of Cardiac Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory neuronal cells: biopsied surrogates for neurons in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biopsy is crucial in clinical medicine to obtain tissues and cells that directly reflect the pathological changes of each disease. However, the brain is an exception due to ethical and practical challenges. Nasal biopsy, which captures the olfactory neuronal epithelium, has been considered as an alternative method of obtaining neuronal cells from living patients. Multiple groups have enriched olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) from biopsied nasal tissue. ONCs can be obtained from repeated biopsies in a longitudinal study, providing mechanistic insight associated with dynamic changes along the disease trajectory and treatment response. Nevertheless, molecular characterization of biopsied nasal cells/tissue has been insufficient. Taking advantage of recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies at the single-cell resolution and related rich public databases, we aimed to define the neuronal characteristics, homogeneity, and utility of ONCs. We applied single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing for ONCs, analyzing and comparing the data with multiple public datasets. We observed that the molecular signatures of ONCs are similar to those of neurons, distinct from major glial cells. The signatures of ONCs resemble those of developing neurons and share features of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal and cingulate cortex. The high homogeneity of ONCs is advantageous in pharmacological, functional, and protein studies. Accordingly, we provide two proof-of-concept examples for functional and protein studies, solidifying the utility of ONCs in studying objective biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for brain disorders. The ONCs may also be useful in the studies for the olfactory epithelium impairment and the resultant mental dysfunction elicited by SARS-CoV-2.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo study dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms along disease trajectory and treatment response in neuropsychiatric disorders, olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied nasal tissue may provide a crucial tool. Because ONCs can be obtained from repeated biopsies in a longitudinal study, this tool has been believed to be useful and complementary to postmortem brains and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Nevertheless, molecular characterization of biopsied nasal cells/tissue has been insufficient, which hampers a broader use of this resource. Taking advantage of recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies at the single-cell resolution and related rich public databases, the present study defines ONCs neuronal characteristics, homogeneity, and unique utility for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lema, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory neuronal cells: biopsied surrogates for neurons in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Melanoma Research Community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Last October, within the 2021 SMR congress, we held the inaugural Diversity in Science Session. The goal of the session was to discuss diversity, equity, and inclusion in the melanoma research community and strategies to promote the advancement of underrepresented melanoma researchers. An international survey was conducted to assess the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) climate among researchers and clinicians within the Society for Melanoma Research (SMR). The findings suggest there are feelings and experiences of inequity, bias, and harassment within the melanoma community that correlate with ones gender, ethnic/racial group, and/or geographic location. Notably, significant reports of inequity in opportunity, discrimination, and sexual harassment demonstrate there is much work remaining to ensure all scientists in our community experience an academic workplace culture built on mutual respect, fair access, inclusion, and equitable opportunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portuallo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeraratna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Melanoma Research Community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Biosensor Identifies Ruxolitinib as a Potent and Cardioprotective CaMKII Inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) hyperactivity causes heart injury and arrhythmias--two major sources of mortality worldwide. Despite proven benefits of CaMKII inhibition in numerous preclinical models of heart disease, translation of CaMKII antagonists into humans has been stymied by low potency, toxicity, and an enduring concern for adverse effects on cognition due to an established role of CaMKII in learning and memory. To address these challenges, we asked if any clinically approved drugs, developed for other purposes, were potent CaMKII inhibitors. For this, we engineered a novel fluorescent biosensor, CaMKAR (CaMKII Activity Reporter), which features superior sensitivity, kinetics, and tractability for high throughput screening. Using this tool, we carried a drug repurposing screen (4,475 compounds in clinical use) in human cells expressing autonomously active CaMKII. This yielded five previously unrecognized CaMKII inhibitors with clinically relevant potency: ruxolitinib, baricitinib, silmitasertib, crenolanib, and abemaciclib. Standout among these, ruxolitinib, an orally bioavailable and U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication, inhibited CaMKII in cultured cardiomyocytes and in mice at concentrations equivalent to human doses. 10-minute treatment in mice was sufficient to prevent atrial fibrillation-- the most common clinical arrhythmia. At cardioprotective doses, ruxolitinib-treated mice behaved normally in established cognitive assays. Our results suggest that human CaMKII inhibition is feasible and safe, and support prompt clinical investigation of ruxolitinib for cardiac indications.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed a CaMKII biosensor suitable for high throughput screening and identified ruxolitinib as a CaMKII inhibitor capable of rescuing cardiac arrhythmia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkashama, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesubi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrillion, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Biosensor Identifies Ruxolitinib as a Potent and Cardioprotective CaMKII Inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Correlation to Communication: disentangling hidden factors from functional connectivity changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While correlations in the BOLD fMRI signal are widely used to capture functional connectivity (FC) and its changes across contexts, its interpretation is often ambiguous. The entanglement of multiple factors including local coupling of two neighbors and non-local inputs from the rest of the network (affecting one or both regions) limits the scope of the conclusions that can be drawn from correlation measures alone. Here we present a method of estimating the contribution of non-local network input to FC changes across different contexts. To disentangle the effect of task-induced coupling change from the network input change, we propose a new metric, "communication change", utilizing BOLD signal correlation and variance. With a combination of simulation and empirical analysis, we demonstrate that 1) input from the rest of the network accounts for a moderate but significant amount of task-induced FC change; 2) the proposed "communication change" is a promising candidate for tracking the local coupling in task context-induced change. Additionally, when compared to FC change across three different tasks, communication change can better discriminate specific task types. Taken together, this novel index of local coupling may have many applications in improving our understanding of local and widespread interactions across large-scale functional networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Correlation to Communication: disentangling hidden factors from functional connectivity changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feasibility Analyses and Experimental Confirmation of Dove Prism Based Dual-fiberscope Rotary Joint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has enjoyed its wide adoption in neuroscience. Head-mounted miniaturized fiberscopes offered an exciting opportunity for enabling neural imaging in freely-behaving animals with high 3D resolution. Here we propose a dual-fiberscope rotary joint based on a Dove prism, for enabling simultaneous two-photon imaging of two brain regions with two fiberscopes in freely-walking/rotating mice. Analytic proof has confirmed the key properties of a Dove prism. Feasibility analyses and proof-of-concept experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility of such a rotary joint for allowing two fiberscopes to rotate simultaneously while maintaining an excellent single-mode fiber-to-fiber coupling for the excitation femtosecond laser. Fiberscopes with a dual-probe rotary joint offer an exciting opportunity to explore neural network dynamics of multiple interconnected brain regions in freely-walking rotating animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feasibility Analyses and Experimental Confirmation of Dove Prism Based Dual-fiberscope Rotary Joint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiretroviral Therapy Does Not Restore Brain Lipids During SIV Infection: Regional Analysis of Metabolic Homeostasis and Depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to promote neurocognitive impairment, mood disorders, and brain atrophy even in the modern era of viral suppression. Brain lipids are vulnerable to HIV-associated energetic strain and contribute to HIV-associated neurologic dysfunction due to alterations in lipid breakdown and structural lipid composition. HIV neuropathology is region dependent, yet there has not been comprehensive characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of brain lipids during infection that may impact neurologic function. To address this gap, we evaluated the spatial lipid distribution using matrix laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) across four brain regions (parietal cortex, midbrain, thalamus, and temporal cortex), as well as kidney for a peripheral tissue control, in a virally suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque. We assessed lipids indicative of fat breakdown [acylcarnitines (CARs)] and critical structural lipids [phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs)] across fatty acid chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation. CARs with very long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were more abundant across all brain regions than shorter chain, saturated or monounsaturated species. We observed distinct brain lipid distribution patterns for CARs and PCs. However, no clear expression patterns emerged for PEs. Surprisingly, kidney was nearly devoid of ions corresponding to PUFAs common in brain. PEs and PCs with PUFAs had little intensity and less density than other species and, only one CAR species was observed in kidney at high intensity. Overall, our study provides substantial evidence for persistent bioenergetic changes to the brain despite viral suppression, including region-dependent mobilization of CARs for oxidation and disparities in the presence of key phospholipids necessary for maintaining proper brain structure and function. These data indicate that region-specific interventions to restore proper lipid metabolism are essential for treating HIV neurologic disease in the era of antiretroviral therapy.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508302v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (23K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@598d53org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14d5cf1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f6c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba1aab_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausepohl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seneviratne, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.508302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiretroviral Therapy Does Not Restore Brain Lipids During SIV Infection: Regional Analysis of Metabolic Homeostasis and Depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the human brain using dynamic dual-spin-echo perfusion (DDSEP) MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEAccumulating evidence from recent studies has indicated the importance of studying the interaction between the microvascular and lymphatic systems in the brain. To date, most imaging methods can only measure blood or lymphatic vessels separately, such as dynamic-susceptibility-contrast (DSC) MRI for blood vessels and DSC MRI in the CSF (cDSC MRI) for lymphatic vessels. An approach that can measure both blood and lymphatic vessels in a single scan will offer the advantages such as halved scan time and contrast dosage. Based on previous works on DSC and cDSC MRI, this study proposes an MRI approach for concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the brain within one single scan.

METHODSBloch simulations were performed to optimize a dual-echo sequence for the measurement of gadolinium(Gd)-induced blood and CSF signal changes using a short and a long echo time, respectively. MRI experiments were performed in healthy subjects to evaluate the dual-echo approach by comparing it with existing separate methods.

RESULTSThe proposed method showed consistent results in human brains as previous studies using separate methods. Signal changes from small blood vessels occurred faster than lymphatic vessels after intravenous Gd-injection.

CONCLUSIONGd-induced signal changes in blood and CSF can be detected simultaneously in healthy subjects with the proposed sequence. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first study in which the temporal difference in Gd-induced signal changes from small blood and lymphatic vessels after intravenous Gd-injection was measured in the same human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Zijl, P. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concurrent measurement of perfusion parameters related to small blood and lymphatic vessels in the human brain using dynamic dual-spin-echo perfusion (DDSEP) MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular basis of innate immune evasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important consideration for designing the next wave of therapeutics. Here, we investigate the role of the nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) of SARS-CoV-2 in infection and pathogenesis. NSP16, a ribonucleoside 2-O methyltransferase (MTase), catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to mRNA as part of the capping process. Based on observations with other CoVs, we hypothesized that NSP16 2-O MTase function protects SARS-CoV-2 from cap-sensing host restriction. Therefore, we engineered SARS-CoV-2 with a mutation that disrupts a conserved residue in the active site of NSP16. We subsequently show that this mutant is attenuated both in vitro and in vivo, using a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, we confirm that the NSP16 mutant is more sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-I) in vitro. Furthermore, silencing IFIT1 or IFIT3, IFN-stimulated genes that sense a lack of 2-O methylation, partially restores fitness to the NSP16 mutant. Finally, we demonstrate that sinefungin, a methyltransferase inhibitor that binds the catalytic site of NSP16, sensitizes wild-type SARS-CoV-2 to IFN-I treatment. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 in evading host innate immunity and suggest a possible target for future antiviral therapies.

ImportanceSimilar to other coronaviruses, disruption of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 function attenuates viral replication in a type I interferon-dependent manner. In vivo, our results show reduced disease and viral replication at late times in the hamster lung, but an earlier titer deficit for the NSP16 mutant (dNSP16) in the upper airway. In addition, our results confirm a role for IFIT1, but also demonstrate the necessity of IFIT3 in mediating dNSP16 attenuation. Finally, we show that targeting NSP16 activity with a 2-O methyltransferase inhibitor in combination with type I interferon offers a novel avenue for antiviral development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindewolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokugamage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalveram, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocquet-Valdes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotcheff, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debbink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachery, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation variance suppresses error sensitivity in the implicit learning system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When variability is added to a sensorimotor perturbation, total adaptation is impaired. In Albert et al.1 we explored this phenomenon, and observed that it is the brains implicit, i.e., subconscious learning system that is most affected by perturbation variance. We observed that perturbation variability impaired implicit learning by downregulating its sensitivity to error. Recently, Wang et al.2 present an alternate viewpoint: implicit error sensitivity does not change with experience, only the errors observed by the implicit system change. Here we evaluated this alternate view by empirically measuring error sensitivity as a function of error size. We found that perturbation variability strongly downregulates implicit error sensitivity when controlling for error size, consistent with our original results, counter to the inflexible model argued by Wang et al. With that said, a pre-existing relationship between error sensitivity and error magnitude noted by Wang et al. can contribute at least in part to implicit behavior. State-space models that start with this pre-existing error sensitivity curve and then update it with training according to a  memory of errors most accurately tracked measured behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation variance suppresses error sensitivity in the implicit learning system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors upregulate MHC pathways in response to inflammation, but the frequency of this phenotypic change is unknown and the features of these immune oligodendroglia are poorly defined. We generated MHC class I and II transgenic reporter mice to define their dynamics in response to inflammatory demyelination, providing a means to monitor MHC activation in diverse cell types in living mice and define their roles in aging, injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenacci, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac muscle-restricted partial loss of Nos1ap expression has limited impact on electro- and echo-cardiographic features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of QT interval variation have identified common noncoding variants at the NOS1AP gene as the most common genetic regulators of trait variation in the general population. Invoking a cis-regulatory mechanistic hypothesis, we have reported identification of a functional enhancer variant underlying the GWAS signal that influenced human cardiac NOS1AP expression. Functional studies based on in vitro overexpression in murine cardiomyocytes and ex vivo knockdown in zebrafish embryonic hearts, by us and others, have demonstrated that NOS1AP expression levels can alter cellular electrophysiology. Here, to explore the role of NOS1AP in cardiac electrophysiology at an organismal level, we generated and characterized constitutive and heart muscle-restricted Nos1ap knockout mice to assess whether NOS1AP disruption alters the QT interval in vivo. Constitutive loss of Nos1ap led to genetic background-dependent variable lethality at or right before birth. Heart muscle-restricted Nos1ap knockouts generated using cardiac specific alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre resulted in tissue-level Nos1ap expression reduced by half. This partial loss of expression had no detectable effect on the QT interval, but led to a small yet significant reduction in the QRS interval. Given that challenges associated with defining the end of T wave on murine electrocardiogram can limit identification of subtle effects on QT interval, and that common noncoding NOS1AP variants are also associated with QRS interval, our findings support the role of NOS1AP in regulation of the cardiac electrical cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac muscle-restricted partial loss of Nos1ap expression has limited impact on electro- and echo-cardiographic features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than half of the variance in in-vivo 1H-MRS metabolite estimates is common to all metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study characterized associations among brain metabolite levels, applying bivariate and multivariate (i.e., factor analysis) statistical methods to tCr-referenced estimates of the major PRESS 1H-MRS metabolites (i.e., tNAA/tCr, tCho/tCr, mI/tCr, Glx/tCr), acquired from medial parietal lobe in a large (n=299), well-characterized international cohort of healthy volunteers (Povazan et al., 2020). Results supported the hypothesis that 1H-MRS-measured metabolite estimates are moderately intercorrelated (Mr = 0.42, SDr = 0.11, ps < 0.001), with more than half (i.e., 57%) of the total variability in metabolite estimates common to (i.e., shared by) all metabolites. Older age was significantly associated with lower levels of common metabolite variance (CMV; {beta} = -0.09, p = 0.048), despite not being associated with levels of any individual metabolite. Holding CMV levels constant, females had significantly lower levels of total choline (i.e., unique metabolite variance or UMV; {beta} = -0.19, p < 0.001), mirroring significant bivariate correlations between sex and total choline reported previously. If replicated, these results would suggest that applied 1H-MRS researchers should shift their analytical framework from examining bivariate associations between individual metabolites and specialty-dependent (e.g., clinical, research) variables of interest (e.g., using t-tests) to examining multi-variable (i.e., covariate) associations between multiple metabolites and specialty-dependent variables of interest (e.g., using multiple regression). Without this shift, clear interpretation of associations of 1H-MRS metabolites with specialty-dependent variables of interest may not be possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than half of the variance in in-vivo 1H-MRS metabolite estimates is common to all metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase inhibition induces dynamic gene expression changes in lung CD4+ T cells of neonatal mice with E. coli pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionBacterial pulmonary infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, with less severity in older children. Previous studies demonstrated that the DNA of CD4+ T cells in the mouse lung, whose primary responsibility is to coordinate the immune response foreign pathogens, is differentially methylated in neonates compared with juveniles. Nevertheless, the effect of this differential DNA methylation on CD4+ T cell gene expression and response to infection remains unclear.

MethodsWe treated E. coli-infected neonatal (4-day-old) and juvenile (13-day-old) mice with decitabine (DAC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with broad-spectrum DNA demethylating activity, and performed simultaneous genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptional profiling on lung CD4+ T cells.

ResultsJuvenile and neonatal mice experienced differential demethylation in response to DAC treatment, with larger methylation differences observed in neonates. By cross-filtering differentially expressed genes between juveniles and neonates with those sites that were demethylated in neonates, we found that interferon-responsive genes such as Ifit1 are the most down-regulated methylation-sensitive genes in neonatal mice. DAC treatment shifted neonatal lung CD4+ T cells toward a gene expression program similar to that of juveniles.

ConclusionFollowing lung infection with E. coli, lung CD4+ T cells in neonatal mice exhibit epigenetic repression of important host defense pathways, which are activated by inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity to resemble a more mature profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michki, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Morrow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methyltransferase inhibition induces dynamic gene expression changes in lung CD4+ T cells of neonatal mice with E. coli pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trafficking dynamics of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 in human endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of cytokines are key drivers of blood vessel growth and remodeling. These ligands act via multiple VEGF receptors (VEGFR) and co-receptors such as Neuropilin (NRP) expressed on endothelial cells. These membrane-associated receptors are not solely expressed on the cell surface, they move between the surface and intracellular locations, where they can function differently. The location of the receptor alters its ability to  see (access and bind to) its ligands, which regulates receptor activation; location also alters receptor exposure to subcellularly localized phosphatases, which regulates its deactivation. Thus, receptors in different subcellular locations initiate different signaling, both in terms of quantity and quality. Similarly, the local levels of co-expression of other receptors alters competition for ligands. Subcellular localization is controlled by intracellular trafficking processes, which thus control VEGFR activity; therefore, to understand VEGFR activity, we must understand receptor trafficking. Here, for the first time, we simultaneously quantify the trafficking of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 on the same cells - specifically human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We build a computational model describing the expression, interaction, and trafficking of these receptors, and use it to simulate cell culture experiments. We use new quantitative experimental data to parameterize the model, which then provides mechanistic insight into the trafficking and localization of this receptor network. We show that VEGFR2 and NRP1 trafficking is not the same on HUVECs as on non-human ECs; and we show that VEGFR1 trafficking is not the same as VEGFR2 trafficking, but rather is faster in both internalization and recycling. As a consequence, the VEGF receptors are not evenly distributed between the cell surface and intracellular locations, with a very low percentage of VEGFR1 being on the cell surface, and high levels of NRP1 on the cell surface. Our findings have implications both for the sensing of extracellular ligands and for the composition of signaling complexes at the cell surface versus inside the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs-Kasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trafficking dynamics of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and NRP1 in human endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being unpredictable and uncertain, reward environments often exhibit certain regularities, and animals navigating these environments try to detect and utilize such regularities to adapt their behavior. However, successful learning requires that animals also adjust to uncertainty associated with those regularities. Here, we analyzed choice data from two comparable dynamic foraging tasks in mice and monkeys to investigate mechanisms underlying adjustments to different types of uncertainty. In these tasks, animals selected between two choice options that delivered reward probabilistically, while baseline reward probabilities changed after a variable number (block) of trials without any cues to the animals. To measure adjustments in behavior, we applied multiple metrics based on information theory that quantify consistency in behavior, and fit choice data using reinforcement learning models. We found that in both species, learning and choice were affected by uncertainty about reward outcomes (in terms of determining the better option) and by expectation about when the environment may change. However, these effects were mediated through different mechanisms. First, more uncertainty about the better option resulted in slower learning and forgetting in mice, whereas it had no significant effect in monkeys. Second, expectation of block switches accompanied slower learning, faster forgetting, and increased stochasticity in choice in mice, whereas it only reduced learning rates in monkeys. Overall, while demonstrating the usefulness of entropy-based metrics in studying adaptive behavior, our study provides evidence for multiple types of adjustments in learning and choice behavior according to uncertainty in the reward environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyung Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bari, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui, K.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabenhorst, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and Protein Synthesis in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathologic -syn destabilizes the TSC 1 and 2 complex leading to mTORC1 activation, enhanced protein translation and neurodegeneration in PD.

AbstractPathological -synuclein (-syn) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of -synucleinopathies such as Parkinsons disease (PD). Disruption of protein homeostasis is thought be central to PD pathogenesis, however the molecular mechanism of this deregulation is poorly understood. Here we report that pathologic -syn binds to tuberous sclerosis protein (TSC) 2 and destabilizes the TSC1-TSC2 complex leading to activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) and enhanced mRNA translation. Dopamine neuron loss, behavioral deficits and aberrant biochemical signaling in the -syn preformed fibril (PFF) and Drosophila -syn transgenic models of pathologic -syn induced degeneration were attenuated by genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR and protein translation. Our findings establish a potential molecular mechanism by which pathologic -syn activates mTORC1 leading to enhanced protein translation and concomitant neurodegeneration in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-u.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuppagounder, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhaldiyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and Protein Synthesis in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, Construction, and Functional Characterization of a tRNA Neochromosome in Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the design, construction and characterization of a tRNA neochromosome, a designer chromosome that functions as an additional, de novo counterpart to the native complement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intending to address one of the central design principles of the Sc2.0 project, the [~]190 kb tRNA neochromosome houses all 275 relocated nuclear tRNA genes. To maximize stability, the design incorporated orthogonal genetic elements from non-S. cerevisiae yeast species. Furthermore, the presence of 283 rox recombination sites enable an orthogonal SCRaMbLE system capable of adjusting tRNA abundance. Following construction, we obtained evidence of a potent selective force once the neochromosome was introduced into yeast cells, manifesting as a spontaneous doubling in cell ploidy. Furthermore, tRNA sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, nucleosome mapping, replication profiling, FISH and Hi-C were undertaken to investigate questions of tRNA neochromosome behavior and function. Its construction demonstrates the remarkable tractability of the yeast model and opens up new opportunities to directly test hypotheses surrounding these essential non-coding RNAs.

HighlightsO_LIDe novo design, construction and functional characterization of a neochromosome containing all 275 nuclear tRNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C_LIO_LIIncreasing the copy number of the 275 highly expressed tRNA genes causes cellular burden, which the host cell likely buffers either by selecting for partial tRNA neochromosome deletions or by increasing its ploidy.
C_LIO_LIThe tRNA neochromosome can be chemically extracted and transformed into new strain backgrounds, enabling its transplantation into multi-synthetic chromosome strains to finalize the Sc2.0 strain.
C_LIO_LIComprehensive functional characterization does not pinpoint a singular cause for the cellular burden caused by the tRNA neochromosome, but does reveal novel insights into its tRNA and structural chromosome biology.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockram, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraivogel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blount, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunlana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joensson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turowski, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antequera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieduszynski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, Construction, and Functional Characterization of a tRNA Neochromosome in Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared neural code for social interaction encoding and memory in the human superior temporal sulcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognizing and remembering social information is a crucial cognitive skill. Neural patterns in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) support our ability to perceive others social interactions. However, despite the prominence of social interactions in memory, the neural basis of retrieving social interactions is still unknown. To fill this gap, we investigated the brain mechanisms underlying memory of others social interactions during free spoken recall of a naturalistic movie. By applying machine learning-based fMRI encoding analyses to densely labeled movie and recall data we found that STS activity patterns evoked by viewing social interactions predicted neural responses to social interaction memories. This finding suggests that the STS contains high-level conceptual, representations of social interactions, and its reactivation underlies our ability to remember others interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared neural code for social interaction encoding and memory in the human superior temporal sulcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Second-generation dual-channel visible light optical coherence tomography enables wide-field, full-range, and shot-noise limited retinal imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) is an emerging ophthalmic imaging method uniquely featured by ultrahigh depth resolution, retinal microvascular oximetry, and distinct scattering contrast in the visible spectral range. However, the clinical utility of VIS-OCT is impeded by the fundamental trade-off between the imaging depth range and axial resolution, determined by the spectral resolution and bandwidth respectively. While the full potential of VIS-OCT is leveraged by a broad bandwidth, the imaging depth is inversely sacrificed. The effective depth range is further limited by the wavelength-dependent roll-off that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduces in the deeper imaging range, more so in shorter wavelength. To address this trade-off, we developed a second-generation dual-channel VIS-OCT system including the first linear-in-k VIS-OCT spectrometer, reference pathlength modulation, and per A-line noise cancellation. All combined, we have achieved 7.2dB roll-off over the full 1.74 mm depth range (water) with shot-noise limited performance. The system uniquely enables >60{degrees} wide-field imaging over large retinal curvature at peripheral retina and optic nerve head, as well as high-definition imaging at ultrahigh 1.3 um depth resolution (water). The dual-channel design includes a conventional near infrared (NIR) channel, compatible with Doppler OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA). The comprehensive structure-function measurement by 2nd-Gen VIS-OCT system is a significant advance towards broader adaptation of VIS-OCT in clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Second-generation dual-channel visible light optical coherence tomography enables wide-field, full-range, and shot-noise limited retinal imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC by PIP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton-Activated Chloride (PAC) channel is a ubiquitously expressed pH-sensing ion channel that regulates endosomal acidification and macropinosome shrinkage by releasing chloride from the organelle lumens. It is also found at the cell surface, where it is activated under pathological conditions related to acidosis and contributes to acid-induced cell death. However, the pharmacology of the PAC channel is poorly understood. Here, we report that phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) potently inhibits PAC channel activity. We solved the cryo-electron microscopy structure of PAC with PIP2 at pH 4.0 and identified its binding site, which, surprisingly, locates on the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain (TMD). While the overall conformation resembles the previously resolved PAC structure in the desensitized state, the TMD undergoes remodeling upon PIP2-binding. Structural and electrophysiological analyses suggest that PIP2 inhibits the PAC channel by stabilizing the channel in a desensitized-like conformation. To our knowledge, PAC is the first chloride channel reported to be inhibited by PIP2. Our findings identify PIP2 as a new pharmacological tool for the PAC channel and lay the foundation for future drug discovery targeting this channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Owusu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lü, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the proton-activated chloride channel PAC by PIP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell allele-specific expression analysis reveals dynamic and cell-type-specific regulatory effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific expression, which measures the expression of two alleles of a gene in a diploid individual, is a powerful signal to study cis-regulatory effects. Comparing ASE across conditions, or differential ASE, can reveal context-specific gene regulation. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has allowed the measurement of ASE at the resolution of individual cells, but there is a lack of statistical methods to analyze such data. We develop DAESC, a statistical method for differential ASE analysis across any condition of interest using scRNA-seq data from multiple individuals. DAESC includes a baseline model based on beta-binomial regression with random effects accounting for multiple cells from the same individual (DAESC-BB), and an extended mixture model that incorporates implicit haplotype phasing (DAESC-Mix). We demonstrate through simulations that DAESC accurately captures differential ASE effects in a wide range of scenarios. Application to scRNA-seq data from 105 induced pluripotent stem cell lines identifies 657 genes that are dynamically regulated during endoderm differentiation. A second application identifies several genes that are differentially regulated in pancreatic endocrine cells between type 2 diabetes patients and controls. In conclusion, DAESC is a powerful method for single-cell differential ASE analysis and can facilitate the discovery of context-specific regulatory effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell allele-specific expression analysis reveals dynamic and cell-type-specific regulatory effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have shown successes in clinics, but most PRS methods have focused only on individuals with one primary continental ancestry, thus poorly accommodating recently-admixed individuals. Here, we develop GAUDI, a novel penalized-regression-based method specifically designed for admixed individuals by explicitly modeling ancestry-specific effects and jointly estimating ancestry-shared effects. We demonstrate marked advantages of GAUDI over other methods through comprehensive simulation and real data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pantr2, a trans-acting lncRNA, modulates the differentiation potential of neural progenitors in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ablation of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Pantr2 results in microcephaly in a knockout murine model of corticogenesis, however, the precise mechanisms used are unknown. We present evidence that Pantr2 is a trans-acting lncRNA that regulates gene expression and chromatin accessibility both in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of Pantr2 in a neuroblastoma cell line alters gene expression under differentiating conditions, and that both loss and gain of function of Pantr2 results in changes to cell-cycle dynamics. We show that expression of both the transcription factor Nfix and the cell cycle regulator Rgcc are negatively regulated by Pantr2. Using RNA binding protein motif analysis and existing CLIP-seq data, we annotate potential HuR and QKI binding sites on Pantr2, and demonstrate that HuR does not directly bind Pantr2 using RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, we identify disruption of both Notch and Wnt signaling following loss of Pantr2 expression, indicating potential Pantr2-dependent regulation of these pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augustin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayangi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pantr2, a trans-acting lncRNA, modulates the differentiation potential of neural progenitors in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in activity and stability drive transposable element variation in tropical and temperate maize. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of the profound interspecific variation in genome content has been attributed to transposable elements (TEs). To explore the extent of TE variation within species, we developed an optimized open-source algorithm, panEDTA, to de novo annotate TEs in a pan-genome context. We then generated a unified TE annotation for a maize pan-genome derived from 26 reference-quality genomes, which revealed an excess of 35.1 Mb of TE sequences per genome in tropical maize relative to temperate maize. A small number (n = 216) of TE families, mainly LTR retrotransposons, drive these differences. Evidence from the methylome, transcriptome, LTR age distribution, and LTR insertional polymorphisms revealed that 64.7% of the variability was contributed by LTR families that were young, less methylated, and more expressed in tropical maize, while 18.5% was driven by LTR families with removal or loss in temperate maize. This study demonstrates the use of a comprehensive pan-TE annotation to reveal the driving role of TEs in within-species genomic variation via their ongoing amplification and purging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchanda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gent, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.09.511471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in activity and stability drive transposable element variation in tropical and temperate maize.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning based approach towards high-dimensional mediation analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediation analysis is used to investigate the role of intermediate variables (mediators) that lie in the path between an exposure and an outcome variable. While significant research has focused on developing methods for assessing the influence of mediators on the exposure-outcome relationship, current approaches do not easily extend to settings where the mediator is high-dimensional. These situations are becoming increasingly common with the rapid increase of new applications measuring massive numbers of variables, including brain imaging, genomics, and metabolomics. In this work, we introduce a novel machine learning based method for identifying high dimensional mediators. The proposed algorithm iterates between using a machine learning model to map the high-dimensional mediators onto a lower-dimensional space, and using the predicted values as input in a standard three-variable mediation model. Hence, the machine learning model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the mediation model. Importantly, the proposed algorithm is agnostic to the machine learning model that is used, providing significant flexibility in the types of situations where it can be used. We illustrate the proposed methodology using data from two functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. First, using data from a task-based fMRI study of thermal pain, we combine the proposed algorithm with a deep learning model to detect distributed, network-level brain patterns mediating the relationship between stimulus intensity (temperature) and reported pain at the single trial level. Second, using resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we combine the proposed algorithm with a connectome-based predictive modeling approach to determine brain functional connectivity measures that mediate the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory accuracy. In both cases, our multivariate mediation model links exposure variables (thermal pain or fluid intelligence), high dimensional brain measures (single-trial brain activation maps or resting-state brain connectivity) and behavioral outcomes (pain report or working memory accuracy) into a single unified model. Using the proposed approach, we are able to identify brain-based measures that simultaneously encode the exposure variable and correlate with the behavioral outcome.

I. HIGHLIGHTSO_LICurrent methods for assessing mediation do not easily extend to high dimensions
C_LIO_LIWe introduce a new approach for performing high-dimensional mediation analysis
C_LIO_LILinks high-dimensional mediator to path analysis model via machine learning algorithm
C_LIO_LIMethod illustrated using data from two fMRI studies
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning based approach towards high-dimensional mediation analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) - Accelerating Research in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors through Collaboration and Open Science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.511975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children in the United States and contribute a disproportionate number of potential years of life lost compared to adult cancers. Moreover, survivors frequently suffer long-term side effects, including secondary cancers. The Childrens Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) is a multi-institutional international clinical research consortium created to advance therapeutic development through the collection and rapid distribution of biospecimens and data via open-science research platforms for real-time access and use by the global research community. The CBTNs 32 member institutions utilize a shared regulatory governance architecture at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia to accelerate and maximize the use of biospecimens and data. As of August 2022, CBTN has enrolled over 4,700 subjects, over 1,500 parents, and collected over 65,000 biospecimen aliquots for research. Additionally, over 80 preclinical models have been developed from collected tumors. Multi-omic data for over 1,000 tumors and germline material is currently available with data generation for > 5,000 samples underway. To our knowledge, CBTN provides the largest open-access pediatric brain tumor multi-omic dataset annotated with longitudinal clinical and outcome data, imaging, associated biospecimens, child-parent genomic pedigrees, and in vivo and in vitro preclinical models. Empowered by NIH-supported platforms such as the Kids First Data Resource and the Childhood Cancer Data Initiative, the CBTN continues to expand the resources needed for scientists to accelerate translational impact for improved outcomes and quality of life for children with brain and spinal cord tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lilly, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokita, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefankiewiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trooskin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larouci, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plisiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koptyra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helili, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kuren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubneuski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baubet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauhid, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanaugh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulder, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rife, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.511975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) - Accelerating Research in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors through Collaboration and Open Science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Filtering Microbial Populations with a Magnetic Field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic fields strongly affect currents of electrically charged particles such as electrons, protons and other ions in solution. Because ionic currents of protons or sodium drive the rotation of bacterial flagella, it is possible that the motion of motile bacterial species will be affected if they swim through a strong magnetic field. We tested this prediction in mixed cultures of soil bacteria and observed that a magnetic field does in fact exert a filtering effect that alters the composition of the mixed population of motile species. We then monitored motility and growth to see if magnetic fields affected individual bacterial species (Vibrio, Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) The same magnetic field had no observable effect on motility or growth. Although magnetic fields may have served as a selective factor in the evolution of certain species such as magnetotactic motile bacteria, they do not appear to have a direct effect on the ionic current driving flagellar rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nazareth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deamer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Filtering Microbial Populations with a Magnetic Field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA Wheeler graph represents a collection of strings in a way that is particularly easy to index and query. Such a graph is a practical choice for representing a graph-shaped pangenome, and it is the foundation for current graph-based pangenome indexes. However, there are no practical tools to visualize or to check graphs that may have the Wheeler properties. Here we present Wheelie, an algorithm that combines a renaming heuristic with a permutation solver (Wheelie-PR) or a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver (Wheelie-SMT) to check whether a given graph has the Wheeler properties, a problem that is NP complete in general. Wheelie can check a variety of random and real-world graphs in far less time than any algorithm proposed to date. It can check a graph with 1,000s of nodes in seconds. We implement these algorithms together with complementary visualization tools in the WGT toolkit, available as open source software at https://github.com/Kuanhao-Chao/Wheeler_Graph_Toolkit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WGT: Tools and algorithms for recognizing, visualizing and generating Wheeler graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dashing 2: genomic sketching with multiplicities and locality-sensitive hashing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A genomic sketch is a small, probabilistic representation of the set of k-mers in a sequencing dataset. Sketches are building blocks for large-scale analyses that consider similarities between many pairs of sequences or sequence collections. While existing tools can easily compare 10,000s of genomes, relevant datasets can reach millions of sequences and beyond. Popular tools also fail to consider k-mer multiplicities, making them less applicable in quantitative settings. We describe a method called Dashing 2 that builds on the SetSketch data structure. SetSketch is related to HyperLogLog, but discards use of leading zero count in favor of a truncated logarithm of adjustable base. Unlike HLL, SetSketch can perform multiplicity-aware sketching when combined with the ProbMinHash method. Dashing 2 integrates locality-sensitive hashing to scale all-pairs comparisons to millions of sequences. Dashing 2 is free, open source software available at https://github.com/dnbaker/dashing2
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dashing 2: genomic sketching with multiplicities and locality-sensitive hashing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The faculty-to-faculty mentorship experience: a survey on challenges and recommendations for improvements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faculty at research institutions play a central role in advancing knowledge and careers, as well as promoting the well-being of students and colleagues in research environments. Faculty members must balance a host of activities - such as performing research, teaching, sourcing funds, administrative and service duties - with their roles as educators and mentors. Mentorship from experienced peers has been touted as critical for enabling these myriad roles to allow faculty development, career progression, and satisfaction. However, there is little information available on who supports faculty and best ways to structure a faculty mentorship program for early- and mid-career academics. Furthermore, the extent to which mentorship and mentoring programs have been offered to faculty members has not been widely characterized. It is also unclear what challenges faculty receiving mentorship may face and which aspects could be further improved. In the interest of advocating for increased and enhanced faculty mentoring and mentoring programs, we surveyed faculty (i.e., group leaders) around the world to gather data on whether and how they receive mentoring from peers, senior researchers, informal mentoring programs, or formal mentoring programs at their institutions. We received responses from 457 early- and mid-career faculty and found that a substantial portion of respondents either reported having no mentor or a lack of a formal mentoring scheme. Qualitative responses on the quality of mentorship revealed that the most common complaints regarding mentorship included lack of mentor availability, unsatisfactory commitment to mentorship, and non-specific or non-actionable advice. Our findings further identified key mentorship elements desired by faculty mentees. Based on these suggestions, we identify a need for training for faculty mentors as well as strategies for individual mentors, departments, and institutions for funding and design of more intentional and supportive mentorship programs for early- and mid-career faculty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson Filho, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The faculty-to-faculty mentorship experience: a survey on challenges and recommendations for improvements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface phenotyping and quantitative proteomics reveal differentially enriched proteins of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all cell types and are found in all tissues and biofluids. EV proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are a "nano-snapshot" of the parent cell that may be used for novel diagnostics of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, diagnosis of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinsons disease (PD), relies on manifestations of late-stage progression, which may furthermore associate with other neurodegenerative diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Here, we profiled surface markers and other protein contents of brain-derived extracellular vesicles (bd-EVs) from PD (n= 24), PSP (n=25) and control (n=24). bdEVs displayed tetraspanins and certain microglia, astrocyte, and neuron markers, while quantitative proteomics revealed enrichment of several proteins in PD vs. control and/or PSP, including clathrin heavy chain 1 and 14-3-3 protein gamma. This characterization of EVs in the source tissue provides insights into local dynamics as well as biomarker candidates for investigation in peripheral fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gizzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boronina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routenberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface phenotyping and quantitative proteomics reveal differentially enriched proteins of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration is a critical requirement for cancer metastasis. Cytokine production and its role in cancer cell migration have been traditionally associated with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. MLL1 is a histone methyltransferase that controls 3D cell migration via the secretion of cytokines, IL-6 and TGF-{beta}1, by the cancer cells themselves. In vivo, MLL1 depletion reduced metastatic burden and prolonged survival. MLL1 exerts its effects with its scaffold protein, Menin. Mechanistically, the MLL1-Menin interaction controls actin filament assembly via the IL-6/pSTAT3/Arp3 axis and acto-myosin contractility via the TGF-{beta}1/Gli2/ROCK1/2/pMLC2 axis, which regulate dynamic protrusion generation and 3D cell migration. MLL1 also regulates cell proliferation via mitosis-based and cell cycle-related pathways. Combining an MLL1-Menin inhibitor with Paclitaxel, a standard chemotherapeutic, abrogated tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic model. These results highlight the potential of targeting the MLL1 in metastasis prevention and its potential to be combined with currently administered chemotherapeutics.

Statement of SignificanceWe identify MLL1 as being vital to metastasis, which causes the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. MLL1 controls cell migration, a requirement for metastasis, by regulating the secretion of cytokines. MLL1 inhibition lowers metastatic burden independent of its impact on primary tumor growth, highlighting its anti-metastatic potential in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pigs are evolutionarily more distant from humans than mice, but their physiological organs are closest to humans. The molecular program leading to a more than 1,000-fold increase in organ size in pigs and humans over that of mice across evolution has not been elucidated. We generated large-scale transcriptional landscapes throughout swine lung development. Our cross-species single-cell molecular atlas let us discover swine progenitor identities, stage-specific markers, and a core organ-size regulation program (COSRP), well-conserved in swine and humans but less so in mice. Across eight mammalian species, human COSRP promoters showed higher homologies to evolutionary-distant large animals, including pigs, than evolutionary-close small animals. Our study provides a molecular foundation during swine lung development that unveils animal size regulation conserved in the COSRP promoter, independent of genome-wide evolution. COSRP is a critical paradigm for studying thousands-fold changes in biological sizes in evolution, development, cancer, zoology, respirology, organoids, and biotechnology, particularly human-compatible organ generation.

One Sentence SummaryA cross-species developmental molecular atlas identified the indicator of lung and animal size beyond evolution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakiuchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninish, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmental program that regulates mammalian organ size offsets evolutionary distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting Macromolecular Hydration with HullRadSAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydration of biological macromolecules is important for their stability and function. Historically, attempts have been made to describe the degree of macromolecular hydration using a single parameter over a narrow range of values. Here, we describe a method to calculate two types of hydration: surface shell water and entrained water. A consideration of these two types of hydration helps to explain the "hydration problem" in hydrodynamics. The combination of these two types of hydration allows accurate calculation of hydrodynamic volume and related macromolecular properties such as sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, intrinsic viscosities, and the concentration dependent non-ideality identified with sedimentation velocity experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting Macromolecular Hydration with HullRadSAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survivin Regulates Intracellular Stiffness and Extracellular Matrix Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular dysfunction is a common cause of cardiovascular diseases characterized by the narrowing and stiffening of arteries, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension. Arterial narrowing results from the aberrant proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and their increased synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. These, in turn, are modulated by arterial stiffness, but the mechanism for this is not fully understood. We found that survivin (an inhibitor of apoptosis) is an important regulator of stiffness-mediated ECM synthesis and intracellular stiffness in VSMCs. Whole-transcriptome analysis and cell culture experiments showed that survivin expression is upregulated in injured femoral arteries in mice and in human VSMCs cultured on stiff fibronectin-coated hydrogels. Suppressed expression of survivin in human VSMCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts decreased the stiffness-mediated expression of ECM components implicated in arterial stiffness, namely, collagen-I, fibronectin, and lysyl oxidase. By contrast, expression of these proteins was upregulated by the overexpression of survivin in human VSMCs cultured on soft hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that suppressed or enhanced expression of survivin decreases or increases intracellular stiffness, respectively. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which survivin modulates arterial stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krajnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survivin Regulates Intracellular Stiffness and Extracellular Matrix Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes vary greatly in their propensity for collateral fitness effects of mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations can have deleterious fitness effects when they decrease protein specific activity or decrease active protein abundance. Mutations will also be deleterious when they cause misfolding or misinteractions that are toxic to the cell (i.e., independent of whether the mutations affect specific activity and abundance). The extent to which protein evolution is shaped by these and other collateral fitness effects is unclear in part because little is known of their frequency and magnitude. Using deep mutational scanning (DMS), we previously found at least 42% of missense mutations in the TEM-1 {beta}-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene cause deleterious collateral fitness effects. Here, we used DMS to comprehensively determine the collateral fitness effects of missense mutations in three genes encoding the antibiotic resistance proteins New Delhi metallo-{beta}-lactamase (NDM-1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase I (CAT-I), and 2"-aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (AadB). AadB (20%), CAT-I (0.9%), and NDM-1 (0.2%) were less susceptible to deleterious collateral fitness effects than TEM-1 (42%) indicating that genes have different propensities for these effects. As was observed with TEM-1, all the studied deleterious aadB mutants increased aggregation. However, aggregation did not correlate with collateral fitness effects for many of the deleterious mutants of CAT-I and NDM-1. Select deleterious mutants caused unexpected phenotypes to emerge. The introduction of internal start codons in CAT-1 caused loss of the episome and a mutation in aadB made its cognate antibiotic essential for growth. Our study illustrates how the complexity of the cell provides a rich environment for collateral fitness effects and new phenotypes to emerge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehlhoff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes vary greatly in their propensity for collateral fitness effects of mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adding meaning to memories: How parietal cortex combines semantic content with episodic experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging studies of human memory have consistently found that univariate responses in parietal cortex track episodic experience with stimuli (whether stimuli are  old or  new). More recently, pattern-based fMRI studies have shown that parietal cortex also carries information about the semantic content of remembered experiences. However, it is not well understood how memory-based and content-based signals are integrated within parietal cortex. Here, we used voxel-wise encoding models and a recognition memory task to predict the fMRI activity patterns evoked by complex natural scene images based on (a) the episodic history and (b) the semantic content of each image. Models were generated and compared across distinct subregions of parietal cortex and for occipitotemporal cortex. We show that parietal and occipitotemporal regions each encode memory and content information, but they differ in how they combine this information. Among parietal subregions, angular gyrus was characterized by robust and overlapping effects of memory and content. Moreover, subject-specific semantic tuning functions revealed that successful recognition shifted the amplitude of tuning functions in angular gyrus but did not change the selectivity of tuning. In other words, effects of memory and content were additive in angular gyrus. This pattern of data contrasted with occipitotemporal cortex where memory and content effects were interactive: memory effects were preferentially expressed by voxels tuned to the content of a remembered image. Collectively, these findings provide unique insight into how parietal cortex combines information about episodic memory and semantic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweigart, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adding meaning to memories: How parietal cortex combines semantic content with episodic experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing cellular diversity at different levels of biological organization across data modalities is a prerequisite to understanding the function of cell types in the brain. Classification of neurons is also required to manipulate cell types in controlled ways, and to understand their variation and vulnerability in brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) is an integrated network of data generating centers, data archives and data standards developers, with the goal of systematic multimodal brain cell type profiling and characterization. Emphasis of the BICCN is on the whole mouse brain and demonstration of prototypes for human and non-human primate (NHP) brains. Here, we provide a guide to the cellular and spatial approaches employed, and to accessing and using the BICCN data and its extensive resources, including the BRAIN Cell Data Center (BCDC) which serves to manage and integrate data across the ecosystem. We illustrate the power of the BICCN data ecosystem through vignettes highlighting several BICCN analysis and visualization tools. Finally, we present emerging standards that have been developed or adopted by the BICCN toward FAIR (Wilkinson et al. 2016a) neuroscience. The combined BICCN ecosystem provides a comprehensive resource for the exploration and analysis of cell types in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BICCN Data Ecosytem Collaboration,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hof, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjaalie, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynor, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumi-Sutherland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropelewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilgner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aevermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishwakarma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct activation of the Ras-Akt network mediates polarity and organizes protrusions in human neutrophil migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functions of Ras oncogenes and their downstream effectors are typically associated with cell proliferation and growth control while their role in immune cell migration has been largely unexplored. Although Ras-mediated signaling cascades have been implicated in immune response, there is no conclusive evidence to show local activation of these pathways on the plasma membrane directly regulates cell motility or polarity. Using spatiotemporally precise, cryptochrome-based optogenetic systems in human neutrophils, we abruptly altered protrusive activity, bypassing the chemoattractant-sensing receptor/G-protein network. First, global recruitment of active KRas4B/HRas isoforms or the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RasGRP4, immediately increased spreading and random motility in neutrophils. Second, creating Ras activity at the cell rear generated new protrusions at the site and reversed pre-existing polarity, similar to the effects of steep chemoattractant gradients. Third, recruiting GTPase activating protein, RASAL3, at cell fronts abrogated existing protrusions and changed the direction of motility whereas dynamically inhibiting nascent fronts stopped migration completely. Fourth, combining pharmacological inhibition studies with optogenetics revealed that mTorC2 is more important than PI3K for Ras-mediated polarity and migration. Finally, local recruitment of Ras-mTorC2 effector, Akt, also generated new protrusions, rearranged pre-existing polarity, and triggered migration, even in absence of PI3K signaling. We propose that actin assembly, cell shape, and migration modes in immune cells are promptly controlled by rapid, local activities of established components of classical growth-control pathways independently of receptor activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borleis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.513966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct activation of the Ras-Akt network mediates polarity and organizes protrusions in human neutrophil migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exploratory study of a simple approach for evaluating drug solubility in milk related vehicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Milk related materials are frequently used as a vehicle for drug product administration. Therefore, drug solubility information in milk related vehicles is desirable for prediction of how they may influence in vivo drug release and bioavailability. However, there are very limited data published on this topic. This study explored a practical method to address the key challenges associated with solubility assessment in milk, including the sample equilibration time and cleanup procedures. Amitriptyline, acetaminophen, dexamethasone, nifedipine, piroxicam, and prednisolone were selected as model drugs to represent a wide range of physicochemical properties. Their solubilities were determined at room temperature in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, skim milk, whole milk, reconstituted whole milk powder, and unprocessed raw milk. The overall results confirmed that milk greatly improves the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the extent of improvement and mechanism of solubilization appeared unique for each drug, highlighting the importance of evaluating milk solubility experimentally. The method used in this exploratory study can be applied in future investigations of a broader range of drugs and milk-related vehicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longstaff, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exploratory study of a simple approach for evaluating drug solubility in milk related vehicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palmitoylation regulates neuropilin-2 localization and function in cortical neurons and conveys specificity to semaphorin signaling via palmitoyl acyltransferases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) and semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) exhibit remarkably distinct effects on deep layer excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons; Sema3F mediates dendritic spine pruning, whereas Sema3A promotes the elaboration of basal dendrites. Sema3F and Sema3A signal through distinct holoreceptors that include neuropilin-2 (Nrp-2)/plexinA3 (PlexA3) and neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1)/PlexA4, respectively. We find that Nrp-2 and Nrp-1 are S-palmitoylated in cortical neurons and that palmitoylation of select Nrp-2 cysteines is required for its proper subcellular localization and also for Sema3F/Nrp-2-dependent dendritic spine pruning in cortical neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC15 is required for Nrp-2 palmitoylation and Sema3F/Nrp-2-dependent dendritic spine pruning, but it is dispensable for Nrp-1 palmitoylation and Sema3A/Nrp-1-dependent basal dendritic elaboration. Therefore, palmitoyl acyltransferase-substrate specificity is essential for establishing compartmentalized neuronal structure and functional responses to extrinsic guidance cues.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LINeuropilins (Nrps) are S-palmitoylated in vitro and in vivo in the central nervous system
C_LIO_LIS-palmitoylation of select Nrp-2 cysteines confers subcellular localization specificity and is required for semaphorin 3F-dependent dendritic spine pruning in cortical neurons
C_LIO_LIDistinct palmitoyl acyltransferases mediate Nrp-2 and Nrp-1 palmitoylation and function, imparting specificity to semaphorin signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koropouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias-Estevez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palmitoylation regulates neuropilin-2 localization and function in cortical neurons and conveys specificity to semaphorin signaling via palmitoyl acyltransferases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational and experimental analyses of alanine racemase suggest new avenues for developing allosteric small-molecule antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the ever-present threat of antibacterial resistance, there is an urgent need to identify new antibacterial drugs and targets. One such target is alanine racemase (Alr), an enzyme required for bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Alr is an attractive drug target because it is essential for bacterial survival but is absent in humans. Here, we investigate the Alr from M. tuberculosis (MT), the pathogen responsible for human tuberculosis, as a model Alr enzyme. MT-Alr functions exclusively as an obligate homodimer formed by two identical monomers. Both monomers contribute to the overall composition of their active sites. Therefore, disrupting the dimer interface could inhibit MT-Alr activity. Using computational methods, we identified seven interfacial residues predicted to be responsible for MT-Alr dimerization. Mutating one of the seven residues, Lys261, to alanine resulted in a completely inactive enzyme. Further investigation suggested a potential drug-binding site near Lys261 that might be useful for allosteric drug discovery.

SummaryThe bacterial protein alanine racemase (Alr) converts L-alanine to D-alanine, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall. Cycloserine, a known antibiotic, inhibits Alr by binding to the same pocket that alanine binds. Several human proteins have similar pockets, so cycloserine has severe side effects. We identified additional Alr pockets and discovered that altering one of them abolishes Alr activity. Molecules that bind this pocket may similarly impact Alr activity, helping to address the ongoing antibiotic resistance crisis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Wieren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational and experimental analyses of alanine racemase suggest new avenues for developing allosteric small-molecule antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the sensitivity of in vivo CRISPR off-target detection with DISCOVER-Seq+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discovery of off-target CRISPR-Cas genome editing activity in patient-derived cells and animal models is crucial for therapeutic applications, but currently exhibits low sensitivity. We demonstrate that inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) accumulates repair protein MRE11 at CRISPR-targeted sites, enabling high-sensitivity mapping of off-target sites to positions of MRE11 binding using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). This technique, termed DISCOVER-Seq+, discovered up to 5-fold more CRISPR off-target sites in immortalized cell lines, primary human cells, and mice compared to previous methods. We demonstrated applicability to ex vivo knock-in of a cancer-directed transgenic T-cell receptor in primary human T cells and in vivo adenovirus knock-out of cardiovascular risk gene PCSK9 in mice. DISCOVER-Seq+ is the most sensitive method to-date for discovering off-target genome editing in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles-Vazquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the sensitivity of in vivo CRISPR off-target detection with DISCOVER-Seq+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we analyzed metabolism in patient-derived xenografts (tumorgrafts) from diverse forms of RCC. Tumorgrafts from VHL-mutant clear cell RCC (ccRCC) retained metabolic features of human ccRCC and engage in oxidative and reductive glutamine metabolism. We used several approaches to suppress glutamine metabolism and test the effect on tumor growth. Genetic silencing of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or -2 impaired reductive labeling of TCA cycle intermediates and suppressed tumor growth. Glutaminase inhibition resulted in modest growth suppression and variable effects on glutamine metabolism in vivo. Infusions with [amide-15N]glutamine revealed persistent amidotransferase activity during glutaminase inhibition, and blocking these activities with the amidotransferase inhibitor JHU-083 also reduced tumor growth. We conclude that ccRCC tumorgrafts catabolize glutamine via multiple pathways, perhaps explaining why it has been challenging to achieve therapeutic responses in patients by inhibiting glutaminase.

TeaserGlutamine fuels the TCA cycle and amidotransferase pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarangelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahumada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tcheuyap, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saatchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugarolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast cysteine desulfurase provides sulfur for both iron sulfur cluster assembly and tRNA modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron sulfur clusters (FeS) are ancient and ubiquitous protein cofactors that play fundamental roles in many aspects of cell biology. These cofactors cannot be scavenged or trafficked within a cell and thus must be synthesized in any subcellular compartment where they are required. We examined the FeS synthesis proteins found in the relict plastid organelle, called the apicoplast, of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Using a chemical bypass method, we deleted four of the FeS pathway proteins involved in sulfur acquisition and cluster assembly and demonstrated that they are all essential for parasite survival. However, the effect that these deletions had on the apicoplast organelle differed. Deletion of the cysteine desulfurase SufS led to disruption of the apicoplast organelle and loss of the organellar genome, whereas the other deletions did not affect organelle maintenance. Ultimately, we discovered that the requirement of SufS for organelle maintenance is not driven by its role in FeS biosynthesis, but rather, by its function in generating sulfur for use by MnmA, a tRNA modifying enzyme that we localized to the apicoplast. By complementing the activity of the parasite MnmA and SufS with a bacterial MnmA and its cognate cysteine desulfurase, we showed that the parasite SufS provides sulfur for both FeS biosynthesis and tRNA modification in the apicoplast. The dual role of parasite SufS is likely to be found in other plastid-containing organisms and highlights the central role of this enzyme in plastid biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast cysteine desulfurase provides sulfur for both iron sulfur cluster assembly and tRNA modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Unfolded Outer Membrane Protein Ensembles Targeted by Hydrodynamic Properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) must exist as an unfolded ensemble while interacting with a chaperone network in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we developed a method to model unfolded OMP (uOMP) conformational ensembles using experimental properties of two well-studied OMPs. The overall size and shape of the unfolded ensembles in water were experimentally defined by measuring the sedimentation coefficient as a function of urea concentration. We used these data to model a full range of unfolded conformations by parameterizing a targeted coarse-grained simulation protocol. The ensemble members were further refined by short molecular dynamics simulations to reflect proper torsion angles. The final conformational ensembles reveal inherent differences in the unfolded states that necessitate further investigation. Building these uOMP ensembles advances the understanding of OMP biogenesis and produces essential information for interpreting structures of uOMP-chaperone complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Unfolded Outer Membrane Protein Ensembles Targeted by Hydrodynamic Properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Transcription Factor Foxi1 Promotes Expression of V-ATPase and Gpr116 in M-1 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diverse functions of each nephron segment rely on the coordinated action of specialized cell populations that are uniquely defined by their transcriptional profile. In the collecting duct, there are two critical and distinct cell populations: principal cells and intercalated cells. Principal cells play key roles in the regulation of water, Na+, and K+, while intercalated cells are best known for their role in acid-base homeostasis. Currently, there are no in vitro systems that recapitulate the heterogeneity of the collecting ducts, which limits high-throughput and replicate investigations of genetic and physiological phenomena. Here, we have demonstrated that the transcription factor Foxi1 is sufficient to alter the transcriptional identity of M-1 cells, a murine cortical collecting duct cell line. Specifically, overexpression of Foxi1 induces the expression of intercalated cell transcripts including Gpr116, Atp6v1b1, Atp6v1g3, Atp6v0d2, Slc4a9, and Slc26a4. These data indicate that overexpression of Foxi1 differentiates M-1 cells towards a B-type intercalated cell phenotype and may provide a novel in vitro tool to study transcriptional regulation and physiological function of the renal collecting duct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Transcription Factor Foxi1 Promotes Expression of V-ATPase and Gpr116 in M-1 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell lineage predicts neural connectivity beyond cell type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During nervous system development, repeated cell divisions of the zygote give rise to a "family tree" of neurons related by mitotic lineage. The developmental process also gives rise to neuronal connections, and neurons phenotypically converge to different cell types. Neural connections are steered by cell type, but they may be driven in part by lineage: We do not know if lineage matters for the developmental neurogenesis process. We thus asked if mitotic lineage predicts neural connections beyond cell type alone. Using three C. elegans datasets, we fit models for edge prediction tasks: predicting synaptic targets, and predicting synaptic sources. Adding the mitotic lineage improved these predictions. Our results suggest that the family tree matters for the connections made by neurons, and that developmental lineage is a variable that should be considered more deeply in models of connectome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell lineage predicts neural connectivity beyond cell type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness and functional landscapes of the E. coli RNase III gene rnc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How protein properties such as protein activity and protein essentiality affect the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of mutations are important questions in protein evolution. Deep mutational scanning studies typically measure the effects of a comprehensive set of mutations on either protein activity or fitness. Our understanding of the underpinnings of the DFE would be enhanced by a comprehensive study of both for the same gene. Here, we compared the fitness effects and in vivo protein activity effects of [~]4,500 missense mutations in the E. coli rnc gene. This gene encodes RNase III, a global regulator enzyme that cleaves diverse RNA substrates including precursor ribosomal RNA and various mRNAs including its own 5 untranslated region (5UTR). We find that RNase IIIs ability to cleave dsRNA is the most important determinant of the fitness effects of rnc mutations. The DFE of RNase III was bimodal, with mutations centered around neutral and deleterious effects, consistent with previously reported DFEs of enzymes with a singular physiological role. Fitness was buffered to small effects on RNase III activity. The enzymes RNase III domain (RIIID), which contains the RNase III signature motif and all active site residues, was more sensitive to mutation than its dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD), which is responsible for recognition and binding to dsRNA. Differential effects on fitness and functional scores for mutations at highly conserved residues G97, G99, and F188 suggest that these positions may be important for RNase III cleavage specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weeks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness and functional landscapes of the E. coli RNase III gene rnc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FkpA Enhances Membrane Protein Folding using an Extensive Interaction Surface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane protein (OMP) biogenesis in gram-negative bacteria is managed by a network of periplasmic chaperones that includes SurA, Skp, and FkpA. These chaperones bind unfolded OMPs (uOMPs) in dynamic conformational ensembles to suppress uOMP aggregation, facilitate diffusion across the periplasm, and enhance OMP folding. FkpA primarily responds to heat-shock stress, but its mechanism is comparatively understudied. To determine FkpA chaperone function, we monitored the folding of a cognate client uOmpA171 and found that FkpA increases the folded uOmpA171population but also slows the folding rate, dual functions distinct from the other periplasmic chaperones. The results indicate that FkpA behaves as a chaperone and not as a folding catalyst to directly influence the uOmpA171folding trajectory. We determine the binding affinity between FkpA and uOmpA171 by globally fitting sedimentation velocity titrations and found it to be intermediate between the known affinities of Skp and SurA for uOMP clients. Notably, complex formation steeply depends on the urea concentration, suggestive of an extensive binding interface. Initial characterizations of the complex using photo-crosslinking indicates that the binding interface spans the inner surfaces of the entire FkpA molecule. In contrast to prior findings, folding and binding experiments performed using subdomain constructs of FkpA demonstrate that the full-length chaperone is required for full activity. Together these results support that FkpA has a distinct and direct effect on uOMP folding and that it achieves this by utilizing an extensive chaperone-client interface.

SignificanceThe periplasmic chaperone network is required for the survival and virulence of gram-negative bacteria. Here we find that the chaperone FkpA enhances outer membrane protein folding and tightly binds its clients with an extensive interaction interface. This modified holdase function of FkpA distinguishes it from other periplasmic chaperones and complements their functions to ensure robust outer membrane biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskopf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubb, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FkpA Enhances Membrane Protein Folding using an Extensive Interaction Surface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preservation of prehearing spontaneous activityenables early auditory system development in deaf mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically generated neural activity propagates through the developing auditory system to promote maturation and refinement of sound processing circuits prior to hearing onset. This early patterned activity is induced by non-sensory supporting cells in the organ of Corti, which are highly interconnected through gap junctions containing connexin 26 (Gjb2). Although loss of function mutations in Gjb2 impair cochlear development and are the most common cause of congenital deafness, it is not known if these mutations disrupt spontaneous activity and the developmental trajectory of sound processing circuits in the brain. Here, we show in a new mouse model of Gjb2-mediated congenital deafness that cochlear supporting cells unexpectedly retained intercellular coupling and the capacity to generate spontaneous activity, exhibiting only modest deficits prior to hearing onset. This coordinated activation of IHCs led to coincident bursts of activity in central auditory neurons that will later process similar frequencies of sound. Despite alterations in the structure of the sensory epithelium, hair cells within the cochlea of Gjb2 deficient mice were intact and central auditory neurons could be activated within appropriate tonotopic domains by loud sounds at hearing onset, indicating that early maturation and refinement of auditory circuits was preserved. Only after cessation of spontaneous activity following hearing onset did progressive hair cell degeneration and enhanced auditory neuron excitability manifest. This preservation of cochlear spontaneous activity in the absence of connexin 26 may increase the effectiveness of early therapeutic interventions to restore hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersbergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preservation of prehearing spontaneous activityenables early auditory system development in deaf mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-separating pyrenoid proteins form complexes in the dilute phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most studies of biomolecular phase separation have focused on the condensed phase, relatively little is known about the dilute phase. Theory suggests that stable complexes form in the dilute phase of two-component phase-separating systems, impacting phase separation; however, these complexes have not been interrogated experimentally. We show that such complexes indeed exist, using an in vitro reconstitution system of a phase-separated organelle, the algal pyrenoid, consisting of purified proteins Rubisco and EPYC1. Applying fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to measure diffusion coefficients, we found that complexes form in the dilute phase with or without condensates present. The majority of these complexes contain exactly one Rubisco molecule. Additionally, we developed a simple analytical model which recapitulates experimental findings and provides molecular insights into the dilute phase organization. Thus, our results demonstrate the existence of protein complexes in the dilute phase, which could play a significant role in the stability, dynamics, and regulation of condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GrandPre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-separating pyrenoid proteins form complexes in the dilute phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene model correction for PVRIG in single cell and bulk sequencing data enables accurate detection and study of its functional relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has gained increased popularity in recent years and has revolutionized the study of cell populations; however, this technology presents several caveats regarding specific gene expression measurement. Here we examine the expression levels of several immune checkpoint genes, which are currently assessed in clinical studies. We find that unlike in most bulk sequencing studies, PVRIG, a novel immune-modulatory receptor in the DNAM-1 axis, suffers from poor detection in 10x Chromium scRNA-seq and other types of assays that utilize the GENCODE transcriptomic reference (gene model). We show that the default GENCODE gene model, typically used in the analysis of such data, is incorrect in the PVRIG genomic region and demonstrate that fixing the gene model recovers genuine PVRIG expression levels. We explore computational strategies for resolving multi-gene mapped reads, such as those implemented in RSEM and STARsolo and find that they provide a partial solution to the problem. Our study provides means to better interrogate the expression of PVRIG in scRNA-seq and emphasizes the importance of optimizing gene models and alignment algorithms to enable accurate gene expression measurement in scRNA-seq and bulk sequencing. The methodology applied here for PVRIG can be applied to other genes with similar issues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nemzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabath, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alteber, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickles-Fader, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpaz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granit, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene model correction for PVRIG in single cell and bulk sequencing data enables accurate detection and study of its functional relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous automated MRS data analysis workflow for applied studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can non-invasively measure levels of endogenous metabolites in living tissue and is of great interest to neuroscience and clinical research. To this day, MRS data analysis workflows differ substantially between groups, frequently requiring many manual steps to be performed on individual datasets, e.g., data renaming/sorting, manual execution of analysis scripts, and manual assessment of success/failure. Manual analysis practices are a substantial barrier to wider uptake of MRS. They also increase the likelihood of human error and prevent deployment of MRS at large scale. Here, we demonstrate an end-to-end workflow for fully automated data uptake, processing, and quality review.

New MethodThe proposed continuous automated MRS analysis workflow integrates several recent innovations in MRS data and file storage conventions. They are efficiently deployed by a directory monitoring service that automatically triggers the following steps upon arrival of a new raw MRS dataset in a project folder: (1) conversion from proprietary manufacturer file formats into the universal format NIfTI-MRS; (2) consistent file system organization according to the data accumulation logic standard BIDS-MRS; (3) executing a command-line executable of our open-source end-to-end analysis software Osprey; (4) e-mail delivery of a quality control summary report for all analysis steps.

ResultsThe automated architecture successfully completed for a demonstration dataset. The only manual step required was to copy a raw data folder into a monitored directory.

Comparison with Existing Method(s)The workflow presented here is the first implementation of a continuous automated MRS analysis ecosystem based on NIfTI-MRS and BIDS-MRS standards. Traditional MRS workflows are non-standardized, often require manual input, and frequently noy compatible with established neuroimaging workflows. This workflow should therefore facilitate integration of MRS into large-scale and multi-center studies.

ConclusionsContinuous automated analysis of MRS data can reduce the burden of manual data analysis and quality control, particularly for non-expert users and multi-center or large-scale studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous automated MRS data analysis workflow for applied studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facemap: a framework for modeling neural activity based on orofacial tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies in mice have shown that orofacial behaviors drive a large fraction of neural activity across the brain. To understand the nature and function of these signals, we need better computational models to characterize the behaviors and relate them to neural activity. Here we developed Facemap, a framework consisting of a keypoint tracking algorithm and a deep neural network encoder for predicting neural activity. We used the Facemap keypoints as input for the deep neural network to predict the activity of [~]50,000 simultaneously-recorded neurons and in visual cortex we doubled the amount of explained variance compared to previous methods. Our keypoint tracking algorithm was more accurate than existing pose estimation tools, while the inference speed was several times faster, making it a powerful tool for closed-loop behavioral experiments. The Facemap tracker was easy to adapt to data from new labs, requiring as few as 10 annotated frames for near-optimal performance. We used Facemap to find that the neuronal activity clusters which were highly driven by behaviors were more spatially spread-out across cortex. We also found that the deep keypoint features inferred by the model had time-asymmetrical state dynamics that were not apparent in the raw keypoint data. In summary, Facemap provides a stepping stone towards understanding the function of the brainwide neural signals and their relation to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facemap: a framework for modeling neural activity based on orofacial tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of cell wall synthesis activation and chromosome segregation during cell division in Caulobacter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To divide, bacteria must synthesize and remodel their peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, a protective meshwork that maintains cell shape. FtsZ, a tubulin homolog, dynamically assembles into a midcell band, recruiting division proteins including the PG synthases FtsW and FtsI. FtsWI are activated to synthesize PG and drive constriction at the appropriate time and place, however their activation pathway remains unresolved. In Caulobacter crescentus, FtsWI activity requires FzlA, an essential FtsZ-binding protein. Through time-lapse imaging and single-molecule tracking of C. crescentus FtsW and FzlA in perturbed genetic backgrounds, we demonstrate that FzlA is a limiting constriction activation factor that converts inactive, fast-moving FtsW to an active, slow-moving state. We find that FzlA interacts with the DNA translocase FtsK, and place FtsK genetically in a pathway with FzlA and FtsWI. Misregulation of the FzlA-FtsK-FtsWI pathway leads to heightened DNA damage and cell death. We propose that FzlA integrates the FtsZ ring, chromosome segregation, and PG synthesis to ensure robust and timely constriction during Caulobacter division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahone, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of cell wall synthesis activation and chromosome segregation during cell division in Caulobacter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XIST ribonucleoproteins promote female sex-biased autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect females more than males. The XX sex chromosome complement is strongly associated with susceptibility to autoimmunity. Xist long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is expressed only in females to randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes to achieve gene dosage compensation. Here, we show that the Xist ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, comprised of numerous autoantigenic components, is an important driver of sex-biased autoimmunity. Inducible transgenic expression of a non-silencing form of Xist in male mice introduced Xist RNP complexes and sufficed to produce autoantibodies. Male SJL/J mice expressing transgenic Xist developed more severe multiorgan pathology in pristane-induced model of lupus than wild-type males. Xist expression in males reprogrammed T and B cell population and chromatin states to more resemble wild type females. Human patients with autoimmune diseases displayed significant autoantibodies to multiple components of XIST RNP. Thus, a sex-specific lncRNA scaffolds ubiquitous RNP components to drive sex-biased immunity.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITransgenic mouse models inducibly express Xist in male animals.
C_LIO_LIXist expression in males induce autoantibodies and autoimmune pathology.
C_LIO_LIXist in males reprograms T and B cell populations to female-like patterns.
C_LIO_LIAutoantibodies to Xist RNP characterize female-biased autoimmune diseases.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellstrom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigley, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wutz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XIST ribonucleoproteins promote female sex-biased autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy can resolve fluorescent structures and dynamics deep in scattering tissue, but applying this technique in vivo can be limited by short working distance water-immersion objectives. Here we present an ultra long working distance (20 mm) air objective called the Cousa objective. It is optimized for performance across multiphoton imaging wavelengths, offers a > 4 mm2 field-of-view with submicron lateral resolution, and is compatible with commonly used multiphoton imaging systems. We share the full optical prescription, and report performance including in vivo 2-photon and 3-photon imaging in a range of species and preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsit, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular cell type organization of cortical areas revealed by in situ sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortex is composed of neuronal types with diverse gene expression that are organized into specialized cortical areas. These areas, each with characteristic cytoarchitecture (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; Von Bonin 1947), connectivity (Zingg et al. 2014; Harris et al. 2019), and neuronal activity (Schwarz et al. 2008; Ferrarini et al. 2009; He et al. 2009; Meunier et al. 2010; Bertolero et al. 2015), are wired into modular networks (Zingg et al. 2014; Harris et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020). However, it remains unclear whether cortical areas and their modular organization can be similarly defined by their transcriptomic signatures and how such signatures are established in development. Here we used BARseq, a high-throughput in situ sequencing technique, to interrogate the expression of 104 cell type marker genes in 10.3 million cells, including 4,194,658 cortical neurons over nine mouse forebrain hemispheres at cellular resolution. De novo clustering of gene expression in single neurons revealed transcriptomic types that were consistent with previous single-cell RNAseq studies(Yao et al. 2021a; Yao et al. 2021b). Gene expression and the distribution of fine-grained cell types vary along the contours of cortical areas, and the composition of transcriptomic types are highly predictive of cortical area identity. Moreover, areas with similar compositions of transcriptomic types, which we defined as cortical modules, overlap with areas that are highly connected, suggesting that the same modular organization is reflected in both transcriptomic signatures and connectivity. To explore how the transcriptomic profiles of cortical neurons depend on development, we compared the cell type distributions after neonatal binocular enucleation. Strikingly, binocular enucleation caused the cell type compositional profiles of visual areas to shift towards neighboring areas within the same cortical module, suggesting that peripheral inputs sharpen the distinct transcriptomic identities of areas within cortical modules. Enabled by the high-throughput, low-cost, and reproducibility of BARseq, our study provides a proof-of-principle for using large-scale in situ sequencing to reveal brain-wide molecular architecture and to understand its development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular cell type organization of cortical areas revealed by in situ sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosaic mutations in blood are common with increasing age and are prognostic markers for cancer, cardiovascular dysfunction and other diseases. This group of acquired mutations include megabase-scale mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs). These large mutations have mainly been surveyed using SNP array data from individuals of European (EA) or Japanese genetic ancestry. To gain a better understanding of mCA rates and associated risk factors in genetically diverse populations, we surveyed whole genome sequencing data from 67,390 individuals, including 20,132 individuals of African ancestry (AA), and 7,608 of Hispanic ancestry (HA) with deep (30X) whole genome sequencing data from the NHLBI Trans Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We adapted an existing mCA calling algorithm for application to WGS data, and observed higher sensitivity with WGS data, compared with array-based data, in uncovering mCAs at low mutant cell fractions. As in previous reports, we observed a strong association with age and a non-uniform distribution of mCAs across the genome. The presence of autosomal (but not chromosome X) mCAs was associated with an increased risk of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. After adjusting for age, we found that individuals of European ancestry have the highest rates of autosomal mCAs, mirroring the higher rate of leukemia in this group. Our analysis also uncovered higher rates of chromosome X mCAs in AA and HA compared to EA, again after adjusting for age. Germline variants in ATM and MPL showed strong associations with mCAs in cis, including ancestry specific variants. And rare variant gene-burden analysis confirmed the association of putatively protein altering variants in ATM and MPL with mCAs in cis. Individual rare variants in DCPS, ADM17, PPP1R16B, and TET2 were all associated with autosomal mCAs and rare variants in OR4C16 were associated with chromosome X mCAs in females. There was significant enrichment of co-occurrence of CHIP mutations and mCAs both altering cancer associated genes TET2, DNMT3A, JAK2, CUX1, and TP53. Overall, our study demonstrates that rates of mCAs differ across populations and that rare inherited germline variants are strongly associated with mCAs across genetically diverse populations. These results strongly motivate further studies of mCAs in under-represented populations to better understand the causes and consequences of this class of somatic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubek, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machiela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD) identifies conserved molecular dynamics across collections of biologically related multi-omics data matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is necessary to develop exploratory tools to learn from the unprecedented volume of high-dimensional multi-omic data currently being produced across the field of biomedicine. We have developed an R package, Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD), which identifies components of variation that are shared across multiple matrices. The approach focuses specifically on variation across the samples/cells within each dataset while incorporating biologist-defined hierarchical structure among input experiments that can span in vivo and in vitro systems, multi-omic data modalities, and species.

SJD enables the definition of molecular variation that is conserved across systems, those that are shared within subsets of studies, and elements unique to individual matrices. We have included functions to simplify the construction and visualization of highly complex in silico experiments involving many diverse multi-omic matrices from multiple species. Here we apply SJD to decompose four RNA-seq experiments focused on neurogenesis in the neocortex. The public datasets used in this analysis are at NeMO Analytics and can be explored at the individual gene level or using the conserved transcriptomic dynamics in mammalian neurogenesis that we define here.

The SJD R package and tutorial can be found at https://chuansite.github.io/SJD.

Contact: hzchenhuan@gmail.com; ccolant1@jhmi.edu [carlocolantuoni.org]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-OBrien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured Joint Decomposition (SJD) identifies conserved molecular dynamics across collections of biologically related multi-omics data matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in a rabbit model of retinal detachment-related proliferative vitreoretinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSProliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of retinal reattachment surgery and the molecular changes leading to this aberrant wound healing process is currently unknown. We aimed to study PVR pathogenesis using single-cell transcriptomics to dissect cellular heterogeneity in a rabbit PVR model.

MethodsPVR was induced unilaterally in Dutch Belted rabbits. At different timepoints following PVR induction, retinas were dissociated into either cells or nuclei suspension and processed for single-cell or single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq or snRNA-seq).

ResultsscRNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq were conducted on retinas at 4 hours and 14 days after disease induction. While the capture rate of unique molecular identifiers (UMI) and genes were greater in scRNA-seq samples, overall gene expression profiles of individual cell types were highly correlated between scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq. A major disparity between the two sequencing modalities is the cell type capture rate, however, with glial cell types over-represented in scRNA-seq, and inner retinal neurons were enriched by snRNA-seq. Furthermore, fibrotic Muller glia were over-represented in snRNA-seq samples, while reactive Muller glia were in scRNA-seq samples. Trajectory analyses were similar between the two methods, allowing for the combined analysis of the scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq datasets.

ConclusionsThese findings highlight limitations of both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq analysis and imply that use of both techniques can more accurately identify transcriptional networks critical for aberrant fibrogenesis in PVR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in a rabbit model of retinal detachment-related proliferative vitreoretinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium regulates axon-oligodendrocyte signaling and metabolic coupling in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrity of myelinated axons relies on homeostatic support from oligodendrocytes (OLs), which is essential for brain function. However, the mechanisms by which OLs detect axonal spiking and rapidly control axon-OL metabolic coupling are largely unknown. Here, we combine optic nerve electrophysiology and two-photon imaging to study activity-dependent calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in OLs and metabolite fluxes in myelinated axons. Both high-frequency axonal firing and extracellular potassium (K+) elevations trigger a fast Ca2+ response in OLs that is facilitated by barium-sensitive, inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Using OL-specific Kir4.1 knockout mice (Kir4.1 cKO) we now demonstrate that, in addition to being crucial for K+ clearance, oligodendroglial Kir4.1 regulates axonal energy metabolism and long-term axonal integrity. Before the manifestation of axonal damage, we observed reduced glucose transporter GLUT1 and monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 expression in myelin of young Kir4.1 cKO mice, suggesting early deficits in metabolite supply to axons. Strikingly, we found lower resting lactate levels and activity-induced lactate surges in optic nerve axons of young Kir4.1 cKO mice. Moreover, both axonal glucose uptake and consumption were hampered in the absence of oligodendroglial Kir4.1, uncovering a new role of OLs in regulating axonal glucose metabolism. Our findings reveal a novel model of axon-OL signaling and metabolic coupling in which OLs detect high-frequency axonal activity through K+ signaling, which is critical in adjusting the axon-OL metabolic unit and in preserving long-term axonal health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Looser, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravotto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhwedel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moebius, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nave, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium regulates axon-oligodendrocyte signaling and metabolic coupling in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of reading-related orthographic processing in braille 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blind readers use a tactile reading systems consisting of raised dot arrays: braille/. How does the human brain implement reading by touch? The current study looked for signatures of reading-specific orthographic processes in braille, separate from low-level somatosensory responses and semantic retrieval. Of specific interest were responses in posterior parietal cortices (PPC), because of their role in high-level tactile perception. Congenitally blind, proficient braille readers read real words and pseudowords by touch while undergoing fMRI. We leveraged the system of contractions in English braille, where one or more braille cells can represent combinations of English print letters (e.g., "ing" , "one" ), making it possible to separate physical and uncontracted letter-length. All words in the study consisted of 4 braille cells, but their corresponding Roman spellings varied from 4 to 7 letters (e.g., "con-c-er-t" . contracted: 4 cells; uncontracted: 7 letters). We found that the bilateral supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in the PPC increased its activity as the uncontracted word length increased. By contrast, in the hand region of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), activity increased as a function of a low-level somatosensory feature: dot-number per word. The PPC also showed greater response to pseudowords than real words and distinguished between real and pseudowords in multi-voxel-pattern analysis. Parieto-occipital, early visual and ventral occipito-temporal, as well as prefrontal cortices also showed sensitivity to the real-vs-pseudoword distinction. We conclude that PPC is involved in sublexical orthographic processing for braille, possibly due to brailles tactile modality.

Significance statementBlind readers use tactile reading systems of raised dot arrays: braille. To identify signatures of orthographic processing for reading by touch, and dissociate it from tactile and linguistic process, we leveraged the system of contractions in English braille, where one or more braille characters represents combinations of English print letters. Blind proficient braille readers read real words and pseudowords during fMRI scans. While all words consisted of 4 braille characters, the uncontracted spelling ranged from 4-7 letters. Activity in bilateral-posterior-parietal cortices, just posterior to primary-somatosensory cortex, increased with uncontracted word length, independent of tactile complexity (number of raised dots per word). By contrast, primary-somatosensory activity increased with tactile complexity. The posterior-parietal cortices contribute to tactile reading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of reading-related orthographic processing in braille]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of exogenous and endogenous co-stimulatory signals by CAR-Tregs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are a promising tool to promote transplant tolerance. The relationship between CAR structure and Treg function was studied in xenogeneic, immunodeficient mice, revealing advantages of CD28-encoding CARs. However, these models could underrepresent interactions between CAR-Tregs, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and donor-specific antibodies. We generated mouse Tregs expressing HLA-A2-specific CARs with different costimulatory domains and compared their function in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays revealed the CD28-encoding CAR had superior antigen-specific suppression, proliferation and cytokine production. In contrast, in vivo protection from skin allograft rejection and alloantibody production was similar between Tregs expressing CARs encoding CD28, ICOS or PD1, but not GITR, 41BB or OX40, co-stimulatory domains. To reconcile in vitro and in vivo data, we analyzed effects of a CAR encoding CD3{zeta} but no co-stimulatory domain. These data revealed that exogenous co-stimulation via APCs can compensate for the lack of a CAR-encoded CD28 domain. Thus, Tregs expressing a CAR with or without CD28 are functionally equivalent in vivo. This study reveals a new dimension of CAR-Treg biology and has important implications for the design of CARs for clinical use in Tregs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojibian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levings, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of exogenous and endogenous co-stimulatory signals by CAR-Tregs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.515727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of mechanisms of drug resistance by polyaneuploid cancer cells in a microfluidic device and patient tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.515727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in many cancers. However, the life cycle of cancer cells as they respond to and survive environmental and therapeutic stress is understudied. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic device to induce the development of doxorubicin-resistant (DOXR) cells from triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells within 11 days by generating gradients of DOX and medium. In vivo chemoresistant xenograft models, an unbiased genome-wide transcriptome analysis, and a patient data/tissue analysis all showed that chemoresistance arose from failed epigenetic control of the nuclear protein-1 (NUPR1)/histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) axis, and high Nupr1 expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes. These results suggest that the chip can rapidly induce resistant cells that increase tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance, highlighting the need for further studies on the epigenetic control of the NUPR1/HDAC11 axis in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeonghun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.515727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of mechanisms of drug resistance by polyaneuploid cancer cells in a microfluidic device and patient tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rate of neuronal turnover in the healthy adult murine myenteric ganglia varies with ganglia size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of normal structure of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which regulates key gastrointestinal functions, requires robust homeostatic mechanisms, since by virtue of its location within the gut wall, the ENS is subject to constant mechanical, chemical, and biological stressors. Using transgenic and thymidine analogue-based experiments, we previously discovered that neuronal turnover - where continual neurogenesis offsets ongoing neuronal loss at steady state - represents one such mechanism. Although other studies confirmed that neuronal death continues into adulthood in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the complicated nature of thymidine analogue presents challenges in substantiating the occurrence of adult neurogenesis. Therefore, its vital to employ alternative, well-recognized techniques to substantiate the existence of adult enteric neurogenesis in the healthy gut. Here, by using established methods of assessing nuclear DNA content and detecting known mitotic marker phosphor-histone H3 (pH3) in Hu+ adult ENS cells, we show that [~]10% of adult murine small intestinal myenteric Hu+ cells, and [~]20% of adult human small intestinal myenteric Hu+ cells show evidence of mitosis and hence are cycling neuroblasts. We observe that proportions of Hu+ cycling neuroblasts in the adult murine ENS neither vary with ganglia size, nor do they differ significantly between two intestinal regions - duodenum and ileum, or between sexes. Confocal microscopy provides further evidence of cytokinesis in Hu+ cells. The presence of a significant population of cycling neuroblasts in adult ENS provide further evidence of steady state neurogenesis in the adult ENS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rate of neuronal turnover in the healthy adult murine myenteric ganglia varies with ganglia size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent trait space can be leveraged to harmonize small data into big data when the constituent datasets measure the same underlying (latent) domains using a set of partially overlapping measurement instruments in each domain. The latent trait space then acts as a common metric space for each dataset, thus ensuring the same scale for the latent traits across datasets, despite the use of non-identical sets of measurement instruments within datasets. This approach, as originally published, only applied to a narrow set of circumstances, namely, that each measurement instrument occurred in more than one dataset. Here, we extend the latent trait approach to drop this requirement by using matrix completion methods. Using a simulation study, we evaluate the reliability of this extension and offer guidance on circumstances when the latent trait approach to missing data is robust and practical on real datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>bartlett, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kress, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klamer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor proliferation and invasion are coupled through cell-extracellular matrix friction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell proliferation and invasion are two key drivers of tumor progression and are traditionally considered two independent cellular processes regulated by distinct pathways. Through in vitro and in silico methods, we provide evidence that these two processes are intrinsically coupled through matrix-adhesion friction. Using novel tumor spheroids, we show that both tumor cell proliferation and invasion are limited by a volumetric carrying capacity of the system, i.e. maximum spatial cell concentration supported by the systems total cell count, nutrient consumption rate, and collagen gel mechanical properties. To manipulate these phenotypes in breast cancer cells, we modulate the expression of E-cadherin and its associated role in adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. We integrate these results into a mixed-constitutive formulation to computationally delineate the contributions of cellular and extracellular adhesion, stiffness, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the proliferative and invasive fates of breast cancer tumor spheroids. Both approaches conclude that the dominant drivers of tumor fate are system properties modulating cell-ECM friction, such as E-cadherin dependent cell-ECM adhesion and matrix pore size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhorkar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor proliferation and invasion are coupled through cell-extracellular matrix friction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in blood pressure are well-established, with premenopausal women having lower blood pressure than men by [~]10mmHg; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We report here that olfactory receptor 558 (Olfr558), which has not previously been studied in non-olfactory tissues, localizes to vascular smooth muscle cells in numerous tissues including the kidney and heart. In the kidney, Olfr558 colocalizes with renin (a hormone that plays a key role in blood pressure regulation) in the renal afferent arteriole. Based on the localization of Olfr558, we hypothesized that Olfr558 plays a role in blood pressure regulation. We find that sex differences in blood pressure are intact in Olfr558 wildtype (WT) mice, but, are absent in Olfr558 knockout (KO) mice. We find that male KO mice have lowered diastolic blood pressure, decreased renin expression and activity, and altered vascular reactivity. Female KO mice exhibit increased blood pressure and increased pulse wave velocity, indicating increased vascular stiffness. The human ortholog of Olfr558, OR51E1, was previously identified as a locus associated with diastolic blood pressure. We report here that a rare OR51E1 missense variant has a statistically significant sex interaction effect with diastolic blood pressure, increasing diastolic blood pressure in women but decreasing it in men. In addition, we characterize how two different clinically relevant OR51E1 variants influence OR51E1 signaling in vitro. In sum, our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for Olfr558/OR51E1 to mediate sex differences in blood pressure by altering renin, vascular reactivity, and arterial stiffness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplicon sequencing reveals complex infection in infants congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and informs the dynamics of parasite transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is an important source of new infections worldwide. The mechanisms of congenital transmission remain poorly understood, but there is evidence that parasite factors could play a role.

Investigating changes in parasite strain diversity during transmission could provide insight into the parasite factors that influence the process. Here we use deep amplicon sequencing of a single copy gene in the T. cruzi genome to evaluate the diversity of infection in a collection of clinical blood samples from Chagas positive mothers and their infected infants. We found several infants and mothers infected with more than two parasite haplotypes, indicating infection with multiple parasite strains. Two haplotypes were detected exclusively in infant samples, while one haplotype was never found in infants, suggesting a relationship between the probability of transmission and parasite genotype. Finally, we found an increase in parasite population diversity in children after birth compared to their mothers, suggesting that there is no transmission bottleneck during congenital infection and that multiple parasites breach the placenta in the course of congenital transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinajeros, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharabora, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaga Machaca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menduina, M. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verastegui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagas working group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplicon sequencing reveals complex infection in infants congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and informs the dynamics of parasite transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Attention-based Deep Learning to Predict ERG:TMPRSS2 Fusion Status in Prostate Cancer from Whole Slide Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with several genetic alterations which play an important role in the disease heterogeneity and clinical outcome including gene fusion between TMPRSS2 and members of the ETS family of transcription factors specially ERG. The expanding wealth of pathology whole slide images (WSIs) and the increasing adoption of deep learning (DL) approaches offer a unique opportunity for pathologists to streamline the detection of ERG:TMPRSS2 fusion status. Here, we used two large cohorts of digitized H&E-stained slides from radical prostatectomy specimens to train and evaluate a DL system capable of detecting the ERG fusion status and also detecting tissue regions of high diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Slides from the PCa TCGA dataset were split into training (n=318), validation (n=59), and testing sets (n=59) with the training and validation sets being used for training the model and optimizing its hyperparameters, respectively while the testing set was used for evaluating the performance. Additionally, we used an internal testing cohort consisting of 314 WSIs for independent assessment of the models performance. The ERG prediction model achieved an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.72 and 0.73 in the TCGA testing set and the internal testing cohort, respectively. In addition to slide-level classification, we also identified highly attended patches for the cases predicted as either ERG-positive or negative which had distinct morphological features associated with ERG status. We subsequently characterized the cellular composition of these patches using HoVer-Net model trained on the PanNuke dataset to segment and classify the nuclei into five main categories. Notably, a high ratio of neoplastic cells in the highly-attended regions was significantly associated with shorter overall and progression-free survival while high ratios of immune, stromal and stromal to neoplastic cells were all associated with longer overall and metastases-free survival. Our work highlights the utility of deploying deep learning systems on digitized histopathology slides to predict key molecular alteration in cancer together with their associated morphological features which would streamline the diagnostic process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Attention-based Deep Learning to Predict ERG:TMPRSS2 Fusion Status in Prostate Cancer from Whole Slide Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DPYSL2/CRMP2 isoform B knockout in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons confirms its role in mTOR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPYSL2/CRMP2 is a microtubule-stabilizing protein crucial for neurogenesis and associated with numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. DPYSL2 has multiple RNA and protein isoforms, but few studies have differentiated between them or explored their individual functions. We previously demonstrated in HEK293 cells that a schizophrenia -associated variant in the DPYSL2 B isoform (DPYSL2-B) reduced the length of cellular projections, created a transcriptomic disturbance that captured schizophrenia etiology, and was acted upon by the mTOR pathway. In the present study, we follow up on these results by creating, to our knowledge, the first models of endogenous DPYSL2-B knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cells and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. We use CRISPR/Cas9 to specifically knock out DPYSL2-B and observe corresponding reduction of its RNA and protein. The average length of dendrites in knockout neurons was reduced up to 58% compared to controls. Transcriptome analysis reveals disruptions in pathways highly relevant to psychiatric disease including mTOR signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, immune function, calcium signaling, and cholesterol biosynthesis. We also observed a significant enrichment of our differentially expressed genes in schizophrenia GWAS-associated loci. Our findings clarify the functions of the human DPYSL2-B isoform and confirm its involvement in molecular pathologies shared between many psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feuer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.19.517191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DPYSL2/CRMP2 isoform B knockout in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons confirms its role in mTOR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in the HIV immature lattice support essential lattice remodeling within budded virions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For HIV virions to become infectious, the immature lattice of Gag polyproteins attached to the virion membrane must be cleaved. Cleavage cannot initiate without the protease formed by the homo-dimerization of domains linked to Gag. However, only 5% of the Gag polyproteins, termed Gag-Pol, carry this protease domain, and they are embedded within the structured lattice. The mechanism of Gag-Pol dimerization is unknown. Here, we use reaction-diffusion simulations of the immature Gag lattice as derived from experimental structures, showing that dynamics of the lattice on the membrane is unavoidable due to the missing 1/3 of the spherical protein coat. These dynamics allow for Gag-Pol molecules carrying the protease domains to detach and reattach at new places within the lattice. Surprisingly, dimerization timescales of minutes or less are achievable for realistic binding energies and rates despite retaining most of the large-scale lattice structure. We derive a formula allowing extrapolation of timescales as a function of interaction free energy and binding rate, thus predicting how additional stabilization of the lattice would impact dimerization times. We further show that during assembly, dimerization of Gag-Pol occurs stochastically and therefore must be actively suppressed to prevent early activation. By direct comparison to recent biochemical measurements within budded virions, we find that only moderately stable hexamer contacts (-12kBT<{Delta}G<-8kBT) retain both the dynamics and lattice structures that are consistent with experiment. These dynamics are likely essential for proper maturation, and our models quantify and predict lattice dynamics and protease dimerization timescales that define a key step in understanding formation of infectious viruses.

Statement of SignificanceFor retroviruses such as HIV-1, the Gag polyprotein assembles an immature lattice that ensures successful budding from the cell plasma membrane. The first step in the subsequent maturation requires a pair of protease domains embedded within the lattice to form a homodimer. We show here that this homo-dimerization can proceed within minutes despite involving a small subset of Gag monomers, due to the incompleteness of the immature lattice. Using reaction-diffusion simulations, we quantify timescales of first dimerization events between the protease domains and define a formula to extrapolate across a range of energies and rates. Our models illustrate how protein contacts can be weakened to disrupt lattice assembly or stabilized to slow the remodeling essential for viral infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in the HIV immature lattice support essential lattice remodeling within budded virions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dependence of Nucleosome Mechanical Stability on DNA Mismatches and Histone Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of nucleosomes into chromatin and their accessibility are shaped by local DNA mechanics. Conversely, nucleosome positions shape genetic variations, which may originate from mismatches during replication and chemical modification of DNA. To investigate how DNA mismatches affect the mechanical stability and the exposure of nucleosomal DNA, we used an optical trap combined with single-molecule FRET and a single-molecule FRET cyclization assay. We found that a single base-pair C-C mismatch enhances DNA bendability and nucleosome mechanical stability for the 601-nucleosome positioning sequence. An increase in force required for DNA unwrapping from the histone core is observed for single base-pair C-C mismatches placed at three tested positions: at the inner turn, at the outer turn, or at the junction of the inner and outer turn of the nucleosome. The results support a model where nucleosomal DNA accessibility is reduced by mismatches, potentially explaining the preferred accumulation of single nucleotide substitutions in the nucleosome core and serving as the source of genetic variation during evolution and cancer progression. Mechanical stability of an intact nucleosome, i.e., mismatch-free, is also dependent on the species as we find that yeast nucleosomes are mechanically less stable and more symmetrical in the outer turn unwrapping compared to Xenopus nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dependence of Nucleosome Mechanical Stability on DNA Mismatches and Histone Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurogenetic identification of mosquito sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles mosquitoes, as vectors for the malaria parasite, are a global threat to human health. To find and bite a human, they utilize neurons within their sensory appendages. However, the identity and quantification of sensory appendage neurons are lacking. Here we use a neurogenetic approach to label all neurons in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. We utilize the Homology Assisted CRISPR Knock-in (HACK) approach to generate a T2A-QF2w knock-in of the synaptic gene bruchpilot. We use a membrane-targeted GFP reporter to visualize the neurons in the brain and to quantify neurons in all major chemosensory appendages (antenna, maxillary palp, labella, tarsi). By comparing labeling of brp>GFP and Orco>GFP mosquitoes, we predict the extent of neurons expressing Ionotropic Receptors or other chemosensory receptors. This work introduces a valuable genetic tool for the functional analysis of Anopheles mosquito neurobiology and initiates characterization of the sensory neurons that guide mosquito behavior.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=178 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/517370v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (46K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebbf69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63bcd2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bab0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18799a4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konopka, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Task, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinapen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurogenetic identification of mosquito sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.515840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miR-210 expression is strongly hypoxia-induced in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and is associated with extracellular vesicles & Argonaute-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.515840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, is frequently found in highly proliferative solid tumors such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and is believed to promote resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Identifying hypoxic cells for targeted therapy may thus be an effective approach to treating aggressive cancers. Here, we explore the potential of the well-known hypoxia-responsive microRNA (miRNA) miR-210-3p as a cellular and extracellular biological marker of hypoxia. We compare miRNA expression across several ATC and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines. In the ATC cell line SW1736, miR-210-3p expression levels indicate hypoxia during exposure to low oxygen conditions (2% O2). Furthermore, when released by SW1736 cells into the extracellular space, miR-210-3p is associated with RNA carriers such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and Argonaute-2 (AGO2), making it a potential extracellular marker for hypoxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbricht, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.515840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miR-210 expression is strongly hypoxia-induced in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and is associated with extracellular vesicles & Argonaute-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of the evolution of cell-type specific microRNA expression signatures supports the hematopoietic origin model of endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of specialized cell-types is a long-standing interest of biologists, but given the deep time-scales very difficult to reconstruct or observe. microRNAs have been linked to the evolution of cellular complexity and may inform on specialization. The endothelium is a vertebrate specific specialization of the circulatory system that enabled a critical new level of vasoregulation. The evolutionary origin of these endothelial cells is unclear. We hypothesized that Mir-126, an endothelial cell-specific microRNA may be informative.

We here reconstruct the evolutionary history of Mir-126. Mir-126 likely appeared in the last common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates, a species without an endothelium, within an intron of the evolutionary much older EGF Like Domain Multiple (Egfl) locus. Mir-126 has a complex evolutionary history due to duplications and losses of both the host gene and the microRNA. Taking advantage of the strong evolutionary conservation of the microRNA among Olfactores, and using RNA in situ hybridization (RISH), we localized Mir-126 in the tunicate Ciona robusta. We found exclusive expression of the mature Mir-126 in granular amebocytes, supporting a long-proposed scenario that endothelial cells arose from hemoblasts, a type of proto-endothelial amoebocyte found throughout invertebrates.

This observed change of expression of Mir-126 from proto-endothelial amoebocytes in the tunicate to endothelial cells in vertebrates is the first direct observation of the evolution of a cell-type in relation to microRNA expression indicating that microRNAs can be a prerequisite of cell-type evolution.

Research HighlightsO_LIdirect observation of cell-type evolution
C_LIO_LIhigh conservation of sequence enables for simple RISH experiment of expression
C_LIO_LIMir-126 follows the evolution of hematopoetic cells to endothelial cells
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenike, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of the evolution of cell-type specific microRNA expression signatures supports the hematopoietic origin model of endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly ADP-Ribose Signaling is Dysregulated in Huntington Disease Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, translating to an expanded polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. Age at disease onset correlates to CAG repeat length but varies by decades between individuals with identical repeat lengths. Genome-wide association studies link HD modification to DNA repair and mitochondrial health pathways. Clinical studies show elevated DNA damage in HD, even at the premanifest stage. A major DNA repair node influencing neurodegenerative disease is the PARP pathway. Accumulation of poly ADP-ribose (PAR) has been implicated in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, as well as cerebellar ataxia. We report that HD mutation carriers have lower cerebrospinal fluid PAR levels than healthy controls, starting at the premanifest stage. Human HD iPSC-derived neurons and patient- derived fibroblasts have diminished PAR response in the context of elevated DNA damage. We have defined a PAR-binding motif in huntingtin, detected huntingtin complexed with PARylated proteins in human cells during stress, and localized huntingtin to mitotic chromosomes upon inhibition of PAR degradation. Direct huntingtin PAR binding was measured by fluorescence polarization and visualized by atomic force microscopy at the single molecule level. While wild type and mutant huntingtin did not differ in their PAR binding ability, purified wild type huntingtin protein increased in vitro PARP1 activity while mutant huntingtin did not. These results provide insight into an early molecular mechanism of HD, suggesting possible targets for the design of early preventive therapies.

Significance statementA consensus on dysfunctional DNA repair has emerged in neurodegenerative disease research, with elevated poly ADP-ribose (PAR) signaling more recently implicated. In contrast, we have identified a deficient PAR response in Huntingtons disease (HD) patient spinal fluid samples and cells. This may be explained by the inability of huntingtin protein bearing the HD-causing mutation to stimulate production of PAR the way the wild type protein does. Since drugs that target PAR production and degradation have already been developed, these findings present an exciting avenue for therapeutic intervention for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maiuri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begeja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly ADP-Ribose Signaling is Dysregulated in Huntington Disease Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous Noise Reduction and Layer Segmentation for Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography in Human Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) of human retina is an emerging imaging modality that uses shorter wavelength in visible light range than conventional near infrared (NIR) light. It provides one-micron level axial resolution to better separate stratified retinal layers, as well as microvascular oximetry. However, due to the practical limitation of laser safety and comfort, the permissible illumination power is much lower than NIR OCT which can be challenging to obtain high quality VIS-OCT images and subsequent image analysis. Therefore, improving VIS-OCT image quality by denoising is an essential step in the overall workflow in VIS-OCT clinical applications. In this paper, we provide the first VIS-OCT retinal image dataset from normal eyes, including retinal layer annotation and "noisy-clean" image pairs. We propose an efficient co-learning deep learning framework for parallel self-denoising and segmentation simultaneously. Both tasks synergize within the same network and improve each others performance. The significant improvement of segmentation (2% higher Dice coefficient compared to segmentation-only process) for ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) is observed when available annotation drops to 25%, suggesting an annotation-efficient training. We also showed that the denoising model trained on our dataset generalizes well for a different scanning protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.518000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous Noise Reduction and Layer Segmentation for Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography in Human Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independence and interaction between the control of moving and holding still in post-stroke arm paresis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving and holding-still (holding) have been posited to be under separate control regimes for both eye and arm movements. The paretic arm after stroke exhibits different abnormalities during rest vs. movement, providing an opportunity to ask whether control of these behaviors is independently affected in stroke. Here, we quantified resting postural abnormalities in stroke patients by measuring their biases in force production as they held their hand still in various locations in a planar workspace, and then assessed the influence of these resting force biases on reaching in the same workspace. We found that patients had marked resting force biases at each location, even when the arm was supported. However, these biases did not transfer to arm-supported planar reaching movements: not during initial acceleration, not in response to mid-trajectory perturbations, and not during deceleration to a stop. Rather, the abnormal resting forces only appeared to switch on after a movement had fully stopped. These findings suggest that moving and holding are functionally separable modes of control. At the same time, we found that the resting biases mirrored characteristics of abnormal synergies during movement: they markedly decreased when arm support was provided; they were higher in more distant positions that require breaking out of flexion; and they scaled with the Fugl-Meyer score for the upper extremity (a measure of intrusion of abnormal synergies during active movement). These three shared features suggest a common mechanism for resting biases and abnormal synergies, which appears to be a contradiction given the functional separation of moving and holding observed in the same patients. To resolve this paradox, we propose a conceptual model that predicts a breakdown in the functional separation between reaching and holding when patients move in the absence of weight support. This conceptual model posits that synergies are the behavioral manifestation of a spillover of posture into movement. Mapping these functional systems onto anatomical and physiological details of lesioned substrate after stroke may provide implementation-level insight into how normal arm motor control is assembled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.517884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independence and interaction between the control of moving and holding still in post-stroke arm paresis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte MCT1 expression does not contribute to the axonal degenerative phenotype observed with ubiquitous MCT1 depletion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently reported that loss of oligodendrocyte metabolic support through the lactate and pyruvate transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) is well tolerated into adulthood. Only with advanced aging did we observe axonal degeneration and hypomyelination due to loss of MCT1 from oligodendroglia lineage cells. MCT1 is also expressed by other glial subtypes, such as astrocytes and endothelial cells where it has been suggested to be essential for learning and memory tasks. However, the importance of MCT1 in these cell types for long-term axonal metabolic support is still unknown. We therefore addressed whether conditional loss of MCT1 from either of these cell types would lead to widespread axonal degeneration with aging. Using a conditional null approach, similar to what was used for oligodendrocyte MCT1 depletion, we observed that conditional knockout of MCT1 from either astrocytes or endothelial cells did not cause neuronal injury. On the other hand, inducible ubiquitous depletion of MCT1 causes late-onset axonal degeneration, comparable with what was observed in our previous study using the oligodendrocyte lineage MCT1 null mice. In summary, we conclude that unlike oligodendrocyte MCT1, astrocyte MCT1 is not an essential driver of astrocyte mediated axonal energy homeostasis with aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayakumar, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidensky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte MCT1 expression does not contribute to the axonal degenerative phenotype observed with ubiquitous MCT1 depletion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes in the essential E. coli septal cell wall synthesis complex suggest an activation mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial divisome, a macromolecular machine that is composed of more than thirty proteins in E. coli, orchestrates the essential process of cell wall constriction during cell division. Novel antimicrobial strategies can target protein-protein interactions within the divisome and will benefit from insights into divisome structure and dynamics. In this work, we combined structure prediction, molecular dynamics simulation, single-molecule imaging, and mutagenesis to construct a model of the core complex of the E. coli divisome composed of the essential septal cell wall synthase complex formed by FtsW and FtsI, and its regulators FtsQ, FtsL, FtsB, and FtsN. We observed extensive interactions in four key regions in the periplasmic domains of the complex. FtsQ, FtsL, and FtsB scaffold FtsI in an extended conformation with the FtsI transpeptidase domain lifted away from the membrane through interactions among the C-terminal domains. FtsN binds between FtsI and FtsL in a region rich in residues with superfission (activating) and dominant negative (inhibitory) mutations. Mutagenesis experiments in cellulo and in silico revealed that the essential domain of FtsN functions as a tether to tie FtsI and FtsL together, impacting interactions between the anchor-loop of FtsI and the putative catalytic region of FtsW, suggesting a mechanism of how FtsN activates the cell wall synthesis activities of FtsW and FtsI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes in the essential E. coli septal cell wall synthesis complex suggest an activation mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connectome of an insect brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.516756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains contain networks of interconnected neurons, so knowing the network architecture is essential for understanding brain function. We therefore mapped the synaptic-resolution connectome of an insect brain (Drosophila larva) with rich behavior, including learning, value-computation, and action-selection, comprising 3,013 neurons and 544,000 synapses. We characterized neuron-types, hubs, feedforward and feedback pathways, and cross-hemisphere and brain-nerve cord interactions. We found pervasive multisensory and interhemispheric integration, highly recurrent architecture, abundant feedback from descending neurons, and multiple novel circuit motifs. The brains most recurrent circuits comprised the input and output neurons of the learning center. Some structural features, including multilayer shortcuts and nested recurrent loops, resembled powerful machine learning architectures. The identified brain architecture provides a basis for future experimental and theoretical studies of neural circuits.

One-Sentence SummaryWe generated a synaptic-resolution brain connectome and characterized its connection types, neuron types, and circuit motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsolic, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazimiers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Aleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsotti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartenstein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.516756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connectome of an insect brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative network modeling reveals quantitative definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by a whole insect brain connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing connectomes can help explain how neural connectivity is related to genetics, disease, development, learning, and behavior. However, making statistical inferences about the significance and nature of differences between two networks is an open problem, and such analysis has not been extensively applied to nanoscale connectomes. Here, we investigate this problem via a case study on the bilateral symmetry of a larval Drosophila brain connectome. We translate notions of "bilateral symmetry" to generative models of the network structure of the left and right hemispheres, allowing us to test and refine our understanding of symmetry. We find significant differences in connection probabilities both across the entire left and right networks and between specific cell types. By rescaling connection probabilities or removing certain edges based on weight, we also present adjusted definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by this connectome. This work shows how statistical inferences from networks can inform the study of connectomes, facilitating future comparisons of neural structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedigo, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative network modeling reveals quantitative definitions of bilateral symmetry exhibited by a whole insect brain connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated head-fixation training system with high levels of animal participation in psychoacoustic tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animal training paradigms rely on head-fixation. Head-fixation training is typically laborious and can benefit from automation to relieve the workload as well as to reduce the variability in the training outcome. Several groups have reported successful implementations of such systems, but throughput varied greatly across groups. In addition, most studies relied on brief periods head-fixation sessions ([&le;] 1 minute) to reduce the potential stress on the animal. Here, we report the design of a new system that could achieve head-fixation sessions on the order of minutes with high participation rate from the animal (100%). Throughout the training period, each mouse performed a total of close to 40 minutes of head-fixation training on average on each day and learned common psychoacoustic tasks, i.e., tone detection and tone discrimination. Our system can achieve highly efficient training with minimum idling time, providing an opportunity for combinations with high-end neural recording equipment to achieve maximum training and data collection efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated head-fixation training system with high levels of animal participation in psychoacoustic tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling Node at TSC2 S1365 Potently Regulates T-Cell Differentiation and Improves Adoptive Cellular Cancer Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MTORC1 integrates signaling from the immune microenvironment to regulate T-cell activation, differentiation, and function. TSC2 in the tuberous sclerosis complex potently regulates mTORC1 activation. CD8+ T-cells lacking TSC2 have constitutively enhanced mTORC1 activity and generate potent effector T cells; however sustained mTORC1 activation prevents generation of long-lived memory CD8+ T-cells. Here we show manipulating TSC2 at Ser1365 potently regulates activated but not basal mTORC1 signaling in T cells. Unlike non-stimulated TSC2 knockout cells, CD8+ T-cells expressing mutant TSC2-S1365A (SA) have normal basal mTORC1 activity. PKC and T-cell Receptor (TCR) stimulation induces TSC2 S1365 phosphorylation and preventing this with the SA mutation markedly increases mTORC1 activation and T-cell effector function. Consequently, CD8+ SA T-cells display greater effector responses while retaining their capacity to become long-lived memory T-cells. CD8+ SA T-cells also display enhanced effector function under hypoxic and acidic conditions. In murine and human solid-tumor models, CD8+ SA T-cells used as adoptive cell therapy have greater anti-tumor immunity than WT CD8+ T-cells. These findings reveal an upstream mechanism to regulate mTORC1 activity in T-cells. The TSC2-SA mutation enhances both T-cell effector function and long-term persistence/memory formation, supporting a novel approach to engineer better CAR-T cells to treat cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling Node at TSC2 S1365 Potently Regulates T-Cell Differentiation and Improves Adoptive Cellular Cancer Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4, 5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029 base pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, revealing the complete ampliconic structures of TSPY, DAZ, and RBMY gene families; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a prior assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants, and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesharwani, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors are required for potentiation and depression of responses in ocular dominance plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocular deprivation (MD) causes an initial decrease in synaptic responses to the deprived eye in juvenile mouse primary visual cortex (V1) through Hebbian long-term depression (LTD). This is followed by a homeostatic increase, which has been attributed to synaptic scaling. However, homeostasis during other forms of visual deprivation is caused by sliding the threshold for Hebbian long-term potentiation (LTP) rather than scaling. We therefore asked whether the homeostatic increase during MD requires GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor activity, which is required to slide the plasticity threshold but not for synaptic scaling. Selective GluN2B blockade from 2-6d after monocular lid suture prevented the homeostatic increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitude in monocular V1 of acute slices and prevented the increase in visually evoked responses in binocular V1 in vivo. The decrease in mEPSC amplitude and visually evoked responses during the first 2d of MD also required GluN2B activity. Together, these results indicate that GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors first play a role in LTD immediately following eye closure, and then promote homeostasis during prolonged MD by sliding the plasticity threshold in favor of LTP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors are required for potentiation and depression of responses in ocular dominance plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can enhance immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Although Mtb is the most common co-infection in people living with HIV (PWH), there has been no examination of its impact on HIV-1 immune responses. Plasma neutralization and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was compared among PWH and Mtb disease (PWH/Active Mtb) and PWH/No Mtb both prior to and after antiretroviral treatment (ART) and completion of Mtb therapy. We assessed HIV-1 sequences, total antibody quantities and isotypes, and plasma cytokine levels to ascertain mechanisms that affect humoral responses. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were broader and more potent in PWH/Active Mtb as compared to PWH/No Mtb, and nAbs increased among PWH who developed Mtb after ART initiation. ADCC was also higher in the PWH who had Mtb disease after starting ART. PWH/Active Mtb as compared to PWH/No Mtb had unique HIV-1 envelope sequence motifs associated with neutralization resistance further implying differences in humoral selection. The Mtb-linked antibody augmentation associated with elevated plasma cytokine levels important for B cells and antibody production, namely interleukin-6, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), and B-cell activating factor (BAFF). Increased plasma virus levels, greater HIV-1 envelope diversity, higher levels of all antibodies, and cross-reactive responses did not explain the enhanced HIV-1 humoral responses in those with Mtb. Mtb disease enhances HIV-1 humoral responses likely by perturbing pathways important for antibody production in lymphoid tissue that has both pathogens. These findings have implications for using antibody-based therapies and inducing optimal HIV-1 antibody responses.

Author SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most common infection among people with HIV (PWH) in the world. Mtb infection can enhance immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Previous studies have not examined the impact of Mtb disease on HIV antibodies in PWH. This information has importance for future strategies aimed at enhancing HIV antibody responses in naive individuals or PWH. We show that HIV neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are broader and more potent in PWH in the presence as compared to the absence of Mtb disease. PWH and Mtb disease as compared to those without Mtb also harbor unique HIV envelope sequences, which further indicates that there is differential antibody selection pressure. The Mtb linked HIV antibody enhancement associated with specific mediators important for B cell and antibody development. Importantly, the Mtb mediated HIV antibody augmentation was not due to cross-reactivity, a generalized increase in all antibodies, or a higher level, more diverse, or longer duration of antigen exposure. We speculate that more potent HIV antibodies arise in lymphatic tissue that harbors both Mtb and HIV. Our findings have implications for both future uses of HIV antibodies as prophylaxis or treatment and strategies aimed inducing better HIV antibody responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeoye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakiyingi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nankya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinipour, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumwenda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC26A3 (DRA) is stimulated in a synergistic, intracellular Ca2+ dependent manner by cAMP AND ATP in intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In polarized intestinal epithelial cells, DRA is a brush border (BB) Cl-/HCO3- exchanger that is part of neutral NaCl absorption under baseline conditions but in cAMP driven diarrheas it is stimulated and contributes to increased anion secretion. To further understand regulation of DRA in conditions mimicking some diarrheal diseases, differentiated Caco-2/BBE cells were exposed to forskolin and ATP. Forskolin and ATP both acutely stimulated DRA in a concentration dependent manner. Forskolin at 1{micro}M and ATP at 0.25 {micro}M had minimal to no effect on DRA activity given individually; however, together, they stimulated DRA activity to levels seen with maximum concentrations of forskolin and ATP alone. In Caco-2/BBE cells expressing the Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s, ATP alone increased Ca2+ in a concentration dependent manner, while forskolin (1 {micro}M), that by itself did not significantly alter Ca2+, followed by 0.25 {micro}M ATP produced a large increase in Ca2+ that was [~]equal to the elevation caused by 1 {micro}M ATP. BAPTA-AM pretreatment prevented the ATP and forskolin/ATP synergistic increased DRA activity and the increase in intracellular Ca2+ caused by ATP/forskolin. Conclusion: In Caco-2/BBE cells subthreshold concentrations of forskolin (cAMP) and ATP (Ca2+) synergistically increased intracellular Ca2+ and stimulated DRA activity with both being blocked by BAPTA-AM pretreatment. Diarrheal diseases such as bile acid diarrhea, in which both cAMP and Ca2+ are elevated, are likely to be associated with stimulated DRA activity contributing to increased anion secretion, while separation of DRA from NHE3 contributes to reduced NaCl absorption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC26A3 (DRA) is stimulated in a synergistic, intracellular Ca2+ dependent manner by cAMP AND ATP in intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrusion of pathological synergies does not explain impaired 3D arm movements in subacute stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been of interest to characterize the components that generate the motor control abnormalities in the arm after stroke. One approach has been to decompose the hemiparesis phenotype into negative signs, such as weakness, and positive signs, such as intrusion of synergies. Here, we sought to identify the contributions of weakness and the flexor synergy to motor function and impairment, as defined by kinematic and clinical scales, respectively, in sub-acute stroke using two 3D arm tasks that differed in their requirement for elbow extension. Thirty-three sub-acute post-stroke participants and sixteen healthy controls performed a cup-to-mouth task, requiring shoulder and elbow flexion (within flexor synergy), and a reaching task, requiring shoulder flexion and elbow extension (out of flexor synergy). Using markerless 3D pose-estimation, we analyzed upper limb kinematics to assess overall task performance and intrusion of pathological synergies. Weakness was measured using a grip dynamometer. Performance in both tasks was impaired to a similar degree in the stroke participants compared to controls. Subsequent analysis of coordination patterns between the elbow and the shoulder joints revealed intrusion of synergies in the reaching task based on the time spent within a flexion-flexion pattern (flexor synergy proportion) and the correlation between shoulder and elbow angles when the shoulder was flexing (flexion synergy strength). Regression analysis indicated that the significant predictors of poor task performance were weakness and flexor synergy intrusion. Notably, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment was abnormal even when just weakness caused the impairment, which means that caution is required when using this scale to quantify synergies. We conclude that both weakness and synergy intrusion contribute to impaired coordination of the elbow and shoulder joints in the sub-acute post-stroke period. This study shows that careful kinematic analysis of naturalistic movements is required to better characterize the components of upper limb impairment after stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binyamin-Netser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuelof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.518692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrusion of pathological synergies does not explain impaired 3D arm movements in subacute stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing identifies a higher frequency and expanded spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations in human aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion mutations cause many human diseases and are linked to age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mapping the mutation spectrum and quantifying mtDNA deletion mutation frequency is challenging with next generation sequencing methods. We hypothesized that long-read sequencing of human mtDNA across the lifespan would detect a broader spectrum of mtDNA rearrangements and provide a more accurate measurement of their frequency.

ResultsWe employed nanopore Cas9-targed sequencing (nCATS) to map and quantitate mtDNA deletion mutations and develop analyses that are fit-for-purpose. We analyzed total DNA from vastus lateralis muscle in 15 males ranging from 20 to 81 years of age and substantia nigra from three 20-year-old and three 79-year-old men. We found that mtDNA deletion mutations detected by nCATS increased exponentially with age and mapped to a wider region of the mitochondrial genome than previously reported. Using simulated data, we observed that large deletions are often reported as chimeric alignments. To address this, we developed two algorithms for deletion identification which yield consistent deletion mapping and identify both previously reported and novel mtDNA deletion breakpoints. The identified mtDNA deletion frequency measured by nCATS correlates strongly with chronological age and predicts the deletion frequency as measured by digital PCR approaches. In substantia nigra, we observed a similar frequency of age-related mtDNA deletions to those observed in muscle samples, but noted a distinct spectrum of deletion breakpoints.

ConclusionsNCATS-mtDNA sequencing allows identification of mtDNA deletions on a single molecule level, characterizing the strong relationship between mtDNA deletion frequency and chronological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandiver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanagat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore sequencing identifies a higher frequency and expanded spectrum of mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations in human aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular processes are the product of interactions between biomolecules, which associate to form biologically active complexes 1. These interactions are mediated by intermolecular contacts, which if disrupted, lead to alterations in cell physiology. Nevertheless, the formation of intermolecular contacts nearly universally requires changes in the conformations of the interacting biomolecules. As a result, binding affinity and cellular activity crucially depend not only on the strength of the contacts, but also on the inherent propensities to form binding-competent conformational states2,3. Thus, conformational penalties are ubiquitous in biology and must be known in order to quantitatively model binding energetics for protein and nucleic acid interactions4,5. However, conceptual and technological limitations have hindered our ability to dissect and quantitatively measure how conformational propensities impact cellular activity. Here, we systematically altered and determined the propensities for forming the protein-bound conformation of HIV-1 TAR RNA. These propensities quantitatively predicted the binding affinities of TAR to the RNA-binding region of the Tat protein and predicted the extent of HIV-1 Tat-dependent transactivation in cells. Our results establish the role of ensemble-based conformational propensities in cellular activity and reveal an example of a cellular process driven by an exceptionally rare and short-lived RNA conformational state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Gahmen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA conformational propensities determine cellular activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sniper2L, a high-fidelity Cas9 variant with high activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although several high-fidelity SpCas9 variants that have reduced activities at mismatched target sequences have been reported, it has been observed that this increased specificity is associated with reduced on-target activity, limiting the applications of the high-fidelity variants when efficient genome editing is required. Here, we developed an improved version of Sniper-Cas9, Sniper2L, which represents an exception to this trade-off trend as it showed higher specificity with retained high activity. We evaluated Sniper2L activities at a large number of target sequences, and developed DeepSniper, a deep-learning model that can predict the activity of Sniper2L. We also confirmed that Sniper2L can induce highly efficient and specific editing at a large number of target sequences when it is delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex. Mechanically, the high specificity of Sniper2L originates from its superior ability to avoid unwinding a target DNA containing even a single mismatch. We envision that Sniper2L will be useful when efficient and specific genome editing is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harihar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sniper2L, a high-fidelity Cas9 variant with high activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.517536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poverty shapes the transcriptome of immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.517536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social factors influence health outcomes and life expectancy. Individuals living in poverty often have adverse health outcomes related to chronic inflammation that affect the cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary systems. Negative psychosocial experiences are associated with transcriptional changes in genes associated with complex traits. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which poverty increases the risk of disease and health disparities are still not fully understood. To bridge the gap in our understanding of the link between living in poverty and adverse health outcomes, we performed RNA sequencing of blood immune cells from 204 participants of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study in Baltimore, Maryland. We identified 138 genes differentially expressed in association with poverty. Genes differentially expressed were enriched in wound healing and coagulation processes. Of the genes differentially expressed in individuals living in poverty, EEF1DP7 and VIL1 are also associated with hypertension in transcriptome-wide association studies. Our results suggest that living in poverty influences inflammation and the risk for cardiovascular disease through gene expression changes in immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resztak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooten, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odera-Marah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dluzen, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.517536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poverty shapes the transcriptome of immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One prominent feature of the infraslow BOLD signal during rest or task is quasi-periodic spatiotemporal pattern (QPP) of signal changes that involves an alternation of activity in key functional networks and propagation of activity across brain areas, and that is known to tie to the infraslow neural activity involved in attention and arousal fluctuations. This ongoing whole-brain pattern of activity might potentially modify the response to incoming stimuli or be modified itself by the induced neural activity. To investigate this, we presented checkerboard sequences flashing at 6Hz to subjects. This is a salient visual stimulus that is known to produce a strong response in visual processing regions. Two different visual stimulation sequences were employed, a systematic stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus appeared every 20.3 secs and a random stimulation sequence in which the visual stimulus occurred randomly every 14~62.3 secs. Three central observations emerged. First, the two different stimulation conditions affect the QPP waveform in different aspects, i.e., systematic stimulation has greater effects on its phase and random stimulation has greater effects on its magnitude. Second, the QPP was more frequent in the systematic condition with significantly shorter intervals between consecutive QPPs compared to the random condition. Third, the BOLD signal response to the visual stimulus across both conditions was swamped by the QPP at the stimulus onset. These results provide novel insights into the relationship between intrinsic patterns and stimulated brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeburger, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of random and systematic visual stimulation on entrained infraslow quasi-periodic global waves in human brain activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of DNA-PK-bound MRN cleavage products supports a sequential model of DSB repair pathway choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex recognizes and processes DNA double-strand breaks for homologous recombination by performing short-range removal of 5' strands. Endonucleolytic processing by MRN requires a stably bound protein at the break site--a role we postulate is played by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in mammals. Here we interrogate the sites of MRN-dependent processing by isolating and sequencing DNA-PK-bound DNA fragments that are products of MRN cleavage. These intermediates are generated with highest efficiency when DNA-PK is catalytically blocked, yielding products within 200 bp of the break site, whereas DNA-PK products in the absence of kinase inhibition show much greater dispersal. Use of light-activated Cas9 to induce breaks facilitates temporal resolution of DNA-PK and Mre11 binding, showing that Mre11 and DNA-PK both bind to DNA ends before release of DNA-PK-bound products. These results support a sequential model of double-strand break repair involving collaborative interactions between homologous and non-homologous repair complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis of DNA-PK-bound MRN cleavage products supports a sequential model of DSB repair pathway choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Microbiota Regulate Renal Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome impacts host gene expression not only in the colon, but also at distal sites including liver, white adipose tissue, and spleen. The gut microbiome also influences the kidney and is associated with renal diseases and pathologies; however, a role for the gut microbiome to modulate renal gene expression has not been examined. To determine if microbes modulate renal gene expression, we used whole-organ RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare gene expression in C57Bl/6 mice that are germ-free (lacking gut microbiota) versus conventionalized (with gut microbiota). 16S sequencing showed that males and females were similarly conventionalized, although Verrucomicrobia was higher in male mice. We find that renal gene expression is differentially regulated in the presence versus absence of microbiota, and that these changes are largely sex-specific. Although microbes also influence gene expression in the liver and large intestine, most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the kidney are not similarly regulated in the liver or large intestine. This demonstrates that the influence of the gut microbiota on gene expression is tissue specific. However, a minority of genes (n=4 in males, n=6 in females) were similarly regulated in all three tissues examined, including genes associated with circadian rhythm (Per1 in males and Per2 in females) and metal binding (Mt1 and Mt2 in both males and females). Finally, using a previously published single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset, we assigned a subset of DEGs to specific kidney cell types, revealing clustering of DEGs by cell type and/or sex.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYIt is unknown whether the microbiome influences host gene expression in the kidney. Here, we utilize an unbiased, bulk RNA-Seq approach to compare gene expression in the kidneys of male and female mice with or without gut microbiota, as well as in liver and large intestine. This report demonstrates that renal gene expression is modulated by the microbiome in a sex- and tissue-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluznick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Microbiota Regulate Renal Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex generates flexible behavior by learning. Reinforcement learning is thought to be driven by error signals in midbrain dopamine neurons. However, they project more densely to basal ganglia than cortex, leaving open the possibility of another source of learning signals for cortex. The locus coeruleus (LC) contains most of the brains norepinephrine (NE) neurons and project broadly to cortex. We measured activity from identified mouse LC-NE neurons during a behavioral task requiring ongoing learning from reward prediction errors (RPEs). We found two types of LC-NE neurons: neurons with wide action potentials (type I) were excited by positive RPE and showed an increasing relationship with change of choice likelihood. Neurons with thin action potentials (type II) were excited by lack of reward and showed a decreasing relationship with change of choice likelihood. Silencing LC-NE neurons changed future choices, as predicted from the electrophysiological recordings and a model of how RPEs are used to guide learning. We reveal functional heterogeneity of a neuromodulatory system in the brain and show that NE inputs to cortex act as a quantitative learning signal for flexible behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vimo: Visual Analysis of Neuronal Connectivity Motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in high-resolution connectomics provide researchers with access to accurate petascale reconstructions of neuronal circuits and brain networks for the first time. Neuroscientists are analyzing these networks to better understand information processing in the brain. In particular, scientists are interested in identifying specific small network motifs, i.e., repeating subgraphs of the larger brain network that are believed to be neuronal building blocks. Although such motifs are typically small (e.g., 2 - 6 neurons), the vast data sizes and intricate data complexity present significant challenges to the search and analysis process. To analyze these motifs, it is crucial to review instances of a motif in the brain network and then map the graph structure to detailed 3D reconstructions of the involved neurons and synapses. We present Vimo, an interactive visual approach to analyze neuronal motifs and motif chains in large brain networks. Experts can sketch network motifs intuitively in a visual interface and specify structural properties of the involved neurons and synapses to query large connectomics datasets. Motif instances (MIs) can be explored in high-resolution 3D renderings. To simplify the analysis of MIs, we designed a continuous focus&context metaphor inspired by visual abstractions. This allows users to transition from a highly-detailed rendering of the anatomical structure to views that emphasize the underlying motif structure and synaptic connectivity. Furthermore, Vimo supports the identification of motif chains where a motif is used repeatedly (e.g., 2 - 4 times) to form a larger network structure. We evaluate Vimo in a user study and an in-depth case study with seven domain experts on motifs in a large connectome of the fruit fly, including more than 21,000 neurons and 20 million synapses. We find that Vimo enables hypothesis generation and confirmation through fast analysis iterations and connectivity highlighting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warchol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matelsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanysai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vimo: Visual Analysis of Neuronal Connectivity Motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily and cell type-specific membrane capacitance changes in mouse cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Capacitance of biological membranes is determined by the properties of the lipid portion of the membrane, as well as morphological features of a cell. In neurons, membrane capacitance is a determining factor of synaptic integration, action potential propagation speed and firing frequency due to its direct effect on the membrane time constant. Besides slow changes associated with increased morphological complexity during postnatal maturation, neuron membrane capacity is largely considered a stable, non-regulated constant magnitude. Here we report that in two excitatory neuronal cell types, pyramidal cells of mouse primary visual cortex and granule cells of the hippocampus, the membrane capacitance significantly changes between the start and the end of a daily light cycle. The changes are large, nearly two-fold in magnitude in pyramidal cells, but are not observed in cortical parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. We discuss potential functional implications and plausible mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Severin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golowasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily and cell type-specific membrane capacitance changes in mouse cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct subsets of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesInflammatory myopathy or myositis is a heterogeneous family of immune-mediated diseases including dermatomyositis (DM), antisynthetase syndrome (AS), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can also cause myositis (ICI-myositis). This study was designed to define gene expression patterns in muscle biopsies from patients with ICI-myositis.

MethodsBulk RNA sequencing was performed on 200 muscle biopsies (35 ICI-myositis, 44 DM, 18 AS, 54 IMNM, 16 IBM, and 33 normal muscle biopsies) and single nuclei RNA sequencing was performed on 22 muscle biopsies (7 ICI-myositis, 4 DM, 3 AS, 6 IMNM, and 2 IBM).

ResultsUnsupervised clustering defined three distinct transcriptomic subsets of ICI-myositis: ICI-DM, ICI-MYO1, and ICI-MYO2. ICI-DM included patients with DM and anti-TIF1{gamma} autoantibodies who, like DM patients, overexpressed type 1 interferon-inducible genes. ICI-MYO1 patients had highly inflammatory muscle biopsies and included all patients that developed co-existing myocarditis. ICI-MYO2 was composed of patients with predominant necrotizing pathology and low levels of muscle inflammation. The type 2 interferon pathway was activated both in ICI-DM and ICI-MYO1. Unlike the other types of myositis, all three subsets of ICI-myositis patients overexpressed genes involved in the IL6 pathway.

ConclusionsWe identified three distinct types of ICI-myositis based on transcriptomic analyses. The IL6 pathway was overexpressed in all groups, the type I interferon pathway activation was specific for ICI-DM, the type 2 IFN pathway was overexpressed in both ICIDM and ICI-MYO1, and only ICI-MYO1 patients developed myocarditis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinal-Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milisenda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal-Dominguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Braceras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derfoul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Orso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque-Jaimez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias-Baraja, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matas-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrabou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padrosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trallero-Araguas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walitt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher-Stine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva-O'Callaghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewluck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct subsets of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactive auditory task reveals complex sensory-action integration in mouse primary auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive coding theory postulates that the brain achieves perception by actively making predictions about the incoming sensory information and correcting them if errors signals arise. These signals are likely the most relevant when the individual is actively interacting with the environment and where the sensory outcome determines the ongoing action. In addition, the cerebral cortex is thought to play a key role in generating these signals. Thus, to study the representation of error signals in the primary sensory cortex, we trained mice to perform an interactive auditory task that coupled their actions to the generated sound and perturbed this coupling to evoke putative error responses. We imaged Layer 2/3 (L2/3) and Layer 4 (L4) neurons in the mouse primary auditory cortex, and we identified not only neurons that mainly encoded action related information but also neurons encoding the mismatch between the action and the sound. These results show that a subset of A1 neurons encode the nonlinear interactions between the sound and the action. Furthermore, more L2/3 neurons encoded action related information than L4, indicating that action-sound integration emerges hierarchically in A1 circuits. Together, our results show that complex interactions between action and sound happen in A1 and that some A1 neurons responses reflect the violation of the learnt relationship between the action and sound feedback. Thus, primary sensory cortices not only encode sensory driven activity but also represent the complex interplay between sensory inputs, expectations, and errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactive auditory task reveals complex sensory-action integration in mouse primary auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.519327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal limiting membrane disruption facilitates engraftment of transplanted human stem cell derived retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.519327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optic neuropathies cause irreversible vision loss as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die. Transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RGCs offers one potential therapeutic avenue to restore vision in patients suffering from optic neuropathy if the donor neurons survive long-term in the recipient eye and develop synaptic connections within the retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) and subcortical visual centers (1). Thus far, attempts at intravitreal RGC transplantation have been hampered by sequestration on the epiretinal surface without engraftment into the retinal parenchyma. In mouse retinal explant cultures, enzymatic digestion of the retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) promotes migration of transplanted RGCs into the recipient retina (2). Herein, we examined donor RGC survival and engraftment in living, immunosuppressed mice, rats, and rhesus macaques and in post-mortem human retinal explant cultures. Using 3 separate human PSC lines and 3 independent methods of ILM disruption, we demonstrate that the ILM is a barrier to the retinal engraftment of intravitreally delivered human PSC-derived RGCs. ILM disruption is associated with greater donor RGC survival over 2-8 weeks and enables migration of donor neuronal somas into the endogenous RGC layer where cells elaborate dendrites into the IPL and extend axons that follow the course of the endogenous retinal nerve fiber layer into the optic nerve head. Critically, ILM disruption enables donor RGCs to synaptically integrate into IPL circuits, conferring light responsivity. These findings have important implications for enabling neuronal replacement therapies to restore vision in patients with optic neuropathy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement and optic nerve regeneration through transplantation of stem cell-derived RGCs holds potential for restoring vision lost to optic neuropathies. Here we demonstrate that intravitreally transplanted human RGCs laminate the epiretinal surface without projecting neurites into the retinal parenchyma. However, enzymatic, developmental and surgical disruption of the internal limiting membrane not only improves graft survival, but also enables structural and functional engraftment, with dendrites that stratify the inner plexiform layer, axons that grow into the optic nerve head, and acquired responsivity to light. These observations identify a translatable approach to enable transplantation-based RGC replacement for the treatment of optic neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguzzi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagalingam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhoun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.519327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal limiting membrane disruption facilitates engraftment of transplanted human stem cell derived retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are conventionally viewed to suppress endogenous and therapyinduced anti-tumor immunity; however, their role in modulating responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNAseq/TCRseq of >73,000 tumor-infiltrating Treg (TIL-Treg) from anti-PD-1-treated and treatment naive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with single cell analysis of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific Treg derived from a murine tumor model. We identified 10 subsets of human TIL-Treg, most of which have high concordance with murine TIL-Treg subsets. Notably, one subset selectively expresses high levels of OX40 and GITR, whose engangement by cognate ligand mediated proliferative programs and NF-kB activation, as well as multiple genes involved in Treg suppression, in particular LAG3. Functionally, the OX40hiGITRhi subset in the most highly suppressive ex vivo and Treg expression of OX40, GITR and LAG3, correlated with resistance to PD-1 blockade. Surprisingly, in the murine tumor model, we found that virtually all TIL-Treg expressing T cell receptors that are specific for TAA fully develop a distinct Th1-like signature over a two-week period after entry into the tumor, down-regulating FoxP3 and up-regulating expression of TBX21 (Tbet), IFN{gamma} and certain pro-inflammatory granzymes. Application of a gene score from the murine TAA-specific Th1-like Treg subset to the human single-cell dataset revealed a highly analogous subcluster that was enriched in anti-PD-1 responding tumors. These findings demonstrate that TIL-Treg partition into multiple distinct transcriptionally-defined subsets with potentially opposing effects on ICB-induced anti-tumor immunity and suggest that TAA-specific TIL-Treg may positively contribute to anti-tumor responses.

One-Sentence SummaryWe define 10 subsets of lung cancer-infiltrating regulatory T cells, one of which is highly suppressive and enriched in anti-PD-1 non-responders and the other is Th1-like and is enriched in PD-1 responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caushi, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Flack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawosik, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taube, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung tumor-infiltrating Treg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing patterns in tyrosine sulfation in naive antibody repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 infects a subset of immune cells identified by the receptor CD4 and a coreceptor, CCR5 or CXCR4. Previous studies revealed bnAbs against HIV-1 with antigen-binding sites mimicking binding sites of CCR5. Such antibodies are characterized by post-translationally sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs in long complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3s) of the heavy chains. Despite the great therapeutic potential of human antibodies mimicking CCR5, their immunogenetic signatures remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed human naive heavy chain antibody repertoires and described the most common VDJ recombination scenarios generating CDR3s with sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs. We showed ~77% of such CDR3s are generated using seven D genes from two families, IGHD3 and IGHD4. We also demonstrated that sulfated tyrosines and anionic motifs are a common feature of mammalian germline D genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pospelova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing patterns in tyrosine sulfation in naive antibody repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaotic signatures in host-microbe interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-microbe interactions constitute dynamical systems that can be represented by mathematical formulations that determine their dynamic nature, and are categorized as deterministic, stochastic, or chaotic. Knowing the type of dynamical interaction is essential for understanding the system under study. Very little experimental work has been done to determine the dynamical characteristics of host-microbe interactions and its study poses significant challenges. The most straightforward experimental outcome involves an observation of time to death upon infection. However, in measuring this outcome, the internal parameters, and the dynamics of each particular host-microbe interaction in a population of interactions are hidden from the experimentalist. To investigate whether a time-to-death (time to event) dataset provides adequate information for searching for chaotic signatures, we first determined our ability to detect chaos in simulated data sets of time-to-event measurements and successfully distinguished the time-to-event distribution of a chaotic process from a comparable stochastic one. To do so, we introduced an inversion measure to test for a chaotic signature in time-to-event distributions. Next, we searched for chaos, in time-to-death of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas entomophila, respectively. We found suggestions of chaotic signatures in both systems, but caution that our results are preliminary and highlight the need for more fine-grained and larger data sets in determining dynamical characteristics. If validated, chaos in host-microbe interactions would have important implications for the occurrence and outcome of infectious diseases, the reproducibility of experiments in the field of microbial pathogenesis and the prediction of microbial threats.

ImportanceIs microbial pathogenesis a predictable scientific field? At a time when we are dealing with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) there is intense interest in knowing about the epidemic potential of other microbial threats and new emerging infectious diseases. To know whether microbial pathogenesis will ever be a predictable scientific field requires knowing whether a host-microbe interaction follows deterministic, stochastic, or chaotic dynamics. If randomness and chaos are absent from virulence, there is the hope for prediction in the future regarding the outcome of microbe-host interactions. Chaotic systems are inherently unpredictable although it is possible to generate shortterm probabilistic models, as is done in applications of stochastic processes and machine learning to weather forecasting. Information on the dynamics of a system is also essential for understanding the reproducibility of experiments, a topic of great concern in biological sciences. Our study finds preliminary evidence for chaotic dynamics in infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sella, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwan, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausubel, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaotic signatures in host-microbe interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and Fibrillar Collagen Analyses in an Animal Model of Retinal Detachment-Related Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Reveals a Defined Transition to Chronic Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeProliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of surgically repaired rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Chemically-induced and cell-injection PVR models do not fully simulate the clinical characteristics of PVR in the post-RRD context. There is an unmet need for translational models in which to study mechanisms and treatments specific to RRD-PVR.

MethodsRRD-PVR was induced in adult Dutch Belted rabbits. Posterior segments of enucleated globes were fixed or processed for RNA-Seq at 6 hours and 2, 7, 14, and 35 days post-induction. Histochemical staining and immunolabeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), CD68, and retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65) were performed, and labeling intensity was scored. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed.

ResultsAcute histopathologic changes included intravitreal and intraretinal hemorrhage, leukocytic vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal rarefaction. Chronic lesions showed retinal atrophy, gliosis, fibrotic subretinal membranes, and epiretinal fibrovascular proliferation. Fibrillar collagen was present in the fibrocellular and fibrovascular membranes in chronic lesions. Moderate to strong labeling of glia and vasculature was detected in chronic lesions. At day 14, most cells profiled by single cell sequencing were identified as Muller glia and microglia, consistent with immunolabeling. Expression of several fibrillar collagen genes were upregulated in chronic lesions.

ConclusionsHistologic and transcriptional features of this rabbit model simulate important features of human RRD-PVR, including the transition to chronic intra and periretinal fibrosis. This high-fidelity in vivo model of RRD-PVR will enable further research on targeted treatment interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and Fibrillar Collagen Analyses in an Animal Model of Retinal Detachment-Related Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Reveals a Defined Transition to Chronic Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal multi-resolution atlas of the human neonatal cerebral cortex based on microstructural similarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neonatal period is a critical window for the development of the human brain and may hold implications for the long-term development of cognition and disorders. Multi-modal connectome studies have revealed many important findings underlying the adult brain but related studies were rare in the early human brain. One potential challenge is the lack of an appropriate and unbiased parcellation that combines structural and functional information in this population. Using 348 multi-modal MRI datasets from the developing human connectome project, we found that the information fused from the structural, diffusion, and functional MRI was relatively stable across MRI features and showed high reproducibility at the group level. Therefore, we generated automated multi-resolution parcellations (300 - 500 parcels) based on the similarity across multi-modal features using a gradient-based parcellation algorithm. In addition, to acquire a parcellation with high interpretability, we provided a manually delineated parcellation (210 parcels), which was approximately symmetric, and the adjacent areas around each boundary were statistically different in terms of the integrated similarity metric and at least one kind of original features. Overall, the present study provided multi-resolution and neonate-specific parcellations of the cerebral cortex based on multi-modal MRI properties, which may facilitate future studies of the human connectome in the early development period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal multi-resolution atlas of the human neonatal cerebral cortex based on microstructural similarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate GSC self-renewal and differentiation to enhance host fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects arthropod and nematode species worldwide, making it a key target for host biological control. Wolbachia-driven host reproductive manipulations, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), are credited for catapulting these intracellular bacteria to high frequencies in host populations. Positive, perhaps mutualistic, reproductive manipulations also increase infection frequencies, but are not well understood. Here, we identify molecular and cellular mechanisms by which Wolbachia influences the molecularly distinct processes of GSC self renewal and differentiation. We demonstrate that wMel infection rescues the fertility of flies lacking the translational regulator mei-P26, and is sufficient to sustain infertile homozygous mei-P26-knockdown stocks indefinitely. Cytology revealed that wMel mitigates the impact of mei-P26 loss through restoring proper pMad, Bam, Sxl, and Orb expression. In OreR files with wild-type fertility, wMel infection elevates lifetime egg hatch rates. Exploring these phenotypes through dual-RNAseq experiments revealed that wMel infection rescues and offsets many gene expression changes induced by mei-P26 loss at the mRNA level. Overall, we show that wMel infection beneficially reinforces host fertility at mRNA, protein, and phenotypic levels, and these mechanisms may promote the emergence of mutualism and the breakdown of host reproductive manipulations.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/520626v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151904corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d86e41org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e768eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@697109_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights[bullet] The wMel strain of Wolbachia restores fertility in females and males deficient for the essential translational regulator meiotic-P26
[bullet]Mei-P26s germline maintenance and oocyte cyst differentiation functions are genetically rescued by wMel infection
[bullet]Perturbed pMad, Sxl, Bam, and Orb protein expression are mitigated by wMel infection
[bullet]wMel infection elevates lifetime egg lay and hatch rates in OreR flies
[bullet]Ovary transcriptomes reveal wMel infection restores or offsets changes in gene expression induced by the loss of functional mei-P26


Significance StatementWolbachia bacterial symbionts are being harnessed as biological control agents through the use of their costly manipulations to host fertility. Here, we reveal that the wMel strain can have a beneficial impact on fruit fly development in both mutant and wild-type flies. This phenotype is essential to the long-term use of these bacteria for host population control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate GSC self-renewal and differentiation to enhance host fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has an important, yet often overlooked, role in health and disease. Constraint models quantify the removal of deleterious variation from the population by selection, representing a powerful tool for identifying genetic variation underlying human phenotypes1-4. However, a constraint model for the mtDNA has not been developed, due to its unique features. Here we describe the development of a mitochondrial constraint model and its application to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a large-scale population dataset reporting mtDNA variation across 56,434 humans5. Our results demonstrate strong depletion of expected variation, suggesting most deleterious mtDNA variants remain undiscovered. To aid their identification, we compute constraint metrics for every mitochondrial protein, tRNA, and rRNA gene, revealing a spectrum of intolerance to variation. We characterize the most constrained regions within genes via regional constraint, and positions across the entire mtDNA via local constraint, showing their enrichment in pathogenic variation and functionally critical sites, including topological clustering in 3D protein and RNA structures. Notably, we identify constraint at often overlooked sites, such as rRNAs and non-coding regions. Lastly, we demonstrate how these metrics can improve the discovery of mtDNA variation underlying rare and common human phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorburn, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A refined characterization of large-scale genomic differences in the first complete human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13) release was a milestone in human genomics. The T2T-CHM13 genome assembly extends our understanding of telomeres, centromeres, segmental duplication, and other complex regions. The current human genome reference (GRCh38) has been widely used in various human genomic studies. However, the large-scale genomic differences between these two important genome assemblies are not characterized in detail yet. Here, we identify 590 discrepant regions ([~]226 Mbp) in total. In addition to the previously reported  non-syntenic regions, we identify 67 additional large-scale discrepant regions and precisely categorize them into four structural types with a newly developed website tool (SynPlotter). The discrepant regions ([~]20.4 Mbp) excluding telomeric and centromeric regions are highly structurally polymorphic in humans, where copy number variation are likely associated with various human disease and disease susceptibility, such as immune and neurodevelopmental disorders. The analyses of a newly identified discrepant region--the KLRC gene cluster--shows that the depletion of KLRC2 by a single deletion event is associated with natural killer cell differentiation in [~]20% of humans. Meanwhile, the rapid amino acid replacements within KLRC3 is consistent with the action of natural selection during primate evolution. Our study furthers our understanding of the large-scale structural variation differences between these two crucial human reference genomes and future interpretation of studies of human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A refined characterization of large-scale genomic differences in the first complete human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Regulation by PARP13 in Basal and Antiviral States in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein PARP13 is a primary factor in the innate antiviral response. PARP13 suppresses translation and drives decay of bound viral and host RNA. PARP13 interacts with many proteins encoded by interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) to activate antiviral pathways including post-translational addition of ISG15, or ISGylation. We performed enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) and RNA-seq in human cells to investigate PARP13s role in transcriptome regulation for both basal and antiviral states. We find that the antiviral response shifts PARP13 target localization but not its binding preferences and that PARP13 supports the expression of ISGylation-related genes, including PARP13s cofactor, TRIM25. We elucidate a transcriptome-wide periodicity of PARP13 binding around TRIM25 and show they associate in part via RNA-protein interactions. Taken together, our study implicates PARP13 in creating and maintaining a cellular environment poised for an antiviral response through limiting PARP13 translation, regulating access to distinct mRNA pools, and elevating ISGylation machinery expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busa, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Regulation by PARP13 in Basal and Antiviral States in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC LIPID-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES (LAMs) ARE INCREASED IN COLONIC LAMINA PROPRIA IN OBESITY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the effects of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on resident colonic lamina propria (LP) macrophages (LPMs) function and metabolism. Here, we report that obesity and diabetes resulted in increased macrophage infiltration in the colon. These macrophages exhibited the residency phenotype CX3CR1hiMHCIIhi, and were CD4-TIM4-. During HFD, resident colonic LPM exhibited a lipid metabolism gene expression signature that overlapped that used to define lipid associated macrophages (LAMs). Via single cell RNA sequencing, we identified a sub-cluster of macrophages, increased in HDF, that were responsible for the LAM signature. Compared to other macrophages in the colon, these cells were characterized by elevated glycolysis, phagocytosis and efferocytosis signatures. CX3CR1hiMHCIIhi colonic resident LPMs had fewer lipid droplets (LD) and decreased triacylglycerol (TAG) content compared to equivalent cells in lean mice, and exhibited increased phagocytic capacity, suggesting that HFD induces adaptive responses in LPMs to limit bacterial translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castoldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, N. v. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, L. d. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souto, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, N. O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIGHLY PHAGOCYTIC LIPID-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES (LAMs) ARE INCREASED IN COLONIC LAMINA PROPRIA IN OBESITY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ENCODE Consortiums efforts to annotate non-coding, cis-regulatory elements (CREs) have advanced our understanding of gene regulatory landscapes which play a major role in health and disease. Pooled, non-coding CRISPR screens are a promising approach for systematically investigating gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, the ENCODE Functional Characterization Centers report 109 screens comprising 346,970 individual perturbations across 13.3Mb of the genome, using a variety of methods, readouts, and statistical analyses. Across 332 functionally confirmed CRE-gene links, we identify principles for screening endogenous, non-coding elements for causal regulatory mechanisms. Nearly all CREs show strong evidence of open chromatin, and targeting accessibility peak summits is a critical component of our proposed sgRNA design rules. We provide experimental guidelines to accurately detect CREs with variable, often low, transcriptional effects. We discover a previously undescribed DNA strand-bias for CRISPRi in transcribed regions with implications for screen design and analysis. Benchmarking five screen analysis tools, we find CASA produces the most conservative CRE calls and is robust to artifacts of low-specificity sgRNAs. Together, we provide an accessible data resource, predesigned sgRNAs targeting 3,275,697 ENCODE SCREEN candidate CREs, and screening guidelines to accelerate functional characterization of the non-coding genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lataniotis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siklenka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ENCODE4 Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.520137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHESS 3: an improved, comprehensive catalog of human genes and transcripts based on large-scale expression data, phylogenetic analysis, and protein structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The original CHESS database of human genes was assembled from nearly 10,000 RNA sequencing experiments in 53 human body sites produced by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and then augmented with genes from other databases to yield a comprehensive collection of protein-coding and noncoding transcripts. The construction of the new CHESS 3 database employed improved transcript assembly algorithms, a new machine learning classifier, and protein structure predictions to identify genes and transcripts likely to be functional and to eliminate those that appeared more likely to represent noise. The new catalog contains 41,356 genes on the GRCh38 reference human genome, of which 19,839 are protein-coding, and a total of 158,377 transcripts. These include 14,863 novel protein-coding transcripts. The total number of transcripts is substantially smaller than earlier versions due to improved transcriptome assembly methods and to a stricter protocol for filtering out noisy transcripts. Notably, CHESS 3 contains all of the transcripts in the MANE database, and at least one transcript corresponding to the vast majority of protein-coding genes in the RefSeq and GENCODE databases. CHESS 3 has also been mapped onto the complete CHM13 human genome, which gives a more-complete gene count of 43,773 genes and 19,968 protein-coding genes. The CHESS database is available at http://ccb.jhu.edu/chess.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pockrandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHESS 3: an improved, comprehensive catalog of human genes and transcripts based on large-scale expression data, phylogenetic analysis, and protein structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation entropy is associated with DNA sequence featuresand developmental epigenetic divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic information defines tissue identity and is largely inherited in development through DNA methylation. While studied mostly for mean differences, methylation also encodes stochastic change, defined as entropy in information theory. Analyzing allelespecific methylation in 48 human tissue sample datasets, we find that methylation entropy is associated with specific DNA binding motifs, regulatory DNA, and CpG density. Then applying information theory to 42 mouse embryo methylation datasets, we find that time- and tissue-specific patterns of development are more strongly correlated with methylation entropy than with mean, and methylation entropy is associated with sequence and chromatin features conserved with human. Moreover, methylation entropy is directly related to gene expression variability in development, suggesting a role for epigenetic entropy in developmental plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation entropy is associated with DNA sequence featuresand developmental epigenetic divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosstalk between regulatory elements in the disordered TRPV4 N-terminus modulateslipid-dependent channel activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are essential for membrane receptor regulation but often remain unresolved in structural studies. TRPV4, a member of the TRP vanilloid channel family involved in thermo- and osmosensation, has a large N-terminal IDR of approximately 150 amino acids. With an integrated structural biology approach, we analyze the structural ensemble of the TRPV4 IDR and identify a network of regulatory elements that modulate channel activity in a hierarchical lipid-dependent manner through transient long-range interactions. A highly conserved autoinhibitory patch acts as a master regulator by competing with PIP2 binding to attenuate channel activity. Molecular dynamics simulations show that loss of the interaction between the PIP2-binding site and the membrane reduces the force exerted by the IDR on the structured core of TRPV4. This work demonstrates that IDR structural dynamics are coupled to TRPV4 activity and highlights the importance of IDRs for TRP channel function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goretzki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCray, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noeth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinchen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmich, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosstalk between regulatory elements in the disordered TRPV4 N-terminus modulateslipid-dependent channel activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host type I interferon (IFN) response protects against Legionella pneumophila infections. Other bacterial pathogens inhibit type I IFN-mediated cell signaling; however, the interaction between this signaling pathway and L. pneumophila has not been well described. Here, we demonstrate that L. pneumophila inhibits the IFN-{beta} signaling pathway but does not inhibit IFN-{psi}-mediated cell signaling. The addition of IFN-{beta} to L. pneumophila-infected macrophages limited bacterial growth independently of NOS2 and reactive nitrogen species. The type IV secretion system of L. pneumophila is required to inhibit IFN-{beta}-mediated cell signaling. Finally, we show that the inhibition of the IFN-{beta} signaling pathway occurs downstream of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings describe a novel host cell signaling pathway inhibited by L. pneumophila via its type IV secretion system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, C. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briken, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legionella pneumophila inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migration and division in cell monolayers on substrates with topological defect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective movement and organization of cell monolayers are important for wound healing and tissue development. Recent experiments highlighted the importance of liquid crystal order within these layers, suggesting that +1 topological defects have a role in organizing tissue morphogenesis. We study fibroblast organization, motion and proliferation on a substrate with micron-sized ridges that induce +1 and -1 topological defects using simulation and experiment. We model cells as selfpropelled deformable ellipses that interact via a Gay-Berne potential. Unlike earlier work on other cell types, we see that density variation near defects is not explained by collective migration. We propose instead that fibroblasts have different division rates depending on their area and aspect ratio. This model captures key features of our previous experiments: the alignment quality worsens at high cell density and, at the center of the +1 defects, cells can adopt either highly anisotropic or primarily isotropic morphologies. Experiments performed with different ridge heights confirm a new prediction of this model: suppressing migration across ridges promotes higher cell density at the +1 defect. Our work enables new mechanisms for tissue patterning using topological defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaiyrbekov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endresen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camley, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migration and division in cell monolayers on substrates with topological defect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Air-Liquid-Interface Reorganizes Membrane Lipid and Enhance Recruitment of Slc26a3 to Lipid-Rich Domains in Human Colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsCholesterol-rich membrane domains, also called lipid rafts (LR), are specialized membrane domains that provide a platform for intracellular signal transduction. Membrane proteins often cluster in LR that further aggregate into larger platform-like structures that are enriched in ceramide and are called ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs). The role of CRPs in the regulation of intestinal epithelial functions remains unknown. Down Regulated in Adenoma (DRA) is an intestinal Cl-/HCO3- antiporter which is enriched in LR. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of DRA activity.

MethodsAir liquid interface (ALI) was created by removing apical media for a specified number of days from 12-14 days post confluency Caco-2/BBe cells or confluent colonoid monolayer grown as submerged cultures. Confocal imaging was used to examine the dimensions of membrane microdomains that contain DRA.

ResultsDRA expression and activity were enhanced by culturing Caco-2/BBe cells and human colonoids using an ALI culture method. ALI causes an increase in acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity, an enzyme responsible for enhancing ceramide content in the plasma membrane. ALI cultures expressed a larger number of DRA-containing platforms with dimensions >2 m compared to cells grown as submerged cultures. ASMase inhibitor, desipramine disrupted CRPs and reduced the ALI-induced increase in DRA expression in the apical membrane. Exposing normal human colonoid monolayers to ALI increased the ASMase activity and enhanced differentiation of colonoids along with enhancing basal and forskolin-stimulated DRA activity.

ConclusionsALI increases DRA activity and expression by increasing ASMase activity and platform formation in Caco-2/BBe cells and by enhancing the differentiation of normal human colonoids.

SynopsisAir-liquid interface (ALI) enhances total and brush border DRA expression and activity in Caco-2/BBe cells and human colonoids by causing differentiation of enterocytes and acid sphingomyelinase-dependent enhanced retention of DRA in ceramide-rich platform-like structures at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Air-Liquid-Interface Reorganizes Membrane Lipid and Enhance Recruitment of Slc26a3 to Lipid-Rich Domains in Human Colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic regulation of gene expression is a complex process, with genetic effects known to vary across cellular contexts such as cell types and environmental conditions. We developed SURGE, a method for unsupervised discovery of context-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from single-cell transcriptomic data. This allows discovery of the contexts or cell types modulating genetic regulation without prior knowledge. Applied to peripheral blood single-cell eQTL data, SURGE contexts capture continuous representations of distinct cell types and groupings of biologically related cell types. We demonstrate the disease-relevance of SURGE context-specific eQTLs using colocalization analysis and stratified LD-score regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superinfection plays an important role in the acquisition of complex Plasmodium falciparum infections among female Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of human malaria infections with multiple, genetically distinct parasites have illuminated mechanisms of malaria transmission. However, few studies have used the genetic diversity in mosquito infections to understand how transmission is sustained. We identified likely human sources of mosquito infections from a longitudinal cohort in Western Kenya based on genetic similarity between parasites and the timing of infections. We found that several human infections were required to reconstitute each mosquito infection and that multiple parasite clones were likely transmitted from infected humans to mosquitoes in each bite, suggesting that superinfection and co-transmission occur simultaneously and are important mechanisms of transmission. We further investigated this using an individual human and mosquito simulation model and found that co-transmission alone was unlikely to reproduce the high complexity of mosquito infections. We concluded that the superinfection of mosquitoes likely plays an important, but under studied, role in sustaining moderate to high malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipkoech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superinfection plays an important role in the acquisition of complex Plasmodium falciparum infections among female Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host MOSPD2 enrichment at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane varies between Toxoplasma strains and involves complex interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite capable of causing severe disease in warm-blooded animals. Infection of a cell produces a unique niche for the parasite named the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) initially composed of host plasma membrane invaginated during invasion. The PV and its membrane (PVM) are subsequently decorated with a variety of parasite proteins allowing the parasite to optimally grow in addition to manipulate host processes. Recently, we reported a proximity-labeling screen at the PVM-host interface and identified host ER-resident MOSPD2 as being enriched at this location. Here we extend these findings in several important respects. First, we show that the extent and pattern of host MOSPD2 association with the PVM differs dramatically in cells infected with different strains of Toxoplasma. Second, in cells infected with Type I RH strain, the MOSPD2 staining is mutually exclusive with regions of the PVM that associate with mitochondria. Third, immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS with epitope-tagged MOSPD2-expressing host cells reveals strong enrichment of several PVM-localized parasite proteins, although none appear to play an essential role in MOSPD2 association. Lastly, most MOSPD2 associating with the PVM is newly translated after infection of the cell and requires the major functional domains of MOSPD2, identified as the CRAL/TRIO domain and tail anchor, although these domains were not sufficient for PVM association. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the molecular interactions involving MOSPD2 at the dynamic interface between the PVM and the host cytosol.

ImportanceToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular pathogen that lives within a membranous vacuole inside of its host cell. This vacuole is decorated by a variety of parasite proteins that allow it to defend against host attack, acquire nutrients, and interact with the host cell. Recent work identified and validated host proteins enriched at this host-pathogen interface. Here, we follow up on one candidate named MOSPD2 shown to be enriched at the vacuolar membrane and describe it as having a dynamic interaction at this location depending on a variety of factors. Some of these include the presence of host mitochondria, intrinsic domains of the host protein, and whether translation is active. Importantly, we show that MOSPD2 enrichment at the vacuole membrane differs between strains indicating active involvement of the parasite with this phenotype. Altogether, these results shed light on the mechanism and role of protein associations in the host-pathogen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panas, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host MOSPD2 enrichment at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane varies between Toxoplasma strains and involves complex interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A semi-field system for quantifying Anopheles gambiae attraction to human scent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability in the chemical composition of human scent has the potential to modulate mosquito attraction to certain humans. We have engineered a large-scale, semi-field system in Zambia for quantifying mosquito olfactory preferences towards whole body odor sourced from different humans under naturalistic conditions. In a flight cage arena with infrared tracking, we document that the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae hierarchically prefers to land on heated targets mimicking human skin temperature when they are baited with carbon dioxide (CO2) over background air, human body odor over CO2, and the scent of one individual over another. In a six-choice assay configuration, we further identify humans at both ends of the attractiveness spectrum whose scent is differentially attractive to An. gambiae relative to other individuals. We demonstrate integrative use of this multi-choice olfactory assay with whole body volatilomics, establishing a powerful method for discovery of human odorants modulating heterogeneity in biting risk at enhanced throughput.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin-Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauxe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simubali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Book, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuma, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mburu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simulundu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.25.521702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A semi-field system for quantifying Anopheles gambiae attraction to human scent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of morphogenesis and growth dynamics in an obligate intracellular bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate intracellular bacteria of the order Rickettsiales include numerous arthropod-borne human pathogens. However, our understanding of the basic biology of Rickettsia species is limited by technical challenges imposed by their obligate intracellular lifestyle. To overcome this roadblock, we developed quantitative methods to assess the cell wall composition, intracellular growth, and morphology of Rickettsia parkeri, a human pathogen in the Spotted Fever Group of the Rickettsia genus. Analysis of the cell wall composition of R. parkeri revealed unique features including a high M3 monomer fraction and absence of LD-crosslinks. Using a novel fluorescence microscopy approach, we quantified the cell morphology of R. parkeri in live host cells and found that bacterial morphology is maintained stably during exponential growth in two different epithelial cell lines. To assess population growth kinetics in a high-throughput and high-resolution manner, we developed an imaging-based growth assay and applied this to determine the growth rate of up to 24 infected cultures at a time. We also sought to gain insight into the cell cycle regulation of R. parkeri. To this end, we developed methods to quantify the fraction of the population preparing to divide as well as those undergoing active constriction. These approaches permitted a quantitative analysis of cell cycle status across a population of R. parkeri. Finally, as a proof of concept, we applied the above tools to quantitatively determine how MreB, a bacterial actin homolog, contributes to the growth and morphogenesis of R. parkeri. Inhibition of MreB with the small molecule MP265 led to cell rounding and slowed growth, suggesting that MreB is required for the growth and shape maintenance of R. parkeri. Collectively, we developed a toolkit of high-throughput, quantitative tools to understand intracellular growth and morphogenesis of R. parkeri that is translatable to other obligate intracellular bacteria.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe obligate intracellular lifestyle of members of the bacterial order Rickettsiales, which includes important human pathogens, has hindered our progress in understanding their biology. Here we developed and applied high-throughput, quantitative tools to analyze essential features of rickettsial cell biology such as morphology and growth in living host cells. By applying these tools in a proof of concept, we showed that the bacterial actin homolog, MreB is required for the regulation of rod shape and intracytoplasmic growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Cuilan, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goley, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of morphogenesis and growth dynamics in an obligate intracellular bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral and host small RNA transcriptome analysis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells reveals novel viral short RNAs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses have been shown to express various short RNAs, some of which have regulatory roles during replication, transcription, and translation of viral genomes. However, short viral RNAs (svRNAs) generated by SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 remained largely unexplored, mainly due limitations of the widely used library preparation methods for small RNA deep sequencing and corresponding data processing. By analyzing publicly available small RNA-seq datasets, we observed that human cells infected by SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV-2 produce multiple short viral RNAs (svRNAs), ranging in size from 15 to 26 nt and deriving predominantly from (+) RNA strands. In addition, we verified the presence of the five most abundant SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung adenocarcinoma cells by qPCR. Interestingly, the copy number of the observed SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs dramatically exceeded the expression of previously reported viral miRNAs in the same cells. We hypothesize that the reported SARS-CoV-2 svRNAs could serve as biomarkers for early infection stages due to their high abundance. Finally, we found that both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection induced up- and down-regulation of multiple endogenous human short RNAs that align predominantly to protein-coding and lncRNA transcripts. Interestingly, a significant proportion of short RNAs derived from full-length viral genomes also aligned to various hg38 sequences, suggesting opportunities to investigate regulatory roles of svRNAs during infection. Further characterization of the small RNA landscape of both viral and host genomes is clearly warranted to improve our understanding of molecular events related to infection and to design more efficient strategies for therapeutic interventions as well as early diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sültmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral and host small RNA transcriptome analysis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells reveals novel viral short RNAs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astroglial mediation of fast-acting antidepressant effect in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractMood-altering compounds hold promise for the treatment of many psychiatric disorders, such as depression, but connecting their molecular, circuit, and behavioral effects has been challenging. Here we find that, analogous to effects in rodent learned helplessness models, ketamine pre-exposure persistently suppresses futility-induced passivity in larval zebrafish. While antidepressants are thought to primarily act on neurons, brain-wide imaging in behaving zebrafish showed that ketamine elevates intracellular calcium in astroglia for many minutes, followed by persistent calcium downregulation post-washout. Calcium elevation depends on astroglial 1-adrenergic receptors and is required for suppression of passivity. Chemo-/optogenetic perturbations of noradrenergic neurons and astroglia demonstrate that the aftereffects of glial calcium elevation are sufficient to suppress passivity by inhibiting neuronal-astroglial integration of behavioral futility. Imaging in mouse cortex reveals that ketamine elevates astroglial calcium through conserved pathways, suggesting that ketamine exerts its behavioral effects by persistently modulating evolutionarily ancient neuromodulatory systems spanning neurons and astroglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astroglial mediation of fast-acting antidepressant effect in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SAGA HAT module is tethered by its SWIRM domain and modulates activity of the SAGA DUB module 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.29.522244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex is a transcriptional coactivator that both acetylates and deubiquitinates histones. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) subunit, Gcn5, is part of a subcomplex of SAGA called the HAT module. A minimal HAT module complex containing Gcn5 bound to Ada2 and Ada3 is required for full Gcn5 activity on nucleosomes. Deletion studies have suggested that the Ada2 SWIRM domain plays a role in tethering the HAT module to the remainder of SAGA. While recent cryo-EM studies have resolved the structure of the core of the SAGA complex, the HAT module subunits and molecular details of its interactions with the SAGA core could not be resolved. Here we show that the SWIRM domain is required for incorporation of the HAT module into the yeast SAGA complex, but not the ADA complex, a distinct six-protein acetyltransferase complex that includes the SAGA HAT module proteins. In the isolated Gcn5/Ada2/Ada3 HAT module, deletion of the SWIRM domain modestly increased activity but had negligible effect on nucleosome binding. Loss of the HAT module due to deletion of the SWIRM domain decreases the H2B deubiquitinating activity of SAGA, indicating a role for the HAT module in regulating SAGA DUB module activity. A model of the HAT module created with Alphafold Multimer provides insights into the structural basis for our biochemical data, as well as prior deletion studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haile, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumpus, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.29.522244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SAGA HAT module is tethered by its SWIRM domain and modulates activity of the SAGA DUB module]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Roles of positive and negative supercoiling in compacting the E. coli genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aims to explore whether and how positive and negative supercoiling contribute to the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the bacterial genome. We used recently published Escherichia coli GapR ChIP-seq and TopoI ChIP-seq (also called EcTopoI-seq) data, which marks positive and negative supercoiling sites, respectively, to study how positive and negative supercoiling correlates with the corresponding contact frequencies obtained from chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C and 5C). We found that supercoiled chromosomal loci have overall higher Hi-C contact frequencies than sites that are not supercoiled, with positive supercoiling surprisingly corresponding to higher spatial contacts than negative supercoiling. Additionally, Hi-C contact frequencies alone could identify positive, but not negative, supercoiling with high accuracy. The majority of positive and negative supercoils coincide with highly active transcription units, with a minor group likely associated with replication and other genomic processes. Our results suggest that both positive and negative supercoiling enhance chromosome interactions, but positive supercoils contribute more than negative supercoils to bring distant chromosomal loci closer in space. Based on these results, we propose new physical models of how the E. coli chromosome is organized differentially by positive and negative supercoils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Roles of positive and negative supercoiling in compacting the E. coli genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85beta/AP-2-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.31.522383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes a multi- domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, their product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and its relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains previously uncharacterized AP-2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP-2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and upregulate both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non- catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.31.522383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85beta/AP-2-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the signal transduction network activities that drives numerous physiological responses, including cell polarity and migration. Yet, the symmetry breaking process in the membrane, that leads to dynamic compartmentalization of different proteins, remains poorly understood. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that multiple endogenous and synthetic lipid-anchored proteins, despite maintaining stable tight association with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, were unexpectedly depleted from the membrane domains where the signaling network was spontaneously activated such as in the new protrusions as well as within the propagating ventral waves. Although their asymmetric patterns resembled those of standard peripheral "back" proteins such as PTEN, unlike the latter, these lipidated proteins did not dissociate from the membrane upon global receptor activation. Our experiments not only discounted the possibility of recurrent reversible translocation from membrane to cytosol as it occurs for weakly bound peripheral membrane proteins, but also ruled out the necessity of directed vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal supramolecular structure-based restrictions in driving these dynamic symmetry breaking events. Selective photoconversion-based protein tracking assays suggested that these asymmetric patterns instead originate from the inherent ability of these membrane proteins to "dynamically partition" into distinct domains within the plane of the membrane. Consistently, single-molecule measurements showed that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane. When these profiles were incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model of the system, simulations revealed that our proposed "dynamic partitioning" mechanism is sufficient to give rise to familiar asymmetric propagating wave patterns. Moreover, we demonstrated that normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins in Dictyostelium and mammalian neutrophil cells can be induced to partition spatiotemporally to form polarized patterns, by optogenetically recruiting membrane domain-specific peptides to these proteins. Together, our results indicate "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism of plasma membrane organization, that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins in different physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devreotes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC disrupts transcriptional and metabolic circadian oscillations in cancer and promotes enhanced biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular circadian clock, which controls rhythmic 24-hour oscillation of genes, proteins, and metabolites in healthy tissues, is disrupted across many human cancers. Deregulated expression of the MYC oncoprotein has been shown to alter expression of molecular clock genes, leading to a disruption of molecular clock oscillation across cancer types. It remains unclear what benefit cancer cells gain from suppressing clock oscillation, and how this loss of molecular clock oscillation impacts global gene expression and metabolism in cancer. We hypothesized that MYC or its paralog N-MYC (collectively termed MYC herein) suppress oscillation of gene expression and metabolism to upregulate pathways involved in biosynthesis in a static, non-oscillatory fashion. To test this, cells from distinct cancer types with inducible MYC were examined, using time-series RNA-sequencing and metabolomics, to determine the extent to which MYC activation disrupts global oscillation of genes, gene expression pathways, and metabolites. We focused our analyses on genes, pathways, and metabolites that changed in common across multiple cancer cell line models. We report here that MYC disrupted over 85% of oscillating genes, while instead promoting enhanced ribosomal and mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressed cell attachment pathways. Notably, when MYC is activated, biosynthetic programs that were formerly circadian flipped to being upregulated in an oscillation-free manner. Further, activation of MYC ablates the oscillation of nutrient transporter proteins while greatly upregulating transporter expression, cell surface localization, and intracellular amino acid pools. Finally, we report that MYC disrupts metabolite oscillations and the temporal segregation of amino acid metabolism from nucleotide metabolism. Our results demonstrate that MYC disruption of the molecular circadian clock releases metabolic and biosynthetic processes from circadian control, which may provide a distinct advantage to cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeRollo, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazarin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad Shahidan, S. N. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwangi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaiah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weljie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC disrupts transcriptional and metabolic circadian oscillations in cancer and promotes enhanced biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecules organize themselves into discrete membrane-less compartments. Mounting evidence has suggested that nucleosomes as well as DNA itself can undergo clustering or condensation to regulate genomic activity. Current in vitro condensation studies provide insight into the physical properties of condensates, such as surface tension and diffusion. However, such studies lack the resolution needed for complex kinetic studies of multicomponent condensation. Here, we use a supported lipid bilayer platform in tandem with total internal reflection microscopy to observe the 2-dimensional movement of DNA and nucleosomes at the single-molecule resolution. This dimensional reduction from 3-dimensional studies allows us to observe the initial condensation events and dissolution of these early condensates in the presence of physiological condensing agents. Using polyamines, we observed that the initial condensation happens on a timescale of minutes while dissolution occurs within seconds upon charge inversion. Polyamine valency, DNA length and GC content affect threshold polyamine concentration for condensation. Protein-based nucleosome condensing agents, HP1 and Ki-67, have much lower threshold concentration for condensation than charge-based condensing agents, with Ki-67 being the most effective as low as 100 pM for nucleosome condensation. In addition, we did not observe condensate dissolution even at the highest concentrations of HP1 and Ki-67 tested. We also introduce a two-color imaging scheme where nucleosomes of high density labeled in one color is used to demarcate condensate boundaries and identical nucleosomes of another color at low density can be tracked relative to the boundaries after Ki-67 mediated condensation. Our platform should enable the ultimate resolution of single molecules in condensation dynamics studies of chromatin components under defined physicochemical conditions.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/522433v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benning, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestel-Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urteaga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite T1 relaxation times differ across the adult lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo investigate the age-dependence of metabolite T1 relaxation times at 3T in both gray- and white-matter-rich voxels.

MethodsThis manuscript analyzes publicly available metabolite and metabolite-nulled (single inversion recovery TI = 600 ms) spectra acquired at 3T using PRESS localization. Voxels were placed in posterior cingulate cortex and centrum semiovale in 102 healthy volunteers across 5 decades of life (20s to 60s). All spectra were analyzed in Osprey v2.4.0. To estimate T1 relaxation times for tNAA2.0 and tCr3.0, the ratio of modeled metabolite residual amplitudes in the metabolite-nulled spectrum to the full metabolite signal was calculated using the single inversion recovery signal equation. Correlations between T1 and subject age were evaluated.

ResultsSpearman correlations revealed that estimated T1 relaxation times of tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001) and tCr3.0 (rs = -0.23; p = 0.021) decreased significantly with age in white-matter-rich CSO, and less steeply (and not significantly) for tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.15; p = 0.136) and tCr3.0 (rs = -0.10; p = 0.319) in gray-matter-rich PCC.

ConclusionThe analysis harnessed a large publicly available cross-sectional dataset to test an important hypothesis, that metabolite T1 relaxation times change with age. This preliminary study stresses the importance of further work to measure age-normed metabolite T1 relaxation times for accurate quantification of metabolite levels in studies of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zöllner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite T1 relaxation times differ across the adult lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether due to mutagens or replication errors, DNA mismatches arise spontaneously in vivo. Unrepaired mismatches are sources of genetic variation and point mutations which can alter cellular phenotype and cause dysfunction, diseases, and cancer. To understand how diverse mismatches in various sequence contexts are recognized and repaired, we developed a high-throughput sequencing-based approach to track single mismatch repair outcomes in vivo and determined the mismatch repair efficiencies of 5682 distinct singly mispaired sequences in E. coli. We found that CC mismatches are always poorly repaired, whereas local sequence context is a strong determinant of the hypervariable repair efficiency of TT, AG, and CT mismatches. Single molecule FRET analysis of MutS interactions with mismatched DNA showed that well-repaired mismatches have a higher effective rate of sliding clamp formation. The hypervariable repair of TT mismatches can cause selectively enhanced mutability if a failure to repair would result in synonymous codon change or a conservative amino acid change. Sequence-dependent repair efficiency in E. coli can explain the patterns of substitution mutations in mismatch repair-deficient tumors, human cells, and C. elegans. Comparison to biophysical and biochemical analyses indicate that DNA physics is the primary determinant of repair efficiency by its impact on the mismatch recognition by MutS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early Omicron lineage variants evolved and gave rise to diverging lineages that fueled the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Bivalent mRNA vaccines, designed to broaden protection against circulating and future variants, were authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2022 and recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in September 2022. The impact of bivalent vaccination on eliciting neutralizing antibodies against homologous BA.4/BA.5 viruses as well as emerging heterologous viruses needs to be analyzed. In this study, we analyze the neutralizing activity of sera collected after a third dose of vaccination (2-6 weeks post monovalent booster) or a fourth dose of vaccination (2-7 weeks post bivalent booster) against 10 predominant/recent Omicron lineage viruses including BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BN.1, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1. The bivalent booster vaccination enhanced neutralizing antibody titers against all Omicron lineage viruses tested, including a 10-fold increase in neutralization of BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 viruses that predominated in the U.S. during the last two months of 2022. Overall, the data indicate the bivalent vaccine booster strengthens protection against Omicron lineage variants that evolved from BA.5 and BA.2 progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atteberry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paden, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambo-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following peripheral nerve injury, extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling is crucial for spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms of ATP release remain poorly understood. Here, we show that volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is an ATP-releasing channel and is activated by inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in microglia. Mice with microglia-specific deletion of Swell1 (also known as Lrrc8a), a VRAC essential subunit, had reduced peripheral nerve injury-induced increase in extracellular ATP in spinal cord. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased spinal microgliosis, dorsal horn neuronal hyperactivity, and both evoked and spontaneous neuropathic pain-like behaviors. We further performed high-throughput screens and identified an FDA-approved drug dicumarol as a novel and potent VRAC inhibitor. Intrathecal administration of dicumarol alleviated nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Our findings suggest that ATP-releasing VRAC in microglia is a key spinal cord determinant of neuropathic pain and a potential therapeutic target for this debilitating disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koylass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping multidimensional content representations to neural and behavioral expressions of episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neuroimaging studies have shown that the contents of episodic memories are represented in distributed patterns of neural activity. However, these studies have mostly been limited to decoding simple, unidimensional properties of stimuli. Semantic encoding models, in contrast, offer a means for characterizing the rich, multidimensional information that comprises episodic memories. Here, we extensively sampled four human fMRI subjects to build semantic encoding models and then applied these models to reconstruct content from natural scene images as they were viewed and recalled from memory. First, we found that multidimensional semantic information was successfully reconstructed from activity patterns across visual and lateral parietal cortices, both when viewing scenes and when recalling them from memory. Second, whereas visual cortical reconstructions were much more accurate when images were viewed versus recalled from memory, lateral parietal reconstructions were comparably accurate across visual perception and memory. Third, by applying natural language processing methods to verbal recall data, we showed that fMRI-based reconstructions reliably matched subjects verbal descriptions of their memories. In fact, reconstructions from ventral temporal cortex more closely matched subjects own verbal recall than other subjects verbal recall of the same images. Fourth, encoding models reliably transferred across subjects: memories were successfully reconstructed using encoding models trained on data from entirely independent subjects. Together, these findings provide evidence for successful reconstructions of multidimensional and idiosyncratic memory representations and highlight the differential sensitivity of visual cortical and lateral parietal regions to information derived from the external visual environment versus internally-generated memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping multidimensional content representations to neural and behavioral expressions of episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major trends and environmental correlates of spatiotemporal shifts in the distribution of genes compared to a biogeochemical model simulation in the Chesapeake Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms mediate critical biogeochemical transformations that affect the productivity and health of aquatic ecosystems. Metagenomic sequencing can be used to identify how the taxonomic and functional potential of microbial communities change in response to environmental variables by investigating changes in microbial genes. However, few studies directly compare gene changes to biogeochemical model predictions of corresponding processes, especially in dynamic estuarine ecosystems. We aim to understand the major drivers of spatiotemporal shifts in microbial genes and genomes within the water column of the Chesapeake and highlight the largest discrepancies of these observations with model predictions. We used a previously published shotgun metagenomic dataset from multiple months, sites, and depths within Chesapeake Bay in 2017 and a metatranscriptomic dataset from 2010-2011. We compared metagenomic observations with rates predicted with a comprehensive physical-biogeochemical model of the Bay. We found the largest changes in the relative abundance of genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism associated with variables that change with depth and season. Several genes associated with the largest changes in gene abundance are significantly correlated to corresponding modeled processes. Yet, several discrepancies in key genes were identified, such as differences between genes mediating nitrification, higher than expected abundance and expression of denitrification genes in aerobic waters, and nitrogen fixation genes in environments with relatively high ammonia but low oxygen concentrations. This study identifies processes that align with model expectations and others that require additional investigation to determine the biogeochemical consequences of these discrepancies and their impact within an important estuarine ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preheim, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora-Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gensbigler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradal, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanadesikan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major trends and environmental correlates of spatiotemporal shifts in the distribution of genes compared to a biogeochemical model simulation in the Chesapeake Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconfounded Dimension Reduction via Partial Embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimension reduction tools preserving similarity and graph structure such as t-SNE and UMAP can capture complex biological patterns in high-dimensional data. However, these tools typically are not designed to separate effects of interest from unwanted effects due to confounders. We introduce the partial embedding (PARE) framework, which enables removal of confounders from any distance-based dimension reduction method. We then develop partial t-SNE and partial UMAP and apply these methods to genomic and neuroimaging data. Our results show that the PARE framework can remove batch effects in single-cell sequencing data as well as separate clinical and technical variability in neuroimaging measures. We demonstrate that the PARE framework extends dimension reduction methods to highlight biological patterns of interest while effectively removing confounding effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuVal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalkh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconfounded Dimension Reduction via Partial Embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics analysis of neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma identifies independent mechanisms of resistance and recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel immunotherapy combination therapies have improved outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but responses are limited to a subset of patients and recurrence can also occur. Little is known about the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in cellular signaling networks within the HCC tumor microenvironment (TME) that underlie responses to modern systemic therapy. We applied spatial transcriptomics (ST) profiling to characterize the tumor microenvironment in HCC resection specimens from a clinical trial of neoadjuvant cabozantinib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that primarily blocks VEGF, and nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor in which 5 out of 15 patients were found to have a pathologic response. ST profiling demonstrated that the TME of responding tumors was enriched for immune cells and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) with pro-inflammatory signaling relative to the non-responders. The enriched cancer-immune interactions in responding tumors are characterized by activation of the PAX5 module, a known regulator of B cell maturation, which colocalized with spots with increased B cell markers expression suggesting strong activity of these cells. Cancer-CAF interactions were also enriched in the responding tumors and were associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling as there was high activation of FOS and JUN in CAFs adjacent to tumor. The ECM remodeling is consistent with proliferative fibrosis in association with immune-mediated tumor regression. Among the patients with major pathologic response, a single patient experienced early HCC recurrence. ST analysis of this clinical outlier demonstrated marked tumor heterogeneity, with a distinctive immune-poor tumor region that resembles the non-responding TME across patients and was characterized by cancer-CAF interactions and expression of cancer stem cell markers, potentially mediating early tumor immune escape and recurrence in this patient. These data show that responses to modern systemic therapy in HCC are associated with distinctive molecular and cellular landscapes and provide new targets to enhance and prolong responses to systemic therapy in HCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics analysis of neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma identifies independent mechanisms of resistance and recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation diarylquinolines improve sterilizing activity of regimens with pretomanid and the novel oxazolidinone TBI-223 in a mouse tuberculosis model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A regimen comprised of bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid (BPaL) is the first oral 6-month regimen approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the World Health Organization for treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. We used a well-established BALB/c mouse model of tuberculosis to evaluate the treatment-shortening potential of replacing bedaquiline with either of two new, more potent diarylquinolines in early clinical trials, TBAJ-587 and TBAJ-876. We also evaluated the effect of replacing linezolid with a new oxazolidinone, TBI-223, exhibiting a larger safety margin with respect to mitochondrial toxicity in preclinical studies. Replacing bedaquiline with TBAJ-587 at the same 25 mg/kg dose significantly reduced the proportion of mice relapsing after 2 months of treatment, while replacing linezolid with TBI-223 at the same 100 mg/kg dose did not significantly change the proportion of mice relapsing. Replacing linezolid or TBI-223 with sutezolid in combination with TBAJ-587 and pretomanid significantly reduced the proportion of mice relapsing. In combination with pretomanid and TBI-223, TBAJ-876 at 6.25 mg/kg was equipotent to TBAJ-587 at 25 mg/kg. We conclude that replacement of bedaquiline with these more efficacious and potentially safer diarylquinolines and replacement of linezolid with potentially safer and at least as efficacious oxazolidinones in the clinically successful BPaL regimen may lead to superior regimens capable of treating both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB more effectively and safely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betoudji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation diarylquinolines improve sterilizing activity of regimens with pretomanid and the novel oxazolidinone TBI-223 in a mouse tuberculosis model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organisms employ a mode-switching strategy for solving the explore-vs-exploit problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inescapable link between sensing and movement generates a conflict between producing costly movements for gathering information ("explore") versus using previously acquired information to achieve a goal ("exploit"). Determining the optimal balance between explore and exploit is a computationally intractable problem, necessitating the use of heuristics. We looked to nature to measure and model the solutions used by organisms. Here we show that the electric fish Eigenmannia virescens uses a salience-dependent mode-switching strategy to solve the explore-exploit conflict during a refuge tracking task. The fish produced distinctive non-Gaussian (i.e., non-normal) distributions of movement velocities characterized by sharp peaks for slower, task-oriented "exploit" movements and broad shoulders for faster, "explore" movements. The measures of non-normality increased in relation to increased sensory salience. Data from ten phylogenetically diverse organisms, from amoebae to humans, revealed the same distinctive distribution of movement velocities that were also modulated in relation to sensory salience. We propose a state-uncertainty based mode-switching heuristic that (1) reproduces the distinctive velocity distribution, (2) rationalizes modulation by sensory salience, and (3) outperforms the classic persistent excitation approach while using less energy. This mode-switching heuristic provides insights to purposeful exploratory behaviors in organisms as well as a framework for more efficient state estimation and control of robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamperski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guckenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organisms employ a mode-switching strategy for solving the explore-vs-exploit problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among infants and the elderly. Here we study mice to assess the response of each of the major meningeal cell types to early postnatal E. coli infection using single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), immunostaining, and genetic and pharamacologic perturbations of immune cells and immune signaling. Flat mounts of the dissected arachnoid and dura were used to facilitiate high-quality confocal imaging and quantification of cell abundances and morphologies. Upon infection, the major meningeal cell types - including endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and fibroblasts - exhibit distinctive changes in their transcriptomes. Additionally, ECs in the arachnoid redistribute CLDN5 and PECAM1, and arachnoid capillaries exhibit foci with reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. The vascular response to infection appears to be largely driven by TLR4 signaling, as determined by the nearly identical response induced by LPS administration and by the blunted response to infection in Tlr4-/- mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXM1 acts sexually dimorphically to regulate functional β-cell mass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor FOXM1 regulates {beta}-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Our previous work demonstrates that expressing an activated form of FOXM1 (FOXM1*) in {beta} cells increases {beta}-cell proliferation and mass in aged male mice. Additionally, FOXM1* enhances {beta}-cell function even in young mice, in which no {beta}-cell mass elevation occurs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXM1 acts in a sexually dimorphic manner in the {beta} cell. Expression of FOXM1* in female mouse {beta} cells does not affect {beta}-cell proliferation or glucose tolerance. Transduction of male but not female human islets with FOXM1* enhances insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose. Estrogen contributes to diabetes susceptibility differences between males and females, and the estrogen receptor (ER) is the primary mediator of {beta}-cell estrogen signaling. We show that FOXM1* can rescue impaired glucose tolerance in female mice with a pancreas-wide ER deletion. Further, FOXM1 and ER binding sites overlap with each other and with other {beta}-cell-enriched transcription factors, including ISL1, PAX6, MAF, and GATA. These data indicate that FOMX1 and ER cooperate to regulate {beta}-cell function and suggest a general mechanism contributing to the lower incidence of diabetes observed in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosleh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuhas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXM1 acts sexually dimorphically to regulate functional β-cell mass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination is an essential step for NEK7 docking on the mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a global immune-sensor that is activated by a repertoire of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. NLRP3 translocates to mitochondria but whether mitochondria involvement in the inflammasome assembly is unclear. Here, we show that the mitochondrial E3 ligase MARCH5 is a key regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Myeloid cell-specific March5 conditional knockout (March5 cKO) mice exhibited an attenuated mortality rate upon LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. Macrophages derived from March5 cKO mice failed to secrete IL-1{beta} and IL-18 after microbial infection. Mechanistically, MARCH5 interacts with the NACHT domain of NLRP3 and promotes K27-linked polyubiquitination of K324 and K430 residues of NLRP3. Ubiquitination-defective NLRP3 mutants neither bind to NEK7, nor form NLRP3 oligomers, but remain binding to MAVS. Accordingly, NLRP3 mutants led to abortive ASC speck formation and diminished IL-1{beta} production. We propose that MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination creates a docking site for NEK7 binding, playing as a fundamental step-wise regulator on the mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodantenna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MARCH5-dependent NLRP3 ubiquitination is an essential step for NEK7 docking on the mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies substantially overcome the limitations of short-reads but to date have not been considered as feasible replacement at scale due to a combination of being too expensive, not scalable enough, or too error-prone. Here, we develop an efficient and scalable wet lab and computational protocol for Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing that seeks to provide a genuine alternative to short-reads for large-scale genomics projects. We applied our protocol to cell lines and brain tissue samples as part of a pilot project for the NIH Center for Alzheimers and Related Dementias (CARD). Using a single PromethION flow cell, we can detect SNPs with F1-score better than Illumina short-read sequencing. Small indel calling remains difficult within homopolymers and tandem repeats, but is comparable to Illumina calls elsewhere. Further, we can discover structural variants with F1-score comparable to state-of-the-art methods involving Pacific Biosciences HiFi sequencing and trio information (but at a lower cost and greater throughput). Using ONT-based phasing, we can then combine and phase small and structural variants at megabase scales. Our protocol also produces highly accurate, haplotype-specific methylation calls. Overall, this makes large-scale long-read sequencing projects feasible; the protocol is currently being used to sequence thousands of brain-based genomes as a part of the NIH CARD initiative. We provide the protocol and software as open-source integrated pipelines for generating phased variant calls and assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesout, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabakaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactivation of the progenitor gene Trim71 enhances the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of cochlear supporting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear hair cell loss is a leading cause of deafness in humans. Neighboring supporting cells have some capacity to regenerate hair cells. However, their regenerative potential sharply declines as supporting cells undergo maturation (postnatal day 5 in mice). We recently reported that reactivation of the RNA-binding protein LIN28B restores the hair cell-regenerative potential of P5 cochlear supporting cells. Here, we identify the LIN28B target Trim71 as a novel and equally potent enhancer of supporting cell plasticity. TRIM71 is a critical regulator of stem cell behavior and cell reprogramming, however, its role in cell regeneration is poorly understood. Employing an organoid-based assay, we show that TRIM71 reactivation increases the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of P5 cochlear supporting cells by facilitating their de-differentiation into progenitor-like cells. Our mechanistic work indicates that TRIM71s RNA-binding activity is essential for such ability, and our transcriptomic analysis identifies gene modules that are linked to TRIM71 and LIN28B-mediated supporting cell reprogramming. Furthermore, our study uncovers that the TRIM71-LIN28B target Hmga2 is essential for supporting cell self-renewal and hair cell formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadar-Ponniah, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doetzlhofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactivation of the progenitor gene Trim71 enhances the mitotic and hair cell-forming potential of cochlear supporting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial invasions underlie host-microbe interactions that result in microbial pathogenesis and probiotic colonization. While these processes are of broad interest, there are still gaps in our understanding of the barriers to entry and how some microbes overcome them. In this study, we explore the effects of the microbiome on invasions of foreign microbes in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that gut microbes Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Acetobacter tropicalis improve survival during invasion of a lethal gut pathogen and lead to a reduction in microbial burden. Using a novel multi-organism interactions assay, we report that L. plantarum inhibits the growth of three invasive Gram-negative bacteria, while A. tropicalis prevents this inhibition. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that inhibition by L. plantarum is linked to its ability to acidify both internal and external environments, including culture media, fly food, and the gut itself, while A. tropicalis diminishes the inhibition by quenching acids. We propose that acid produced by the microbiome serves as an important gatekeeper to microbial invasions, as only microbes capable of tolerating acidic environments can colonize the host. The methods described herein will add to the growing breadth of tools to study microbe-microbe interactions in broad contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesperance, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenesis of Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Syrian Hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has evolved into multiple variants. Animal models are important to understand variant pathogenesis, particularly for those with mutations that have significant phenotypic or epidemiological effects. Here, cohorts of naive or previously infected Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with variants to investigate viral pathogenesis and disease protection. Naive hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants had consistent clinical outcomes, tissue viral titers, and pathology, while hamsters that recovered from initial infection and were reinfected demonstrated less severe clinical disease and lung pathology than their naive counterparts. Males had more frequent clinical signs than females in most variant groups, but few sex variations in tissue viral titers and lung pathology were observed. These findings support the use of Syrian hamsters as a SARS-CoV-2 model and highlight the importance of considering sex differences when using this species.

ImportanceWith the continued circulation and emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, understanding differences between the initial and a subsequent reinfection on disease pathogenesis is critical and highly relevant. This study characterizes Syrian hamsters as an animal model to study reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Previous infection reduced the disease severity of reinfection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plunkard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarwater, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenesis of Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Syrian Hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ is a fundamental determinant of survival in living cells. Excessive intracellular Ca2+ causes cellular toxicity and death but the genetic pathways contributing to Ca2+ induced cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide CRISPR knock-out screening in human cells challenged with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and identified genes and pathways essential for cell death after Ca2+ overload. We discovered 115 protective gene knockouts, 82 of which are non-essential genes and 21 of which belong to the druggable genome. Notably, members of store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), very long-chain fatty acid synthesis, and SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) pathways provided marked protection against Ca2+ toxicity. These results reveal pathways previously unknown to mediate Ca2+-induced cell death and provide a resource for the development of pharmacotherapies against the sequelae of Ca2+ overload in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cuticular profiling of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insecticides have made great strides in reducing the global burden of vector-borne disease. Nonetheless, serious public health concerns remain because insecticide-resistant vector populations continue to spread globally. To circumvent insecticide resistance, it is essential to understand all contributing mechanisms. Contact-based insecticides are absorbed through the insect cuticle, which is comprised mainly of chitin polysaccharides, cuticular proteins, hydrocarbons, and phenolic biopolymers sclerotin and melanin. Cuticle interface alterations can slow or prevent insecticide penetration in a phenomenon referred to as cuticular resistance. Cuticular resistance characterization of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is lacking. In the current study, we utilized solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to gain insights into the cuticle composition of congenic cytochrome P450 monooxygenase insecticide resistant and susceptible Ae. aegypti. No differences in cuticular hydrocarbon content or phenolic biopolymer deposition were found. In contrast, we observed cuticle thickness of insecticide resistant Ae. aegypti increased over time and exhibited higher polysaccharide abundance. Moreover, we found these local cuticular changes correlated with global metabolic differences in the whole mosquito, suggesting the existence of novel cuticular resistance mechanisms in this major disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin-Turner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cuticular profiling of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of intestine in metabolic dysregulation in murine Wilson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.524009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsMajor clinical manifestations of Wilson disease (WD) are related to copper accumulation in the liver and the brain, and little is known about other tissues involvement in metabolic changes in WD. In vitro studies suggested that the loss of intestinal ATP7B could contribute to metabolic dysregulation in WD. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating gut microbiota and lipidome in two mouse models of WD and by characterizing a new mouse model with a targeted deletion of Atp7b in intestine.

MethodsCecal content 16S sequencing and untargeted hepatic and plasma lipidome analyses in the Jackson Laboratory toxic-milk and the Atp7b null global knockout mouse models of WD were profiled and integrated. Intestine-specific Atp7b knockout mice (Atp7b{Delta}IEC) was generated using B6.Cg-Tg(Vil1-cre)997Gum/J mice and Atp7bLox/Lox mice, and characterized using targeted lipidome analysis following a high-fat diet challenge.

ResultsGut microbiota diversity was reduced in animal models of WD. Comparative prediction analysis revealed amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism functions to be dysregulated in the WD gut microbial metagenome. Liver and plasma lipidomic profiles showed dysregulated tri- and diglyceride, phospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism in WD models. When challenged with a high-fat diet, Atp7b{Delta}IEC mice exhibited profound alterations to fatty acid desaturation and sphingolipid metabolism pathways as well as altered APOB48 distribution in intestinal epithelial cells.

ConclusionCoordinated changes of gut microbiome and lipidome analyses underlie systemic metabolic manifestations in murine WD. Intestine-specific ATP7B deficiency affected both intestinal and systemic response to a high-fat challenge. WD is a systemic disease in which intestinal-specific ATP7B loss and diet influence phenotypic presentations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarode, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazi, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neier, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jospin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, N. H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>More, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetlana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medici, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.524009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of intestine in metabolic dysregulation in murine Wilson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro production of cat-restricted Toxoplasma pre-sexual stages by epigenetic reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphSexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii, which is restricted to the small intestine of felids, is sparsely documented, due to ethical concerns surrounding the use of cats as model organisms. Chromatin modifiers dictate the developmental fate of the parasite during its multistage life cycle, but their targeting to stage-specific cistromes is poorly described1. In this study, we found that transcription factors AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2, expressed in tachyzoite stage that causes acute toxoplasmosis, can silence genes necessary for merozoites, a developmental stage critical for sexual commitment and transmission to the next host, including humans. Their conditional and simultaneous depletion leads to a drastic change in the transcriptional program, promoting a complete transition from tachyzoites to merozoites. Pre-gametes produced in vitro under these conditions are characterized by specific protein markers and undergo typical asexual endopolygenic division cycles. In tachyzoites, AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2 bind DNA as heterodimers at merozoite promoters and recruit the epigenitors MORC and HDAC31, which in turn restrict the accessibility of chromatin to the transcriptional machinery. Thus, the commitment to merogony stems from a profound epigenetic rewiring orchestrated by AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2. This effective in vitro culture of merozoites paves the way to explore Toxoplasma sexual reproduction without the need to infect kittens and has potential for the development of therapeutics to block parasite transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antunes, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swale, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coute, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hehl, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bougdour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakimi, M.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro production of cat-restricted Toxoplasma pre-sexual stages by epigenetic reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VAP spatially stabilizes dendritic mitochondria to locally fuel synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are pivotal sites of memory formation and undergo plasticity in response to external inputs. Consequently, synapses are hotspots of energy consumption and are susceptible to dysfunction when their energy supplies are perturbed. Mitochondria are stabilized near synapses via cytoskeletal tethering and serve as local energy supplies to fuel synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms that tether and stabilize neuronal mitochondria for long durations and determine the spatial dendritic segment supported during synaptic plasticity are unknown. We identified a list of novel mitochondrial-cytoskeletal interactors in neurons using APEX-based proximity labeling. We narrowed down the protein candidates that exclusively tether mitochondria to actin near postsynaptic spines using high-resolution Airyscan confocal imaging. We find that VAP, the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein implicated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum, stabilizes mitochondria via actin near the spines. To test if the VAP-dependent stable mitochondrial compartments can locally support synaptic plasticity, we investigated individual spines stimulated by two-photon glutamate uncaging for spine plasticity induction and their adjacent spines. We find that, along with actin, VAP functions as a spatial stabilizer of mitochondrial compartments to sustain synaptic plasticity for up to ~60 min and as a spatial ruler that determines the ~30 m length of the dendritic segment supporting synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bapat, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purimetla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VAP spatially stabilizes dendritic mitochondria to locally fuel synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RepairSwitch: simultaneous functional assessment of homologous recombination and end joining DNA repair pathways in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA repair pathways are frequently defective in human cancers. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are most often repaired by either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Alterations in repair pathways can indicate sensitivity to therapeutic agents such as PARP inhibitors, cisplatin, and immunotherapy. Thus, functional assays to measure rates of HR and NHEJ are of significant interest. Several methods have been developed to measure rates of HR or NHEJ; however, there is a need for functional cell-based assays that can measure rates by both major DNA DSB pathways simultaneously. Here, we describe the RepairSwitch assay, a flow cytometry assay to assess rates of HR and NHEJ mediated repair of Cas9 programmed DSB simultaneously using a novel fluorescence switching reporter system. The assay exhibits low background signal and is capable of detecting rare repair events in the 1 in 10,000 range. We demonstrate the utility of RepairSwitch by measuring the potency of inhibitors of ATM (KU-60019, KU-55933), DNA-PK (NU7441), and PARP (Olaparib) on modulating DSB repair rates in HEK293FT cells. The selective ATM inhibitor KU-60019 inhibited HR rates with IC50 of 915 nM. Interestingly, KU-60019 exposure led to a dose responsive increase in rates of NHEJ. In contrast, the less selective ATM inhibitor KU-55933, which also has activity on DNA-PK, showed inhibition of both HR and NHEJ. The selective DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 inhibited NHEJ efficiency with an IC50 of 299 nM, and showed a dose responsive increase in HR. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib showed lower potency in modulating HR and NHEJ. We next used the RepairSwitch assay to assess how pharmacological and genetic inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) impacted rates of HR and NHEJ. The DNMT inhibitor decitabine reduced HR, but increased rates of NHEJ, both in a dose responsive manner, in both HEK293FT and HCT116 cells (IC50 for HR of 187 nM and 1.4 uM respectively). Knockout of DNMT1 and DNMT3B increased NHEJ, while knockout of DNMT3B, but not DNMT1, reduced HR. These results illustrate the utility of RepairSwitch as a functional assay for measuring changes in rates of DSB repair induced by pharmacological or genetic perturbation. Furthermore, the findings illustrate the potential for one DNA repair mechanism to compensate in part for loss of another. Finally, we showed that inhibition of DNMT can lead to reduction of HR and increase in NHEJ, providing some additional insight into recently observed synergy of DNMT inhibitors with PARP inhibitors for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovinazzo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tselenchuk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikarmane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RepairSwitch: simultaneous functional assessment of homologous recombination and end joining DNA repair pathways in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Landscape of Patients with Germline RUNX1 Variants and Familial Platelet Disorder with Myeloid Malignancies in a Natural History Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline RUNX1 mutations lead to familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia and a life-long risk (35-45%) of hematological malignancies. We recently launched a longitudinal natural history study for patients with FPDMM at the NIH Clinical Center. Among 29 families with research genomic data, 28 different germline RUNX1 variants were detected. Besides missense mutations enriched in Runt homology domain and loss-of-function mutations distributed throughout the gene, splice-region mutations and large deletions were detected in 6 and 7 families, respectively. In 24 of 54 (44.4%) non-malignant patients, somatic mutations were detected in at least one of the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) genes or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driver genes. BCOR was the most frequently mutated gene (in 9 patients), and multiple BCOR mutations were identified in 4 patients. Mutations in 7 other CHIP or AML driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, NRAS, SETBP1, SF3B1, KMT2C, and LRP1B) were also found in more than one non-malignant patient. Moreover, three unrelated patients (one with myeloid malignancy) carried somatic mutations in NFE2, which regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Sequential sequencing data from 19 patients demonstrated dynamic changes of somatic mutations over time, and stable clones were more frequently found in elderly patients. In summary, there are diverse types of germline RUNX1 mutations and high frequency of somatic mutations related to clonal hematopoiesis in patients with FPDMM. Monitoring dynamic changes of somatic mutations prospectively will benefit patients clinical management and reveal mechanisms for progression to myeloid malignancies.

Key PointsO_LIComprehensive genomic profile of patients with FPDMM with germline RUNX1 mutations.
C_LIO_LIRising clonal hematopoiesis related secondary mutations that may lead to myeloid malignancies.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deuitch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merguerian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresciani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diemer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullikin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Landscape of Patients with Germline RUNX1 Variants and Familial Platelet Disorder with Myeloid Malignancies in a Natural History Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Deviant Processing in Auditory Cortex of Awake Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting patterns, and noticing unexpected pattern changes, in the environment is a vital aspect of sensory processing. Adaptation and prediction error responses are two components of neural processing related to these tasks, and previous studies in the auditory system in rodents show that these two components are partially dissociable in terms of the topography and latency of neural responses to sensory deviants. However, many previous studies have focused on repetitions of single stimuli, such as pure tones, which have limited ecological validity. In this study, we tested whether the auditory cortical activity shows adaptation to repetition of more complex sound patterns (bisyllabic pairs). Specifically, we compared neural responses to violations of sequences based on single stimulus probability only, against responses to more complex violations based on stimulus order. We employed an auditory oddball paradigm and monitored the auditory cortex (ACtx) activity of awake mice (N=8) using wide-field calcium imaging. We found that cortical responses were sensitive both to single stimulus probabilities and to more global stimulus patterns, as mismatch signals were elicited following both substitution deviants and transposition deviants. Notably, A2 area elicited larger mismatch signaling to those deviants than primary ACtx (A1), which suggests a hierarchical gradient of prediction error signaling in the auditory cortex. Such a hierarchical gradient was observed for late but not early peaks of calcium transients to deviants, suggesting that the late part of the deviant response may reflect prediction error signaling in response to more complex sensory pattern violations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auksztulewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, T. K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnupp, J. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Deviant Processing in Auditory Cortex of Awake Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informing generative replay for continual learning with long-term memory formation in the fruit fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continual learning without catastrophic forgetting is a challenge for artificial systems but it is done naturally across a range of biological systems, including in insects. A recurrent circuit has been identified in the fruit fly mushroom body to consolidate long term memories (LTM), but there is not currently an algorithmic understanding of this LTM formation. We hypothesize that generative replay is occurring to consolidate memories in this recurrent circuit, and find anatomical evidence in synapse-level connectivity that supports this hypothesis. Next, we introduce a computational model which combines an initial experience phase and LTM phase to perform generative replay based continual learning. When evaluated on a CIFAR-100 class-incremental continual learning task, the modeled LTM phase increases classification performance by 20% and approaches within 2% of the performance for a non-incremental upper bound baseline. Unique elements of the proposed generative replay model include: 1) coupling high dimensional sparse activation patterns with generative replay and 2) sampling and reconstructing higher level representations for training generative replay (as opposed to reconstructing sensory-level or processed sensory-level representations). Additionally, we make the experimentally testable prediction that a specific set of synapses would need to undergo experience-dependent plasticity during LTM formation to support our generative replay based model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman-Tenazas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallabha, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informing generative replay for continual learning with long-term memory formation in the fruit fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
sLASER and PRESS Perform Similarly at Revealing Metabolite-Age Correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo compare the respective ability of PRESS and sLASER to reveal biological relationships, using age as a validation covariate.

MethodsMRS data were acquired from 102 healthy volunteers using PRESS and sLASER in centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) regions. Acquisition parameters included TR/TE 2000/30 ms; 96 transients; 2048 datapoints sampled at 2 kHz.

Spectra were analyzed using Osprey. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), full-width-half-maximum linewidth of tCr, and metabolite concentrations were extracted. A linear model was used to compare SNR and linewidth. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences in metabolite measurements between PRESS and sLASER. Correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between PRESS and sLASER metabolite estimates, as well as the strength of each metabolite-age relationship. Coefficients of variation were calculated to assess inter-subject variability in each metabolite measurement.

ResultsSNR and linewidth were significantly higher (p<0.05) for sLASER than PRESS. Paired t-tests showed significant differences between PRESS and sLASER in most metabolite measurements. Metabolite measures were significantly correlated (p<0.05) for most metabolites between the two methods except GABA, Gln and Lac in CSO and GSH, Lac and NAAG in PCC. Metabolite-age relationships were consistently identified using both PRESS and sLASER. Similar CVs were observed for most metabolites.

ConclusionThe study results suggest strong agreement between PRESS and sLASER in identifying relationships between brain metabolites and age in CSO and PCC data acquired at 3T. sLASER is technically desirable due to the reduced chemical shift displacement artifact; however, PRESS performed similarly in  good brain regions at clinical field strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoellner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[sLASER and PRESS Perform Similarly at Revealing Metabolite-Age Correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPhase 2a trials in tuberculosis typically use early bactericidal activity (EBA), the decline in sputum colony forming units (CFU) over 14 days, as the primary outcome for testing the efficacy of drugs as monotherapy. However, the cost of phase 2a trials can range from 7 to 19.6 million dollars on average, while more than 30% of drugs fail to progress to phase 3. Better utilizing preclinical data to predict and prioritize the most likely drugs to succeed will thus help accelerate drug development and reduce costs. We aim to predict clinical EBA using preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) data and a model-based translational pharmacology approach.

Methods and FindingsFirst, mouse PK, PD and clinical PK models were compiled. Second, mouse PKPD models were built to derive an exposure response relationship. Third, translational prediction of clinical EBA studies was performed using mouse PKPD relationships and informed by clinical PK models and species-specific protein binding. Presence or absence of clinical efficacy was accurately predicted from the mouse model. Predicted daily decreases of CFU in the first 2 days of treatment and between day 2 and day 14 were consistent with clinical observations.

ConclusionThis platform provides an innovative solution to inform or even replace phase 2a EBA trials, to bridge the gap between mouse efficacy studies and phase 2b and phase 3 trials, and to substantially accelerate drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, J. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strydom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wijk, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deitchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational predictions of phase 2a first-in patient efficacy studies for antituberculosis drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARPC5 deficiency leads to severe early onset systemic inflammation and early mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seven subunit Arp2/3 complex drives the formation of branched actin networks that are essential for many cellular processes including cell migration. In humans, the ARPC5 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex is encoded by two paralogous genes (ARPC5 and ARPC5L), resulting in proteins with 67% identity. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified a biallelic ARPC5 frameshift variant in a female child who presented with recurrent infections, multiple congenital anomalies, diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia, and suffered early demise from sepsis. Her consanguineous parents also had a previous child who died with similar clinical features. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated approaches, we demonstrate that loss of ARPC5 affects actin cytoskeleton organization and function, as well as chemokine-dependent cell migration in vitro. Homozygous Arpc5-/- mice do not survive past embryonic day 9 due to severe developmental defects, including loss of the second pharyngeal arch which contributes to craniofacial and heart development. Our results indicate that ARPC5 is important for both prenatal development and postnatal immune signaling, in a non-redundant manner with ARPC5L. Moreover, our observations add the ARPC5 locus to the list of genes that should be considered when patients present with syndromic early-onset immunodeficiency, particularly if recessive inheritance is suspected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sindram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero-Oteyza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadeh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez-Diaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazlollahi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimbacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proietti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARPC5 deficiency leads to severe early onset systemic inflammation and early mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gesture profiles distinguish primary progressive aphasia variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive language deficits. There are three main variants of PPA - semantic (svPPA), logopenic (lvPPA), and nonfluent (nfvPPA) - that can be challenging to distinguish. Limb praxis may also be affected in PPA, but it is unclear whether different variants of PPA are associated with differences in gesture production. Prior research with neurotypical individuals indicates that the left temporal lobe is a critical locus of manipulable object and hand posture representations. Moreover, when imitating gestures, individuals whose strokes include the left temporal lobe show reduced benefit of gesture meaning and disproportionate impairment in hand posture as compared to arm kinematics. We tested the hypothesis that svPPA - who typically exhibit primarily temporal lobe atrophy - would differentially show these expected patterns of gesture imitation performance. Nineteen participants with PPA completed meaningful and meaningless gesture imitation tasks, and performance was scored for hand posture and arm kinematics accuracy. Generalized logistic mixed-effect regression models controlling for dementia severity showed overall benefits from gesture meaning, and greater impairments in hand posture than arm kinematics. We also found that svPPA participants were the most impaired in gesture imitation overall. Critically, there was also a significant three-way interaction of group, meaning, and gesture component: only svPPA participants showed relative impairments of hand posture for meaningful gestures as well as meaningless gestures. Thus, unlike lvPPA and nfvPPA, the hand postures of svPPA failed to benefit from gesture meaning. This research extends prior findings on the role of the temporal lobe in hand posture representations associated with manipulable objects, and is the first to indicate that there may be distinct gesture imitation patterns as a function of PPA variant. Characterizing componential gesture deficits in PPA may help to inform differential diagnosis, compensatory communication strategies, and cognitive praxis models of PPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dresang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gesture profiles distinguish primary progressive aphasia variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to combination BRAF/MEK inhibitor (BRAFi/MEKi) therapy arises in nearly every patient with BRAFV600E/K melanoma, despite promising initial responses. Achieving cures in this expanding BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cohort represents one of the greatest challenges to the field; few experience additional durable benefit from immunotherapy and no alternative therapies exist. To better personalize therapy in cancer patients to address therapy relapse, umbrella trials have been initiated whereby genomic sequencing of a panel of potentially actionable targets guide therapy selection for patients; however, the superior efficacy of such approaches remains to be seen. We here test the robustness of the umbrella trial rationale by analyzing relationships between genomic status of a gene and the downstream consequences at the protein level of related pathway, which find poor relationships between mutations, copy number amplification, and protein level. To profile candidate therapeutic strategies that may offer clinical benefit in the context of acquired BRAFi/MEKi resistance, we established a repository of patient-derived xenograft models from heavily pretreated patients with resistance to BRAFi/MEKi and/or immunotherapy (R-PDX). With these R-PDXs, we executed in vivo compound repurposing screens using 11 FDA-approved agents from an NCI-portfolio with pan-RTK, non-RTK and/or PI3K-mTOR specificity. We identify dasatinib as capable of restoring BRAFi/MEKi antitumor efficacy in [~]70% of R-PDX tested. A systems-biology analysis indicates elevated baseline protein expression of canonical drivers of therapy resistance (e.g., AXL, YAP, HSP70, phospho-AKT) as predictive of MAPKi/dasatinib sensitivity. We therefore propose that dasatinib-based MAPKi therapy may restore antitumor efficacy in patients that have relapsed to standard-of-care therapy by broadly targeting proteins critical in melanoma therapy escape. Further, we submit that this experimental PDX paradigm could potentially improve preclinical evaluation of therapeutic modalities and augment our ability to identify biomarker-defined patient subsets that may respond to a given clinical trial.

SINGLE SENTENCE SUMMARYBroad target inhibition effective as a salvage strategy in BRAF/MEK inhibitor-acquired resistance PDX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, Y. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daies, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of acquisition and modeling parameters on test-retest reproducibility of edited GABA+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Literature values for within-subject test-retest reproducibility of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), measured with edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), vary widely. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. Here we tested whether sequence complexity (two-experiment MEGA-PRESS versus four-experiment HERMES), editing pulse duration (14 versus 20 ms), scanner frequency drift (interleaved water referencing (IWR) turned ON versus OFF), and linear combination modeling variations (three different co-edited macromolecule models and 0.55 versus 0.4 ppm spline baseline knot spacing) affected the within-subject coefficient of variation of GABA + macromolecules (GABA+). We collected edited MRS data from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex from 20 participants (30.8 {+/-} 9.5 years; 10 males). Test and retest scans were separated by removing the participant from the scanner for 5-10 minutes. Each acquisition consisted of two MEGA-PRESS and two HERMES sequences with editing pulse durations of 14 and 20 ms (referred to here as: MEGA-14, MEGA-20, HERMES-14, and HERMES-20; all TE = 80 ms, 224 averages). Reproducibility did not consistently differ for MEGA-PRESS compared with HERMES or for 14 compared with 20 ms editing pulses. A composite model of the 0.9 and 3 ppm macromolecules (particularly for HERMES) and sparser (0.55 compared with 0.4 ppm) spline baseline knot spacing yielded generally better test-retest reproducibility for GABA+. Replicating our prior results, linear combination modeling in Osprey compared with simple peak fitting in Gannet resulted in substantially better test-retest reproducibility. These results highlight the importance of model selection for edited MRS studies of GABA+, particularly for clinical studies which focus on individual patient differences in GABA+ or changes following an intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yedavalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of acquisition and modeling parameters on test-retest reproducibility of edited GABA+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fluid biomarker reveals loss of TDP-43 splicing repression in pre-symptomatic ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) splicing repression is well-documented in postmortem tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet whether this abnormality occurs during early-stage disease remains unresolved. Cryptic exon inclusion reflects functional loss of TDP-43, and thus detection of cryptic exon-encoded peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could reveal the earliest stages of TDP-43 dysregulation in patients. Here, we use a newly characterized monoclonal antibody specific to a TDP-43-dependent cryptic epitope (encoded by the cryptic exon found in HDGFL2) to show that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression occurs in C9ORF72-associated ALS, including pre-symptomatic mutation carriers. In contrast to neurofilament light and heavy chain proteins, cryptic HDGFL2 accumulates in CSF at higher levels during early stages of disease. Our findings indicate that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression occurs early in disease progression, even pre-symptomatically, and that detection of HDGFL2s cryptic neoepitope may serve as a prognostic test for ALS which should facilitate patient recruitment and measurement of target engagement in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irwin, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitcheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fluid biomarker reveals loss of TDP-43 splicing repression in pre-symptomatic ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utility of long-read sequencing for All of Us 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The All of Us (AoU) initiative aims to sequence the genomes of over one million Americans from diverse ethnic backgrounds to improve personalized medical care. In a recent technical pilot, we compared the performance of traditional short-read sequencing with long-read sequencing in a small cohort of samples from the HapMap project and two AoU control samples representing eight datasets. Our analysis revealed substantial differences in the ability of these technologies to accurately sequence complex medically relevant genes, particularly in terms of gene coverage and pathogenic variant identification. We also considered the advantages and challenges of using low coverage sequencing to increase sample numbers in large cohort analysis. Our results show that HiFi reads produced the most accurate results for both small and large variants. Further, we present a cloud-based pipeline to optimize SNV, indel and SV calling at scale for long-reads analysis. These results will lead to widespread improvements across AoU.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pionzio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utility of long-read sequencing for All of Us]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the mouse neural precursor line, SN4741, as a suitable proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To overcome the ethical and technical limitations of in vivo human disease models, the broader scientific community frequently employs model organism-derived cell lines to investigate of disease mechanisms, pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Despite the widespread use of certain in vitro models, many still lack contemporary genomic analysis supporting their use as a proxy for the affected human cells and tissues. Consequently, it is imperative to determine how accurately and effectively any proposed biological surrogate may reflect the biological processes it is assumed to model. One such cellular surrogate of human disease is the established mouse neural precursor cell line, SN4741, which has been used to elucidate mechanisms of neurotoxicity in Parkinson disease for over 25 years. Here, we are using a combination of classic and contemporary genomic techniques - karyotyping, RT-qPCR, single cell RNA-seq, bulk RNA-seq, and ATAC-seq - to characterize the transcriptional landscape, chromatin landscape, and genomic architecture of this cell line, and evaluate its suitability as a proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the study of Parkinson disease. We find that SN4741 cells possess an unstable triploidy and consistently exhibits low expression of dopaminergic neuron markers across assays, even when the cell line is shifted to the non-permissive temperature that drives differentiation. The transcriptional signatures of SN4741 cells suggest that they are maintained in an undifferentiated state at the permissive temperature and differentiate into immature neurons at the non-permissive temperature; however, they may not be dopaminergic neuron precursors, as previously suggested. Additionally, the chromatin landscapes of SN4741 cells, in both the differentiated and undifferentiated states, are not concordant with the open chromatin profiles of ex vivo, mouse E15.5 forebrain- or midbrain-derived dopaminergic neurons. Overall, our data suggest that SN4741 cells may reflect early aspects of neuronal differentiation but are likely not a suitable a proxy for dopaminergic neurons as previously thought. The implications of this study extend broadly, illuminating the need for robust biological and genomic rationale underpinning the use of in vitro models of molecular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrientos, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the mouse neural precursor line, SN4741, as a suitable proxy for midbrain dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.523981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal SIRT1 and BDNF modulate mechanical allodynia in mouse models of diabetic neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.523981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating disorder characterized by spontaneous and mechanical pain. The role of skin mechanoreceptors in the development of mechanical pain (allodynia) is unclear. We discovered that mice with diabetic neuropathy had decreased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase activity in foot skin, leading to reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and subsequent loss of innervation in Meissner corpuscles, a mechanoreceptor expressing the BDNF receptor TrkB. When SIRT1 was depleted from skin, the mechanical allodynia worsened in diabetic neuropathy mice, likely due to retrograde degeneration of the Meissner-corpuscle innervating A{beta} axons and aberrant formation of Meissner corpuscles which may have increased the mechanosensitivity. The same phenomenon was also noted in skin BDNF knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT1 in skin induced Meissner corpuscle reinnervation and regeneration, resulting in significant improvement of diabetic mechanical allodynia. Overall, the findings suggested that skin-derived SIRT1 and BDNF function in the same pathway in skin sensory apparatus regeneration and highlighted the potential of developing topical SIRT1-activating compounds as a novel treatment for diabetic mechanical allodynia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehaus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekeran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.523981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal SIRT1 and BDNF modulate mechanical allodynia in mouse models of diabetic neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinforcement Learning Is Impaired in the Sub-acute Post-stroke Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeurorehabilitation approaches are frequently predicated on motor learning principles. However, much is left to be understood of how different kinds of motor learning are affected by stroke causing hemiparesis. Here we asked if two kinds of motor learning often employed in rehabilitation, (1) reinforcement learning and (2) error-based adaptation, are altered at different times after stroke.

MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, we compared learning in two groups of patients with stroke, matched for their baseline motor execution deficit on the paretic side. The early group was tested within 3 months following stroke (N = 35) and the late group was tested more than 6 months after stroke (N = 30). Two types of task were studied: one based on reinforcement learning and the other on error-based learning.

ResultsWe found that reinforcement learning was impaired in the early but not the late group, whereas error-based learning was unaffected compared to controls. These findings could not be attributed to differences in baseline execution, cognitive impairment, gender, age, or lesion volume and location.

ConclusionsThe presence of a specific impairment in reinforcement learning in the first 3 months after stroke has important implications for rehabilitation. It might be necessary to either increase the amount of reinforcement feedback given early or even delay onset of certain forms of rehabilitation training, e.g., like constraint-induced movement therapy, and instead emphasize others forms of motor learning in this early time period. A deeper understanding of stroke-related changes in motor learning capacity has the potential to facilitate the development of new, more precise treatment interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branscheidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnalls, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinforcement Learning Is Impaired in the Sub-acute Post-stroke Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural variation across 138,134 samples in the TOPMed consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ever larger Structural Variant (SV) catalogs highlighting the diversity within and between populations help researchers better understand the links between SVs and disease. The identification of SVs from DNA sequence data is non-trivial and requires a balance between comprehensiveness and precision. Here we present a catalog of 355,667 SVs (59.34% novel) across autosomes and the X chromosome (50bp+) from 138,134 individuals in the diverse TOPMed consortium. We describe our methodologies for SV inference resulting in high variant quality and >90% allele concordance compared to long-read de-novo assemblies of well-characterized control samples. We demonstrate utility through significant associations between SVs and important various cardio-metabolic and hemotologic traits. We have identified 690 SV hotspots and deserts and those that potentially impact the regulation of medically relevant genes. This catalog characterizes SVs across multiple populations and will serve as a valuable tool to understand the impact of SV on disease development and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamidipati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus,, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarv</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural variation across 138,134 samples in the TOPMed consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasensitive detection of circulating LINE-1 ORF1p as a specific multi-cancer biomarker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improved biomarkers are needed for early cancer detection, risk stratification, treatment selection, and monitoring treatment response. While proteins can be useful blood-based biomarkers, many have limited sensitivity or specificity for these applications. Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) open reading frame 1 protein (ORF1p) is a transposable element protein overexpressed in carcinomas and high-risk precursors during carcinogenesis with negligible detectable expression in corresponding normal tissues, suggesting ORF1p could be a highly specific cancer biomarker. To explore the potential of ORF1p as a blood-based biomarker, we engineered ultrasensitive digital immunoassays that detect mid-attomolar (10-17 M) ORF1p concentrations in patient plasma samples across multiple cancers with high specificity. Plasma ORF1p shows promise for early detection of ovarian cancer, improves diagnostic performance in a multi-analyte panel, and provides early therapeutic response monitoring in gastric and esophageal cancers. Together, these observations nominate ORF1p as a multi-cancer biomarker with potential utility for disease detection and monitoring.

Statement of SignificanceLINE-1 ORF1p transposon protein is pervasively expressed in many cancers and a highly specific biomarker of multiple common, lethal carcinomas and their high-risk precursors in tissue and blood. Ultrasensitive ORF1p assays from as little as 25 L plasma are novel, rapid, cost-effective tools in cancer detection and monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridy, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goggins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franses, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplin, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiani, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppaluri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egloff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zukerberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norden, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustelin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matulonis, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skates, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasensitive detection of circulating LINE-1 ORF1p as a specific multi-cancer biomarker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scientific civility and academic performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In modern science, interdisciplinary and collaborative research is encouraged among scientists to solve complex problems. However, when the time comes to measure an individuals academic productivity, collaborative efforts are hard to conceptualize and quantify. In this study, we hypothesized that a social behavior coined "scientific civility", which encompasses civility, collaboration, cooperation, or a combination of these, enhances an individuals productivity influencing their academic performance. To facilitate recognition of this unique attribute within the scientific environment, we developed a new indicator: the C score. We examined publicly available data from 1000 academic scientists at the individual-level, focusing on their scholarly output and collaborative networks as a function of geographic distribution and time. Our findings strongly suggest that the C score gauges academic performance from an integral perspective based on a synergistic interaction between productivity and collaborative networks, prevailing over institutionally limited economic resources and minimizing inequalities related to the length of individuals academic career, field of investigation, and gender.

Author SummaryThe increased connectivity between fields and specialties of science is undeniable. We propose a new indicator, the C score, to assess the value of collaborative efforts and research output to a scientists academic performance. This indicator reflects collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts and provides a measure of "scientific civility" and teamwork. The C score may be used as a decision-making tool to track career advancement within the academic environment. Along with other indicators such as the h index, the C score supports a more integrative and holistic assessment of an individuals academic performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camacho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartshorn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scientific civility and academic performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A defined clathrin-mediated trafficking pathway regulates sFLT1/VEGFR1 secretion from endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FLT1/VEGFR1 negatively regulates VEGF-A signaling and is required for proper vessel morphogenesis during vascular development and vessel homeostasis. Although a soluble isoform, sFLT1, is often mis-regulated in disease and aging, how sFLT1 is trafficked and secreted from endothelial cells is not well understood. Here we define requirements for constitutive sFLT1 trafficking and secretion in endothelial cells from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and we show that sFLT1 secretion requires clathrin at or near the Golgi. Perturbations that affect sFLT1 trafficking blunted endothelial cell secretion and promoted intracellular mis-localization in cells and zebrafish embryos. siRNA-mediated depletion of specific trafficking components revealed requirements for RAB27A, VAMP3, and STX3 for post-Golgi vesicle trafficking and sFLT1 secretion, while STX6, ARF1, and AP1 were required at the Golgi. Depletion of STX6 altered vessel sprouting in a 3D angiogenesis model, indicating that endothelial cell sFLT1 secretion is important for proper vessel sprouting. Thus, specific trafficking components provide a secretory path from the Golgi to the plasma membrane for sFLT1 in endothelial cells that utilizes a specialized clathrin-dependent intermediate, suggesting novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinghorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>le Noble, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Gabhann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautch, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A defined clathrin-mediated trafficking pathway regulates sFLT1/VEGFR1 secretion from endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional genomic mapping of human pancreatic tissue reveals striking multifocality and genetic heterogeneity in precancerous lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is a precursor to pancreatic cancer and represents a critical opportunity for cancer interception. However, the number, size, shape, and connectivity of PanINs in human pancreatic tissue samples are largely unknown. In this study, we quantitatively assessed human PanINs using CODA, a novel machine-learning pipeline for 3D image analysis that generates quantifiable models of large pieces of human pancreas with single-cell resolution. Using a cohort of 38 large slabs of grossly normal human pancreas from surgical resection specimens, we identified striking multifocality of PanINs, with a mean burden of 13 spatially separate PanINs per cm3 of sampled tissue. Extrapolating this burden to the entire pancreas suggested a median of approximately 1000 PanINs in an entire pancreas. In order to better understand the clonal relationships within and between PanINs, we developed a pipeline for CODA-guided multi-region genomic analysis of PanINs, including targeted and whole exome sequencing. Multi-region assessment of 37 PanINs from eight additional human pancreatic tissue slabs revealed that almost all PanINs contained hotspot mutations in the oncogene KRAS, but no gene other than KRAS was altered in more than 20% of the analyzed PanINs. PanINs contained a mean of 13 somatic mutations per region when analyzed by whole exome sequencing. The majority of analyzed PanINs originated from independent clonal events, with distinct somatic mutation profiles between PanINs in the same tissue slab. A subset of the analyzed PanINs contained multiple KRAS mutations, suggesting a polyclonal origin even in PanINs that are contiguous by rigorous 3D assessment. This study leverages a novel 3D genomic mapping approach to describe, for the first time, the spatial and genetic multifocality of human PanINs, providing important insights into the initiation and progression of pancreatic neoplasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braxton, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grahn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damanakis, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagro-Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknafs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional genomic mapping of human pancreatic tissue reveals striking multifocality and genetic heterogeneity in precancerous lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Downfield Proton MRSI with whole-brain coverage at 3T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo develop a 3D downfield magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (DF-MRSI) protocol with whole brain coverage and post-processing pipeline for creation of metabolite maps.

MethodsA 3D, circularly phase-encoded version of the previously developed 2D DF-MRSI sequence with [Formula] spectral-spatial excitation and frequency selective refocusing was implemented and tested in 5 healthy volunteers at 3T. Downfield metabolite maps with a nominal spatial resolution of 0.7 cm3 were recorded in 8 slices at 3T in a scan time of 22m 40s. An MRSI post-processing pipeline was developed to create DF metabolite maps. Metabolite concentrations and uncertainty estimates were compared between region differences for nine downfield peaks.

ResultsLCModel analysis showed CRLB average values of 3-4% for protein amide resonances in the three selected regions (anterior cingulate (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and centrum semiovale (CSO)); CRLBs were somewhat higher for individual peaks but for the most part were less than 20%. While DF concentration maps were visually quite homogeneous throughout the brain, general linear regression analysis corrected for multiple comparisons found significant differences between CSO and DLPFC for peaks at 7.09 ppm (p= 0.014), 7.90 ppm (p=0.009), 8.18 ppm (p=0.009), combined amides (p=0.009), and between ACC and DLPFC for the 7.30 ppm peak (p=0.020). CRLB values were not significantly different between brain regions for any of the DF peaks.

Conclusion3D DF-MRSI of the human brain at 3T with wide spatial coverage for the mapping of exchangeable amide and other resonances is feasible at a nominal spatial resolution of 0.7 cm3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etyemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povazan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Downfield Proton MRSI with whole-brain coverage at 3T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can a Fish Learn to Ride a Bicycle? Sensorimotor Adaptation to Destabilizing Dynamics in Weakly Electric Fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Humans and other animals can readily learn to compensate for destabilizing dynamics, such as balancing an object or riding a bicycle. How does the nervous system learn to compensate for such destabilizing dynamics, and what are the benefits of the newly learned control policies? To investigate these questions, we examined how the weakly electric glass knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens, retunes its control system in the face of novel, destabilizing dynamics. Using a real-time feedback system, we measured swimming movements as seven individual fish tracked a moving refuge, and we fed the swimming movements back through novel dynamics to alter the refuge motion, creating an artificially destabilizing reafferent loop. We discovered that fish learned to retune their sensorimotor controllers as the artificially destabilizing feedback was gradually introduced. Furthermore, when the artificial feedback was extinguished, fish exhibited a clear aftereffect, retaining their learned sensorimotor controllers for several minutes before washing out. This retuning of the control system under destabilizing dynamics: (i) improved tracking performance compared to the predicted performance had fish not re-tuned their baseline controller, (ii) reduced sensitivity of the sensorimotor system to low-frequency disturbances, such as would arise from turbulence or motor noise, and (iii) improved phase margin, a measure of stability robustness, despite the artificial feedback driving the putative baseline control system towards instability. Our study sheds light on how the nervous system adapts to changing closed-loop dynamics, and how those changes impact performance and stability; the presence of aftereffects suggest a plasticity-based mechanism reminiscent of cerebellar learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yared, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can a Fish Learn to Ride a Bicycle? Sensorimotor Adaptation to Destabilizing Dynamics in Weakly Electric Fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems neuroscience has experienced an explosion of new tools for reading and writing neural activity, enabling exciting new experiments (e.g., all-optical interrogation, closed-loop control) for interrogating neural circuits. Unfortunately, these advances have drastically increased the complexity of designing experiments, with ad hoc decisions often resulting in suboptimal or even failed experiments. Bridging model and experiment via simulation can help solve this problem, leveraging advances in computational models to provide a low-cost testbed for experiment design, model validation, and methods engineering. Specifically, we require an integrated approach that incorporates simulation of the experimental interface into computational models, but no existing tool integrates optogenetics, two-photon calcium imaging, electrode recording, and flexible closed-loop processing with neural population simulations. To address this need, we have developed Cleo: the Closed-Loop, Electrophysiology, and Optophysiology experiment simulation testbed. Cleo is a Python package enabling injection of virtual recording and stimulation devices as well as closed-loop control with realistic latency into a Brian spiking neural network model. Notably, it is the only publicly available tool to date simulating two-photon and multi-opsin/wavelength optogenetics. To facilitate adoption and extension by the community, Cleo is open-source, modular, tested, and documented, and can export results to various data formats. Here we describe the design and features of Cleo, evaluate output of individual components and integrated experiments, and demonstrate its utility for advancing optogenetic techniques in prospective experiments using previously published systems neuroscience models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruzado, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willats, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleo: a testbed for bridging model and experiment by simulating closed-loop stimulation, electrode recording, and optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foveolar cone subtype patterning in human retinal organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms that generate patterns of cell types unique to humans are poorly understood. In the central region of the human retina, the high-acuity foveola is notable, in part, for its dense packing of green (M) and red (L) cones and absence of blue (S) cones. To identify mechanisms that promote M/L and suppress S cone patterning in the foveola, we examined human fetal retinas and differentiated human retinal organoids. During development, sparse S-opsin-expressing cones are initially observed in the foveola. Later in fetal development, the foveola contains a mix of cones that either co-express S- and M/L-opsins or exclusively express M/L-opsin. In adults, only M/L cones are present. Two signaling pathway regulators are highly and continuously expressed in the central retina: Cytochrome P450 26 subfamily A member 1 (CYP26A1), which degrades retinoic acid (RA) and Deiodinase 2 (DIO2), which promotes thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Both CYP26A1 null mutant organoids and high RA conditions increased the number of S cones and reduced the number of M/L cones in human retinal organoids. In contrast, sustained TH signaling promoted the generation of M/L-opsin-expressing cones and induced M/L-opsin expression in S-opsin-expressing cones, showing that cone fate is plastic. Our data suggest that CYP26A1 degrades RA to specify M/L cones and limit S cones and that continuous DIO2 expression sustains high levels of TH to convert S cones into M/L cones, resulting in the foveola containing only M/L cones. Since the foveola is highly susceptible to impairment in diseases such as macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss, our findings inform organoid design for potential therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.28.526051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foveolar cone subtype patterning in human retinal organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulated fibroblast subclusters in prurigo nodularis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is an intensely pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects black patients. However, the pathogenesis of PN is poorly understood. We performed single-cell transcriptomic profiling, ligand receptor analysis and cell trajectory analysis of 28,695 lesional and non-lesional PN skin cells to uncover disease-identifying cell compositions and genetic characteristics. We uncovered a dysregulated role for fibroblasts (FBs) and myofibroblasts as a key pathogenic element in PN, which were significantly increased in PN lesional skin. We defined seven unique subclusters of FBs in PN skin and observed a shift of PN lesional FBs towards a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype, with WNT5A+ CAFs increased in the skin of PN patients and similarly so in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A multi-center PN cohort study subsequently revealed an increased risk of SCC as well as additional CAF-associated malignancies in PN patients, including breast and colorectal cancers. Systemic fibroproliferative diseases were also upregulated in PN patients, including renal sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ligand receptor analyses demonstrated increased FB1-derived WNT5A and periostin interactions with neuronal receptors MCAM and ITGAV, suggesting a fibroblast-neuronal axis in PN. Type I IFN responses in immune cells and increased angiogenesis/permeability in endothelial cells were also observed. As compared to atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PSO) patients, increased mesenchymal dysregulation is unique to PN with an intermediate Th2/Th17 phenotype between atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. These findings identify a pathogenic role for CAFs in PN, including a novel targetable WNT5A+ fibroblast subpopulation and CAF-associated malignancies in PN patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oladipo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwatra, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulated fibroblast subclusters in prurigo nodularis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALESudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and heart failure (HF) are leading causes of death. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, limiting the design of new therapies. Whereas most autonomic modulation therapies have not shown clear benefit in HF patients, growing evidence indicates cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) exerts cardioprotective effects. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unexplored.

OBJECTIVEBased on the hypothesis that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) drive the pathogenesis of HF and SCA, we investigated whether CSD prevents SCA and HF by improving mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox balance, to correct impaired Ca2+ handling and repolarization reserve.

METHODS AND RESULTSWe interrogated CSD-specific responses in pressure-overload HF models with spontaneous SCA using in vivo echocardiographic and electrocardiographic studies and in vitro biochemical and functional studies including ratiometric measures of mROS, Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics in left ventricular myocytes. Pressure-overloaded HF reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and increased mROS, which impaired {beta}-adrenergic signaling and caused SR Ca2+ leak, reducing SR Ca2+ and increasing diastolic Ca2+, impaired myofilament contraction and further increased the sympathetic stress response. CSD improved contractile function and mitigated mROS-mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload, dispersion of repolarization, triggered activity and SCA by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings support a fundamental role of sympathetic stress-induced downregulation of mROS scavenging enzymes and RyR-leak mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload in HF and SCA pathogenesis that are mitigated by CSD. This first report on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CSD supports its evaluation in additional high-risk patient groups.

BRIEF SUMMARYCardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) confers cardioprotective effects via unclear mechanisms. In a guinea pig model that uniquely mimics human pressure-overload heart failure (HF) with spontaneous sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), we interrogated CSD-specific responses using echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical measures, and ratiometric measures of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics. Consistent with our hypothesis, CSD rescued cardioprotection by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes, which mitigate mROS-mediated Ca2+ derangements, repolarization lability, triggered activity, HF and SCA. Our findings provide the first molecular and cellular mechanistic basis for evaluating CSD therapy in a broader group of high-risk patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeMazumder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo evaluate changes in monkey optic nerve head (ONH) morphology under acutely controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

MethodsSeven ONHs from six monkeys were imaged via optical coherence tomography while IOP and ICP were maintained at one of 16 conditions. These conditions were defined by 4 levels for each pressure: low, baseline, high and very high. Images were processed to determine scleral canal area, aspect ratio, and planarity and anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC) shape index and curvature. Linear mixed effect models were utilized to investigate the effects of IOP, ICP and their interactions on ONH morphological features. The IOP-ICP interaction model was compared with one based on translaminar pressure difference (TLPD).

ResultsWe observed complex, eye-specific, non-linear patterns of ONH morphological changes with changes in IOP and ICP. For all ONH morphological features, linear mixed effects models demonstrated significant interactions between IOP and ICP that were unaccounted for by TLPD. Interactions indicate that the effects of IOP and ICP depend on the other pressure. The IOP-ICP interaction model was a higher quality predictor of ONH features than a TLPD model.

ConclusionsIn vivo modulation of IOP and ICP causes nonlinear and non-monotonic changes in monkey ONH morphology that depend on both pressures and is not accounted for by a simplistic TLPD. These results support and extend prior findings.

Translational Relevance: A better understanding of ICPs influence on the effects of IOP can help inform the highly variable presentations of glaucoma and effective treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollstein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressures Causes Nonlinear and Non-monotonic Deformations of the Lamina Cribrosa and Scleral Canal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypermetabolism in mice carrying a near complete human chromosome 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The consequences of aneuploidy have traditionally been studied in cell and animal models in which the extrachromosomal DNA is from the same species. Here, we explore a fundamental question concerning the impact of aneuploidy on systemic metabolism using a non-mosaic transchromosomic mouse model (TcMAC21) carrying a near complete human chromosome 21. Independent of diets and housing temperatures, TcMAC21 mice consume more calories, are hyperactive and hypermetabolic, remain consistently lean and profoundly insulin sensitive, and have a higher body temperature. The hypermetabolism and elevated thermogenesis are due to sarcolipin overexpression in the skeletal muscle, resulting in futile sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and energy dissipation. Mitochondrial respiration is also markedly increased in skeletal muscle to meet the high ATP demand created by the futile cycle. This serendipitous discovery provides proof-of-concept that sarcolipin-mediated thermogenesis via uncoupling of the SERCA pump can be harnessed to promote energy expenditure and metabolic health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delannoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypermetabolism in mice carrying a near complete human chromosome 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder with incomplete penetrance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GAP that regulates endolysosomal trafficking. Damaging variants have been linked to cerebral palsy and autism. We report 3 new individuals with microdeletion variants in AGAP1. Affected individuals have intellectual disability (3/3), autism (3/3), dystonia with axial hypotonia (1/3), abnormalities of brain maturation (1/3), growth impairment (2/3) and facial dysmorphism (2/3). We investigated mechanisms potentially underlying AGAP1 neurodevelopmental impairments using the Drosophila ortholog, CenG1a. We discovered reduced axon terminal size, increased neuronal endosome abundance, and elevated autophagy at baseline. Given potential incomplete penetrance, we assessed gene-environment interactions. We found basal elevation in phosphorylation of the integrated stress-response protein eIF2 and inability to further increase eIF2-P with subsequent cytotoxic stressors. CenG1a-mutant flies have increased lethality from exposure to environmental insults. We propose a model wherein disruption of AGAP1 function impairs endolysosomal trafficking, chronically activating the integrated stress response, and leaving AGAP1-deficient cells susceptible to a variety of second hit cytotoxic stressors. This model may have broader applicability beyond AGAP1 in instances where both genetic and environmental insults co-occur in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Summary statementWe describe 3 additional patients with heterozygous AGAP1 deletion variants and use a loss of function Drosophila model to identify defects in synaptic morphology with increased endosomal sequestration, chronic autophagy induction, basal activation of eIF2-P, and sensitivity to environmental stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhtiari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guyader, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkhunaiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Lopez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruer, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder with incomplete penetrance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SATB2 loss in inflammatory bowel disease-associated small intestinal metaplasia of the distal colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial metaplasia is a common adaptation to chronic inflammatory processes and can be associated with increased risk of dysplasia and cancer. The distal colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly shows crypt architectural distortion and Paneth cell metaplasia (PCM), and IBD patients also carry increased risk of colitis-associated dysplasia and cancer (CAC). Loss of SATB2 expression (Special AT-rich binding 2 protein, a colon-restricted chromatin remodeler) has recently been shown to distinguish colitis-associated dysplasia and CAC from sporadic disease. Here we report non-diffuse heterogeneous patterns of SATB2 loss across non-dysplastic distal colon biopsies from IBD patients (n=20). This cohort was specifically curated to include biopsies with well-developed histologic features of villiform growth and PCM. Notably, CDX2 was strongly expressed and P53 showed a wild-type immunolabeling pattern across our non-dysplastic cohort, regardless of SATB2 immunolabeling pattern. Our findings fit with recent murine studies in which colon-specific Satb2 deletion resulted in histologic conversion of colonic mucosa to small intestinal-like mucosa, including emergence of villi and Paneth cells. Taken together, we show that SATB2 loss is associated with a preneoplastic metaplastic response to chronic injury in human IBD and chronic colitis, reframing PCM more broadly as small intestinal metaplasia. We propose that inflammation-associated SATB2 loss mediates a remodeled chromatin landscape permissive for dysplasia and CAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeineldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SATB2 loss in inflammatory bowel disease-associated small intestinal metaplasia of the distal colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK4/6 inhibition enhances SHP2 inhibitor efficacy and is dependent upon restoration of RB function in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas with limited treatment options, and novel effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. We observe anti-proliferative efficacy of genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition using the clinically available SHP2 inhibitor (SHP2i) TNO155. Our studies into the signaling response to SHP2i reveal that resistance to TNO155 is partially mediated by reduced RB function, and we therefore test the addition of a CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) to enhance RB activity and improve TNO155 efficacy. In combination, TNO155 attenuates the adaptive response to CDK4/6i, potentiates its anti-proliferative effects, and converges on enhancement of RB activity, with greater suppression of cell cycle and inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins, leading to deeper and more durable anti-tumor activity in in vitro and in vivo patient-derived models of MPNST, relative to either single agent. Overall, our study provides timely evidence to support the clinical advancement of this combination strategy in patients with MPNST and other tumors driven by loss of NF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calizo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conniff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llosa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Largaespada, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosline, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK4/6 inhibition enhances SHP2 inhibitor efficacy and is dependent upon restoration of RB function in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DandD: efficient measurement of sequence growth and similarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome assembly databases are growing rapidly. The sequence content in each new assembly can be largely redundant with previous ones, but this is neither conceptually nor algorithmically easy to measure. We propose new methods and a new tool called DandD that addresses the question of how much new sequence is gained when a sequence collection grows. DandD can describe how much human structural variation is being discovered in each new human genome assembly and when discoveries will level off in the future. DandD uses a measure called {delta} ("delta"), developed initially for data compression. Computing {delta} directly requires counting k-mers, but DandD can rapidly estimate it using genomic sketches. We also propose {delta} as an alternative to k-mer-specific cardinalities when computing the Jaccard coefficient, avoiding the pitfalls of a poor choice of k. We demonstrate the utility of DandDs functions for estimating {delta}, characterizing the rate of pangenome growth, and computing allpairs similarities using k-independent Jaccard. DandD is open source software available at: https://github.com/jessicabonnie/dandd.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonnie, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DandD: efficient measurement of sequence growth and similarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barn owls experience increasing interaural time differences (ITDs) during development, because their head width more than doubles in the month after hatching. We therefore hypothesized that their ITD detection circuit might be modified by experience. To test this, we raised owls with unilateral ear inserts that delayed and attenuated the acoustic signal, then measured the ITD representation in the brainstem nucleus laminaris (NL) when they were adult. The ITD circuit is composed of delay line inputs to coincidence detectors, and we predicted that plastic changes would lead to shorter delays in the axons from the manipulated ear, and complementary shifts in ITD representation on the two sides. In owls that received ear inserts starting around P14, the maps of ITD shifted in the predicted direction, but only on the ipsilateral side, and only in those tonotopic regions that had not experienced auditory stimulation prior to insertion. The contralateral map did not change. Experience-dependent plasticity of the ITD circuit occurs in NL, and our data suggest that ipsilateral and contralateral delays are independently regulated. Thus, altered auditory input during development leads to long-lasting changes in the representation of ITD.

Significance StatementThe early life of barn owls is marked by increasing sensitivity to sound, and by increasing ITDs. Their prolonged post-hatch development allowed us to examine the role of altered auditory experience on the development of ITD detection circuits. We raised owls with a unilateral ear insert and found that their maps of ITD were altered by experience, but only in those tonotopic regions that had not experienced auditory stimulation prior to insertion. Thus experience-induced plasticity allows the sound localization circuits to be customized to individual characteristics, such as the size of the head, and potentially to compensate for natural conductive hearing losses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuokkanen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capshaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashida, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listening in complex sound environments requires rapid segregation of different sound sources e.g., speakers from each other, speakers from other sounds, or different instruments in an orchestra, and also adjust auditory processing on the prevailing sound conditions. Thus, fast encoding of inputs and identifying and adapting to reoccurring sounds are necessary for efficient and agile sound perception. This adaptation process represents an early phase of developing implicit learning of sound statistics and thus represents a form of auditory memory. The auditory cortex (ACtx) is known to play a key role in this encoding process but the underlying circuits and if hierarchical processing exists are not known. To identify ACtx regions and cells involved in this process, we simultaneously imaged population of neurons in different ACtx subfields using in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake mice. We used an experimental stimulus paradigm adapted from human studies that triggers rapid and robust implicit learning to passively present complex sounds and imaged A1 Layer 4 (L4), A1 L2/3, and A2 L2/3. In this paradigm, a frozen spectro-temporally complex  Target sound would be randomly re-occurring within a stream of random other complex sounds. We find distinct groups of cells that are specifically responsive to complex acoustic sequences across all subregions indicating that even the initial thalamocortical input layers (A1 L4) respond to complex sounds. Cells in all imaged regions showed decreased response amplitude for reoccurring Target sounds indicating that a memory signature is present even in the thalamocortical input layers. On the population level we find increased synchronized activity across cells to the Target sound and that this synchronized activity was more consistent across cells regardless of the duration of frozen token within Target sounds in A2, compared to A1. These findings suggest that ACtx and its input layers play a role in auditory memory for complex sounds and suggest a hierarchical structure of processes for auditory memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experiment-based Computational Model Predicts that IL-6 Trans-Signaling Plays a Dominant Role in IL-6 mediated signaling in Endothelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory cytokine mediated responses are important in the development of many diseases that are associated with angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenesis as a prominent strategy has shown limited effects in many contexts such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and cancer. One potential reason for the unsuccessful outcome is the mutual dependent role between inflammation and angiogenesis. Inflammation-based therapies primarily target inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in T cells, macrophages, cancer cells, muscle cells, and there is a limited understanding of how these cytokines act on endothelial cells. Thus, we focus on one of the major inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, mediated intracellular signaling in endothelial cells by developing a detailed computational model. Our model quantitatively characterized the effects of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to phosphorylate STAT3, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, respectively. We applied the trained and validated experiment-based computational model to characterize the dynamics of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), Akt (pAkt), and extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) in response to IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling. The model predicts that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling induced responses are IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) dose-dependent. Also, IL-6 trans-signaling induces stronger downstream signaling and plays a dominant role in the overall effects from IL-6. In addition, both IL-6 and sIL-6R levels regulate signaling strength. Moreover, our model identifies the influential species and kinetic parameters that specifically modulate the pSTAT3, pAkt, and pERK responses, which represent potential targets for inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling and angiogenesis-based therapies. Overall, the model predicts the effects of IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling stimulation quantitatively and provides a framework for analyzing and integrating experimental data. More broadly, this model can be utilized to identify targets that influence inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling in endothelial cells and to study the effects of angiogenesis- and inflammation-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experiment-based Computational Model Predicts that IL-6 Trans-Signaling Plays a Dominant Role in IL-6 mediated signaling in Endothelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAF chromatin complexes do not mediate GLI transcriptional repression of Hedgehog target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional responses to the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway are primarily modulated by GLI repression in the mouse limb. Previous studies suggested a role for the BAF chromatin remodeling complex in mediating GLI repression. Consistent with this possibility, the core BAF complex protein SMARCC1 is present at most active limb enhancers including the majority of GLI enhancers. However, in contrast to GLI repression which reduces chromatin accessibility, SMARCC1 maintains chromatin accessibility at most enhancers, including those bound by GLI. Moreover, SMARCC1 binding at GLI-regulated enhancers occurs independently of GLI3. Consistent with previous studies, some individual GLI target genes are mis-regulated in Smarcc1 conditional knockouts, though most GLI target genes are unaffected. Moreover, SMARCC1 is not necessary for mediating constitutive GLI repression in HH mutant limb buds. We conclude that SMARCC1 does not mediate GLI3 repression, which we propose utilizes alternative chromatin remodeling complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lex, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windsor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAF chromatin complexes do not mediate GLI transcriptional repression of Hedgehog target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effort cost of harvest affects decisions and movement vigor of marmosets during foraging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our decisions are guided by how we perceive the value of an option, but this evaluation also affects how we move to acquire that option. Why should economic variables such as reward and effort alter the vigor of our movements? In theory, both the option that we choose and the vigor with which we move contribute to a measure of fitness in which the objective is to maximize rewards minus efforts, divided by time. To explore this idea, we engaged marmosets in a foraging task in which on each trial they decided whether to work by making saccades to visual targets, thus accumulating food, or to harvest by licking what they had earned. We varied the effort cost of harvest by moving the food tube with respect to the mouth. Theory predicted that the subjects should respond to the increased effort costs by choosing to work longer, stockpiling food before commencing harvest, but reduce their movement vigor to conserve energy. Indeed, in response to an increased effort cost of harvest, marmosets extended their work duration, but slowed their movements. These changes in decisions and movements coincided with changes in pupil size. As the effort cost of harvest declined, work duration decreased, the pupils dilated, and the vigor of licks and saccades increased. Thus, when acquisition of reward became effortful, the pupils constricted, the decisions exhibited delayed gratification, and the movements displayed reduced vigor.

Significance statementOur results suggest that as the brainstem neuromodulatory circuits that control pupil size respond to effort costs, they alter computations in the brain regions that control decisions, encouraging work and delaying gratification, and the brain regions that control movements, reducing vigor and suppressing energy expenditure. This coordinated response suggests that decisions and actions are part of a single control policy that aims to maximize a variable relevant to fitness: the capture rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.527146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effort cost of harvest affects decisions and movement vigor of marmosets during foraging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) activation lowers intraocular pressure by halting its mechanosensing function in the trabecular meshwork 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are highly contractile and mechanosensitive to aid in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis. Lipids are attributed to modulating TM contractility with poor mechanistic understanding. In this study using human TM cells, we identify the mechanosensing role of the transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) involved in lipogenesis. By constitutively activating SREBPs and pharmacologically inactivating SREBPs, we have mechanistically deciphered the attributes of SREBPs in regulating the contractile properties of TM. The pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs by fatostatin and molecular inactivation of SREBPs ex vivo and in vivo respectively results in significant IOP lowering. As a proof of concept, fatostatin significantly decreased the SREBPs responsive genes and enzymes involved in lipogenic pathways as well as the levels of the phospholipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Further, we show that fatostatin mitigated actin polymerization machinery and stabilization, and decreased ECM synthesis and secretion. We thus postulate that lowering lipogenesis in the TM outflow pathway can hold the key to lowering IOP by modifying the TM biomechanics.

SynopsisIn this study, we show the role of lipogenic transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). (Synopsis Figure - Created using Biorender.com) O_LISREBPs are involved in the sensing of changes in mechanical stress on the trabecular meshwork (TM). SREBPs aid in transducing the mechanical signals to induce actin polymerization and filopodia/lamellipodia formation.
C_LIO_LISREBPs inactivation lowered genes and enzymes involved in lipogenesis and modified lipid levels in TM.
C_LIO_LISREBPs activity is a critical regulator of ECM engagement to the matrix sites.
C_LIO_LIInactivation of SCAP-SREBP pathway lowered IOP via actin relaxation and decreasing ECM production and deposition in TM outflow pathway signifying a novel relationship between SREBP activation status and achieving IOP homeostasis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattabiraman, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) activation lowers intraocular pressure by halting its mechanosensing function in the trabecular meshwork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pramipexole restores behavioral inhibition in highly impulsive rats through a paradoxical modulation of frontostriatal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impulse control disorders (ICDs), a wide spectrum of maladaptive behaviors which includes pathological gambling, hypersexuality and compulsive buying, have been recently suggested to be triggered or aggravated by treatments with dopamine D2/3 receptor agonists, such as pramipexole (PPX). Despite evidence showing that impulsivity is associated with functional alterations in corticostriatal networks, the neural basis of the exacerbation of impulsivity by PPX has not been elucidated. Here we used a hotspot analysis to assess the functional recruitment of several corticostriatal structures by PPX in male rats identified as highly (HI), moderately impulsive (MI) or with low levels of impulsivity (LI) in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). PPX dramatically reduced impulsivity in HI rats. Assessment of the expression pattern of the two immediate early genes C-fos and Zif268 by in situ hybridization subsequently revealed that PPX resulted in a decrease in Zif268 mRNA levels in different striatal regions of both LI and HI rats accompanied by a high impulsivity specific reduction of Zif268 mRNA levels in prelimbic and cingulate cortices. PPX also decreased C-fos mRNA levels in all striatal regions of LI rats, but only in the dorsolateral striatum and nucleus accumbens core (NAc Core) of HI rats. Structural equation modelling further suggested that the anti-impulsive effect of PPX was mainly attributable to the specific downregulation of Zif268 mRNA in the NAc Core. Altogether, our results show that PPX restores impulse control in highly impulsive rats by modulation of limbic frontostriatal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouyssac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachez, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufourd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcenac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulet, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savasta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnicella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pramipexole restores behavioral inhibition in highly impulsive rats through a paradoxical modulation of frontostriatal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ~[1/3] of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically-reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUS). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino-acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectation. However, the maps showed variants at the dimerization interface to be unexpectedly well tolerated, and suggested residue roles in active site dynamics that were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these HMBS variant effect maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Loggerenberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowlati-Hashjin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weile, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebbia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustajoki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Pierro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floderus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesema, E. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppinen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To-Figueras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarsand, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnick, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating high-coverage sequencing coverage at select genomic loci has extensive applications in both research science and genetic medicine. Long-read sequencing technologies (e.g. nanopore sequencing) have expanded our ability to generate sequencing data in regions (e.g. repetitive elements) that are difficult to interrogate with short-read sequencing methods. In work presented here, we expand on our previous work using CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted nanopore sequencing by using in vitro transcribed guideRNAs, with 1100 guideRNAs in a single experiment. This approach decreases the cost per guideRNA, increases the number of guideRNAs that can be multiplexed in a single experiment, and provides a way to rapidly screen numerous guideRNAs for cutting efficiency. We apply this strategy in multiple patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, demonstrating its ability to unveil structural variation in "deletion hotspots" around the tumor suppressor genes p16 (CDKN2A), and SMAD4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilpatrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) receptor tetramerization by auxiliary subunits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary subunits are specialized, non-transient binding partners of AMPARs that modulate their ion channel gating properties and pharmacology, as well as their biogenesis and trafficking. The most well characterized families of auxiliary subunits are transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) and cornichon homologs (CNIHs) and the more recently discovered GSG1-L. These auxiliary subunits can promote or reduce surface expression of AMPARs in neurons, thereby impacting their functional role in membrane signaling. Here, we show that CNIH-2 enhances the tetramerization of wild type and mutant AMPARs, possibly by increasing the overall stability of the tetrameric complex, an effect that is mainly mediated by interactions with the transmembrane domain of the receptor. We also find CNIH-2 and CNIH-3 show receptor subunit-specific actions in this regard with CNIH-2 enhancing both GluA1 and GluA2 tetramerization whereas CNIH-3 only weakly enhances GluA1 tetramerization. These results are consistent with the proposed role of CNIHs as endoplasmic reticulum cargo transporters for AMPARs. In contrast, TARP {gamma}-2, TARP {gamma}-8, and GSG1-L have no or negligible effect on AMPAR tetramerization. On the other hand, TARP {gamma}-2 can enhance receptor tetramerization but only when directly fused with the receptor at a maximal stoichiometry. Notably, surface expression of functional AMPARs was enhanced by CNIH-2 to a greater extent than TARP {gamma}-2 suggesting that this distinction aids in maturation and membrane expression. These experiments define a functional distinction between CNIHs and other auxiliary subunits in the regulation of AMPAR biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Certain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollmuth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) receptor tetramerization by auxiliary subunits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmissibility of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium falciparum by anopheline mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising numbers of malaria cases and deaths underscore the need for new interventions. Long-acting injectable medications, such as those now in use for HIV prophylaxis, offer the prospect of a malaria "chemical vaccine", combining the efficacy of a drug (like atovaquone) with the durability of a biological vaccine. Of concern, however, is the possible selection and transmission of drug-resistant parasites. We addressed this question by generating clinically relevant, highly atovaquone-resistant, Plasmodium falciparum mutants competent to infect mosquitoes. Isogenic paired strains, that differ only by a single Y268S mutation in cytochrome b, were evaluated in parallel in southeast Asian (Anopheles stephensi) or African (Anopheles gambiae) mosquitoes, and thence in humanized mice. Fitness costs of the mutation were evident along the lifecycle, in asexual parasite growth in vitro and in a progressive loss of parasites in the mosquito. In numerous independent experiments, microscopic exam of salivary glands from hundreds of mosquitoes failed to detect even one Y268S sporozoite, a defect not rescued by coinfection with wild type parasites. Furthermore, despite uniformly successful transmission of wild type parasites from An. stephensi to FRG NOD huHep mice bearing human hepatocytes and erythrocytes, multiple attempts with Y268S-fed mosquitoes failed: there was no evidence of parasites in mouse tissues by microscopy, in vitro culture, or PCR. These studies confirm a severe-to-lethal fitness cost of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant P. falciparum in the mosquito, and they significantly lessen the likelihood of their transmission in the field.

SignificanceNew tools are needed to protect individuals from malaria and to control malaria in the field. Atovaquone plus proguanil is a commonly used and well-tolerated medicine to prevent malaria. No drug resistance has been reported from its prophylactic use, but tablets must be taken daily. Giving atovaquone as a single injection may provide much longer-lasting protection, against both falciparum and vivax malaria, but there is concern this may create drug resistance. In this study we showed that clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant malaria parasites survive poorly, if at all, in mosquitoes, and that mosquitoes do not transmit drug-resistant parasites to humanized mice. These findings lessen the likelihood that an atovaquone "chemical vaccine" would lead to the spread of atovaquone resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiffler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlambo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedlicka, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenortas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Rodriguez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canonizado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmissibility of clinically relevant atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium falciparum by anopheline mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal control by co-factors prevents kinetic trapping in retroviral Gag lattice assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For retroviruses like HIV to proliferate, they must form virions shaped by the self-assembly of Gag polyproteins into a rigid lattice. This immature Gag lattice has been structurally characterized and reconstituted in vitro, revealing the sensitivity of lattice assembly to multiple co-factors. Due to this sensitivity, the energetic criterion for forming stable lattices is unknown, as are their corresponding rates. Here, we use a reaction-diffusion model designed from the cryo-ET structure of the immature Gag lattice to map a phase diagram of assembly outcomes controlled by experimentally constrained rates and free energies, over experimentally relevant timescales. We find that productive assembly of complete lattices in bulk solution is extraordinarily difficult due to the large size of this [~]3700 monomer complex. Multiple Gag lattices nucleate before growth can complete, resulting in loss of free monomers and frequent kinetic trapping. We therefore derive a time-dependent protocol to titrate or  activate the Gag monomers slowly within the solution volume, mimicking the biological roles of co-factors. This general strategy works remarkably well, yielding productive growth of self-assembled lattices for multiple interaction strengths and binding rates. By comparing to the in vitro assembly kinetics, we can estimate bounds on rates of Gag binding to Gag and the cellular co-factor IP6. Our results show that Gag binding to IP6 can provide the additional time-delay necessary to support smooth growth of the immature lattice with relatively fast assembly kinetics, mostly avoiding kinetic traps. Our work provides a foundation for predicting and disrupting formation of the immature Gag lattice via targeting specific protein- protein binding interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal control by co-factors prevents kinetic trapping in retroviral Gag lattice assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo proton MR Spectroscopy of the healthy and diseased human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, weve identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virovka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirault, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo proton MR Spectroscopy of the healthy and diseased human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature neurons in the primate amygdala: changes with early development and disrupted early environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human and nonhuman primates, the amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) contains immature neurons. To explore the PLs potential for cellular growth during development, we compared PL cells in 1) infant and adolescent macaques (control, maternally-reared), and in 2) infant macaques that experienced separation from their mother in the first month of life. In maternally-reared animals, the adolescent PL had fewer immature neurons, more mature neurons, and larger immature soma volumes compared to infant PL. There were also fewer total neurons (immature plus mature) in adolescent versus infant PL, suggesting that some neurons move out of the PL by adolescence. Maternal separation did not change mean immature or mature neuron counts in infant PL. However, across all infant animals, immature neuron soma volume was strongly correlated with mature neuron counts. tbr-1 mRNA, a transcript required for glutamatergic neuron maturation, is significantly reduced in the maternally-separated infant PL (DeCampo et al, 2017), and was also positively correlated with mature neuron counts in infant PL. We conclude that immature neurons gradually mature by adolescence, and that the stress of maternal separation may shift this trajectory, as revealed by correlations between tbr1mRNA and mature neuron numbers across animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McHale-Matthews, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCampo, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudge, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature neurons in the primate amygdala: changes with early development and disrupted early environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 58 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are critically important for human development, and are implicated in many growth disorders and cancers. Here we introduce a methodology to identify and quantify bias in RTK signal transduction across the plasma membrane, and to quantify phosphorylation efficiencies, without contributions from feedback loops and system bias. We show that RTK biased signaling can occur in the first step of signal transduction not only in response to different ligands, but as a consequence of RTK pathogenic mutations as well. Ligand bias and mutation-induced bias are uncoupled here based on a comprehensive data set of dose response curves acquired for three ligands, EGF, TGF and epiregulin, for wild-type EGFR and for the oncogenic L834R EGFR mutant found in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ligand bias has been extensively studied for GPCRs, and has revolutionized the GPCR field. The demonstration of pathogenic mutation-induced bias in RTK signal transduction across the plasma membrane will open new avenues for the exploration of RTK biased inhibitors as highly specific anti-cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hyper-quiescent chromatin state formed during aging is reversed by regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic alterations are a key hallmark of aging but have been limitedly explored in tissues. Here, using naturally aged murine liver as a model and extending to other quiescent tissues, we find that aging is driven by temporal chromatin alterations that promote a refractory cellular state and compromise cellular identity. Using an integrated multi-omics approach, and the first direct visualization of aged chromatin we find that globally, old cells show H3K27me3-driven broad heterochromatinization and transcription suppression. At the local level, site-specific loss of H3K27me3 over promoters of genes encoding developmental transcription factors leads to expression of otherwise non-hepatocyte markers. Interestingly, liver regeneration reverses H3K27me3 patterns and rejuvenates multiple molecular and physiological aspects of the aged liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Occean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melters, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delannoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabo, R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hyper-quiescent chromatin state formed during aging is reversed by regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are rapidly emerging as aggregated measures of disease-risk associated with many genetic variants. Understanding the interplay of PRS with environmental factors is critical for interpreting and applying PRS in a wide variety of settings. We develop an efficient method for simultaneously modeling gene-environment correlations and interactions using PRS in case-control studies. We use a logistic-normal regression modeling framework to specify the disease risk and PRS distribution in the underlying population and propose joint inference across the two models using the retrospective likelihood of the case-control data. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the flexibility of the method in trading-off bias and efficiency for the estimation of various model parameters compared to the standard logistic regression or a case-only analysis for gene-environment interactions, or a control-only analysis for gene-environment correlations. Finally, using simulated case-control datasets within the UK Biobank study, we demonstrate the power of the proposed method for its ability to recover results from the full prospective cohort for the detection of an interaction between long-term oral contraceptive use and PRS on the risk of breast cancer. This method is computationally efficient and implemented in a user-friendly R package.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangled deep generative models reveal coding principles of the human face processing network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research, much is still unknown about the computations carried out in the human face processing network. Recently deep networks have been proposed as a computational account of human visual processing, but while they provide a good match to neural data throughout visual cortex, they lack interpretability. We introduce a method for interpreting brain activity using a new class of deep generative models, disentangled representation learning models, which learn a low-dimensional latent space that "disentangles" different semantically meaningful dimensions of faces, such as rotation, lighting, or hairstyle, in an unsupervised manner by enforcing statistical independence between dimensions. We find that the majority of our models learned latent dimensions are interpretable by human raters. Further, these latent dimensions serve as a good encoding model for human fMRI data. We next investigated the representation of different latent dimensions across face-selective voxels. We find a gradient from low- to high-level face feature representations along posterior to anterior face-selective regions, corroborating prior models of human face recognition. Interestingly, though, we find no spatial segregation between identity-relevant and irrelevant face features. Finally, we provide new insight into the few "entangled" (uninterpretable) dimensions in our model by showing that they match responses across the ventral stream and carry significant information about facial identity. Disentangled face encoding models provide an exciting alternative to standard "black box" deep learning approaches for modeling and interpreting human brain data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangled deep generative models reveal coding principles of the human face processing network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females are more sensitive to social exclusion, which could contribute to their heightened susceptibility to anxiety disorders. Chronic social isolation stress (CSIS) for at least 7 weeks after puberty induces anxiety-related behavioral adaptations in female mice. Here, we show that Arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (Avpr1a)-expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) mediate these sex-specific effects, in part, via projections to the caudate putamen. Loss of function studies demonstrate that AVPR1A signaling in the CeA is required for effects of CSIS on anxiety-related behaviors in females but has no effect in males or group housed females. This sex-specificity is mediated by AVP produced by a subpopulation of neurons in the posterodorsal medial nucleus of the amygdala that project to the CeA. Estrogen receptor alpha signaling in these neurons also contributes to preferential sensitivity of females to CSIS. These data support new therapeutic applications for AVPR1A antagonists in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuromaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassouna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaker, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeltser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala AVPR1A mediates susceptibility to chronic social isolation in females]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prospectively predicting BPaMZ Phase IIb outcomes using a translational preclinical mouse to human platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite known treatments, tuberculosis (TB) remains the worlds top infectious killer, highlighting the pressing need for new drug regimens. To prioritize the most efficacious drugs for clinical testing, we previously developed a PK-PD translational platform with bacterial dynamics that reliably predicted short-term monotherapy outcomes in Phase IIa trials from preclinical mouse studies. In this study, we extended our platform to include PK-PD models that account for drug-drug interactions in combination regimens and bacterial regrowth in our bacterial dynamics model to predict cure at end of treatment and relapse 6 months post-treatment. The Phase III trial STAND, testing new regimen pretomanid (Pa), moxifloxacin (M), and pyrazinamide (Z) (PaMZ), predicted to shorten treatment duration by 2 months was put on hold after a separate ongoing trial showed adding bedaquiline (B) to the PaMZ regimen (SimpliciTB) suggested superior efficacy. To forecast if the addition of B would indeed benefit the PaMZ regimen, we applied an extended translational platform to both regimens. We predicted currently available short- and long-term clinical data well for drug combinations related to BPaMZ. We predict the addition of B to PaMZ will shorten treatment duration by 2 months and be non-inferior compared to control HRZE, both at the end of treatment for treatment efficacy and 6 months after treatment has ended in relapse prevention. Using BPaMZ as a case study, we have demonstrated our translational platform can predict Phase II and III outcomes prior to actual trials, allowing us to better prioritize the regimens most likely to succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, J. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prospectively predicting BPaMZ Phase IIb outcomes using a translational preclinical mouse to human platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Essential Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Hepatic Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsO-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar from UDP-GlcNAc to the protein on serine and threonine residues on proteins. Another enzyme, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), removes this modification. O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in pathophysiology. Here, we report that O-GlcNAcylation is essential for hepatocyte differentiation, and chronic loss results in fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

MethodsSingle-cell RNA-sequencing was used to investigate hepatocyte differentiation in hepatocyte-specific OGT-KO mice with increased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation and in OGA-KO mice with decreased O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes. HCC patient samples and the DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model were used to investigate the effect of modulation of O-GlcNAcylation on the development of liver cancer.

ResultsLoss of hepatic O-GlcNAcylation resulted in disruption of liver zonation. Periportal hepatocytes were the most affected by loss of differentiation characterized by dysregulation of glycogen storage and glucose production. OGT-KO mice exacerbated DEN-induced HCC development with increased inflammation, fibrosis, and YAP signaling. Consistently, OGA-KO mice with increased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation inhibited DEN-induced HCC. A progressive loss of O-GlcNAcylation was observed in HCC patients.

ConclusionsOur study shows that O-GlcNAcylation is a critical regulator of hepatic differentiation, and loss of O-GlcNAcylation promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. These data highlight increasing O-GlcNAcylation as a potential therapy in chronic liver diseases, including HCC.

Lay SummaryProteins in cells are modified by the addition of a single glucosamine sugar molecule called O-GlcNAcylation. Loss of O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes, the most common type of cells in the liver, causes the liver to lose its function and can result in increased liver diseases such as fibrosis and cancer.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/528884v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aed343org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b00966org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@391ef9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@206d8c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LISingle-Cell RNA-sequencing reveals loss of metabolic liver zonation in O-GlcNAcylation deficient livers.
C_LIO_LILoss of O-GlcNAcylation promoted DEN-Induced HCC.
C_LIO_LIIncrease of hepatic O-GlcNAcylation prevented HCC progression.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robarts, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotulkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paine-Cabrera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venneman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanover, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachara, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slawson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Essential Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Hepatic Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paraburkholderia bonniea symbiont strain identity impacts amoeba host fitness and rate of horizontal transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with a symbiont. Understanding why specific host and symbiont strains are associated can inform us of the evolutionary forces affecting facultative symbioses. Possibilities include ongoing host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects that are neutral in respect to the host-symbiont interaction. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness estimates for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont combinations compared to nonnative combinations. We used the Dictyostelium discoideum - Paraburkholderia bonniea system to test this hypothesis. P. bonniea features a reduced genome size relative to another Paraburkholderia symbiont of D. discoideum, indicating a significant history of coevolution with its host. Facultative symbionts may experience continued genome reduction if coevolution is ongoing, or their genome size may have reached a stable state if the symbiosis has also stabilized. Our work demonstrates that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for D. discoideum and P. bonniea. The system instead represents a stable facultative symbiosis. Specifically associated host and symbiont strains in this system are the result of priority effects, and presently unassociated hosts are simply uncolonized. We find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host strain specificity, and identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of P. bonniea strains that may contribute to variation in benevolence.

Lay summarySymbiotic relationships between hosts and their microbial partners are prolonged and intimate associations. Some of these relationships are obligatory for both a host and symbiont to survive, while others are facultative and each partner can survive without the other. In the latter case, some host individuals may be associated with a symbiont while others are not. Specific host and symbiont combinations can be the result of reciprocal adaptation between host and symbiont partners so that naturally co-occurring combinations are best suited for each other in terms of their biological fitness. On the other hand, the symbiont that a host is associated with may simply be the symbiont that arrived first, in what is called a priority effect. We sought to determine which possibility best explained naturally co-occurring combinations of host and symbiont strains of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and its symbiont Paraburkholderia bonniea. Our work demonstrates that D. discoideum and P. bonniea are in a stable facultative relationship. Specifically associated host and symbiont combinations are the result of priority effects, and D. discoideum hosts without symbionts are simply uncolonized. This work fills a gap in our understanding of the evolutionary forces affecting facultative symbiotic relationships. We also show for the first time that P. bonniea symbionts can spread among amoeba hosts when they aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettmann, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paraburkholderia bonniea symbiont strain identity impacts amoeba host fitness and rate of horizontal transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased mitochondrial function may render some cancers vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibitors. Since mitochondrial function is regulated partly by mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), accurate measurements of mtDNAcn could help reveal which cancers are driven by increased mitochondrial function and may be candidates for mitochondrial inhibition. However, prior studies have employed bulk macrodissections that fail to account for cell type-specific or tumor cell heterogeneity in mtDNAcn. These studies have often produced unclear results, particularly in prostate cancer. Herein, we developed a multiplex in situ method to spatially quantify cell type specific mtDNAcn. We show that mtDNAcn is increased in luminal cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), is increased in prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCa), and is further elevated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Increased PCa mtDNAcn was validated by two orthogonal methods and is accompanied by increases in mtRNAs and enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, MYC inhibition in prostate cancer cells decreases mtDNA replication and expression of several mtDNA replication genes, and MYC activation in the mouse prostate leads to increased mtDNA levels in the neoplastic prostate cells. Our in situ approach also revealed elevated mtDNAcn in precancerous lesions of the pancreas and colon/rectum, demonstrating generalization across cancer types using clinical tissue samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabzonlu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaghasia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowski, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denmeade, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonaraskis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of Nuclear Pore Complex disassembly by the mitotic Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK-1) in C. elegans embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.528438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear envelope, which protects and organizes the interphase genome, is dismantled during mitosis. In the C. elegans zygote, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) of the parental pronuclei is spatially and temporally regulated during mitosis to promote the unification of the parental genomes. During NEBD, Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) disassembly is critical for rupturing the nuclear permeability barrier and removing the NPCs from the membranes near the centrosomes and between the juxtaposed pronuclei. By combining live imaging, biochemistry, and phosphoproteomics, we characterized NPC disassembly and unveiled the exact role of the mitotic kinase PLK-1 in this process. We show that PLK-1 disassembles the NPC by targeting multiple NPC sub-complexes, including the cytoplasmic filaments, the central channel, and the inner ring. Notably, PLK-1 is recruited to and phosphorylates intrinsically disordered regions of several multivalent linker nucleoporins, a mechanism that appears to be an evolutionarily conserved driver of NPC disassembly during mitosis. (149/150 words)

One-Sentence SummaryPLK-1 targets intrinsically disordered regions of multiple multivalent nucleoporins to dismantle the nuclear pore complexes in the C. elegans zygote.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nkombo Nkoula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Aguilera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ossareh-Nazari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hove, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayuso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevreux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askjaer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PINTARD, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.528438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of Nuclear Pore Complex disassembly by the mitotic Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK-1) in C. elegans embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons coordinate their activity to produce an astonishing variety of motor behaviors. Our present understanding of motor control has grown rapidly thanks to new methods for recording and analyzing populations of many individual neurons over time. In contrast, current methods for recording the nervous systems actual motor output - the activation of muscle fibers by motor neurons - typically cannot detect the individual electrical events produced by muscle fibers during natural behaviors and scale poorly across species and muscle groups. Here we present a novel class of electrode devices ("Myomatrix arrays") that record muscle activity at unprecedented resolution across muscles and behaviors. High-density, flexible electrode arrays allow for stable recordings from the muscle fibers activated by a single motor neuron, called a "motor unit", during natural behaviors in many species, including mice, rats, primates, songbirds, frogs, and insects. This technology therefore allows the nervous systems motor output to be monitored in unprecedented detail during complex behaviors across species and muscle morphologies. We anticipate that this technology will allow rapid advances in understanding the neural control of behavior and in identifying pathologies of the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrambide, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschutz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashefi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosberger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Mendes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenschow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondakath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanawalla, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coltman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder-Markey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giszter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Q. Lima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Car</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myomatrix arrays for high-definition muscle recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating racial disparities in carcinomas through TCGA transcriptomic and proteomic database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simple Summary: Racial disparities in cancer incidence and outcome rates are prevalent in the US, with a variety of contributing factors such as socioeconomic status, differences in lifestyle and environmental exposures, and gene polymorphisms. The goal of this research was to broadly analyze public data to identify critical differences in molecular signatures and pathways between races. Additionally, to ensure the clinical translatability of our work, we analyzed the impact of these differences on patient survival. Our findings will help inform the use of novel biomarkers in clinical settings and the future development of precision therapies.

Abstract:Epidemiological studies highlight a disparity in cancer incidence and outcome rates between racial groups in the United States. In our study, we investigated molecular differences among racial groups in 10 carcinoma types. We used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify patterns of differential gene expression in tumors obtained from 4,112 White, Black/African American, and Asian patients. We identified race-dependent expression of numerous genes whose mRNA transcript levels were significantly correlated with patient survival. A small subset of these genes was differentially expressed in multiple carcinomas, including genes involved in cell cycle progression such as CCNB1, CCNE1, CCNE2, and FOXM1. In contrast, genes such as transcriptional factor ETS1 and apoptotic gene BAK1 were differ-entially expressed and clinically significant only in specific cancer types. Our analyses also revealed race-dependent regulation of relevant pathways. Importantly, homology directed repair and ERBB4-mediated nuclear signaling were both upregulated in Black patients compared to Whites in four carcinoma types. This large-scale pan-cancer study refines our understanding of the cancer health disparity and can help inform the use of novel biomarkers in clinical settings as well as the future development of precision therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating racial disparities in carcinomas through TCGA transcriptomic and proteomic database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional Gene Expression in the Retina, Optic Nerve Head, and Optic Nerve of Mice with Experimental Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Crush 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the level of intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to retinal ganglion cell axon injury and cell death. The optic nerve has a rostral unmyelinated portion at the optic nerve head followed by a caudal myelinated region. The unmyelinated region is differentially susceptible to IOP-induced damage in rodent models and in human glaucoma. While several studies have analyzed gene expression changes in the mouse optic nerve following optic nerve injury, few were designed to consider the regional gene expression differences that exist between these distinct areas. We performed bulk RNA-sequencing on the retina and on separately micro-dissected unmyelinated and myelinated optic nerve regions from naive C57BL/6 mice, mice after optic nerve crush, and mice with microbead-induced experimental glaucoma (total = 36). Gene expression patterns in the naive unmyelinated optic nerve showed significant enrichment of the Wnt, Hippo, PI3K-Akt, and transforming growth factor {beta} pathways, as well as extracellular matrix-receptor and cell membrane signaling pathways, compared to the myelinated optic nerve and retina. Gene expression changes induced by both injuries were more extensive in the myelinated optic nerve than the unmyelinated region, and greater after nerve crush than glaucoma. Changes three and fourteen days after injury largely subsided by six weeks. Gene markers of reactive astrocytes did not consistently differ between injury states. Overall, the transcriptomic phenotype of the mouse unmyelinated optic nerve was significantly different from immediately adjacent tissues, likely dominated by expression in astrocytes, whose junctional complexes are inherently important in responding to IOP elevation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keuthan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional Gene Expression in the Retina, Optic Nerve Head, and Optic Nerve of Mice with Experimental Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Crush]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory perturbation in one modality results in adaptive reorganization of neural pathways within the spared modalities, a phenomenon known as "crossmodal plasticity", which has been examined during or after the classic  critical period. Because peripheral perturbations can alter auditory cortex (ACX) activity and functional connectivity of the ACX subplate neurons (SPNs) even before the classic critical period, called the precritical period, we investigated if retinal deprivation at birth crossmodally alters ACX activity and SPN circuits during the precritical period.

We deprived newborn mice of visual inputs after birth by performing bilateral enucleation. We performed in vivo imaging in the ACX of awake pups during the first two postnatal weeks to investigate cortical activity. We found that enucleation alters spontaneous and sound-evoked activity in the ACX in an age-dependent manner. Next, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with laser scanning photostimulation in ACX slices to investigate circuit changes in SPNs. We found that enucleation alters the intracortical inhibitory circuits impinging on SPNs shifting the excitation-inhibition balance towards excitation and this shift persists after ear opening. Together, our results indicate that crossmodal functional changes exist in the developing sensory cortices at early ages before the onset of the classic critical period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early retinal deprivation crossmodally alters nascent subplate circuits and activity in the auditory cortex during the precritical period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerning the eXclusion in human genomics: The choice of sex chromosome representation in the human genome drastically affects number of identified variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past 30 years, a community of scientists have pieced together every base pair of the human reference genome from telomere-to-telomere. Interestingly, most human genomics studies omit more than 5% of the genome from their analyses. Under  normal circumstances, omitting any chromosome(s) from analysis of the human genome would be reason for concern--the exception being the sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes in eutherians share an evolutionary origin as an ancestral pair of autosomes. In humans, they share three regions of high sequence identity (~98-100%), which--along with the unique transmission patterns of the sex chromosomes--introduce technical artifacts into genomic analyses. However, the human X chromosome bears numerous important genes--including more "immune response" genes than any other chromosome--which makes its exclusion irresponsible when sex differences across human diseases are widespread. To better characterize the effect that including/excluding the X chromosome may have on variants called, we conducted a pilot study on the Terra cloud platform to replicate a subset of standard genomic practices using both the CHM13 reference genome and sex chromosome complement-aware (SCC-aware) reference genome. We compared quality of variant calling, expression quantification, and allele-specific expression using these two reference genome versions across 50 human samples from the Genotype-Tissue-Expression consortium annotated as females. We found that after correction, the whole X chromosome (100%) can generate reliable variant calls--allowing for the inclusion of the whole genome in human genomics analyses as a departure from the status quo of omitting the sex chromosomes from empirical and clinical genomics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinto, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerning the eXclusion in human genomics: The choice of sex chromosome representation in the human genome drastically affects number of identified variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of cross-reactive intrahepatic antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) remains unknown. We sought to determine if there was antibody deposition in SAH livers and whether antibodies extracted from SAH livers were cross-reactive against both bacterial antigens and human proteins. We analyzed immunoglobulins (Ig) in explanted livers from SAH patients (n=45) undergoing liver transplantation and tissue from corresponding healthy donors (HD, n=10) and found massive deposition of IgG and IgA isotype antibodies associated with complement fragment C3d and C4d staining in ballooned hepatocytes in SAH livers. Ig extracted from SAH livers, but not patient serum exhibited hepatocyte killing efficacy in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. Employing human proteome arrays, we profiled the antibodies extracted from explanted SAH, alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HD livers and found that antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes were highly accumulated in SAH and recognized a unique set of human proteins as autoantigens. The use of an E. coli K12 proteome array revealed the presence of unique anti-E. coli antibodies in SAH, AC or PBC livers. Further, both Ig and E. coli captured Ig from SAH livers recognized common autoantigens enriched in several cellular components including cytosol and cytoplasm (IgG and IgA), nucleus, mitochondrion and focal adhesion (IgG). Except IgM from PBC livers, no common autoantigen was recognized by Ig and E. coli captured Ig from AC, HBV, HCV, NASH or AIH suggesting no cross-reacting anti-E. coli autoantibodies. The presence of cross-reacting anti-bacterial IgG and IgA autoantibodies in the liver may participate in the pathogenesis of SAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philosophe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of cross-reactive intrahepatic antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamine metabolism inhibition has dual immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the most successful human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved a diverse array of determinants to subvert host immunity and alter host metabolic patterns. However, the mechanisms of pathogen interference with host metabolism remain poorly understood. Here we show that a novel glutamine metabolism antagonist, JHU083, inhibits Mtb proliferation in vitro and in vivo. JHU083-treated mice exhibit weight gain, improved survival, a 2.5 log lower lung bacillary burden at 35 days post-infection, and reduced lung pathology. JHU083 treatment also initiates earlier T-cell recruitment, increased proinflammatory myeloid cell infiltration, and a reduced frequency of immunosuppressive myeloid cells when compared to uninfected and rifampin-treated controls. Metabolomics analysis of lungs from JHU083-treated Mtb-infected mice revealed reduced glutamine levels, citrulline accumulation suggesting elevated NOS activity, and lowered levels of quinolinic acid which is derived from the immunosuppressive metabolite kynurenine. When tested in an immunocompromised mouse model of Mtb infection, JHU083 lost its therapeutic efficacy suggesting the drugs host-directed effects are likely to be predominant. Collectively, these data reveal that JHU083-mediated glutamine metabolism inhibition results in dual antibacterial and host-directed activity against tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamine metabolism inhibition has dual immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanistic simulation of molecular cell states over time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computer simulations of cell behaviors and dynamics allow for investigation of aspects of cellular biology with a ground truth that is currently difficult or impossible to generate from experimentally generated profiling data. Here, we present a mechanistic simulation of cell states that models the stochastic interactions of molecules revealing the DNA accessibility, RNA expression, and protein expression state of a simulated cell and how these states evolve over time. By designing each component to correspond to a specific biological molecule or parameter, the simulation becomes highly interpretable. From the simulated cells generated, we explore the importance of parameters such as splicing and degradation rates of genes on RNA and protein expression, demonstrating that perturbing these parameters leads to changes in long term gene and protein expression levels. We observe that the expression levels of corresponding RNA and proteins are not necessarily well correlated and identify mechanistic explanations that may help explain the similar phenomenon that has been observed in real cells. We evaluate whether the RNA data output from the simulation provides sufficient information to reconstruct the underlying regulatory relationships between genes. While predictive relationships can be inferred, direct causal regulatory relationships between genes cannot be reliably distinguished from other predictive relationships between genes arising independently from a direct regulatory mechanism. We observe the same inability to robustly distinguish causal gene regulatory relationships using simulated data from the simpler BoolODE model, suggesting this may be a limitation to the identifiability of network inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanistic simulation of molecular cell states over time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the pressure field around a swimming fish using a physics-informed neural network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrodynamic pressure is a physical quantity that is utilized by fish and many other aquatic animals to generate thrust and sense the surrounding environment. To advance our understanding of how fish react to unsteady flows, it is necessary to intercept the pressure signals sensed by their lateral line system. In this study, the authors propose a new, non-invasive method for reconstructing the instantaneous pressure field around a swimming fish from 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The method uses a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict an optimized solution for the velocity and pressure fields that satisfy in an [L]2 sense both the Navier Stokes equations and the constraints put forward by the measurements. The method was validated using a direct numerical simulation of a swimming mackerel, Scomber scombrus, and was applied to empirically obtained data of a turning zebrafish, Danio rerio. The results demonstrate that when compared to traditional methods that rely on directly integrating the pressure gradient field, the PINN is less sensitive to the spatio-temporal resolution of the velocity field measurements and provides a more accurate pressure reconstruction, particularly on the surface of the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calicchia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the pressure field around a swimming fish using a physics-informed neural network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainLine: An Open Pipeline for Connectivity Analysis of Heterogeneous Whole-Brain Fluorescence Volumes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-brain fluorescence images require several stages of computational processing to fully reveal the neuron morphology and connectivity information they contain. However, these computational tools are rarely part of an integrated pipeline. Here we present BrainLine, an open-source pipeline that interfaces with existing software to provide registration, axon segmentation, soma detection, visualization and analysis of results. By implementing a feedback based training paradigm with BrainLine, we were able to use a single learning algorithm to accurately process a diverse set of whole-brain images generated by light-sheet microscopy. BrainLine is available as part of our Python package brainlit: http://brainlit.neurodata.io/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainLine: An Open Pipeline for Connectivity Analysis of Heterogeneous Whole-Brain Fluorescence Volumes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary lung fibroblasts respond to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A by secreting factors that activate macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is mounting evidence that macrophage-fibroblast communication is key to the understanding of disease processes. To gain insights into these relationships in the context of progressive lung damage, we measured changes in protein and RNA expression of pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts upon exposure to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A, which are three cytokines often implicated in pathways driving chronic lung remodeling and severe disease like emphysema. Applying an in vitro culture system, bulk-RNA sequencing, and protein assays, it was determined that IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A used alone or in combination activated mouse alveolar macrophages to a modest extent with IL-13 inducing the most vigorous response. While lung fibroblasts also responded modestly to single and paired treatments with IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A, simultaneous exposure to all three cytokines induced significant activation that was characterized by expression of genes associated with immune cell trafficking and activation, tissue remodeling, and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Importantly, factors secreted by triple-treated lung fibroblasts resulted in the activation of macrophages in vitro. In addition to being the first report describing the cooperative interactions of IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A on lung fibroblasts, these findings provide additional evidence that fibroblast-macrophage communication is a key component to repair and remodeling in the lung, as well as mechanisms that drive progression of emphysema.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venezia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary lung fibroblasts respond to IL-33, IL-13, and IL-17A by secreting factors that activate macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavior requires neural activity across the brain, but most experiments probe neurons in a single area at a time. Here we used multiple Neuropixels probes to record neural activity simultaneously in brain-wide circuits, in mice performing a memory-guided directional licking task. We targeted brain areas that form multi-regional loops with anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), a key circuit node mediating the behavior. Neurons encoding sensory stimuli, choice, and actions were distributed across the brain. However, in addition to ALM, coding of choice was concentrated in subcortical areas receiving input from ALM, in an ALM-dependent manner. Choice signals were first detected in ALM and the midbrain, followed by the thalamus, and other brain areas. At the time of movement initiation, choice-selective activity collapsed across the brain, followed by new activity patterns driving specific actions. Our experiments provide the foundation for neural circuit models of decision-making and movement initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, N.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are characterized by an unusual phenotype and developmental pathway, yet their specific ligands and functions remain largely unknown. Here by analysis of QFL T cells, a population of CD8+ T cells critical for monitoring the MHC I antigen processing pathway, we established that unconventional Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ T cells are abundant in intestinal epithelium. We found that QFL T cells showed a Qa-1b-dependent unconventional phenotype in the spleen and small intestine of naive wild-type mice. The splenic QFL T cells showed innate-like functionality exemplified by rapid response to cytokines or antigen, while the gut population was refractory to stimuli. Microbiota was required for the maintenance, but not the initial gut homing of QFL T cells. Moreover, monocolonization with Pediococcus pentosaceus, which expresses a peptide that cross-activated QFL T cells, was sufficient to maintain QFL T cells in the intestine. Thus, microbiota is critical for shaping the Qa-1b-restricted IEL landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan Valerio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Bacteria Maintain a Qa-1b-restricted Unconventional CD8+ T Population in Gut Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Farnesoid X receptor agonism prevents neutrophil extracellular traps via reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate in chronic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) reduces renal inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of DNA formed when neutrophils undergo specialized programmed cell death (NETosis). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid that stimulates NETosis via its receptor on neutrophils. Here, we identify FXR as a negative regulator of kidney NETosis via repressing S1P signaling in male but not female mice.

MethodsWe determined the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in mouse models of adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency and Alport syndrome. We assessed renal NETosis by immunofluorescence in these models and in biopsies from patients with Alport syndrome (6 male, 9 female). We also inhibited de novo sphingosine production in Alport mice to show a causal relationship between S1P signaling and renal NETosis.

ResultsRenal FXR activity is greatly reduced in both models, and OCA prevents kidney fibrosis, inflammation, and lipotoxicity. OCA reduces renal neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis in male adenine and Alport mice, but not in female adenine mice. Extensive NETosis was also identified in human Alport kidney biopsies. Kidney sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression is increased in mice with kidney disease and reduced by OCA in male but not female mice. Also, Sphk1 expression correlates with NETosis in male but not female mice. Short-term inhibition of sphingosine synthesis reduces neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis.

ConclusionFXR agonism represses kidney Sphk1 expression in male but not female mice. This inhibits renal S1P signaling, thereby reducing neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis in a sex-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myakala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Santiago, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowart, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Farnesoid X receptor agonism prevents neutrophil extracellular traps via reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate in chronic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational entropy of intrinsically disordered proteins bars intruders from biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has recently been discovered that eukaryotic cells are host to a multiplicity of biomolecular condensates. These condensates typically contain protein and/or RNA components with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). While IDRs have been proposed and demonstrated to play many roles in condensate biology, we suggest here an additional crucial role of IDRs, which is to exclude unwanted "intruders" from condensates. This exclusion effect arises from the large conformational entropy of IDRs, i.e., there is a high free-energy cost to occupying space that would otherwise be available to the IDRs. By combining polymer theory with sticker-spacer simulations, we show that the relevant insertion free energy increases with the concentration of IDRs in the condensate as well as with intruder size, attaining a linear scaling with surface area for large intruders. We find that at realistic IDR concentrations, particles as small as the size of an average protein (4 nm in diameter) can be more than 97% excluded from condensates. To overcome this entropic barrier, molecules must interact favorably with condensate components to be recruited as clients into condensates. Application of the developed size-exclusion theory to biological condensates suggests that condensate IDRs may play a generic exclusionary role across organisms and types of condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grigorev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational entropy of intrinsically disordered proteins bars intruders from biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Evolution of A-Lineage (Clade 19B) SARS-CoV-2 Spike Sequences with B-Lineage Variants of Concern Affects Virus Replication in a Temperature-Dependent Manner on Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic was dominated by two SARS-CoV-2 lineages: A-lineages (Clade 19B) and B-lineages (Clade 19A). However, with the emergence of the Spike D614G substitution in B.1 lineages (Clade 20A), both early lineages were outcompeted and remained near-extinction from mid-2020 onwards. In early-2021, there was a re-emergence and persistence of novel A-lineage variants with substitutions in the Spike gene resembling those found in Variants of Concern (VOCs). An early A.3 variant (MD-HP00076/2020) and three A.2.5 variants (MD-HP02153/2021, MD-HP05922/2021 and CA-VRLC091/2021) were isolated and characterized for their genomic sequences, antibody neutralization, and in vitro replication. All A.2.5 isolates had five Spike mutations relative to the A.3 variant sequence: D614G, L452R, {Delta}141-143, D215A, and ins215AGY. Plaque reduction neutralization assays demonstrated that A.2.5 isolates had a 2.5 to 5-fold reduction in neutralization using contemporaneous COVID-19 convalescent plasma when compared to A.3. In vitro viral characterization in VeroE6 cell lines revealed that the A.3 isolate grew faster and spread more than A.2.5. On VeroE6-TMPRSS2 cells, significant syncytia formation was also observed with the A.2.5 isolates, however Spike cleavage efficiency did not explain these differences. In human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures, the A.2.5 isolates grew significantly faster and to higher total infectious virus titers than A.3. All A.2.5 lineage isolates grew significantly faster at 37{degrees}C than at 33{degrees}C irrespective of cell type, and to higher peak titers except compared to A.3. This suggests A.2.5s adapted to improve replication using similar mutations found in the B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 variants.

ImportanceWhile both A- and B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged and circulated together during the early months of the pandemic, the B-lineages that acquired Spike D614G eventually outcompeted all other variants. We show that the A-lineage variants eventually evolved mutations including Spike D614G and Spike L452R that improved their in vitro replication in human nasal epithelial cells in a temperature dependent manner, suggesting there are some highly selectable mutation landscapes that SARS-CoV-2 can acquire to adapt to replication and transmission in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachithanandham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Evolution of A-Lineage (Clade 19B) SARS-CoV-2 Spike Sequences with B-Lineage Variants of Concern Affects Virus Replication in a Temperature-Dependent Manner on Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional profiling of the Toxoplasma genome during acute mouse infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within a host, pathogens encounter a diverse and changing landscape of cell types, nutrients, and immune responses. Examining host-pathogen interactions in animal models can therefore reveal aspects of infection absent from cell culture. We use CRISPR-based screens to functionally profile the entire genome of the model apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii during mouse infection. Barcoded gRNAs were used to track mutant parasite lineages, enabling detection of bottlenecks and mapping of population structures. We uncovered over 300 genes that modulate parasite fitness in mice with previously unknown roles in infection. These candidates span multiple axes of host-parasite interaction, including determinants of tropism, host organelle remodeling, and metabolic rewiring. We mechanistically characterized three novel candidates, including GTP cyclohydrolase I, against which a small-molecule inhibitor could be repurposed as an antiparasitic compound. This compound exhibited antiparasitic activity against T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal agent of malaria. Taken together, we present the first complete survey of an apicomplexan genome during infection of an animal host, and point to novel interfaces of host-parasite interaction that may offer new avenues for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harling, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farringer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boydston, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herneisen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderlin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourido, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional profiling of the Toxoplasma genome during acute mouse infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDHighly palatable food triggers behavioral alterations reminiscent of those induced by addictive drugs. These effects involve the reward system and dopamine neurons, which modulate neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of highly palatable food on feeding behavior are poorly understood.

METHODSWe studied the effects of 2-week operant conditioning of mice with standard or isocaloric highly palatable food. We investigated the behavioral effects and dendritic spine modifications in the NAc. We compared the translating mRNA in NAc neurons identified by the type of dopamine receptors they express, depending on the type of food and training. We tested the consequences of invalidation of an abundant downregulated gene, Ncdn (Neurochondrin).

RESULTSOperant conditioning for highly palatable food increases motivation for food even in well-fed mice. In control mice, free access to regular or highly palatable food results in increased weight as compared to regular food only. Highly palatable food increases spine density in the NAc. In animals trained for highly palatable food, translating mRNAs are modified in NAc dopamine D2-receptor-expressing neurons, mostly corresponding to striatal projection neurons, but not in those expressing D1-receptors. Knock-out of Ncdn, an abundant down-regulated gene, opposes the conditioning-induced changes in satiety-sensitive feeding behavior and apparent motivation for highly palatable food, suggesting down-regulation may be a compensatory mechanism.

CONCLUSIONSOur results emphasize the importance of mRNA alterations D2 striatal projection neurons in the NAc in the behavioral consequences of highly palatable food conditioning and suggest a modulatory contribution of Ncdn downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giralt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valjent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flajolet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herve, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambardella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic network-guided CRISPRi screen reveals CTCF loop-constrained nonlinear enhancer-gene regulatory activity in cell state transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive enhancer discovery is challenging because most enhancers, especially those affected in complex diseases, have weak effects on gene expression. Our network modeling revealed that nonlinear enhancer-gene regulation during cell state transitions can be leveraged to improve the sensitivity of enhancer discovery. Utilizing hESC definitive endoderm differentiation as a dynamic transition system, we conducted a mid-transition CRISPRi-based enhancer screen. The screen discovered a comprehensive set of enhancers (4 to 9 per locus) for each of the core endoderm lineage-specifying transcription factors, and many enhancers had strong effects mid-transition but weak effects post-transition. Through integrating enhancer activity measurements and three-dimensional enhancer-promoter interaction information, we were able to develop a CTCF loop-constrained Interaction Activity (CIA) model that can better predict functional enhancers compared to models that rely on Hi-C-based enhancer-promoter contact frequency. Our study provides generalizable strategies for sensitive and more comprehensive enhancer discovery in both normal and pathological cell state transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulecio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierbuchen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huangfu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic network-guided CRISPRi screen reveals CTCF loop-constrained nonlinear enhancer-gene regulatory activity in cell state transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches are found in the 5-UTR of many bacterial mRNAs. They function as cisacting regulatory elements that control downstream gene expression through ligand-induced conformational changes. Here, we used single-molecule FRET to map the conformational landscape of the SAM/SAH riboswitch and probe how co-transcriptional ligand-induced conformational changes of this translational switch alter ribosome accessibility. The folding of the riboswitch is highly heterogenous, indicating a complex and rugged conformational landscape that enables sampling of the ligand-bound conformation even in the absence of the ligand. Upon ligand binding, the landscape shifts towards the ligand-bound conformation. Mutations at key stabilizing structures alter the ligand-free folding behavior and decrease ligand responsiveness. We also explored translational regulation through folding kinetics by utilizing short oligonucleotides to probe the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence within the riboswitch. Additionally, we employed a helicase-based vectorial folding assay to simulate co-transcriptional folding. We find that a competition between ligand binding and ribosome binding is fined tuned via the kinetics of folding. During transcription, the riboswitch takes minutes before reaching equilibrated conformations, and such slow equilibration decreases the effective ligand affinity. Overall, our data demonstrate the significance of conformational polymorphism in RNA function, emphasizing the utilization of complex folding landscapes for regulating ribosome accessibility through ligand induction. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence on how folding kinetics modulate this regulation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, D. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer exhibits dynamic cellular and genetic heterogeneity during progression from precursor lesions toward malignancy. Leveraging spatial molecular information to construct a phylogeographic map of tumor evolution can reveal individualized growth trajectories with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Integrative analysis of spatial multi-omic data from 31 colorectal specimens revealed simultaneous microenvironmental and clonal alterations as a function of progression. Copy number variation served to re-stratify microsatellite stable and unstable tumors into chromosomally unstable (CIN+) and hypermutated (HM) classes. Phylogeographical maps classified tumors by their evolutionary dynamics, and clonal regions were placed along a global pseudotemporal progression trajectory. Cell-state discovery from a single-cell cohort revealed recurring epithelial gene signatures and infiltrating immune states in spatial transcriptomics. Charting these states along progression pseudotime, we observed a transition to immune exclusion in CIN+ tumors as characterized by a novel gene expression signature comprised of DDR1, TGFBI, PAK4, and DPEP1. We demonstrated how these genes and their protein products are key regulators of extracellular matrix components, are associated with lower cytotoxic immune infiltration, and show prognostic value in external cohorts. Through high-dimensional data integration, this atlas provides insights into co-evolution of tumors and their microenvironments, serving as a resource for stratification and targeted treatment of CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex enhances cognitive flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive flexibility is a brains ability to switch between different rules or action plans depending on the context. However, cellular level understanding of cognitive flexibility have been largely unexplored. We probed a specific serotonergic pathway from dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while animals are performing reversal learning task. We found that serotonin release from DRN to the OFC promotes reversal learning. A long-range connection between these two brain regions was confirmed anatomically and functionally. We further show that spatiotemporally precise serotonergic action directly enhances the excitability of OFC neurons and offers enhanced spike probability of OFC network. Serotonergic action facilitated the induction of synaptic plasticity by enhancing Ca2+ influx at dendritic spines in the OFC. Thus, our findings suggest that a key signature of flexibility is the formation of choice specific ensembles via serotonin-dependent synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex enhances cognitive flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimerization and autophosphorylation of the MST family of kinases are controlled by the same set of residues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo pathway controls tissue growth and regulates stem cell fate through the activities of core kinase cassette that begins with the Sterile 20-like kinase MST1/2. Activation of MST1/2 relies on trans-autophosphorylation but the details of the mechanisms regulating that reaction are not fully elucidated. Proposals include dimerization as a first step and include multiple models for potential kinase-domain dimers. Efforts to verify and link these dimers to trans-autophosphorylation were unsuccessful. We explored the link between dimerization and trans-autophosphorylation for MST2 and the entire family of MST kinases. We analyzed crystal lattice contacts of structures of MST kinases and identified an ensemble of kinase-domain dimers compatible with trans-autophosphorylation. These dimers share a common dimerization interface comprised of the activation loop and G-helix while the arrangements of the kinase-domains within the dimer varied depending on their activation state. We then verified the dimerization interface and determined its function using MST2. Variants bearing alanine substitutions of the G-helix prevented dimerization of the MST2 kinase domain both in solution and in cells. These substitutions also blocked autophosphorylation of full-length MST2 and its Drosophila homolog Hippo in cells. These variants retain the same secondary structure as wild-type and capacity to phosphorylate a protein substrate, indicating the loss of MST2 activation can be directly attributed to a loss of dimerization rather than loss of either fold or catalytic function. Together this data functionally links dimerization and autophosphorylation for MST2 and suggests this activation mechanism is conserved across both species and the entire MST family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingartner, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripp, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimerization and autophosphorylation of the MST family of kinases are controlled by the same set of residues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of unwanted biological and technical expression variation across 49 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All tissue-based gene expression studies are impacted by biological and technical sources of variation. Numerous methods are used to normalize and batch correct these datasets. A more accurate understanding of all causes of variation could further optimize these approaches. We used 17,282 samples from 49 tissues in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset (v8) to investigate patterns and causes of expression variation. Transcript expression was normalized to Z-scores and only the most variable 2% of transcripts were evaluated and clustered based on co-expression patterns. Clustered gene sets were solved to different biological or technical causes related to metadata elements and histologic images. We identified 522 variable transcript clusters (median 11 per tissue) across the samples. Of these, 64% were confidently explained, 15% were likely explained, 7% were low confidence explanations and 14% had no clear cause. Common causes included sex, sequencing contamination, immunoglobulin diversity, and compositional tissue differences. Less common biological causes included death interval (Hardy score), muscle atrophy, diabetes status, and menopause. Technical causes included brain pH and harvesting differences. Many of the causes of variation in bulk tissue expression were identifiable in the Tabula Sapiens dataset of single cell expression. This is the largest exploration of the underlying sources of tissue expression variation. It uncovered expected and unexpected causes of variable gene expression. These identified sources of variation will inform which metadata to acquire with tissue harvesting and can be used to improve normalization, batch correction, and analysis of both bulk and single cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieuwenhuis, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of unwanted biological and technical expression variation across 49 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right Ventricular Sarcomere Contractile Depression and the Role of Thick Filament Activation in Human Heart Failure with Pulmonary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleRight ventricular (RV) contractile dysfunction commonly occurs and worsens outcomes in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension (HFrEF-PH). However, such dysfunction often goes undetected by standard clinical RV indices, raising concerns that they may not reflect aspects of underlying myocyte dysfunction.

ObjectiveTo determine components of myocyte contractile depression in HFrEF-PH, identify those reflected by clinical RV indices, and elucidate their underlying biophysical mechanisms.

Methods and ResultsResting, calcium- and load-dependent mechanics were measured in permeabilized RV cardiomyocytes isolated from explanted hearts from 23 HFrEF-PH patients undergoing cardiac transplantation and 9 organ-donor controls. Unsupervised machine learning using myocyte mechanical data with the highest variance yielded two HFrEF-PH subgroups that in turn mapped to patients with depressed (RVd) or compensated (RVc) clinical RV function. This correspondence was driven by reduced calcium-activated isometric tension in RVd, while surprisingly, many other major myocyte contractile measures including peak power, maximum unloaded shortening velocity, and myocyte active stiffness were similarly depressed in both groups. Similar results were obtained when subgroups were first defined by clinical indices, and then myocyte mechanical properties in each group compared. To test the role of thick-filament defects, myofibrillar structure was assessed by X-ray diffraction of muscle fibers. This revealed more myosin heads associated with the thick filament backbone in RVd but not RVc, as compared to controls. This corresponded to reduced myosin ATP turnover in RVd myocytes, indicating less myosin in a cross-bridge ready disordered-relaxed (DRX) state. Altering DRX proportion (%DRX) affected peak calcium-activated tension in the patient groups differently, depending on their basal %DRX, highlighting potential roles for precision-guided therapeutics. Lastly, increasing myocyte preload (sarcomere length) increased %DRX 1.5-fold in controls but only 1.2-fold in both HFrEF-PH groups, revealing a novel mechanism for reduced myocyte active stiffness and by extension Frank-Starling reserve in human HF.

ConclusionsWhile there are multiple RV myocyte contractile deficits In HFrEF-PH, clinical indices primarily detect reduced isometric calcium-stimulated force related to deficits in basal and recruitable %DRX myosin. Our results support use of therapies to increase %DRX and enhance length-dependent recruitment of DRX myosin heads in such patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenwick, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milburn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubero Salazar, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanselman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right Ventricular Sarcomere Contractile Depression and the Role of Thick Filament Activation in Human Heart Failure with Pulmonary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits are reorganized with specificity during learning. Genetically-defined subgroups of inhibitory interneurons are thought to play distinct roles in learning, but heterogeneity within these subgroups has limited our understanding of the scope and nature of their specific contributions to learning. Here we reveal that the chandelier cell (ChC), an interneuron type that specializes in inhibiting the axon-initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, establishes cortical microcircuits for organizing neural coding through selective axo-axonic synaptic plasticity. We find that organized motor control is mediated by enhanced population coding of direction-tuned premotor neurons, whose tuning is refined through suppression of irrelevant neuronal activity. ChCs are required for learning-dependent refinements via providing selective inhibitory control over pyramidal neurons rather than global suppression. Quantitative analysis on structural plasticity of axo-axonic synapses revealed that ChCs redistributed inhibitory weights to individual pyramidal neurons during learning. These results demonstrate an adaptive logic of the inhibitory circuit motif responsible for organizing distributed neural representations. Thus, ChCs permit efficient cortical computation in a target cell specific manner, which highlights the significance of interneuron diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinecke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuhiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.531013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Switch-like Compaction of Poly(ADP-ribose) Upon Cation Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.531013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a homopolymer of adenosine diphosphate ribose that is added to proteins as a post-translational modification to regulate numerous cellular processes. PAR also serves as a scaffold for protein binding in macromolecular complexes, including biomolecular condensates. It remains unclear how PAR achieves specific molecular recognition. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to evaluate PAR flexibility under different cation conditions. We demonstrate that, compared to RNA and DNA, PAR has a longer persistence length and undergoes a sharper transition from extended to compact states in physiologically relevant concentrations of various cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and spermine). We show that the degree of PAR compaction depends on the concentration and valency of cations. Furthermore, the intrinsically disordered protein FUS also served as a macromolecular cation to compact PAR. Taken together, our study reveals the inherent stiffness of PAR molecules, which undergo switch-like compaction in response to cation binding. This study indicates that a cationic environment may drive recognition specificity of PAR.

SignificancePoly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an RNA-like homopolymer that regulates DNA repair, RNA metabolism, and biomolecular condensate formation. Dysregulation of PAR results in cancer and neurodegeneration. Although discovered in 1963, fundamental properties of this therapeutically important polymer remain largely unknown. Biophysical and structural analyses of PAR have been exceptionally challenging due to the dynamic and repetitive nature. Here, we present the first single-molecule biophysical characterization of PAR. We show that PAR is stiffer than DNA and RNA per unit length. Unlike DNA and RNA which undergoes gradual compaction, PAR exhibits an abrupt switch-like bending as a function of salt concentration and by protein binding. Our findings points to unique physical properties of PAR that may drive recognition specificity for its function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenet, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.531013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Switch-like Compaction of Poly(ADP-ribose) Upon Cation Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through infection and lysis of their coexisting bacterial hosts, viruses impact the biogeochemical cycles sustaining globally significant pelagic oceanic ecosystems. Currently, little is known of the ecological interactions between lytic viruses and their bacterial hosts underlying these biogeochemical impacts at ecosystem scales. This study focused on populations of lytic viruses carrying the B12- dependent Class II monomeric ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene, ribonucleotide triphosphate reductase (RTPR), documenting seasonal changes in pelagic virioplankton and bacterioplankton using amplicon sequences of RTPR and the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Amplicon sequence libraries were analyzed using compositional data analysis tools that account for the compositional nature of these data. Both virio- and bacterioplankton communities responded to environmental changes typically seen across seasonal cycles as well as shorter term upwelling-downwelling events. Defining RTPR-carrying viral populations according to major phylogenetic clades proved a more robust means of exploring virioplankton ecology than operational taxonomic units defined by percent sequence homology. Virioplankton RTPR populations showed positive associations with a broad phylogenetic diversity of bacterioplankton including dominant taxa within pelagic oceanic ecosystems such as Prochlorococcus and SAR11. Temporal changes in RTPR-virioplankton, occurring as both free viruses and within infected cells, indicated possible viral-host pairs undergoing sustained infection and lysis cycles throughout the seasonal study. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from RTPR sequences mirrored ecological patterns in virio- and bacterioplankton populations demonstrating possible genome to phenome associations for an essential viral replication gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piedade, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidle, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissimov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dums, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wommack, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin E2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cells must adapt to different environments during the course of an immune response. We studied the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment and how this process shapes their residency in the gut. CD8+ T cells progressively remodel their transcriptome and surface phenotype as they acquire gut residency, and downregulate expression of mitochondrial genes. Human and mouse gut-resident CD8+ T cells have reduced mitochondrial mass, but maintain a viable energy balance to sustain their function. We found that the intestinal microenvironment is rich in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which drives mitochondrial depolarization in CD8+ T cells. Consequently, these cells engage autophagy to clear depolarized mitochondria, and enhance glutathione synthesis to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result from mitochondrial depolarization. Impairing PGE2 sensing promotes CD8+ T cell accumulation in the gut, while tampering with autophagy and glutathione negatively impacts the T cell population. Thus, a PGE2-autophagy-glutathione axis defines the metabolic adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment, to ultimately influence the T cell pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanin, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristinzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanczak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baixauli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solagna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabezas-Wallscheid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselblatt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buescher, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin E2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.531382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Based Neural Network Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Predictions at the Residue Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.531382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbohydrates dynamically and transiently interact with proteins for cell-cell recognition, cellular differentiation, immune response, and many other cellular processes. Despite the molecular importance of these interactions, there are currently few reliable computational tools to predict potential carbohydrate binding sites on any given protein. Here, we present two deep learning models named CArbohydrate-Protein interaction Site IdentiFier (CAPSIF) that predict carbohydrate binding sites on proteins: (1) a 3D-UNet voxel-based neural network model (CAPSIF:V) and (2) an equivariant graph neural network model (CAPSIF:G). While both models outperform previous surrogate methods used for carbohydrate binding site prediction, CAPSIF:V performs better than CAPSIF:G, achieving test Dice scores of 0.597 and 0.543 and test set Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs) of 0.599 and 0.538, respectively. We further tested CAPSIF:V on AlphaFold2-predicted protein structures. CAPSIF:V performed equivalently on both experimentally determined structures and AlphaFold2 predicted structures. Finally, we demonstrate how CAPSIF models can be used in conjunction with local glycan-docking protocols, such as GlycanDock, to predict bound protein-carbohydrate structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canner, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.531382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Based Neural Network Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Predictions at the Residue Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEURD: A mesh decomposition framework forautomated proofreading and morphologicalanalysis of neuronal EM reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are now in the era of millimeter-scale electron microscopy (EM) volumes collected at nanometer resolution (Shapson-Coe et al., 2021; Consortium et al., 2021). Dense reconstruction of cellular compartments in these EM volumes has been enabled by recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) (Lee et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2021; Macrina et al., 2021). Automated segmentation methods produce exceptionally accurate reconstructions of cells, but post-hoc proofreading is still required to generate large connectomes free of merge and split errors. The elaborate 3-D meshes of neurons in these volumes contain detailed morphological information at multiple scales, from the diameter, shape, and branching patterns of axons and dendrites, down to the fine-scale structure of dendritic spines. However, extracting these features can require substantial effort to piece together existing tools into custom workflows. Building on existing open-source software for mesh manipulation, here we present "NEURD", a software package that decomposes meshed neurons into compact and extensively-annotated graph representations. With these feature-rich graphs, we automate a variety of tasks such as state of the art automated proofreading of merge errors, cell classification, spine detection, axon-dendritic proximities, and other annotations. These features enable many downstream analyses of neural morphology and connectivity, making these massive and complex datasets more accessible to neuroscience researchers focused on a variety of scientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Celii, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchell, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEURD: A mesh decomposition framework forautomated proofreading and morphologicalanalysis of neuronal EM reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mature microRNA-binding protein QKI promotes microRNA-mediated gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Argonaute (AGO) proteins have been the focus of microRNA (miRNA) studies, we observed AGO-free mature miRNAs directly interacting with RNA-binding proteins, implying the sophisticated nature of fine-tuning gene regulation by miRNAs. To investigate microRNA-binding proteins (miRBPs) globally, we analyzed PAR-CLIP data sets to identify RBP quaking (QKI) as a novel miRBP for let-7b. Potential existence of AGO-free miRNAs were further verified in genetically engineered AGO-depleted human and mouse cells. We have shown that QKI serves as an auxiliary factor empowering AGO2/let-7b-mediated gene silencing. Depletion of QKI decreases interaction of AGO2 with let-7b and target mRNA, consequently controlling target mRNA decay. QKI, however, also suppresses the dissociation of let-7b from AGO2, and slows assembly of AGO2/miRNA/target mRNA complexes at the single-molecule level. We also revealed that QKI suppresses cMYC expression at post-transcriptional level, and decreases proliferation and migration of HeLa cells, demonstrating that QKI is a tumor suppressor gene by in part augmenting let-7b activity. Our data show that QKI is a new type of RBP implicated in the versatile regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mature microRNA-binding protein QKI promotes microRNA-mediated gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate the pathogenesis of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs), the most common and severe congenital brain arteriovenous malformation, we performed an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband-family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes. We found the Ras suppressor p120 RasGAP (RASA1) harbored a genome-wide significant burden of loss-of-function de novo variants (p=4.79x10-7). Rare, damaging transmitted variants were enriched in Ephrin receptor-B4 (EPHB4) (p=1.22x10-5), which cooperates with p120 RasGAP to limit Ras activation. Other probands had pathogenic variants in ACVRL1, NOTCH1, ITGB1, and PTPN11. ACVRL1 variants were also identified in a multi-generational VOGM pedigree. Integrative genomics defined developing endothelial cells as a key spatio-temporal locus of VOGM pathophysiology. Mice expressing a VOGM-specific EPHB4 kinase-domain missense variant exhibited constitutive endothelial Ras/ERK/MAPK activation and impaired hierarchical development of angiogenesis-regulated arterial-capillary-venous networks, but only when carrying a "second-hit" allele. These results illuminate human arterio-venous development and VOGM pathobiology and have clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekbib, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Ent, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allington, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohfi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duy, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piwowarczyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehnel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskandar, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard-Kienitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundishora, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSpenza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidanemariam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.532837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary Insights Into Felidae Iris Color Through Ancestral State Reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There have been almost no studies with an evolutionary perspective on eye (iris) color, outside of humans and domesticated animals. Extant members of the family Felidae have a great interspecific and intraspecific diversity of eye colors, in stark contrast to their closest relatives, all of which have only brown eyes. This makes the felids a great model to investigate the evolution of eye color in natural populations. Through machine learning cluster image analysis of publicly available photographs of all felid species, as well as a number of subspecies, five felid eye colors were identified: brown, green, yellow, gray, and blue. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, the presence or absence of these colors was reconstructed on a phylogeny. Additionally, through a new color analysis method, the specific shades of the ancestors eyes were quantitatively reconstructed. The ancestral felid population was predicted to have brown-eyed individuals, as well as a novel evolution of gray-eyed individuals, the latter being a key innovation that allowed the rapid diversification of eye color seen in modern felids, including numerous gains and losses of different eye colors. It was also found that the gain of yellow eyes is highly associated with, and may be necessary for, the evolution of round pupils in felids, which may influence the shades present in the eyes in turn. Along with these important insights, the methods presented in this work are widely applicable and will facilitate future research into phylogenetic reconstruction of color beyond irises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiasson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary Insights Into Felidae Iris Color Through Ancestral State Reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatobiliary manganese homeostasis is dynamic in the setting of illness in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Manganese is a diet-derived micronutrient that is essential for critical cellular processes like redox homeostasis, protein glycosylation, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Control of Mn availability, especially at the local site of infection, is a key component of the innate immune response. Less has been elucidated about Mn homeostasis at the systemic level. In this work, we demonstrate that systemic Mn homeostasis is dynamic in response to illness in mice. This phenomenon is evidenced in male and female mice, mice of two genetic backgrounds (C57/BL6 and BALB/c), in multiple models of acute (dextran-sodium sulfate-induced) and chronic (enterotoxigenic Bacteriodes fragilis) colitis, and systemic infection with Candida albicans. When mice were fed a standard corn-based chow with excess Mn (100 ppm), liver Mn decreased and biliary Mn increased 3-fold in response to infection or colitis. Liver iron, copper, and zinc were unchanged. When dietary Mn was restricted to minimally adequate amounts (10ppm), baseline hepatic Mn levels decreased by approximately 60% in the liver, and upon induction of colitis, liver Mn did not decrease further, however biliary Mn still increased 20-fold. In response to acute colitis, hepatic Slc39a8 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn importer, Zip8) and Slc30a10 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn exporter, Znt10) are decreased. Zip8 protein is decreased. Illness- associated dynamic Mn homeostasis may represent a novel host immune/inflammatory response that reorganizes systemic Mn availability through differential expression of key Mn transporters with down-regulation of Zip8.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=114 SRC="FIGDIR/small/533688v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunuwar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatobiliary manganese homeostasis is dynamic in the setting of illness in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in cancer treatment depends on deciphering tumor phenotypes to reveal the underlying biological processes. Molecular profiles, including transcriptomics, provide an information-rich tumor view, but their high-dimensional features and assay costs can be prohibitive for clinical translation at scale. Recent studies have suggested jointly leveraging histology and genomics as a strategy for developing practical clinical biomarkers. Here, we use machine learning techniques to identify de novo latent transcriptional processes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and to accurately predict their activity levels directly from tumor histology images. In contrast to analyses focusing on pre-specified, individual genes or sample groups, our latent space analysis reveals sets of genes associated with both histologically detectable features and clinically relevant processes, including immune response, collagen remodeling, and fibrosis. The results demonstrate an approach for discovering clinically interpretable histological features that indicate complex, potentially treatment-informing biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doytcheva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanager, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Open Reading Frames in Known and Novel Transcripts using ORFanage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ORFanage is a system designed to assign open reading frames (ORFs) to both known and novel gene transcripts while maximizing similarity to annotated proteins. The primary intended use of ORFanage is the identification of ORFs in the assembled results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments, a capability that most transcriptome assembly methods do not have. Our experiments demonstrate how ORFanage can be used to find novel protein variants in RNA-seq datasets, and to improve the annotations of ORFs in tens of thousands of transcript models in the RefSeq and GENCODE human annotation databases. Through its implementation of a highly accurate and efficient pseudo-alignment algorithm, ORFanage is substantially faster than other ORF annotation methods, enabling its application to very large datasets. When used to analyze transcriptome assemblies, ORFanage can aid in the separation of signal from transcriptional noise and the identification of likely functional transcript variants, ultimately advancing our understanding of biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Open Reading Frames in Known and Novel Transcripts using ORFanage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP inhibition and pharmacological ascorbate demonstrate synergy in castration-resistant prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death for men in the United States. While organ-confined disease has reasonable expectation of cure, metastatic PCa is universally fatal upon recurrence during hormone therapy, a stage termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Until such time as molecularly defined subtypes can be identified and targeted using precision medicine, it is necessary to investigate new therapies that may apply to the CRPC population as a whole.

The administration of ascorbate, more commonly known as ascorbic acid or Vitamin C, has proved lethal to and highly selective for a variety of cancer cell types. There are several mechanisms currently under investigation to explain how ascorbate exerts anti-cancer effects. A simplified model depicts ascorbate as a pro-drug for reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate intracellularly and generate DNA damage. It was therefore hypothesized that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, by inhibiting DNA damage repair, would augment the toxicity of ascorbate.

ResultsTwo distinct CRPC models were found to be sensitive to physiologically relevant doses of ascorbate. Moreover, additional studies indicate that ascorbate inhibits CRPC growth in vitro via multiple mechanisms including disruption of cellular energy dynamics and accumulation of DNA damage. Combination studies were performed in CRPC models with ascorbate in conjunction with escalating doses of three different PARP inhibitors (niraparib, olaparib, and talazoparib). The addition of ascorbate augmented the toxicity of all three PARP inhibitors and proved synergistic with olaparib in both CRPC models. Finally, the combination of olaparib and ascorbate was tested in vivo in both castrated and non-castrated models. In both cohorts, the combination treatment significantly delayed tumor growth compared to monotherapy or untreated control.

ConclusionsThese data indicate that pharmacological ascorbate is an effective monotherapy at physiological concentrations and kills CRPC cells. Ascorbate-induced tumor cell death was associated with disruption of cellular energy dynamics and accumulation of DNA damage. The addition of PARP inhibition increased the extent of DNA damage and proved effective at slowing CRPC growth both in vitro and in vivo. These findings nominate ascorbate and PARPi as a novel therapeutic regimen that has the potential to improve CRPC patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandigo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylgjeri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilevskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiewer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP inhibition and pharmacological ascorbate demonstrate synergy in castration-resistant prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant mice are gestational age-dependent and resolve with antiviral treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with severe COVID-19 and adverse fetal outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, clinical studies assessing therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy are limited. To address these gaps, we developed a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Outbred CD1 mice were infected at embryonic day (E) 6, E10, or E16 with a mouse adapted SARS-CoV-2 (maSCV2) virus. Outcomes were gestational age-dependent, with greater morbidity, reduced anti-viral immunity, greater viral titers, and more adverse fetal outcomes occurring with infection at E16 (3rd trimester-equivalent) than with infection at either E6 (1st trimester-equivalent) or E10 (2nd trimester-equivalent). To assess the efficacy of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (recommended for pregnant individuals with COVID-19), we treated E16-infected dams with mouse equivalent doses of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. Treatment reduced pulmonary viral titers, decreased maternal morbidity, and prevented adverse offspring outcomes. Our results highlight that severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes are associated with heightened virus replication in maternal lungs. Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir mitigated adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings prompt the need for further consideration of pregnancy in preclinical and clinical studies of therapeutics against viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creisher, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulka, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akin, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant mice are gestational age-dependent and resolve with antiviral treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of single cells treated with the KRASG12D inhibitor MRTX 1133 reveals new challenges for the emerging field of single cell proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in KRAS are common drivers of human cancers and are often those with the poorest overall prognosis for patients. A recently developed compound, MRTX1133, has shown promise in inhibiting the activity of KRASG12D mutant proteins, one of the main drivers in pancreatic cancer. To better understand the mechanism of action of this compound I performed both proteomics and metabolomics on four KRASG12D mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines. To obtain increased granularity in the proteomic observations, single cell proteomics was successfully performed on two of these lines. Following quality filtering, a total of 1,498 single cells were analyzed. From these cells 3,140 total proteins were identified with approximately 953 proteins quantified per cell. At 48 hours of treatment, two distinct populations of cells can be observed based on the level of effectiveness of the drug in decreasing total abundance of the KRAS protein in each respective cell, results that are effectively masked in the bulk cell analysis. All mass spectrometry data and processed results are publicly available at the www.massive.ucsd.edu at accessions PXD039597, PXD039601 and PXD039600.

Abstract Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of single cells treated with the KRASG12D inhibitor MRTX 1133 reveals new challenges for the emerging field of single cell proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIDAS: a fast and simple simulator for realistic microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdvances in sequencing technology has led to the discovery of associations between the human microbiota and many diseases, conditions, and traits. With the increasing availability of microbiome data, many statistical methods have been developed for studying these associations. The growing number of newly developed methods highlights the need for simple, rapid, and reliable methods to simulate realistic microbiome data, which is essential for validating and evaluating the performance of these methods. However, generating realistic microbiome data is challenging due to the complex nature of microbiome data, which feature correlation between taxa, sparsity, overdispersion, and compositionality. Current methods for simulating microbiome data are deficient in their ability to capture these important features of microbiome data, or can require exorbitant computational time.

MethodsWe develop MIDASim (MIcrobiome DAta Simulator), a fast and simple approach for simulating realistic microbiome data that reproduces the distributional and correlation structure of a template microbiome dataset. MIDASim is a two-step approach. The first step generates correlated binary indicators that represent the presence-absence status of all taxa, and the second step generates relative abundances and counts for the taxa that are considered to be present in step 1, utilizing a Gaussian copula to account for the taxon-taxon correlations. In the second step, MIDASim can operate in both a nonparametric and parametric mode. In the nonparametric mode, the Gaussian copula uses the empirical distribution of relative abundances for the marginal distributions. In the parametric mode, an inverse generalized gamma distribution is used in place of the empirical distribution.

ResultsWe demonstrate improved performance of MIDASim relative to other existing methods using gut and vaginal data. MIDASim showed superior performance by PER-MANOVA and in terms of alpha diversity and beta dispersion in either parametric or nonparametric mode. We also show how MIDASim in parametric mode can be used to assess the performance of methods for finding differentially abundant taxa in a compositional model.

ConclusionsMIDASim is easy to implement, flexible and suitable for most microbiome data simulation situations. MIDASim has three major advantages. First, MIDASim performs better in reproducing the distributional features of real data compared to other methods at both presence-absence level and relative-abundance level. MIDASim-simulated data are more similar to the template data than competing methods, as quantified using a variety of measures. Second, MIDASim makes few distributional assumptions for the relative abundances, and thus can easily accommodate complex distributional features in real data. Third, MIDASim is computationally efficient and can be used to simulate large microbiome datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satten, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIDAS: a fast and simple simulator for realistic microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The only FDA-approved oral immunotherapy for a food allergy provides protection against accidental exposure to peanuts. However, this therapy often causes discomfort or side effects and requires long-term commitment. Better preventive and therapeutic solutions are urgently needed. We have developed a tolerance-inducing vaccine technology that utilizes glycosylation-modified antigens to induce antigen-specific non-responsiveness. The glycosylation-modified antigens were administered intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) and were found to traffic to the liver or lymph nodes, respectively, leading to preferential internalization by antigen-presenting cells, educating the immune system to respond in an innocuous way. In a mouse model of cows milk allergy, treatment with glycosylation-modified {beta}- lactoglobulin (BLG) was effective in preventing the onset of allergy. In addition, s.c. administration of glycosylation-modified BLG showed superior safety and potential in treating existing allergies in combination with an anti-CD20 co-therapy. This platform may provide an antigen-specific immunomodulatory strategy to prevent and treat food allergies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulloo, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BEATRICE: Bayesian Fine-mapping from Summary Datausing Deep Variational Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a novel framework BEATRICE to identify putative causal variants from GWAS statistics. Identifying causal variants is challenging due to their sparsity and high correlation in the nearby regions. To account for these challenges, we rely on a hierarchical Bayesian model that imposes a binary concrete prior on the set of causal variants. We derive a variational algorithm for this fine-mapping problem by minimizing the KL divergence between an approximate density and the posterior probability distribution of the causal configurations. Correspondingly, we use a deep neural network as an inference machine to estimate the parameters of our proposal distribution. Our stochastic optimization procedure allows us to simultaneously sample from the space of causal configurations. We use these samples to compute the posterior inclusion probabilities and determine credible sets for each causal variant. We conduct a detailed simulation study to quantify the performance of our framework against two state-of-the-art baseline methods across different numbers of causal variants and different noise paradigms, as defined by the relative genetic contributions of causal and non-causal variants. We demonstrate that BEATRICE achieves uniformly better coverage with comparable power and set sizes, and that the performance gain increases with the number of causal variants. We also show the efficacy BEATRICE in finding causal variants from the GWAS study of Alzheimers disease. In comparison to the baselines, only BEATRICE can successfully find the APOE{epsilon} 2 allele, a commonly associated variant of Alzheimers. Thus, we show that BEATRICE is a valuable tool to identify causal variants from eQTL and GWAS summary statistics across complex diseases and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BEATRICE: Bayesian Fine-mapping from Summary Datausing Deep Variational Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metagenomic library cloning strategy that promotes high-level expression of captured genes to enable efficient functional screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional screening of environmental DNA (eDNA) libraries is a potentially powerful approach to discover enzymatic "unknown unknowns", but is usually heavily biased toward the tiny subset of genes preferentially transcribed and translated by the screening strain. We have overcome this by preparing an eDNA library via partial digest with restriction enzyme Fatl (cuts CATG), causing a substantial proportion of ATG start codons to be precisely aligned with strong plasmid-encoded promoter and ribosome-binding sequences. Whereas we were unable to select nitroreductases from standard metagenome libraries, our Fatl strategy yielded 21 nitroreductases spanning eight different enzyme families, each conferring resistance to the nitro-antibiotic niclosamide and sensitivity to the nitro-prodrug metronidazole. We showed expression could be improved by co-expressing rare tRNAs and encoded proteins purified directly using an embedded Hisg-tag. In a transgenic zebrafish model of metronidazole-mediated targeted cell ablation, our lead MhqN-family nitroreductase proved [~]5- fold more effective than the canonical nitroreductase NfsB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrock, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Harwood, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copp, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvat, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumm, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metagenomic library cloning strategy that promotes high-level expression of captured genes to enable efficient functional screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of genetic programs and cellular plasticity of glioma-associated myeloid cells, and thus their contribution to tumor growth and immune evasion, is poorly understood. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing of immune and tumor cells from 33 glioma patients of varying tumor grades. We identified two populations characteristic of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), unique to glioblastoma (GBM) and absent in grades II and III tumors: i) an early progenitor population (E-MDSC) characterized by strong upregulation of multiple catabolic, anabolic, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathways typically observed within tumor cells themselves, and ii) a monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) population. The E-MDSCs geographically co-localize with a subset of highly metabolic glioma stem-like tumor cells with a mesenchymal program in the pseudopalisading region, a pathognomonic feature of GBMs associated with poor prognosis. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis revealed symbiotic cross-talk between the stemlike tumor cells and E-MDSCs in GBM, whereby glioma stem cells produce chemokines attracting E-MDSCs, which in turn produce growth and survival factors for the tumor cells. Our large-scale single-cell analysis elucidated unique MDSC populations as key facilitators of GBM progression and mediators of tumor immunosuppression, suggesting that targeting these specific myeloid compartments, including their metabolic programs, may be a promising therapeutic intervention in this deadly cancer.

One-Sentence SummaryAggressive glioblastoma harbors two unique myeloid populations capable of promoting stem-like properties of tumor cells and suppressing T cell function in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliesseff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Populations Promote Tumor Aggression in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitotic surveillance pathway requires PLK1-dependent 53BP1 displacement from kinetochores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
53BP1 acts at the crossroads between DNA repair and p53-mediated stress response. With its interactor USP28, it is part of the mitotic surveillance pathway (MSP), a sensor that monitors the duration of cell division, promoting p53-dependent cell cycle arrest when a critical time threshold is surpassed. 53BP1 dynamically associates with kinetochores, being recruited during prophase, and then undergoing a time-dependent loss of affinity. However, the relevance of this behaviour remains unclear. Here, we identify CENP-F as an interaction partner and kinetochore receptor for 53BP1. By engineering human cells with a CENP-F point mutation, we demonstrate that preventing 53BP1 kinetochore localization does not reduce MSP proficiency. Strikingly, however, preventing the loss of 53BP1 from the kinetochore by inhibiting Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) restrains MSP activity, a phenomenon that is abrogated in the CENP-F mutant condition. Taken together, we demonstrate that kinetochore-loaded 53BP1 represents an MSP functionally inhibited state and that PLK1-dependent re-localization of 53BP1 represents an important layer of MSP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burigotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigorito, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattivi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliech, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitotic surveillance pathway requires PLK1-dependent 53BP1 displacement from kinetochores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of histone H2B monoubiquitination by Bre1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoubiquitination of histone H2BK120/123 plays multiple roles in regulating transcription, DNA replication and the DNA damage response. The structure of a nucleosome in complex with the dimeric RING E3 ligase, Bre1, reveals that one RING domain binds to the nucleosome acidic patch, where it can position the Rad6 E2, while the other RING domain contacts the DNA. Comparisons with H2A-specific E3 ligases suggests a general mechanism of tuning histone specificity via the non-E2-binding RING domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of histone H2B monoubiquitination by Bre1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and environmental contributions to ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestral differences in genomic variation are determining factors in gene regulation; however, most gene expression studies have been limited to European ancestry samples or adjusted for ancestry to identify ancestry-independent associations. We instead examined the impact of genetic ancestry on gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) in admixed African/Black American neurotypical individuals to untangle effects of genetic and environmental factors. Ancestry-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), transcripts, and gene networks, while notably not implicating neurons, are enriched for genes related to immune response and vascular tissue and explain up to 26% of heritability for ischemic stroke, 27% of heritability for Parkinsons disease, and 30% of heritability for Alzhemiers disease. Ancestry-associated DEGs also show general enrichment for heritability of diverse immune-related traits but depletion for psychiatric-related traits. The cell-type enrichments and direction of effects vary by brain region. These DEGs are less evolutionarily constrained and are largely explained by genetic variations; roughly 15% are predicted by DNAm variation implicating environmental exposures. We also compared Black and White Americans, confirming most of these ancestry-associated DEGs. Our results highlight how environment and genetic background affect genetic ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain and affect risk for brain illness.

SummaryWe examine the impact of genetic ancestry on gene expression and DNA methylation of admixed African/Black Americans, highlighting how genetic and environmental background affect risk for brain illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huuki-Myers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquola, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and environmental contributions to ancestry differences in gene expression in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Method for Crossing Molecular and Atlas Modalities using Simplex-Based Image Varifolds and Quadratic Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper explicates a solution to the problem of building correspondences between molecular-scale transcriptomics and tissue-scale atlases. The central model represents spatial transcriptomics as generalized functions encoding molecular position and high-dimensional transcriptomic-based (gene, cell type) identity. We map onto low-dimensional atlas ontologies by modeling each atlas compartment as a homogeneous random field with unknown transcriptomic feature distribution. The algorithm presented solves simultaneously for the minimizing geodesic diffeomorphism of coordinates and latent atlas transcriptomic feature fractions by alternating LDDMM optimization for coordinate transformations and quadratic programming for the latent transcriptomic variables. We demonstrate the universality of the algorithm in mapping tissue atlases to gene-based and cell-based MERFISH datasets as well as to other tissue scale atlases. The joint estimation of diffeomorphisms and latent feature distributions allows integration of diverse molecular and cellular datasets into a single coordinate system and creates an avenue of comparison amongst atlas ontologies for continued future development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stouffer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Method for Crossing Molecular and Atlas Modalities using Simplex-Based Image Varifolds and Quadratic Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic regulation of misfolded protein import into mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are the cellular energy hub and central target of metabolic regulation. Mitochondria also facilitate proteostasis through pathways such as the  mitochondria as guardian in cytosol (MAGIC) whereby cytosolic misfolded proteins (MPs) are imported into and degraded inside mitochondria. In this study, a genome-wide screen in yeast uncovered that Snf1, the yeast AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits the import of MPs into mitochondria while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis under glucose starvation. We show that this inhibition requires a downstream transcription factor regulating mitochondrial gene expression and is likely to be conferred through substrate competition and mitochondrial import channel selectivity. We further show that Snf1/AMPK activation protects mitochondrial fitness in yeast and human cells under stress induced by MPs such as those associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic regulation of misfolded protein import into mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS) is caused by mutations in the spermine synthase (SMS) gene, the enzyme product of which converts the polyamine spermidine into spermine. Affecting primarily males, common manifestations of SRS include intellectual disability, osteoporosis, hypotonic musculature, and seizures, along with other, more variable symptoms. Currently, medical management focuses on treating symptoms without addressing the underlying molecular cause of the disease.

Reduced SMS catalytic activity in cells of SRS patients causes the accumulation of spermidine, while spermine levels are reduced. The resulting exaggeration in spermidine-to-spermine ratio is a biochemical hallmark of SRS that tends to correlate with symptom severity in the patient. Our studies aim to pharmacologically manipulate polyamine metabolism to correct this polyamine imbalance and investigate the potential of this approach as a therapeutic strategy for affected individuals.

Here we report the use of 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; eflornithine), an FDA-approved inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, in re-establishing normal spermidine-to-spermine ratios in SRS patient cells. Through mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that, while reducing spermidine biosynthesis, DFMO also stimulates the conversion of existing spermidine into spermine in cell lines with hypomorphic variants of SMS. Further, DFMO treatment induces a compensatory uptake of exogenous polyamines, including spermine and spermine mimetics, cooperatively reducing spermidine and increasing spermine levels. In a Drosophila SRS model characterized by reduced lifespan, adding DFMO to the feed extends lifespan. As nearly all known SRS patient mutations are hypomorphic, these studies form a foundation for future translational studies with significant therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbert, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomutov, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastkari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomutov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Connectomes Are Heritable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A complete understanding of human behavior and disease depends upon our ability to parse genetic and environmental influences in the human brain. The heritability of a trait quantifies the degree of its variability due to genetic influences. Classical approach for quantifying heritability operate on simple traits, and sometimes do not properly control for other potential sources of variation, such as age or sex. We therefore develop Causal Heritability of Networks (CHaiN) to rigorously quantify heritability of human brain networks (i.e., connectomes). We applied CHaiN to 1024 anatomical connectomes derived from the Human Connectome Project. Connectomes appeared to be heritable, but heritability was insignificant once we addressed variability within networks. These results suggest that previous conclusions on connectome heritability may be driven by the shared network structures, and highlights the importance of modeling networks and other sources of variability when studying heritability of connectomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.532875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Connectomes Are Heritable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of locations and activities of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is needed to decipher basic mechanisms of gene regulation and to understand the impact of genetic variants on complex traits. Previous studies identified candidate CREs (cCREs) using epigenetic features in one species, making comparisons difficult between species. In contrast, we conducted an interspecies study defining epigenetic states and identifying cCREs in blood cell types to generate regulatory maps that are comparable between species, using integrative modeling of eight epigenetic features jointly in human and mouse in our Validated Systematic Integration (VISION) Project. The resulting catalogs of cCREs are useful resources for further studies of gene regulation in blood cells, indicated by high overlap with known functional elements and strong enrichment for human genetic variants associated with blood cell phenotypes. The contribution of each epigenetic state in cCREs to gene regulation, inferred from a multivariate regression, was used to estimate epigenetic state Regulatory Potential (esRP) scores for each cCRE in each cell type, which were used to categorize dynamic changes in cCREs. Groups of cCREs displaying similar patterns of regulatory activity in human and mouse cell types, obtained by joint clustering on esRP scores, harbored distinctive transcription factor binding motifs that were similar between species. An interspecies comparison of cCREs revealed both conserved and species-specific patterns of epigenetic evolution. Finally, we showed that comparisons of the epigenetic landscape between species can reveal elements with similar roles in regulation, even in the absence of genomic sequence alignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wixom, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuston, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermunt, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional transcription at the PPP2R2B gene locus in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESpinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in the PPP2R2B gene. Here we tested the hypothesis that the PPP2R2B antisense (PPP2R2B-AS1) transcript containing a CUG repeat is expressed and contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis.

METHODSExpression of PPP2R2B-AS1 transcript was detected in SCA12 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), iPSC-derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 knock-in mouse brains using strand-specific RT-PCR (SS-RT-PCR). The tendency of expanded PPP2R2B-AS1 (expPPP2R2B-AS1) RNA to form foci, a marker of toxic processes involving mutant RNAs, was examined in SCA12 cell models by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The toxic effect of expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts on SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells was evaluated by caspase 3/7 activity. Western blot was used to examine the expression of repeat associated non-ATG-initiated (RAN) translation of expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcript in SK-N-MC cells.

RESULTSThe repeat region in PPP2R2B gene locus is bidirectionally transcribed in SCA12 iPSCs, iPSC-derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 mouse brains. Transfected expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts are toxic to SK-N-MC cells, and the toxicity may be mediated, at least in part, by the RNA secondary structure. The expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcripts form CUG RNA foci in SK-N-MC cells. expPPP2R2B-AS1 transcript is translated in the Alanine ORF via repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, which is diminished by single nucleotide interruptions within the CUG repeat, and MBNL1 overexpression.

INTERPRETATIONThese findings suggest that PPP2R2B-AS1 contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis, and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic target for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhsh, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional transcription at the PPP2R2B gene locus in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Surfactant Protein A Alleviates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and mediates its antiviral activities by binding to viral glycoproteins. This study examined the mechanistic role of human SP-A in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. The interactions between human SP-A and SARS-CoV-2 S protein and hACE2 receptor, and SP-A level in COVID-19 patients were assessed by ELISA. The effect of SP-A on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was analyzed by infecting human lung epithelial cells (A549-ACE2) with pseudoviral particles and infectious SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant) pre-incubated with SP-A. Virus binding, entry, and infectivity were assessed by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and plaque assay. The results showed that human SP-A can bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein/RBD and hACE2 in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). Human SP-A inhibited virus binding and entry, and reduce viral load in lung epithelial cells, evidenced by the dose-dependent decrease in viral RNA, nucleocapsid protein, and titer (p<0.01). Increased SP-A level was observed in the saliva of COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), but severe COVID-19 patients had relatively lower SP-A levels than moderate COVID-19 patients (p<0.05). Therefore, SP-A plays an important role in mucosal innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by directly binding to the S protein and inhibiting its infectivity in host cells. SP-A level in the saliva of COVID-19 patients might serve as a biomarker for COVID-19 severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemmiti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Surfactant Protein A Alleviates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of delayed cell death following simultaneous CRISPR-Cas9 targeting in pancreatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While radiation is an effective oncologic therapy, killing cancer by inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), it lacks specificity for neoplastic cells. We have previously adapted the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology as a cancer-specific treatment modality targeting somatic mutations in pancreatic cancer (PC). However, its tumoricidal potential remains unclear, especially in comparison to therapeutic doses of radiation. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs are more cytotoxic in PCs than a comparable number of radiation-induced DSBs. We observed >90% tumor growth inhibition by targeting 9 sites with cancer-specific single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Through both bioinformatics and cytogenetics analyses, we found that CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs triggered ongoing chromosomal rearrangements, with 87% of structural variants not directly produced from the initial CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs, and chromosomal instability (CIN) peaking before cell death. By comparing the cytotoxicity of CRISPR-Cas9- to radiation-induced DSBs, we demonstrate that the number of DSBs required to achieve equitoxic effects was [~]3 times higher for radiation than CRISPR-Cas9. Finally, we show that PC cells that had survived CRISPR-Cas9 targeting retained susceptibility to subsequent CRISPR-Cas9-induced DSBs at different genomic sites with >87% growth inhibition. Together, our data support the therapeutic potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as an anti-cancer strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halper-Stromberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of delayed cell death following simultaneous CRISPR-Cas9 targeting in pancreatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrogation of dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI and fluorescence-based imaging reveals a perturbed glymphatic network in Huntington disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents with progressive motor, mental, and cognitive impairment leading to early disability and mortality. The accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein aggregates in neurons is a pathological hallmark of HD. The glymphatic system, a brain-wide perivascular network, facilitates the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), supporting interstitial solute clearance including abnormal proteins from mammalian brains. In this study, we employed dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) MRI to measure D-glucose clearance from CSF as a tool to assess CSF clearance capacity to predict glymphatic function in a mouse model of HD. Our results demonstrate significantly diminished CSF clearance efficiency in premanifest zQ175 HD mice. The impairment of CSF clearance of D-glucose, measured by DGE MRI, worsened with disease progression. These DGE MRI findings in compromised glymphatic function in HD mice were further confirmed with fluorescence-based imaging of glymphatic CSF tracer influx, suggesting an impaired glymphatic function in premanifest stage of HD. Moreover, expression of the astroglial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the perivascular compartment, a key mediator of glymphatic function, was significantly diminished in both HD mouse brain as well as postmortem human HD brain. Our data, acquired using a clinically translatable MRI approach, indicate a perturbed glymphatic network in the HD brain as early as in the premanifest stage. Further validation of these findings in clinical studies should provide insights into potential of glymphatic clearance as a HD biomarker and for glymphatic functioning as a disease-modifying therapeutic target for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrogation of dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI and fluorescence-based imaging reveals a perturbed glymphatic network in Huntington disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful technique based on dipole-dipole interaction between donor and acceptor fluorophores to observe inter- and intra-molecular dynamics in realtime with sensitivity to macro-molecular distances ([~] 2.5-10 nm). That said, some fluorophores have an inherent characteristic known as protein induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE). PIFE is a photo-physical feature of dyes undergoing cis-trans transitions and occurs for protein-dye interactions closer than 3 nm. Here, the challenge is uncoupling the PIFE effect in the FRET data. Ignoring the PIFE effect in the analysis of the FRET data may lead to misinterpretation of the system under investigation. As a solution to this problem, we develop a computational framework based on Bayesian statistics to analyze the fluorescence lifetime signals of the donor and acceptor channels which allows us to uncouple the PIFE effects from the FRET. Our framework can extract any changes in the FRET efficiency simultaneously with any changes in the fluorescence lifetimes of the donor and acceptor due to the PIFE effect. In addition, our framework can provide other parameters, such as the donor and acceptor excitation rates, background photon rates, and detectors cross-talk ratios. Our framework extracts all these parameters by analyzing a single photon arrival time trace with only a few thousand photons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromogenic detection of telomere lengths in situ aids the identification of precancerous lesions in the prostate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres are terminal chromosomal elements that are essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. The measurement of telomere content provides useful diagnostic and prognostic information, and fluorescent methods have been developed for this purpose. However, fluorescent-based tissue assays are cumbersome for investigators to undertake, both in research and clinical settings. Here, a robust chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) approach was developed to visualize and quantify telomere content at single cell resolution in human prostate tissues, both frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE). This new assay ("Telo-CISH") produces permanently stained slides that are viewable with a standard light microscope, thus avoiding the need for specialized equipment and storage. The assay is compatible with standard immunohistochemistry, thereby allowing simultaneous assessment of histomorphology, identification of specific cell types, and assessment of telomere status. In addition, Telo-CISH eliminates the problem of autofluorescent interference that frequently occurs with fluorescent-based methods. Using this new assay, we demonstrate successful application of Telo-CISH to help identify precancerous lesions in the prostate by the presence of markedly short telomeres specifically in the luminal epithelial cells. In summary, with fewer restrictions on the types of tissues that can be tested, and increased histologic information provided, the advantages presented by this novel chromogenic assay should extend the applicability of tissue-based telomere length assessment in research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ertunc, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smearman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan-Cashman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes-Alexandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabzonlu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marzo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaphy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromogenic detection of telomere lengths in situ aids the identification of precancerous lesions in the prostate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A supervised data-driven spatial filter denoising method for acoustic-induced artifacts in intracranial electrophysiological recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurosurgical procedures that enable direct brain recordings in awake patients offer unique opportunities to explore the neurophysiology of human speech. The scarcity of these opportunities and the altruism of participating patients compel us to apply the highest rigor to signal analysis. Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) signals recorded during overt speech can contain a speech artifact that tracks the fundamental frequency (F0) of the participants voice, involving the same high-gamma frequencies that are modulated during speech production and perception. To address this artifact, we developed a spatial-filtering approach to identify and remove acoustic-induced contaminations of the recorded signal. We found that traditional reference schemes jeopardized signal quality, whereas our data-driven method denoised the recordings while preserving underlying neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A supervised data-driven spatial filter denoising method for acoustic-induced artifacts in intracranial electrophysiological recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When humans assemble into face-to-face social networks, they create an extended environment that permits exposure to the microbiome of other members of a population. Social network interactions may thereby also shape the composition and diversity of the microbiome at individual and population levels. Here, we use comprehensive social network and detailed microbiome sequencing data in 1,098 adults across 9 isolated villages in Honduras to investigate the relationship between social network structure and microbiome composition. Using both species-level and strain-level data, we show that microbial sharing occurs between many relationship types, notably including non-familial and non-household connections. Using strain-sharing data alone, we can confidently predict a wide variety of relationship types (AUC ~0.73). This strain-level sharing extends to second-degree social connections in a network, suggesting the importance of the extended network with respect to microbiome composition. We also observe that socially central individuals are more microbially similar to the overall village than those on the social periphery. Finally, we observe that clusters of microbiome species and strains occur within clusters of people in the village social networks, providing the social niches in which microbiome biology and phenotypic impact are manifested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pullman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beghini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnempet Shridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellCover Defines Conserved Cell Types and Temporal Progression in scRNA-seq Data across Mammalian Neocortical Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Definition of cell classes across the tissues of living organisms is central in the analysis of growing atlases of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data across biomedicine. Marker genes for cell classes are most often defined by differential expression (DE) methods that serially assess individual genes across landscapes of diverse cells. This serial approach has been extremely useful, but is limited because it ignores possible redundancy or complementarity across genes that can only be captured by analyzing multiple genes simultaneously. Interrogating binarized expression data, we aim to identify discriminating panels of genes that are specific to, not only enriched in, individual cell types. To efficiently explore the vast space of possible marker panels, leverage the large number of cells often sequenced, and overcome zero-inflation in scRNA-seq data, we propose viewing marker gene panel selection as a variation of the "minimal set-covering problem" in combinatorial optimization. Using scRNA-seq data from blood and brain tissue, we show that this new method, CellCover, performs as good or better than DE and other methods in defining cell-type discriminating gene panels, while reducing gene redundancy and capturing cell-class-specific signals that are distinct from those defined by DE methods. Transfer learning experiments across mouse, primate, and human data demonstrate that CellCover identifies markers of conserved cell classes in neocortical neurogenesis, as well as developmental progression in both progenitors and neurons. Exploring markers of human outer radial glia (oRG, or basal RG) across mammals, we show that transcriptomic elements of this key cell type in the expansion of the human cortex likely appeared in gliogenic precursors of the rodent before the full program emerged in neurogenic cells of the primate lineage. We have assembled the public datasets we use in this report within the NeMO Analytics multi-omic data exploration environment [1], where the expression of individual genes (NeMO: Individual genes in cortex and NeMO: Individual genes in blood) and marker gene panels (NeMO: Telley 3 CellCover Panels, NeMO: Telley 12 CellCover Panels, NeMO: Sorted Brain Cell CellCover Panels, and NeMO: Blood 34 CellCover Panels) can be freely explored without coding expertise. CellCover is available in CellCover R and CellCover Python.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=67 SRC="FIGDIR/small/535943v6_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naiman, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellCover Defines Conserved Cell Types and Temporal Progression in scRNA-seq Data across Mammalian Neocortical Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the Statistical Significance of the Difference Between Arbitrary Curves: A Spreadsheet Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a simple, spreadsheet-based method to determine the statistical significance of the difference between any two arbitrary curves. This modified Chi-squared method addresses two scenarios: A single measurement at each point with known standard deviation, or multiple measurements at each point averaged to produce a mean and standard error. The method includes an essential correction for the deviation from normality in measurements with small sample size, which are typical in biomedical sciences. Statistical significance is determined without regard to the functionality of the curves, or the signs of the differences. Numerical simulations are used to validate the procedure. Example experimental data are used to demonstrate its application. An Excel spreadsheet is provided for performing the calculations for either scenario.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimley, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the Statistical Significance of the Difference Between Arbitrary Curves: A Spreadsheet Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.535951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Regulation of the P-bodies Associated Psoriasis Candidate Gene CCHCR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.535951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1) was first identified as a candidate gene in psoriasis and has lately been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility. Located within P-bodies and centrosomes, its exact cellular role and transcriptional control remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that CCHCR1 shares a bidirectional promoter with its neighboring gene, TCF19. This bidirectional promoter is activated by the G1/S-regulatory transcription factor E2F1, and both genes are co-induced during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. A luciferase reporter assay suggests that the short intergenic sequence, only 287 bp in length, is sufficient for the G1/S induction of both genes, but the expression of CCHCR1 is further enhanced by the presence of exon 1 from both TCF19 and CCHCR1. This research uncovers the transcriptional regulation of the CCHCR1 gene, offering new perspectives on its function. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of diseases associated with CCHCR1 and may serve as a foundational step for future research in these vital medical fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.535951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Regulation of the P-bodies Associated Psoriasis Candidate Gene CCHCR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.534630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment of spatial transcriptomics data using diffeomorphic metric mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.534630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies enable high throughput gene expression characterization within thin tissue sections. However, comparing spatial observations across sections, samples, and technologies remains challenging. To address this challenge, we developed STalign to align ST datasets in a manner that accounts for partially matched tissue sections and other local non-linear distortions using diffeomorphic metric mapping. We apply STalign to align ST datasets within and across technologies as well as to align ST datasets to a 3D common coordinate framework. We show that STalign achieves high gene expression and cell-type correspondence across matched spatial locations that is significantly improved over landmark-based affine alignments. Applying STalign to align ST datasets of the mouse brain to the 3D common coordinate framework from the Allen Brain Atlas, we highlight how STalign can be used to lift over brain region annotations and enable the interrogation of compositional heterogeneity across anatomical structures. STalign is available as an open-source Python toolkit at https://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/STalign and as supplementary software with additional documentation and tutorials available at https://jef.works/STalign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clifton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimiuwu, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.534630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment of spatial transcriptomics data using diffeomorphic metric mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are now showing promising predictive performance on a wide variety of complex traits and diseases, but there exists a substantial performance gap across different populations. We propose MUSSEL, a method for ancestry-specific polygenic prediction that borrows information in the summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) across multiple ancestry groups. MUSSEL conducts Bayesian hierarchical modeling under a MUltivariate Spike-and-Slab model for effect-size distribution and incorporates an Ensemble Learning step using super learner to combine information across different tuning parameter settings and ancestry groups. In our simulation studies and data analyses of 16 traits across four distinct studies, totaling 5.7 million participants with a substantial ancestral diversity, MUSSEL shows promising performance compared to alternatives. The method, for example, has an average gain in prediction R2 across 11 continuous traits of 40.2% and 49.3% compared to PRS-CSx and CT-SLEB, respectively, in the African Ancestry population. The best-performing method, however, varies by GWAS sample size, target ancestry, underlying trait architecture, and the choice of reference samples for LD estimation, and thus ultimately, a combination of methods may be needed to generate the most robust PRS across diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of Mtb infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent. Identifying dominant epitopes and comparing their reactivity in different tuberculosis (TB) infection states can help design diagnostics and vaccines. We performed a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb derived peptides in 21 Active TB (ATB) patients 3-4 months post-diagnosis of pulmonary TB (mid-treatment) using an IFN{gamma} and IL-17 Fluorospot assay. Responses were mediated exclusively by IFN{gamma} and identified a total of 137 unique epitopes, with each patient recognizing, on average, 8 individual epitopes and 22 epitopes (16%) recognized by 2 or more participants. Responses were predominantly directed against antigens part of the cell wall and cell processes category. Testing 517 peptides spanning TB vaccine candidates and ESAT- 6 and CFP10 antigens also revealed differential recognition between ATB participants mid-treatment and healthy IGRA+ participants of several vaccine antigens. An ATB-specific peptide pool consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by participants mid-treatment, allowed distinguishing participants with active pulmonary TB from healthy interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)+/- participants from diverse geographical locations. Analysis of longitudinal samples indicated decreased reactivity during treatment for pulmonary TB. Together, these results show that a proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identifies epitopes and antigens that are differentially recognized depending on the Mtb infection stage. These have potential use in developing diagnostics and vaccine candidates and measuring correlates of protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanzaro, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanzaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chathuranga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasena, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSilva, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of Mtb infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional whole genome screen of nutrient-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies genes involved in antibiotic tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), poses a global health challenge and is responsible for over a million deaths each year. Current treatment is lengthy and complex, and new, abbreviated regimens are urgently needed. Mtb adapts to nutrient starvation, a condition experienced during host infection, by shifting its metabolism and becoming tolerant to the killing activity of bactericidal antibiotics. An improved understanding of the mechanisms mediating antibiotic tolerance in Mtb can serve as the basis for developing more effective therapies. We performed a forward genetic screen to identify candidate Mtb genes involved in tolerance to the two key first-line antibiotics, rifampin and isoniazid, under nutrient-rich and nutrient-starved conditions. In nutrient-rich conditions, we found 220 mutants with differential antibiotic susceptibility (218 in the rifampin screen and 2 in the isoniazid screen). Following Mtb adaptation to nutrient starvation, 82 mutants showed differential antibiotic susceptibility (80 in the rifampin screen and 2 in the isoniazid screen). Using targeted mutagenesis, we validated the rifampin-hypersusceptible phenotype under nutrient starvation in Mtb mutants lacking the following genes: ercc3, moeA1, rv0049, and rv2179c. These findings shed light on potential therapeutic targets, which could help shorten the duration and complexity of antitubercular regimens.

ImportanceTreatment of Mtb infection requires a long course of combination antibiotics, likely due to subpopulations of tolerant bacteria exhibiting decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. Identifying and characterizing the genetic pathways involved in antibiotic tolerance is expected to yield therapeutic targets for the development of novel TB treatment-shortening regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matern, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danchik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional whole genome screen of nutrient-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies genes involved in antibiotic tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using dynamic oral dosing of rifapentine and rifabutin to simulate exposure profiles of long-acting formulations in a mouse model of tuberculosis preventive therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Administration of tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) to individuals with latent tuberculosis infection is an important facet of global tuberculosis control. The use of long-acting injectable (LAI) drug formulations may simplify and shorten regimens for this indication. Rifapentine and rifabutin have anti-tuberculosis activity and physiochemical properties suitable for LAI formulation, but there are limited data available for determining the target exposure profiles required for efficacy in TPT regimens. The objective of this study was to determine exposure-activity profiles of rifapentine and rifabutin to inform development of LAI formulations for TPT. We utilized a validated paucibacillary mouse model of TPT in combination with dynamic oral dosing of both drugs to simulate and understand exposure-activity relationships to inform posology for future LAI formulations. This work identified several LAI-like exposure profiles of rifapentine and rifabutin that, if achieved by LAI formulations, could be efficacious as TPT regimens and thus can serve as experimentally-determined targets for novel LAI formulations of these drugs. We present novel methodology to understand the exposure-response relationship and inform the value proposition for investment in development of LAI formulations that has utility beyond latent tuberculosis infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertinez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betoudji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using dynamic oral dosing of rifapentine and rifabutin to simulate exposure profiles of long-acting formulations in a mouse model of tuberculosis preventive therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic protospacer adjacent motifs are numerous and selectively targetable in cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations are desirable targets for selective elimination of cancer, yet most are found within the noncoding regions. We propose a novel, cancer-specific killing approach using CRISPR-Cas9 which exploits the requirement of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for Cas9 activity. Through whole genome sequencing (WGS) of paired tumor minus normal (T-N) samples from three pancreatic cancer patients (Panc480, Panc504, and Panc1002), we identified an average of 417 somatic PAMs per tumor produced from single base substitutions. We analyzed 591 paired T-N samples from The International Cancer Genome Consortium and discovered medians of [~]455 somatic PAMs per tumor in pancreatic, [~]2800 in lung, and [~]3200 in esophageal cancer cohorts. Finally, we demonstrated >80% selective cell death of two targeted pancreatic cancer cell lines in co-cultures using 4-9 sgRNAs, targeting noncoding regions, designed from the somatic PAM discovery approach. We also showed no off-target activity from these tumor-specific sgRNAs through WGS.

Statement of significanceThis study demonstrates the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as a novel and selective anti-cancer strategy. It requires just a few targets to induce double strand breaks for significant cytotoxicity. Our findings markedly expand the repertoire of targetable mutations in cancers and support genetically targeting other adult solid tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teh, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halper-Stromberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallavajjala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macoretta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruban, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic protospacer adjacent motifs are numerous and selectively targetable in cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellar cortex performs computations that are critical for control of our actions, and then transmits that information via simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to downstream structures. However, because P-cells are many synapses away from muscles, we do not know how their output affects behavior. Furthermore, we do not know the level of abstraction, i.e., the coordinate system of the P-cells output. Here, we recorded spiking activities of hundreds of P-cells in the oculomotor vermis of marmosets during saccadic eye movements and found that following the presentation of a visual stimulus, the olivary input to a P-cell encoded a probabilistic signal that coarsely described both the direction and the amplitude of that stimulus. When this input was present, the resulting complex spike briefly suppressed the P-cells simple spikes, disrupting the P-cells output during that saccade. Remarkably, this brief suppression altered the saccades trajectory by pulling the eyes toward the part of the visual space that was preferentially encoded by the olivary input to that P-cell. Thus, analysis of behavior in the milliseconds following a complex spike unmasked how the P-cells output influenced behavior: the preferred location in the coordinates of the visual system as conveyed probabilistically from the inferior olive to a P-cell defined the action in the coordinates of the motor system for which that P-cells simple spikes directed behavior.

SignificanceWe are lacking general principles that can describe how changes in a P-cells simple spikes might alter behavior. Here, we show that a brief suppression of a P-cells simple spikes in the oculomotor vermis consistently pulls the eyes in a direction that corresponds to the preferred location of the sensory space as conveyed probabilistically to that P-cell from the inferior olive. Thus, the inferior olive defines the coordinate system regarding the information that a P-cell is providing to the rest of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakharian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghat-Nejad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadmehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without associated cues is less clear. Here we tested whether dopamine release and neural activity more generally in three striatal subdomains are necessary for performance of an action chain leading to reward delivery. Male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to press a series of three spatially-distinct levers to receive reward. We assessed the contribution of neural activity or dopamine release within each striatal subdomain when progression through the action sequence was explicitly cued and in the absence of cues. Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and a strong impact on motivation after NAc flupenthixol. In contrast, after pharmacological inactivation to suppress overall activity, there was minimal impact on motivation, except within the uncued task after DMS inactivation. Inactivation of both NAc and DMS impaired sequence timing and led to sequence errors in the uncued, but not cued task. There was virtually no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens and dorsal medial striatal dopamine and neural activity are essential for action sequence performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3K/mTOR is a therapeutically targetable genetic dependency in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG), including tumors diagnosed in the brainstem (diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma - DIPG), are uniformly fatal brain tumors that lack effective pharmacological treatment. Analysis of pooled CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function gene deletion screen datasets, identified PIK3CA and MTOR as targetable molecular dependencies across DIPG patient derived models, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the blood-brain barrier penetrant PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor paxalisib. At the human equivalent maximum tolerated dose, mice treated with paxalisib experienced systemic feedback resulting in increased blood glucose and insulin levels, commensurate with DIPG patients in Phase 1b clinical trials who experienced hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia. To exploit genetic dependences, but maintain compliance and benefit, we optimized a paxalisib treatment regimen that employed reduced dosing more frequently, in combination with the anti-hyperglycemic drug, metformin. Combining optimized dosing with metformin restored glucose homeostasis and decreased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in vivo, a common mechanism of PI3K-inhibitor resistance, extending the survival of DIPG xenograft models. RNA sequencing and phosphoproteomic profiling of DIPG models treated with paxalisib identified increased calcium-activated PKC signaling. Using the brain penetrant PKC inhibitor, enzastaurin in combination with paxalisib, we synergistically extended the survival of orthotopic xenograft models, benefits further promoted by metformin; thus, identifying a clinically relevant DIPG combinatorial approach.

Brief SummaryDiffuse intrinsic pontine glioma is a lethal childhood brain tumor. Here we identify PIK3CA as a genetic dependency targeted by the brain penetrant pan-PI3K-inhibitor paxalisib.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duchatel, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parackal, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germon, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laternser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiltschewskij, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamaluddin, M. F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beitaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verrills, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerrett-Byrne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes Mora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitanza, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koschmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinkle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazarian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3K/mTOR is a therapeutically targetable genetic dependency in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological correlates of attention in the locus coeruleus - anterior cingulate cortex circuit during the rodent continuous performance test 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention, the ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over time, is significantly impaired in many psychiatric disorders, and there remains a major unmet need in treating impaired attention. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) were developed to measure sustained attention in humans, non-human primates, rats, and mice, and similar neural circuits are engaged across species during CPT performance, supporting their use in translational studies to identify novel therapeutics. Here, we identified electrophysiological correlates of attentional performance in a touchscreen-based rodent CPT (rCPT) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), two inter-connected regions that are implicated in attentional processes. We used viral labeling and molecular techniques to demonstrate that neural activity is recruited in LC-ACC projections during the rCPT, and that this recruitment increases with cognitive demand. We implanted male mice with depth electrodes within the LC and ACC for local field potential (LFP) recordings during rCPT training, and identified an increase in ACC delta and theta power, and an increase in LC delta power during correct responses in the rCPT. We also found that the LC leads the ACC in theta frequencies during correct responses while the ACC leads the LC in gamma frequencies during incorrect responses. These findings may represent translational biomarkers that can be used to screen novel therapeutics for drug discovery in attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallock, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Barrientos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInerney, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBrosse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological correlates of attention in the locus coeruleus - anterior cingulate cortex circuit during the rodent continuous performance test]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology on local microenvironment gene expression in the human inferior temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropathological lesions in the brains of individuals affected with neurodegenerative disorders are hypothesized to trigger molecular and cellular processes that disturb homeostasis of local microenvironments. Here, we applied the 10x Genomics Visium Spatial Proteogenomics (Visium-SPG) platform, which measures spatial gene expression coupled with immunofluorescence protein co-detection, in post-mortem human brain tissue from individuals with late-stage Alzheimers disease (AD) to investigate changes in spatial gene expression with respect to amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) pathology. We identified A{beta}-associated transcriptomic signatures in the human inferior temporal cortex (ITC) during late-stage AD, which we further investigated at cellular resolution with combined immunofluorescence and single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) co-detection technology. We present a workflow for analysis of Visium-SPG data and demonstrate the power of multi-omic profiling to identify spatially-localized changes in molecular dynamics that are linked to pathology in human brain disease. We provide the scientific community with web-based, interactive resources to access the datasets of the spatially resolved AD-related transcriptomes at https://research.libd.org/Visium_SPG_AD/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthiban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagles, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobana, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of Alzheimer's disease related neuropathology on local microenvironment gene expression in the human inferior temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stitching flexible electronics into the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding complex neuronal networks requires monitoring long-term neuronal activity in various regions of the brain. Significant progress has been made in multi-site implantations of well-designed probes, such as multi-site implantation of Si-based and polymer-based probes. However, these multi-probe strategies have been limited by the sizes and weights of interfaces to the multiple probes and the inability to track the activity of the same neurons and changes in neuronal activity over longer time periods. Here, we report a long single flexible probe that can be implanted by stitching into multiple regions of the mouse brain and subsequently transmit chronically-stable neuronal signals from the multiple sites via a single low-mass interface. We implanted the probe at four different sites using a glass capillary needle or two sites using an ultrathin metal needle. In-vitro tests in brain-mimicking hydrogel showed that multi-site probe implantations achieved a high connection yield of >86%. In-vivo histological images at each site of probes, implanted by stitching using either glass capillary or ultrathin metal insertion needles exhibit seamless tissue-probe interfaces with negligible chronic immune response. In addition, electrophysiology studies demonstrated the ability to track single neuron activities at every injection site with chronic stability over at least one month. Notably, the measured spike amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios at different implantation sites showed no statistically significant differences. Multi-site stitching implantation of flexible electronics in the brain opens up new opportunities for both fundamental neuroscience research and electrotherapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stitching flexible electronics into the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.538008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to stressed mitochondria occurs in a switch-like, global manner and results in autophagy-independent, sub-organelle level mitochondrial degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.538008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Damaged mitochondria can be subject to lysosomal degradation via mitophagy. However, whole-organelle degradation exhibits relatively slow kinetics and thus its impact may be limited in response to acute, fast-acting cellular stress. We previously reported that in Parkin-deficient cells endolysosomes directly target mitochondria when subjected to bioenergetic stress. Here, using high-resolution live cell imaging we reveal a striking level of dynamic targeting of Rab5+ early endosomes to stressed mitochondria, culminating in a switch-like accumulation in the entire mitochondrial population, independently of canonical autophagy. This process of rapid, largescale Rab5+ vesicle trafficking to mitochondria coincides with, and is mediated by, XIAP E3 ligase activated mitochondrial ubiquitylation and results in ultrastructural changes to, and degradation of, intra-mitochondrial components. Mitochondria-targeting vesicles include early endosomal subpopulations marked by Rab5 effector APPL1 and ubiquitin-binding endocytic adaptors OPTN, TAX1BP1 and Tollip, and Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. In Parkin expressing cells, XIAP- and Parkin-dependent mitochondrial targeting and resulting processing modes are competitively regulated. Together, our data suggest that XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to mitochondria functions as a stress-responsive, sub-organelle level mitochondrial processing mode that is distinct from, and competitive to, Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamacher-Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.538008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XIAP-mediated targeting of endolysosomes to stressed mitochondria occurs in a switch-like, global manner and results in autophagy-independent, sub-organelle level mitochondrial degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Riboformer: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Context-Dependent Translation Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation elongation is essential for maintaining cellular proteostasis, and alterations in the translational landscape are associated with a range of diseases. Ribosome profiling allows detailed measurement of translation at genome scale. However, it remains unclear how to disentangle biological variations from technical artifacts and identify sequence determinant of translation dysregulation. Here we present Riboformer, a deep learning-based framework for modeling context-dependent changes in translation dynamics. Riboformer leverages the transformer architecture to accurately predict ribosome densities at codon resolution. It corrects experimental artifacts in previously unseen datasets, reveals subtle differences in synonymous codon translation and uncovers a bottleneck in protein synthesis. Further, we show that Riboformer can be combined with in silico mutagenesis analysis to identify sequence motifs that contribute to ribosome stalling across various biological contexts, including aging and viral infection. Our tool offers a context-aware and interpretable approach for standardizing ribosome profiling datasets and elucidating the regulatory basis of translation kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SHAO, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Riboformer: A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting Context-Dependent Translation Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision pharmacological reversal of genotype-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by transcriptional regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diet-related metabolic syndrome is the largest contributor to adverse health in the United States. However, the study of gene-environment interactions and their epigenomic and transcriptomic integration is complicated by the lack of environmental and genetic control in humans that is possible in mouse models. Here we exposed three mouse strains, C57BL/6J (BL6), A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ (NOD), to a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet, leading to varying degrees of metabolic syndrome. We then performed transcriptomic and genomic DNA methylation analyses and found overlapping but also highly divergent changes in gene expression and methylation upstream of the discordant metabolic phenotypes. Strain-specific pathway analysis of dietary effects reveals a dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis common to all three strains but distinct regulatory networks driving this dysregulation. This suggests a strategy for strain-specific targeted pharmacologic intervention of these upstream regulators informed by transcriptional regulation. As a pilot study, we administered the drug GW4064 to target one of these genotype-dependent networks, the Farnesoid X receptor pathway, and found that GW4064 exerts genotype-specific protection against dietary effects in BL6, as predicted by our transcriptomic analysis, as well as increased inflammatory-related gene expression changes in NOD. This pilot study demonstrates the potential efficacy of precision therapeutics for genotype-informed dietary metabolic intervention, and a mouse platform for guiding this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wulfridge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manno, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryggvadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threadgill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision pharmacological reversal of genotype-specific diet-induced metabolic syndrome in mice informed by transcriptional regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating immunogenomic data-guided virtual patients using a QSP model to predict response of advanced NSCLC to PD-L1 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating realistic virtual patients from a limited amount of patient data is one of the major challenges for quantitative systems pharmacology modeling in immuno-oncology. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a mathematical modeling methodology that integrates mechanistic knowledge of biological systems to investigate dynamics in a whole system during disease progression and drug treatment. In the present analysis, we parameterized our previously published QSP model of the cancer-immunity cycle to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and generated a virtual patient cohort to predict clinical response to PD-L1 inhibition in NSCLC. The virtual patient generation was guided by immunogenomic data from iAtlas portal and population pharmacokinetic data of durvalumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor. With virtual patients generated following the immunogenomic data distribution, our model predicted a response rate of 18.6% (95% bootstrap confidence interval: 13.3-24.2%) and identified CD8/Treg ratio as a potential predictive biomarker in addition to PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden. We demonstrated that omics data served as a reliable resource for virtual patient generation techniques in immuno-oncology using QSP models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulraj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating immunogenomic data-guided virtual patients using a QSP model to predict response of advanced NSCLC to PD-L1 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK modulates FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary mouse hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin resistance is a critical mediator of the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An excess influx of fatty acids to the liver is thought to be a pathogenic cause of insulin resistance and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma contribute to inducing insulin resistance and NAFLD, the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. This study aimed to determine whether inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a regulator of insulin signaling, plays any role in FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes. Here, we show that excess FFA decreased IPMK expression, and blockade of IPMK decrease attenuated the FFA-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). Moreover, overexpression of IPMK prevented the FFA-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation by insulin, while knockout of IPMK exacerbated insulin resistance in PMH. In addition, treatment with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, inhibits FFA-induced decrease in IPMK expression and Akt phosphorylation in PMH. Furthermore, treatment with the antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the FFA-induced reduction of IPMK and restored FFA-induced insulin resistance in PMH. In conclusion, our findings suggest that excess FFA reduces IPMK expression and contributes to the FFA-induced decrease in Akt phosphorylation in PMH, leading to insulin resistance. Our study highlights IPMK as a potential therapeutic target for preventing insulin resistance and NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahima, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK modulates FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary mouse hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Rapid Inducible RNA Decay system reveals fast mRNA decay in P-bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA decay plays a crucial role in regulating mRNA abundance and gene expression. Modulation of RNA degradation is imperative to investigate an RNAs function. However, information regarding where and how RNA decay occurs remains scarce, partially because existing technologies fail to initiate RNA decay with the spatiotemporal precision or transcript specificity required to capture this stochastic and transient process. Here, we devised a general method that employs inducible tethering of regulatory protein factors to target RNAs and modulate their metabolism. Specifically, we established a Rapid Inducible Decay of RNA (RIDR) technology to degrade target mRNA within minutes. The fast and synchronous induction enabled direct visualization of mRNA decay dynamics in cells with spatiotemporal precision previously unattainable. When applying RIDR to endogenous ACTB mRNA, we observed rapid formation and disappearance of RNA granules, which coincided with pre-existing processing bodies (P-bodies). We measured the time-resolved RNA distribution in P-bodies and cytoplasm after induction, and compared different models of P-body function. We determined that mRNAs rapidly decayed in P-bodies upon induction. Additionally, we validated the functional role of P-bodies by knocking down specific a P-body constituent protein and RNA degradation enzyme. This study determined compartmentalized RNA decay kinetics for the first time. Together, RIDR provides a valuable and generalizable tool to study the spatial and temporal RNA metabolism in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Rapid Inducible RNA Decay system reveals fast mRNA decay in P-bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a conserved silent face of spike RBD resist extreme SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing broad coronavirus vaccines requires identifying and understanding the molecular basis of broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) spike sites. In our previous work, we identified sarbecovirus spike RBD group 1 and 2 bnAbs. We have now shown that many of these bnAbs can still neutralize highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the XBB.1.5. Structural studies revealed that group 1 bnAbs use recurrent germline encoded CDRH3 features to interact with a conserved RBD region that overlaps with class 4 bnAb site. Group 2 bnAbs recognize a less well-characterized "site V" on the RBD and destabilize spike trimer. The site V has remained largely unchanged in SARS-CoV- 2 variants and is highly conserved across diverse sarbecoviruses, making it a promising target for broad coronavirus vaccine development. Our findings suggest that targeted vaccine strategies may be needed to induce effective B cell responses to escape resistant subdominant spike RBD bnAb sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avillion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhdoomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a conserved silent face of spike RBD resist extreme SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modified BCG with depletion of enzymes associated with peptidoglycan amidation induces enhanced protection against tuberculosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades pathogen recognition receptor activation during infection may offer insights for the development of improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Whilst Mtb elicits NOD-2 activation through host recognition of its peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP), it masks the endogenous NOD-1 ligand through amidation of glutamate at the second position in peptidoglycan sidechains. As the current BCG vaccine is derived from pathogenic mycobacteria, a similar situation prevails. To alleviate this masking ability and to potentially improve efficacy of the BCG vaccine, we used CRISPRi to inhibit expression of the essential enzyme pair, MurT-GatD, implicated in amidation of peptidoglycan sidechains. We demonstrate that depletion of these enzymes results in reduced growth, cell wall defects, increased susceptibility to antibiotics and altered spatial localization of new peptidoglycan. In cell culture experiments, training of monocytes with this recombinant BCG yielded improved control of Mtb growth. In the murine model of TB infection, we demonstrate that depletion of MurT-GatD in BCG, resulting in unmasking of the D-glutamate diaminopimelate (iE-DAP) NOD-1 ligand, yields superior prevention of TB disease compared to the standard BCG vaccine. This work demonstrates the feasibility of gene regulation platforms such as CRISPRi to alter antigen presentation in BCG in a bespoke manner that tunes immunity towards more effective protection against TB disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaku, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocius, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modified BCG with depletion of enzymes associated with peptidoglycan amidation induces enhanced protection against tuberculosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating lactate is a fuel source for liver metabolism but may exacerbate metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Indeed, haploinsufficiency of lactate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in mice reportedly promotes resistance to hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Here, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to deliver thyroxin binding globulin (TBG)-Cre or lecithin-retinol acyltransferase (Lrat)-Cre to MCT1fl/fl mice on a choline deficient, high fat NASH diet to deplete hepatocyte or stellate cell MCT1, respectively. Stellate cell MCT1KO (AAV-Lrat-Cre) attenuated liver type 1 collagen protein expression and caused a downward trend in trichrome staining. MCT1 depletion in cultured human LX2 stellate cells also diminished collagen 1 protein expression. Tetra-ethylenglycol-cholesterol (Chol)-conjugated siRNAs, which enter all hepatic cell types, and hepatocyte-selective tri-N-acetyl galactosamine (GN)-conjugated siRNAs were then used to evaluate MCT1 function in a genetically obese NASH mouse model. MCT1 silencing by Chol-siRNA decreased liver collagen 1 levels, while hepatocyte-selective MCT1 depletion by AAV-TBG-Cre or by GN-siRNA unexpectedly increased collagen 1 and total fibrosis without effect on triglyceride accumulation. These findings demonstrate that stellate cell lactate transporter MCT1 significantly contributes to liver fibrosis through increased collagen 1 protein expression in vitro and in vivo, while hepatocyte MCT1 appears not to be an attractive therapeutic target for NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elleby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial cells signaling and patterning under hypoxia: a mechanistic computational model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSeveral signaling pathways are activated during hypoxia to promote angiogenesis, leading to endothelial cell patterning, interaction, and downstream signaling. Understanding the mechanistic signaling differences between endothelial cells under normoxia and hypoxia and their response to different stimuli can guide therapies to modulate angiogenesis. We present a novel mechanistic model of interacting endothelial cells, including the main pathways involved in angiogenesis.

MethodsWe calibrate and fit the model parameters based on well-established modeling techniques that include structural and practical parameter identifiability, uncertainty quantification, and global sensitivity.

ResultsOur results indicate that the main pathways involved in patterning tip and stalk endothelial cells under hypoxia differ, and the time under hypoxia interferes with how different stimuli affect patterning. Additionally, our simulations indicate that Notch signaling might regulate vascular permeability and establish different Nitric Oxide release patterns for tip/stalk cells. Following simulations with various stimuli, our model suggests that factors such as time under hypoxia and oxygen availability must be considered for EC pattern control.

DiscussionThis project provides insights into the signaling and patterning of endothelial cells under various oxygen levels and stimulation by VEGFA and is our first integrative approach toward achieving EC control as a method for improving angiogenesis. Overall, our model provides a computational framework that can be built on to test angiogenesis-related therapies by modulation of different pathways, such as the Notch pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. H. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annex, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial cells signaling and patterning under hypoxia: a mechanistic computational model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered cytokine/antibody fusion proteins improve delivery of IL-2 to pro-inflammatory cells and promote antitumor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in cytokine engineering is driving therapeutic translation by overcoming the inherent limitations of these proteins as drugs. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine harbors great promise as an immune stimulant for cancer treatment. However, the cytokines concurrent activation of both pro-inflammatory immune effector cells and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, its toxicity at high doses, and its short serum half-life have limited clinical application. One promising approach to improve the selectivity, safety, and longevity of IL-2 is complexation with anti-IL-2 antibodies that bias the cytokine towards the activation of immune effector cells (i.e., effector T cells and natural killer cells). Although this strategy shows therapeutic potential in preclinical cancer models, clinical translation of a cytokine/antibody complex is complicated by challenges in formulating a multi-protein drug and concerns about complex stability. Here, we introduce a versatile approach to designing intramolecularly assembled single-agent fusion proteins (immunocytokines, ICs) comprising IL-2 and a biasing anti-IL-2 antibody that directs the cytokines activities towards immune effector cells. We establish the optimal IC construction and further engineer the cytokine/antibody affinity to improve immune biasing function. We demonstrate that our IC preferentially activates and expands immune effector cells, leading to superior antitumor activity compared to natural IL-2 without inducing toxicities associated with IL-2 administration. Collectively, this work presents a roadmap for the design and translation of immunomodulatory cytokine/antibody fusion proteins.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed an IL-2/antibody fusion protein that expands immune effector cells and shows superior tumor suppression and toxicity profile versus IL-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leff, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henclova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huliciak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered cytokine/antibody fusion proteins improve delivery of IL-2 to pro-inflammatory cells and promote antitumor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VERY LONG-CHAIN ACYL-CoA SYNTHETASE-3 (ACSVL3) PROMOTES THE MALIGNANT GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF U87 GLIOMA CELLS VIA CHANGES IN CELL CYCLE WITHOUT AFFECTING APOPTOSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decreasing the expression of very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSVL3) in U87MG glioblastoma cells by either RNA interference or genomic knockout (KO) significantly decreased their growth rate in culture, as well as their ability to form rapidly growing tumors in mice. U87-KO cells grew at a 9-fold slower rate than U87MG cells. When injected subcutaneously in nude mice, the tumor initiation frequency of U87-KO cells was 70% of that of U87MG cells, and the average growth rate of tumors that did form was decreased by 9-fold. Two hypotheses to explain the decreased growth rate of KO cells were investigated. Lack of ACSVL3 could reduce cell growth either by increasing apoptosis, or via effects on the cell cycle. We examined intrinsic, extrinsic, and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways; none were affected by lack of ACSVL3. However, significant differences in the cell cycle were seen in KO cells, suggesting arrest in S-phase. Levels of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, and 4 were elevated in U87-KO cells, as were regulatory proteins p21 and p53 that promote cell cycle arrest. In contrast, lack of ACSVL3 reduced the level of the inhibitory regulatory protein p27. {gamma}-H2AX, a marker of DNA double strand breaks, was elevated in U87-KO cells, while pH3, a mitotic index marker, was reduced. Previously reported alterations in sphingolipid metabolism in ACSVL3-depleted U87 cells may explain the effect of KO on cell cycle. These studies reinforce the notion that ACSVL3 is a promising therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VERY LONG-CHAIN ACYL-CoA SYNTHETASE-3 (ACSVL3) PROMOTES THE MALIGNANT GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF U87 GLIOMA CELLS VIA CHANGES IN CELL CYCLE WITHOUT AFFECTING APOPTOSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PiE: An open source pipeline for home cage behavioral analysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades a growing number of neuroscience labs are conducting behavioral assays in rodents. The equipment used to collect this behavioral data must effectively limit environmental and experimenter disruptions, to avoid confounding behavior data. Proprietary behavior boxes are expensive, offer limited compatible sensors, and constrain analysis with closed-source hardware and software. Here, we introduce PiE, an open-source, end-to-end, user-configurable, scalable, and inexpensive behavior assay system. The PiE system includes the custom-built behavior box to hold a home cage, as well as software enabling continuous video recording and individual behavior box environmental control. To limit experimental disruptions, the PiE system allows the control and monitoring of all aspects of a behavioral experiment using a remote web browser, including real-time video feeds. To allow experiments to scale up, the PiE system provides a web interface where any number of boxes can be controlled, and video data easily synchronized to a remote location. For the scoring of behavior video data, the PiE system includes a standalone desktop application that streamlines the blinded manual scoring of large datasets with a focus on quality control and assay flexibility. The PiE system is ideal for all types of behavior assays in which video is recorded. Users are free to use individual components of this setup independently, or to use the entire pipeline from data collection to analysis. Alpha testers have included scientists without prior coding experience. An example pipeline is demonstrated with the PiE system enabling the user to record home cage maternal behavior assays, synchronize the resulting data, conduct blinded scoring, and import the data into R for data visualization and analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benedict, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cudmore, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PiE: An open source pipeline for home cage behavioral analysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) promotes bioenergetics via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Three tightly bound CLs are evolutionarily conserved in the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC in yeast; adenine nucleotide translocator, ANT in mammals) which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane and exchanges ADP and ATP to enable OXPHOS. Here, we investigated the role of these buried CLs in the carrier using yeast Aac2 as a model. We introduced negatively charged mutations into each CL-binding site of Aac2 to disrupt the CL interactions via electrostatic repulsion. While all mutations disturbing the CL-protein interaction destabilized Aac2 monomeric structure, transport activity was impaired in a pocket-specific manner. Finally, we determined that a disease-associated missense mutation in one CL-binding site in ANT1 compromised its structure and transport activity, resulting in OXPHOS defects. Our findings highlight the conserved significance of CL in AAC/ANT structure and function, directly tied to specific lipid-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senoo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinthapalli, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baile, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golla, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunbona, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munteanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whited, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved cardiolipin-mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier interactions assume distinct structural and functional roles that are clinically relevant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B. subtilis MutS2 splits stalled ribosomesinto subunits without mRNA cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stalled ribosomes are rescued by pathways that recycle the ribosome and target the nascent polypeptide for degradation. In E. coli, these pathways are triggered by ribosome collisions through recruitment of SmrB, a nuclease that cleaves the mRNA. In B. subtilis, the related protein MutS2 was recently implicated in ribosome rescue. Here we show that MutS2 is recruited to collisions by its SMR and KOW domains and reveal the interaction of these domains with collided ribosomes by cryo-EM. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that MutS2 uses its ABC ATPase activity to split ribosomes, targeting the nascent peptide for degradation by the ribosome quality control pathway. Notably, we see no evidence of mRNA cleavage by MutS2, nor does it promote ribosome rescue by tmRNA as SmrB cleavage does in E. coli. These findings clarify the biochemical and cellular roles of MutS2 in ribosome rescue in B. subtilis and raise questions about how these pathways function differently in various bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackens-Kiani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdenebat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B. subtilis MutS2 splits stalled ribosomesinto subunits without mRNA cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights from a survey of mentorship experiences by graduate and postdoctoral researchers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentorship is vital for early career researchers in training positions, allowing them to navigate the challenges of work and life in research environments. However, the quality of mentorship received by trainees can vary by investigator and by institution. One challenge faced by those hoping to improve trainee mentorship is that the extent to which mentorship is offered to and experienced by research trainees is not well characterized. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey to examine the quality of mentorship received by trainees in research environments, to identify characteristics of positive and negative mentorship, and to highlight best practices to improve trainee mentorship. We received 2,114 responses from researchers at graduate and postdoctoral career stages worldwide. Quantitative analysis showed that at least [~]25-45% of respondents were dissatisfied with some aspects of their mentorship. Qualitative responses revealed that common issues in mentorship include unclear expectations in research and mentoring interactions, lack of guidance, and inadequate support of trainee independence and career goals. Our findings also identified key mentorship elements desired by trainee mentees. Based on trainee suggestions, we describe strategies for individual mentors, departments, and institutions to improve the training experience for graduate and postdoctoral researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarabipour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson Filho, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights from a survey of mentorship experiences by graduate and postdoctoral researchers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and play roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Although brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) have been successfully collected from brain tissue, there is not yet a "bdEV atlas" of EVs from different brain regions. To address this gap, we separated EVs from eight anatomical brain regions of a single individual and subsequently characterized them by count, size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The greatest particle yield was from cerebellum, while the fewest particles were recovered from the orbitofrontal, postcentral gyrus, and thalamus regions. EV surface phenotyping indicated that CD81 and CD9 were more abundant than CD63 for all regions. Cell-enriched surface markers varied between brain regions. For example, putative neuronal markers NCAM, CD271, and NRCAM were more abundant in medulla, cerebellum, and occipital regions, respectively. These findings, while restricted to tissues from a single individual, suggest that additional studies are merited to lend more insight into the links between EV heterogeneity and function in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gizzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routenberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a human brain EV atlas: Characteristics of EVs from different brain regions, including small RNA and protein profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T and B cells are the two arms of the adaptive immune system that mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, using highly diverse repertoires of antigen receptors. T cells recognize antigens using the T cell receptor (TCR), whereas B cells use the B cell receptor (BCR or surface immunoglobulin). Complementary determining regions (CDR3) of TCRs and BCRs are randomly generated through somatic VDJ recombination and nucleotide deletions and insertions at the V-D and D-J junctions. Contrary to this paradigm, here we describe two networks of millions of TCR{beta} and IGH clonotypes that are made from only two CDR3 sequences and associated with more 63 diseases. The TCR{beta} network members bore either the prototypic signature CDR3 sequence (CASSPGTEAFF), its N-terminal VD motif (CASSPGT) recombined with various J{beta} segments (CASSPGT-J{beta}x) or its DJ{beta} motif recombined with various V{beta} (V{beta}x-PGTEAFF). The BCR network members exhibit one signature CDR3 sequence (CARx1-4DTAMVYYFYDW) made from an invariant DJH motif (DTAMVYYFDYW) combined with various VH genes. The prototypes of the two networks are apparently teleogically related as they were dually expressed on the rare population of dual expresser (DE) lymphocytes and molecular dynamic simulations show that they were interacting partners. We conclude that members of the two networks represent a core set of evolutionary-conserved primordial antigen receptors that play fundamental roles in host defense and autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hallaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamad, A. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apposed networks of interacting TCRs and BCRs exhibiting mosaicked CDR3 sequences made of fixed junctional motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RaMALDI: enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal tissue imaging techniques that integrate two complementary modalities are powerful discovery tools for unraveling biological processes and identifying biomarkers of disease. Combining Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to obtain fused images with the advantages of both modalities has the potential of providing spatially resolved, sensitive, and specific biomolecular information, but has so far involved two separate, consecutive tissue sections for RSI and MALDI MSI, resulting in images from two separate entities with inherent disparities. We have developed RaMALDI, a streamlined, integrated, multimodal imaging workflow of RSI and MALDI MSI, performed on a single tissue section with one sample preparation protocol. We show that RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample.

Table of Contents

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=142 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539107v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1829ccaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d018org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@531015org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@144f1a3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG We demonstrate for the first time RaMALDI imaging, a streamlined, integrated multimodal imaging workflow of Raman spectroscopy imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI), which is performed on a single sample and uses one sample preparation protocol. RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RaMALDI: enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining Pleiotropic Drug Resistance in a Pathogenic Yeast: Pdr1 Functions as a Sensor of Cellular Stresses in Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida glabrata is a prominent opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The increasing incidence of C. glabrata infections is attributed to both innate and acquired resistance to antifungals. Previous studies suggest the transcription factor Pdr1 and several target genes encoding ABC transporters are critical elements of pleiotropic defense against azoles and other antifungals. This study utilizes Hermes transposon insertion profiling to investigate Pdr1-independent and Pdr1-dependent mechanisms that alter susceptibility to the frontline antifungal fluconazole. Several new genes were found to alter fluconazole susceptibility independent of Pdr1 (CYB5, SSK1, SSK2, HOG1, TRP1). A bZIP transcription repressor of mitochondrial function (CIN5) positively regulated Pdr1 while hundreds of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were confirmed as negative regulators of Pdr1. The antibiotic oligomycin activated Pdr1 and antagonized fluconazole efficacy likely by interfering with mitochondrial processes in C. glabrata. Unexpectedly, disruption of many 60S ribosomal proteins also activated Pdr1, thus mimicking the effects of the mRNA translation inhibitors. Cycloheximide failed to fully activate Pdr1 in a cycloheximide-resistant Rpl28-Q38E mutant. Similarly, fluconazole failed to fully activate Pdr1 in a strain expressing a low-affinity variant of Erg11. Fluconazole activated Pdr1 with very slow kinetics that correlated with the delayed onset of cellular stress. These findings are inconsistent with the idea that Pdr1 directly senses xenobiotics and support an alternative hypothesis where Pdr1 senses cellular stresses that arise only after engagement of xenobiotics with their targets.

ImportanceCandida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that causes discomfort and death. Its incidence has been increasing because of natural defenses to our common antifungal medications. This study explores the entire genome for impacts on resistance to fluconazole. We find several new and unexpected genes can impact susceptibility to fluconazole. Several antibiotics can also alter the efficacy of fluconazole. Most importantly, we find that Pdr1 - a key determinant of fluconazole resistance - is not regulated directly through binding of fluconazole and instead is regulated indirectly by sensing the cellular stresses caused by fluconazole blockage of sterol biosynthesis. This new understanding of drug resistance mechanisms could improve the outcomes of current antifungals and accelerate the development of novel therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavesic, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining Pleiotropic Drug Resistance in a Pathogenic Yeast: Pdr1 Functions as a Sensor of Cellular Stresses in Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatiotemporal richness of hummingbird wing deformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals exhibit an abundant diversity of forms, and this diversity is even more evident when considering animals that can change shape on demand. The evolution of flexibility contributes to aspects of performance from propulsive efficiency to environmental navigation. It is, however, challenging to quantify and compare body parts that, by their nature, dynamically vary in shape over many time scales. Commonly, body configurations are tracked by labelled markers and quantified parametrically through conventional measures of size and shape (descriptor approach) or non-parametrically through data-driven analyses that broadly capture spatiotemporal deformation patterns (shape variable approach). We developed a weightless marker tracking technique and combined these analytic approaches to study wing morphological flexibility in hoverfeeding Annas hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Four shape variables explained >95% of typical stroke cycle wing shape variation and were broadly correlated with specific conventional descriptors like wing twist and area. Moreover, shape variables decomposed wing deformations into pairs of in- and out-of-plane components at integer multiples of the stroke frequency. This property allowed us to identify spatiotemporal deformation profiles characteristic of hoverfeeding with experimentally imposed kinematic constraints, including through shape variables explaining <10% of typical shape variation. Hoverfeeding in front of a visual barrier restricted stroke amplitude and elicited increased stroke frequencies together with in- and out-of-plane deformations throughout the stroke cycle. Lifting submaximal loads increased stroke amplitudes at similar stroke frequencies together with prominent in-plane deformations during the upstroke and pronation. Our study highlights how spatially and temporally distinct changes in wing shape can contribute to agile fluidic locomotion.

SummaryHummingbirds exhibit complex wing deformations throughout the stroke cycle, and the timing and origin of these deformations differs between hoverfeeding behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshuler, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatiotemporal richness of hummingbird wing deformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AGNOSTIC MRS Benchmark Dataset: Deep Learning for Out-of-voxel Artifacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural networks are potentially valuable for many of the challenges associated with MRS data. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the AGNOSTIC dataset, which contains 259,200 synthetic 1H MRS examples for training and testing neural networks. AGNOSTIC was created using 270 basis sets that were simulated across 18 field strengths and 15 echo times. The synthetic examples were produced to resemble in vivo brain data with combinations of metabolite, macromolecule, residual water signals, and noise. To demonstrate the utility, we apply AGNOSTIC to train two Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to address out-of-voxel (OOV) echoes. A Detection Network was trained to identify the point-wise presence of OOV echoes, providing proof of concept for real-time detection. A Prediction Network was trained to reconstruct OOV echoes, allowing subtraction during post-processing. Complex OOV signals were mixed into 85% of synthetic examples to train two separate CNNs for the detection and prediction of OOV signals. AGNOSTIC is available through Dryad and all Python 3 code is available through GitHub. The Detection network was shown to perform well, identifying 95% of OOV echoes. Traditional modeling of these detected OOV signals was evaluated and may prove to be an effective method during linear-combination modeling. The Prediction Network greatly reduces OOV echoes within FIDs and achieved a median log10 normed-MSE of -1.79, an improvement of almost two orders of magnitude.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies-Jenkins, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollner, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupfeld, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeltzschner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, C. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AGNOSTIC MRS Benchmark Dataset: Deep Learning for Out-of-voxel Artifacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Oxidative Stress Impair Cardiac Desmin Proteostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThough acute mortality by myocardial infarction (MI) has declined in past decades, MI still represents one of the leading causes of heart failure (HF) development. We recently demonstrated the accumulation of toxic desmin aggregates in patients with HF of ischemic origin. Since desmin aggregates are toxic for the heart we aimed to test whether their formation can be induced by oxidative stress as a proxy for reperfusion injury, as well as addressing the effects of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing desmin aggregation with cardiac oxidative stress.

Methods and ResultsWe demonstrate here that oxidative stress is able to induce desmin aggregation, acutely, in a cell-specific and dose-dependent fashion. We also show that elevation of O-linked {beta}-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) prior to or after oxidative stress reduces the formation of toxic desmin aggregates and its pro-aggregating desmin post-translational modifications (PTM). In addition, we show for the first time a role for the transmembrane protease serine 13 (TMPRSS13) with desmin cleavage in response to oxidative stress while desmins single cysteine plays a protective role from I/R injury, which is independent of gain or loss of desmin function.

ConclusionsThe proliferation of desmin PTM-forms (i.e., proteoforms) and its aggregation hallmark acute and chronic cardiac stress and result in both loss of and gain of desmin function. We report here two novel mechanisms that could be targeted for therapy to preserve desmin homeostasis and cardiac function in the acute settings of oxidative stress and reperfusion injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadioglu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolocci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Oxidative Stress Impair Cardiac Desmin Proteostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GALLIUM-68-LABELED PEPTIDE RADIOTRACER FOR CD38-TARGETED IMAGING IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA WITH PET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe limited availability of molecularly targeted low-molecular-weight imaging agents for monitoring multiple myeloma (MM)-targeted therapies has been a significant challenge in the field. In response, we developed [68Ga]Ga-AJ206, a peptide-based radiotracer that can be seamlessly integrated into the standard clinical workflow and is specifically designed to non-invasively quantify CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics by positron emission tomography (PET).

Experimental designWe synthesized a high-affinity binder for quantification of CD38 levels. Affinity was tested using surface plasmon resonance, and In vitro specificity was evaluated using a gallium-68-labeled analog. Distribution, pharmacokinetics, and CD38 specificity of the radiotracer were assessed in MM cell lines and in primary patient-derived myeloma cells and xenografts (PDX) with cross-validation by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigated the radiotracers potential to quantify CD38 pharmacodynamics induced by all-trans retinoic acid therapy (ATRA).

Results[68Ga]Ga-AJ206 exhibited high CD38 binding specificity (KD: 19.1{+/-}0.99 nM) and CD38-dependent In vitro binding. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET showed high contrast within 60 minutes and suitable absorbed dose estimates for clinical use. Additionally, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 detected CD38 expression in xenografts, PDXs and disseminated disease models in a manner consistent with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry findings. Moreover, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET successfully quantified CD38 pharmacodynamics in PDXs, revealing increased CD38 expression in the tumor following ATRA therapy.

Conclusions[68Ga]Ga-AJ206 exhibited the salient features required for clinical translation, providing CD38-specific high contrast images in multiple models of MM. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206-PET could be useful for quantifying total CD38 levels and pharmacodynamics during therapy to evaluate approved and new therapies in MM and other diseases with CD38 involvement.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEThere is an unmet need for functional imaging agents to monitor the pharmacodynamic effects of new therapeutics targeting multiple myeloma (MM). MM is a challenging bone marrow plasma cell cancer that is associated with heterogenous responses and universal recurrence. While minimal residual disease monitoring by blood and invasive bone marrow samples have improved prognostication of disease recurrence, molecularly targeted, non-invasive imaging options that can assess therapy response early remain limited. To address this gap, we report the development of a high affinity, first-in-class gallium-68 labeled peptide radiotracer, [68Ga]Ga-AJ206, for CD38 protein, which is highly expressed on MM cells. [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 provides high-contrast CD38-specific images by PET within the standard clinical workflow of 60 minutes. Furthermore, the potential of [68Ga]Ga-AJ206 PET to measure pharmacodynamics of CD38 was demonstrated. Further development of this new radiotracer may complement existing technologies and improve prognostication and monitoring of therapy response in patients with MM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lofland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gocke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmagadda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GALLIUM-68-LABELED PEPTIDE RADIOTRACER FOR CD38-TARGETED IMAGING IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA WITH PET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EASTR: Correcting systematic alignment errors in multi-exon genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate alignment of transcribed RNA to reference genomes is a critical step in the analysis of gene expression, which in turn has broad applications in biomedical research and in the basic sciences. We have discovered that widely used splice-aware aligners, such as STAR and HISAT2, can introduce erroneous spliced alignments between repeated sequences, leading to the inclusion of falsely spliced transcripts in RNA-seq experiments. In some cases, the "phantom" introns resulting from these errors have made their way into widely-used genome annotation databases. To address this issue, we have developed EASTR (Emending Alignments of Spliced Transcript Reads), a novel software tool that can detect and remove falsely spliced alignments or transcripts from alignment and annotation files. EASTR improves the accuracy of spliced alignments across diverse species, including human, maize, and Arabidopsis thaliana, by detecting sequence similarity between intron-flanking regions. We demonstrate that applying EASTR before transcript assembly substantially reduces false positive introns, exons, and transcripts, improving the overall accuracy of assembled transcripts. Additionally, we show that EASTRs application to reference annotation databases can detect and correct likely cases of mis-annotated transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EASTR: Correcting systematic alignment errors in multi-exon genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMYD5 is a novel epigenetic gatekeeper of the mild hypothermia response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mild hypothermia response (MHR) maintains organismal homeostasis during cold exposure and is thought to be critical for the neuroprotection documented with therapeutic hypothermia. To date, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the MHR. We utilize a forward CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis screen to identify the histone lysine methyltransferase SMYD5 as a regulator of the MHR. SMYD5 represses the key MHR gene SP1 at euthermia. This repression correlates with temperature-dependent levels of H3K36me3 at the SP1-locus and globally, indicating that the mammalian MHR is regulated at the level of histone modifications. We have identified 37 additional SMYD5 regulated temperature-dependent genes, suggesting a broader MHR-related role for SMYD5. Our study provides an example of how histone modifications integrate environmental cues into the genetic circuitry of mammalian cells and provides insights that may yield therapeutic avenues for neuroprotection after catastrophic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafnsdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halldorsdottir, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasdottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynisdottir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atladottir, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez-Valdez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMYD5 is a novel epigenetic gatekeeper of the mild hypothermia response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated nuclear TDP-43 induces constitutive exon skipping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic inclusions and loss of nuclear TDP-43 are key pathological features found in several neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting both gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms of disease. To study gain-of-function, TDP-43 overexpression has been used to generate in vitro and in vivo model systems. Our study shows that excessive levels of nuclear TDP-43 protein lead to constitutive exon skipping that is largely species-specific. Furthermore, while aberrant exon skipping is detected in some human brains, it is not correlated with disease, unlike the incorporation of cryptic exons that occurs after loss of TDP-43. Our findings emphasize the need for caution in interpreting TDP-43 overexpression data, and stress the importance of controlling for exon skipping when generating models of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Understanding the subtle aspects of TDP-43 toxicity within different subcellular locations is essential for the development of therapies targeting neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmen-Orozco, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated nuclear TDP-43 induces constitutive exon skipping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid processing of observed touch through social perceptual brain regions: an EEG-fMRI fusion study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seeing social touch triggers a strong social-affective response that involves multiple brain networks, including visual, social perceptual, and somatosensory systems. Previous studies have identified the specific functional role of each system, but little is known about the speed and directionality of the information flow. Is this information extracted via the social perceptual system or from simulation from somatosensory cortex? To address this, we examined the spatiotemporal neural processing of observed touch. Twenty participants watched 500 ms video clips showing social and non-social touch during EEG recording. Visual and social-affective features were rapidly extracted in the brain, beginning at 90 and 150 ms after video onset, respectively. Combining the EEG data with fMRI data from our prior study with the same stimuli reveals that neural information first arises in early visual cortex (EVC), then in the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ/pSTS), and finally in the somatosensory cortex. EVC and TPJ/pSTS uniquely explain EEG neural patterns, while somatosensory cortex does not contribute to EEG patterns alone, suggesting that social-affective information may flow from TPJ/pSTS to somatosensory cortex. Together, these findings show that social touch is processed quickly, within the timeframe of feedforward visual processes, and that the social-affective meaning of touch is first extracted by a social perceptual pathway. Such rapid processing of social touch may be vital to its effective use during social interaction.

Significance StatementSeeing physical contact between people evokes a strong social-emotional response. Previous research has identified the brain systems responsible for this response, but little is known about how quickly and in what direction the information flows. We demonstrated that the brain processes the social-emotional meaning of observed touch quickly, starting as early as 150 milliseconds after the stimulus onset. By combining EEG data with fMRI data, we show for the first time that the social-affective meaning of touch is first extracted by a social perceptual pathway and followed by the later involvement of somatosensory simulation. This rapid processing of touch through the social perceptual route may play a pivotal role in effective usage of touch in social communication and interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid processing of observed touch through social perceptual brain regions: an EEG-fMRI fusion study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-site identification and generalization of clusters of walking impairment in individuals with chronic stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWalking patterns in stroke survivors are highly heterogeneous, which poses a challenge in systematizing treatment prescriptions for walking rehabilitation interventions.

ObjectiveWe used bilateral spatiotemporal and force data during walking to create a multi-site research sample to: 1) identify clusters of walking behaviors in people post-stroke and neurotypical controls, and 2) determine the generalizability of these walking clusters across different research sites. We hypothesized that participants post-stroke will have different walking impairments resulting in different clusters of walking behaviors, which are also different from control participants.

MethodsWe gathered data from 81 post-stroke participants across four research sites and collected data from 31 control participants. Using sparse K-means clustering, we identified walking clusters based on 17 spatiotemporal and force variables. We analyzed the biomechanical features within each cluster to characterize cluster-specific walking behaviors. We also assessed the generalizability of the clusters using a leave-one-out approach.

ResultsWe identified four stroke clusters: a fast and asymmetric cluster, a moderate speed and asymmetric cluster, a slow cluster with frontal plane force asymmetries, and a slow and symmetric cluster. We also identified a moderate speed and symmetric gait cluster composed of controls and participants post-stroke. The moderate speed and asymmetric stroke cluster did not generalize across sites.

ConclusionsAlthough post-stroke walking patterns are heterogenous, these patterns can be systematically classified into distinct clusters based on spatiotemporal and force data. Future interventions could target the key features that characterize each cluster to increase the efficacy of interventions to improve mobility in people post-stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweighofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemmich, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Oviedo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winstein, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-site identification and generalization of clusters of walking impairment in individuals with chronic stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and engineered for retention by specific body sites; therefore, they have great potential for targeted delivery of biomolecules to treat diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of EVs in large animals remain relatively unknown, especially in primates. We recently reported that when cell culture-derived EVs are administered intravenously to Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), they differentially associate with specific subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). More than 60% of CD20+ B cells were observed to associate with EVs for up to 1 hr post-intravenous administration. To investigate these associations further, we developed an ex vivo model of whole blood collected from healthy pig-tailed macaques. Using this ex vivo system, we found that labeled EVs preferentially associate with B cells in whole blood at levels similar to those detected in vivo. This study demonstrates that ex vivo blood can be used to study EV-blood cell interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirk, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plunkard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thioflavin T In-gel Stain to Study Protein Misfolding in Frozen Tissue Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are limited options to quantify and characterize amyloid species from biological samples in a simple fashion. Thioflavin T (ThT) has now been used for decades to stain amyloid fibrils but to our knowledge we were the first to use it in-gel. Thioflavin T in-gel stain is convenient as it is fast, inexpensive, available to most labs, compatible with other fluorescent stains and downstream analyses such as mass spectrometry (MS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchernyshyov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glabe, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thioflavin T In-gel Stain to Study Protein Misfolding in Frozen Tissue Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many anatomical and physiological features of cortical circuits, ranging from the biophysical properties of synapses to the connectivity patterns among different neuron types, exhibit consistent variation along the hierarchical axis from sensory to association areas. Notably, the scale of temporal correlation of neural activity at rest, known as the intrinsic timescale, increases systematically along this hierarchy in both primates and rodents, analogous to the growing scale and complexity of spatial receptive fields. However, how the timescales for task-related activity vary across brain regions and whether their hierarchical organization appears consistently across different mammalian species remain unexplored. Here, we show that both the intrinsic timescale and the timescales of task-related activity follow a similar hierarchical gradient in the cortices of monkeys, rats, and mice. We also found that these timescales covary similarly in both the cortex and basal ganglia, whereas the timescales of thalamic activity are shorter than cortical timescales and do not conform to the hierarchical order predicted by their cortical projections. These results suggest that the hierarchical gradient of cortical timescales might be a universal feature of intra-cortical circuits in the mammalian brain.

Significance StatementA gradual increase in the intrinsic timescales of cortical activity along the anatomical hierarchy reflects the functional specialization of cortical circuits. However, it is unknown whether this gradient of timescales is a common feature across distinct mammalian species in both intrinsic and task-related timescales and whether it is also observed in subcortical areas. This study reveals that the hierarchical gradient of multiple cortical timescales is conserved across multiple mammalian species. By contrast, thalamic timescales were shorter than cortical timescales and did not follow the hierarchical order inferred from their cortical projections. These findings imply a crucial role of intra-cortical connections in structuring distinct temporal dynamics observed across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of structural vs cellular remodeling in arrhythmogenesis: personalized computer models of atrial fibrillation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease involving both structural and functional remodeling. To investigate the contribution of cell-scale functional remodeling to AF pathogenesis, we combined personalized 3D anatomical models with pathology-specific ionic models. The latter were developed using recordings in myocytes isolated from patients in sinus rhythm, paroxysmal, postoperative, and persistent AF. To quantify AF dynamics, we developed a novel algorithm for locating RDs by backtracking the conduction velocity field from the wavebreak regions. We demonstrate that our novel algorithm is at least 700 times faster than the traditional phase singularity analysis. The inducibility of simulated AF was not pathology-dependent, but pathological models demonstrate a more extensive arrhythmogenic substrate compared to the sinus rhythm. AF driver locations depend on electrophysiological remodeling; differences between pathology-specific models are explained by differences in wavebreak patterns. Specifically, RDs tend to dwell in the regions with the highest wavebreak probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pikunov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syunyaev, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckmeister, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutschka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rytkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trayanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of structural vs cellular remodeling in arrhythmogenesis: personalized computer models of atrial fibrillation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skp1 proteins are structural components of the synaptonemal complex in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a hallmark of meiotic prophase that plays a crucial role in regulating crossovers between homologous chromosomes. Here, we demonstrate that two Skp1-related proteins in C. elegans, SKR-1 and SKR-2, serve as structural components of the SC, independent of their canonical functions within the Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex. SKR-1 and SKR-2 localize to the central region of the SC, and synapsis requires their dimerization through a hydrophobic interface that overlaps with the binding sites for CUL-1 and F-box proteins. Using in vitro reconstitution and in vivo analysis of mutant proteins, we show that SKR proteins interact with the other SC proteins using their C-terminal helices to form a soluble complex, which likely represents a basic building block for SC assembly. Our findings demonstrate how conserved Skp1 proteins are repurposed as part of the SC and may provide insight into how synapsis is coupled to cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haversat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skp1 proteins are structural components of the synaptonemal complex in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal reaching subject to computational and physical constraints reveals structure of the sensorimotor control system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.14.540714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimal feedback control provides an abstract framework describing the architecture of the sensorimotor system without prescribing implementation details such as what coordinate system to use, how feedback is incorporated, or how to accommodate changing task complexity. We investigate how such details are determined by computational and physical constraints by creating a model of the upper limb sensorimotor system in which all connection weights between neurons, feedback, and muscles are unknown. By optimizing these parameters with respect to an objective function, we find that the model exhibits a preference for an intrinsic (joint angle) coordinate representation of inputs and feedback and learns to calculate a weighted feedforward and feedback error. We further show that complex reaches around obstacles can be achieved by augmenting our model with a path-planner based on via points. The path-planner revealed "avoidance" neurons that encode directions to reach around obstacles, and "placement" neurons that make fine-tuned adjustments to via point placement. Our results demonstrate the surprising capability of computationally constrained systems and highlight new characteristics of the sensorimotor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieber, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.14.540714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal reaching subject to computational and physical constraints reveals structure of the sensorimotor control system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic activity of IL-2 mutein with tolerogenic ImmTOR nanoparticles leads to massive expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and protection against autoimmune disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low dose IL-2 therapy and IL-2 molecules engineered to be selective for the high affinity IL-2 receptor have been shown to expand Tregs in vivo, and, in the case of low dose IL-2 therapy, has demonstrated promising therapeutic benefit in autoimmune diseases. One of the potential limitations of IL-2 therapy is the nonselective expansion of pre-existing Treg populations rather than induction of antigen-specific Tregs, as well as potential activation of effector cells. We have recently developed biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin, called ImmTOR, to induce selective immune tolerance to co-administered antigens, such as immunogenic biologic drugs. Unlike Treg-selective IL-2 therapy, ImmTOR alone does not increase total Treg numbers. However, here we demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an engineered Treg-selective IL-2 variant (termed IL-2 mutein) increases the number and durability of total Tregs, as well as inducing a profound synergistic increase in antigen-specific Treg when combined with a target antigen. We demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein leads to durable inhibition of antibody responses to co-administered AAV gene therapy capsid, even at sub-optimal doses of ImmTOR, and provides protection in autoimmune models of type 1 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis. ImmTOR also showed the potential to increase the therapeutic window of engineered IL-2 molecules by mitigating effector T cell expansion typically observed at higher doses of IL-2 and preventing exacerbation of disease in a model of graft-versus-host-disease. At the same time, engineered IL-2 molecules showed potential for dose-sparing of ImmTOR. Overall, these results establish that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein show synergistic benefit on both safety and efficacy to provide durable antigen-specific immune tolerance to mitigate drug immunogenicity and to treat autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kishimoto, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nukolova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, F.-n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDyke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traber, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilyinskii, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic activity of IL-2 mutein with tolerogenic ImmTOR nanoparticles leads to massive expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and protection against autoimmune disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mammalian genes encode multiple transcript isoforms that result from differential promoter use, changes in exonic splicing, and alternative 3 end choice. Detecting and quantifying transcript isoforms across tissues, cell types, and species has been extremely challenging because transcripts are much longer than the short reads normally used for RNA-seq. By contrast, long-read RNA-seq (LR-RNA-seq) gives the complete structure of most transcripts. We sequenced 264 LR-RNA-seq PacBio libraries totaling over 1 billion circular consensus reads (CCS) for 81 unique human and mouse samples. We detect at least one full-length transcript from 87.7% of annotated human protein coding genes and a total of 200,000 full-length transcripts, 40% of which have novel exon junction chains.

To capture and compute on the three sources of transcript structure diversity, we introduce a gene and transcript annotation framework that uses triplets representing the transcript start site, exon junction chain, and transcript end site of each transcript. Using triplets in a simplex representation demonstrates how promoter selection, splice pattern, and 3 processing are deployed across human tissues, with nearly half of multitranscript protein coding genes showing a clear bias toward one of the three diversity mechanisms. Evaluated across samples, the predominantly expressed transcript changes for 74% of protein coding genes. In evolution, the human and mouse transcriptomes are globally similar in types of transcript structure diversity, yet among individual orthologous gene pairs, more than half (57.8%) show substantial differences in mechanism of diversification in matching tissues. This initial large-scale survey of human and mouse long-read transcriptomes provides a foundation for further analyses of alternative transcript usage, and is complemented by short-read and microRNA data on the same samples and by epigenome data elsewhere in the ENCODE4 collection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morabito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upchurch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolanki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagda, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitz, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinholdt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.540587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utility of FRET in studies of membrane protein oligomerization: the concept of the effective dissociation constant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.540587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of many membrane receptors is controlled through their lateral association into dimers or higher order oligomers. While Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements have been used extensively to characterize the stability of receptor dimers, the utility of FRET in studies of larger oligomers is unclear. Here we show that we can extract an effective equilibrium dissociation constant from FRET measurements for EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) known to form active oligomers of heterogeneous distributions in response to its ligand ephrinA1-Fc. The newly introduced effective equilibrium dissociation constant has a well-defined physical meaning and biological significance. It denotes the receptor concentration for which half of the receptors are monomeric and inactive, and the other half are associated into oligomers and are active, irrespective of the exact oligomer size. This work illustrates how FRET, along with fluorescence fluctuation techniques which directly measure the oligomer size, can be a very powerful tool in studies of membrane receptor association and signaling in the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogorelov, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.540587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utility of FRET in studies of membrane protein oligomerization: the concept of the effective dissociation constant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathological Tau transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of prion-like protein aggregates is believed to be a common driver of pathogenesis in many neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulated tangles of filamentous Tau protein are considered pathogenic lesions of Alzheimers disease (AD) and related Tauopathies, including progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Tau pathologies in these illnesses exhibits a clear progressive and hierarchical spreading pattern that correlates with disease severity1, 2. Clinical observation combined with complementary experimental studies3, 4 have shown that Tau preformed fibrils (PFF) are prion-like seeds that propagate pathology by entering cells and templating misfolding and aggregation of endogenous Tau. While several receptors of Tau are known, they are not specific to the fibrillar form of Tau. Moreover, the underlying cellular mechanisms of Tau PFF spreading remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3) is a cell surface receptor that binds to PFF, but not monomer, of Tau. Deletion of Lag3 or inhibition of Lag3 in primary cortical neurons significantly reduces the internalization of Tau PFF and subsequent Tau propagation and neuron-to-neuron transmission. Propagation of Tau pathology and behavioral deficits induced by injection of Tau PFF in the hippocampus and overlying cortex are attenuated in mice lacking Lag3 selectively in neurons. Our results identify neuronal Lag3 as a receptor of pathologic Tau in the brain, and for AD and related Tauopathies a therapeutic target.

One Sentence SummaryLag3 is a neuronal receptor specific for Tau PFF, and is required for uptake, propagation and transmission of Tau pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katakam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletinkova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathological Tau transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xylazine co-self-administration suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prescription and illicit opioid use are a public health crisis, with the landscape shifting to fentanyl use. Since fentanyl is 100-fold more potent than morphine, its use is associated with a higher risk of fatal overdose that can be remediated through naloxone (Narcan) administration. However, recent reports indicate that xylazine, an anesthetic, is increasingly detected in accidental fentanyl overdose deaths. Anecdotal reports suggest that xylazine may prolong the fentanyl "high", alter the onset of fentanyl withdrawal, and increase resistance to naloxone-induced reversal of overdose. To date no preclinical studies have evaluated the impacts of xylazine on fentanyl self-administration (SA; 2.5 g/kg/infusion) or withdrawal to our knowledge. We established a rat model of xylazine/fentanyl co-SA and withdrawal and evaluated outcomes as a function of biological sex. When administered alone, chronic xylazine (2.5 mg/kg, IP) induced unique sex-specific withdrawal symptomatology whereby females showed delayed onset of signs and a possible enhancement of sensitivity to the motor-suppressing effects of xylazine. Xylazine reduced fentanyl consumption both male and female rats regardless of whether it was experimenter-administered or added to the intravenous fentanyl product (0.05. 0.10, and 0.5 mg/kg/infusion) when compared to fentanyl SA alone. Interestingly, this effect was dose-dependent when self-administered intravenously. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, SC) did not increase somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal, regardless of the inclusion of xylazine in the fentanyl infusion in either sex; however, somatic signs of withdrawal were higher across timepoints in females after xylazine/fentanyl co-SA regardless of naloxone exposure as compared to females following fentanyl SA alone. Together, these results indicate that xylazine/fentanyl co-SA dose-dependently suppressed fentanyl intake in both sexes, and induced a unique withdrawal syndrome in females which was not altered by acute naloxone treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khatri, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisinzano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marusich, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gipson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xylazine co-self-administration suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Particulate matter composition drives differential molecular and morphological responses in lung epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particulate matter (PM) is a ubiquitous component of indoor and outdoor air pollution that is epidemiologically linked to many human pulmonary diseases. PM has many emission sources, making it challenging to understand the biological effects of exposure due to the high variance in chemical composition. However, the effects of compositionally unique particulate matter mixtures on cells have not been analyzed using both biophysical and biomolecular approaches. Here, we show that in a human bronchial epithelial cell model (BEAS-2B), exposure to three chemically distinct PM mixtures drives unique cell viability patterns, transcriptional remodeling, and the emergence of distinct morphological subtypes. Specifically, PM mixtures modulate cell viability and DNA damage responses and induce the remodeling of gene expression associated with cell morphology, extracellular matrix organization and structure, and cellular motility. Profiling cellular responses showed that cell morphologies change in a PM composition-dependent manner. Lastly, we observed that particulate matter mixtures with high contents of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, induced larger drops in viability, increased DNA damage, and drove a redistribution among morphological subtypes. Our results demonstrate that quantitative measurement of cellular morphology provides a robust approach to gauge the effects of environmental stressors on biological systems and determine cellular susceptibilities to pollution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engels, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pafilis, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillip, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Particulate matter composition drives differential molecular and morphological responses in lung epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicore fiber optic imaging reveals that astrocyte calcium activity in the cerebral cortex is modulated by internal motivational state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are a direct target of neuromodulators and can influence neuronal activity on broad spatial and temporal scales through their close proximity to synapses. However, our knowledge about how astrocytes are functionally recruited during different animal behaviors and their diverse effects on the CNS remains limited. To enable measurement of astrocyte activity patterns in vivo during normative behaviors, we developed a high-resolution, long working distance, multi-core fiber optic imaging platform that allows visualization of cortical astrocyte calcium transients through a cranial window in freely moving mice. Using this platform, we defined the spatiotemporal dynamics of astrocytes during diverse behaviors, ranging from circadian fluctuations to novelty exploration, showing that astrocyte activity patterns are more variable and less synchronous than apparent in head-immobilized imaging conditions. Although the activity of astrocytes in visual cortex was highly synchronized during quiescence to arousal transitions, individual astrocytes often exhibited distinct thresholds and activity patterns during explorative behaviors, in accordance with their molecular diversity, allowing temporal sequencing across the astrocyte network. Imaging astrocyte activity during self-initiated behaviors revealed that noradrenergic and cholinergic systems act synergistically to recruit astrocytes during state transitions associated with arousal and attention, which was profoundly modulated by internal state. The distinct activity patterns exhibited by astrocytes in the cerebral cortex may provide a means to vary their neuromodulatory influence in response to different behaviors and internal states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gau, Y.-T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicore fiber optic imaging reveals that astrocyte calcium activity in the cerebral cortex is modulated by internal motivational state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-X knockoffs reveal data-dependent limits on regulatory network identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational biologists have long sought to automatically infer transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) from gene expression data, but such approaches notoriously suffer from false positives. Two points of failure could yield false positives: faulty hypothesis testing, or erroneous assumption of a classic criterion called causal sufficiency. We show that a recent statistical development, model-X knockoffs, can effectively control false positives in tests of conditional independence in mouse and E. coli data, which rules out faulty hypothesis tests. Yet, benchmarking against ChIP and other gold standards reveals highly inflated false discovery rates. This identifies the causal sufficiency assumption as a key limiting factor in TRN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kernfeld, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-X knockoffs reveal data-dependent limits on regulatory network identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine synthesis pathway upregulated by E-cadherin is essential for the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of E-cadherin (E-cad), an epithelial cell adhesion molecule, has been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting invasion and migration of cancer cells and, consequently, metastasis. However, recent studies have demonstrated that E-cad supports the survival and proliferation of metastatic cancer cells, suggesting that our understanding of E-cad in metastasis is far from comprehensive. Here, we report that E-cad upregulates the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) in breast cancer cells. The SSP provides metabolic precursors for biosynthesis and resistance to oxidative stress, critically beneficial for E-cad-positive breast cancer cells to achieve faster tumor growth and more metastases. Inhibition of PHGDH, a rate-limiting enzyme in the SSP, significantly and specifically hampered the proliferation of E-cad-positive breast cancer cells and rendered them vulnerable to oxidative stress, inhibiting their metastatic potential. Our findings reveal that E-cad adhesion molecule significantly reprograms cellular metabolism, promoting tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.541452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine synthesis pathway upregulated by E-cadherin is essential for the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of histological delineations of medial temporal lobe cortices by four independent neuroanatomy laboratories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex, located adjacent to the hippocampus, is crucial for memory and prone to the accumulation of certain neuropathologies such as Alzheimers disease neurofibrillary tau tangles. The MTL cortex is composed of several subregions which differ in their functional and cytoarchitectonic features. As neuroanatomical schools rely on different cytoarchitectonic definitions of these subregions, it is unclear to what extent their delineations of MTL cortex subregions overlap. Here, we provide an overview of cytoarchitectonic definitions of the cortices that make up the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices) and the adjacent Brodmann areas (BA) 35 and 36, as provided by four neuroanatomists from different laboratories, aiming to identify the rationale for overlapping and diverging delineations.

Nissl-stained series were acquired from the temporal lobes of three human specimens (two right and one left hemisphere). Slices (50 {micro}m thick) were prepared perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus spanning the entire longitudinal extent of the MTL cortex. Four neuroanatomists annotated MTL cortex subregions on digitized (20X resolution) slices with 5 mm spacing. Parcellations, terminology, and border placement were compared among neuroanatomists. Cytoarchitectonic features of each subregion are described in detail.

Qualitative analysis of the annotations showed higher agreement in the definitions of the entorhinal cortex and BA35, while definitions of BA36 and the parahippocampal cortex exhibited less overlap among neuroanatomists. The degree of overlap of cytoarchitectonic definitions was partially reflected in the neuroanatomists agreement on the respective delineations. Lower agreement in annotations was observed in transitional zones between structures where seminal cytoarchitectonic features are expressed more gradually.

The results highlight that definitions and parcellations of the MTL cortex differ among neuroanatomical schools and thereby increase understanding of why these differences may arise. This work sets a crucial foundation to further advance anatomically-informed human neuroimaging research on the MTL cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wuestefeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgetts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazloum-Farzaghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canada, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Joie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittyerah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez de Onzono Martin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yushkevich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amunts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustinack, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insausti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisse, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of histological delineations of medial temporal lobe cortices by four independent neuroanatomy laboratories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse models of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SYNGAP1 is a Ras-GTPase activating protein highly enriched at excitatory synapses in the brain. De novo loss-of-function mutations in SYNGAP1 are a major cause of genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). These mutations are highly penetrant and cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID), a NDD characterized by cognitive impairment, social deficits, early-onset seizures, and sleep disturbances (1-5). Studies in rodent neurons have shown that Syngap1 regulates developing excitatory synapse structure and function (6-11), and heterozygous Syngap1 knockout mice have deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and have seizures (9, 12-14). However, how specific SYNGAP1 mutations found in humans lead to disease has not been investigated in vivo. To explore this, we utilized the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate knock-in mouse models with two distinct known causal variants of SRID: one with a frameshift mutation leading to a premature stop codon, SYNGAP1; L813RfsX22, and a second with a single-nucleotide mutation in an intron that creates a cryptic splice acceptor site leading to premature stop codon, SYNGAP1; c.3583-9G>A. While reduction in Syngap1 mRNA varies from 30-50% depending on the specific mutation, both models show [~]50% reduction in Syngap1 protein, have deficits in synaptic plasticity, and recapitulate key features of SRID including hyperactivity and impaired working memory. These data suggest that half the amount of SYNGAP1 protein is key to the pathogenesis of SRID. These results provide a resource to study SRID and establish a framework for the development of therapeutic strategies for this disorder.

Significance StatementSYNGAP1 is a protein enriched at excitatory synapses in the brain that is an important regulator of synapse structure and function. SYNGAP1 mutations cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID), a neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive impairment, social deficits, seizures, and sleep disturbances. To explore how SYNGAP1 mutations found in humans lead to disease, we generated the first knock-in mouse models with causal SRID variants: one with a frameshift mutation and a second with an intronic mutation that creates a cryptic splice acceptor site. Both models show decreased Syngap1 mRNA and Syngap1 protein and recapitulate key features of SRID including hyperactivity and impaired working memory. These results provide a resource to study SRID and establish a framework for the development of therapeutic strategies.

HighlightsO_LITwo mouse models with SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (SRID) mutations found in humans were generated: one with a frameshift mutation that results in a premature stop codon and the other with an intronic mutation resulting in a cryptic splice acceptor site and premature stop codon.
C_LIO_LIBoth SRID mouse models show 35[~]50% reduction in mRNA and [~]50% reduction in Syngap1 protein.
C_LIO_LIBoth SRID mouse models display deficits in synaptic plasticity and behavioral phenotypes found in people.
C_LIO_LIRNA-seq confirmed cryptic splice acceptor activity in one SRID mouse model and revealed broad transcriptional changes also identified in Syngap1+/- mice.
C_LIO_LINovel SRID mouse models generated here provide a resource and establish a framework for development of future therapeutic intervention.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkovich, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse models of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan identifies altered stem cell states associated with senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by the interaction of myogenic and non-myogenic cells. In aging, regeneration is impaired due to dysfunctions of myogenic and non-myogenic cells, but this is not understood comprehensively. We collected an integrated atlas of 273,923 single-cell transcriptomes from muscles of young, old, and geriatric mice ([~]5, 20, 26 months-old) at six time-points following myotoxin injury. We identified eight cell types, including T and NK cells and macrophage subtypes, that displayed accelerated or delayed response dynamics between ages. Through pseudotime analysis, we observed myogenic cell states and trajectories specific to old and geriatric ages. To explain these age differences, we assessed cellular senescence by scoring experimentally derived and curated gene-lists. This pointed to an elevation of senescent-like subsets specifically within the self-renewing muscle stem cells in aged muscles. This resource provides a holistic portrait of the altered cellular states underlying skeletal muscle regenerative decline across mouse lifespan.

EXTENDED SUMMARYSkeletal muscle regeneration relies on the orchestrated interaction of myogenic and non-myogenic cells with spatial and temporal coordination. The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines with aging due to alterations in myogenic stem/progenitor cell states and functions, non-myogenic cell contributions, and systemic changes, all of which accrue with age. A holistic network-level view of the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic changes influencing muscle stem/progenitor cell contributions to muscle regeneration across lifespan remains poorly resolved. To provide a comprehensive atlas of regenerative muscle cell states across mouse lifespan, we collected a compendium of 273,923 single-cell transcriptomes from hindlimb muscles of young, old, and geriatric (4-7, 20, and 26 months-old, respectively) mice at six closely sampled time-points following myotoxin injury. We identified 29 muscle-resident cell types, eight of which exhibited accelerated or delayed dynamics in their abundances between age groups, including T and NK cells and multiple macrophage subtypes, suggesting that the age-related decline in muscle repair may arise from temporal miscoordination of the inflammatory response. We performed a pseudotime analysis of myogenic cells across the regeneration timespan and found age-specific myogenic stem/progenitor cell trajectories in old and geriatric muscles. Given the critical role that cellular senescence plays in limiting cell contributions in aged tissues, we built a series of tools to bioinformatically identify senescence in these single-cell data and assess their ability to identify senescence within key myogenic stages. By comparing single-cell senescence scores to co-expression of hallmark senescence genes Cdkn2a and Cdkn1a, we found that an experimentally derived gene-list derived from a muscle foreign body response (FBR) fibrosis model accurately (receiver-operator curve AUC = 0.82-0.86) identified senescent-like myogenic cells across mouse ages, injury time-points, and cell-cycle states, in a manner comparable to curated gene-lists. Further, this scoring approach pinpointed transitory senescence subsets within the myogenic stem/progenitor cell trajectory that are related to stalled MuSC self-renewal states across all ages of mice. This new resource of mouse skeletal muscle aging provides a comprehensive portrait of the changing cellular states and interaction network underlying skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, E. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maymi, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle regeneration across mouse lifespan identifies altered stem cell states associated with senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpliceMutr enables pan-cancer analysis of splicing-derived neoantigen burden in tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant alternative splicing can generate neoantigens, which can themselves stimulate immune responses and surveillance. Previous methods for quantifying splicing-derived neoantigens are limited by independent references and potential batch effects. Here, we introduce SpliceMutr, a bioinformatics approach and pipeline for identifying splicing derived neoantigens from paired tumor normal data. SpliceMutr facilitates the identification of tumor-specific antigenic splice variants, predicts MHC-binding affinity, and estimates splicing antigenicity scores per gene. By applying this tool to genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we generate splicing-derived neoantigens and neoantigenicity scores per sample and across all cancer types and find numerous correlations between splicing antigenicity and well-established biomarkers of anti-tumor immunity. Notably, carriers of mutations within splicing machinery genes have higher splicing antigenicity, which provides support for our approach. Further analysis of splicing antigenicity in cohorts of melanoma patients treated with mono- or combined immune checkpoint inhibition suggest that the abundance of splicing antigens is reduced post-treatment from baseline in patients who progress, likely because of an immunoediting process. We also observe increased splicing antigenicity in responders to immunotherapy, which may relate to an increased capacity to mount an immune response to splicing-derived antigens. This new computational tool provides novel analytical capabilities for splicing antigenicity and is openly available for further immuno-oncologic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Vidal, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karchin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpliceMutr enables pan-cancer analysis of splicing-derived neoantigen burden in tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syntenin and CD63 Promote Exosome Biogenesis from the Plasma Membrane by Blocking Cargo Endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles important in health and disease. Syntenin is thought to drive the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes by recruiting Alix and the ESCRT machinery to endosomes, initiating an endosome-mediated pathway of exosome biogenesis. Contrary to this model, we show here that syntenin drives the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes by blocking CD63 endocytosis, thereby allowing CD63 to accumulate at the plasma membrane, the primary site of exosome biogenesis. Consistent with these results, we find that inhibitors of endocytosis induce the exosomal secretion of CD63, that endocytosis inhibits the vesicular secretion of exosome cargo proteins, and that high-level expression of CD63 itself also inhibits endocytosis. These and other results indicate that exosomes bud primarily from the plasma membrane, that endocytosis inhibits their loading into exosomes, that syntenin and CD63 are expression-dependent regulators of exosome biogenesis, and that syntenin drives the biogenesis of CD63 exosomes even in Alix knockout cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saftics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shodubi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunandan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic-Talisman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syntenin and CD63 Promote Exosome Biogenesis from the Plasma Membrane by Blocking Cargo Endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholecystokinin is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, folliculogenesis and ovulation are regulated by two distinct pituitary gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Today, there is an intriguing consensus that a single hypothalamic neurohormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), regulates the secretion of both FSH and LH, although the required timing and functions of FSH and LH are different. However, recent studies in vertebrates other than mammals indicate that the effect of GnRH on FSH is too weak to explain its regulation. Therefore, to challenge this "solo GnRH model," we aimed to identify the other gonadotropin regulator, FSH-releasing hormone (FSH-RH), in vertebrates. Here, by using the model teleost medaka, we successfully identified cholecystokinin as the FSH-RH. Our histological and in vitro analyses demonstrated that hypothalamic cholecystokinin-expressing neurons directly affect FSH cells through the cholecystokinin receptor, Cckbr1, thereby increasing the expression and release of FSH. Remarkably, the knockout of cholecystokinin ligand or cckbr1 minimized FSH expression and resulted in a complete failure of folliculogenesis. Our results challenge the longstanding consensus of the solo GnRH model in all vertebrates; instead, we propose the existence of a "dual GnRH model" group in vertebrates that utilizes both FSH-RH and LH-RH. The discovery of the FSH-RH in vertebrates opens not only a new era in neuroendocrinology but also possible applications involving vertebrate reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uehara, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karigo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraku, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okubo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholecystokinin is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-releasing hormone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a hallmark of cellular aging and aging-related diseases. Maintaining a balanced proteostasis requires a complex network of molecular machineries that govern protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. Under proteotoxic stress, misfolded proteins that accumulate in cytosol can be imported into mitochondria for degradation via  mitochondrial as guardian in cytosol (MAGIC) pathway. Here we report an unexpected role of yeast Gas1, a cell wall-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored {beta}-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, in differentially regulating MAGIC and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Deletion of Gas1 inhibits MAGIC but elevates polyubiquitination and UPS-mediated protein degradation. Interestingly, we found that Gas1 exhibits mitochondrial localization attributed to its C-terminal GPI anchor signal. But this mitochondria-associated GPI anchor signal is not required for mitochondrial import and degradation of misfolded proteins via MAGIC. By contrast, catalytic inactivation of Gas1 via the gas1E161Qmutation inhibits MAGIC but not its mitochondrial localization. These data suggest that the glucanosyltransferase activity of Gas1 is important for regulating cytosolic proteostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive screening of a light-inducible split Cre recombinase with domain insertion profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Splitting proteins with light- or chemically-inducible dimers provides a mechanism for post-translational control of protein function. However, current methods for engineering stimulus-responsive split proteins often require significant protein engineering expertise and laborious screening of individual constructs. To address this challenge, we use a pooled library approach that enables rapid generation and screening of nearly all possible split protein constructs in parallel, where results can be read out using sequencing. We perform our method on Cre recombinase with optogenetic dimers as a proof of concept, resulting in comprehensive data on split sites throughout the protein. To improve accuracy in predicting split protein behavior, we develop a Bayesian computational approach to contextualize errors inherent to experimental procedures. Overall, our method provides a streamlined approach for achieving inducible post-translational control of a protein of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tague, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive screening of a light-inducible split Cre recombinase with domain insertion profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complexes of vertebrate TMC1/2 and CIB2/3 proteins form hair-cell mechanotransduction cation channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) and CIB3 bind to transmembrane channel-like 1 (TMC1) and TMC2, the pore-forming subunits of the inner-ear mechano-electrical transduction (MET) apparatus. These interactions have been proposed to be functionally relevant across mechanosensory organs and vertebrate species. Here we show that both CIB2 and CIB3 can form heteromeric complexes with TMC1 and TMC2 and are integral for MET function in mouse cochlea and vestibular end organs as well as in zebrafish inner ear and lateral line. Our AlphaFold 2 models suggest that vertebrate CIB proteins can simultaneously interact with at least two cytoplasmic domains of TMC1 and TMC2 as validated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of TMC1 fragments interacting with CIB2 and CIB3. Molecular dynamics simulations of TMC1/2 complexes with CIB2/3 predict that TMCs are structurally stabilized by CIB proteins to form cation channels. Overall, our work demonstrates that intact CIB2/3 and TMC1/2 complexes are integral to hair-cell MET function in vertebrate mechanosensory epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giese, A. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindt, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratzan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beirl, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponte Rivera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotthammer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walujkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riazuddin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complexes of vertebrate TMC1/2 and CIB2/3 proteins form hair-cell mechanotransduction cation channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FluoMALDI microscopy: matrix co-crystallization simultaneously enhances fluorescence and MALDI imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report that co-crystallization of fluorophores with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging matrices significantly enhances fluorophore brightness up to 79-fold, enabling the amplification of innate tissue autofluorescence. This discovery facilitates FluoMALDI, the imaging of the same biological sample by both fluorescence microscopy and MALDI imaging. Our approach combines the high spatial resolution and specific labeling capabilities of fluorescence microscopy with the inherently multiplexed, versatile imaging capabilities of MALDI imaging. This new paradigm eliminates the notion that MALDI matrices obscure and obstruct optical microscopy approaches, allowing to image the exact same cells in tissues, free of any physical changes between fluorescence and MALDI imaging, which minimizes data registration processes. Matrix-fluorophore co-crystallization also facilitates applications with insufficient fluorescence brightness. We showcase the capabilities of FluoMALDI imaging with endogenous and exogenous fluorophores and autofluorescence-based FluoMALDI of brain and kidney tissue sections. FluoMALDI will advance structural-functional microscopic imaging in cell biology, biomedicine, and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Foyle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tressler, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glunde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FluoMALDI microscopy: matrix co-crystallization simultaneously enhances fluorescence and MALDI imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Tau Pathology Worsens Late Phase White Matter Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury in Transgenic Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes diffuse axonal injury which can produce chronic white matter pathology and subsequent post-traumatic neurodegeneration with poor patient outcomes. Tau modulates axon cytoskeletal functions and undergoes phosphorylation and mis-localization in neurodegenerative disorders. The effects of tau pathology on neurodegeneration after TBI are unclear. We used mice with neuronal expression of human mutant tau to examine effects of pathological tau on white matter pathology after TBI. Adult male and female hTau.P301S (Tg2541) transgenic and wild type (Wt) mice received either moderate single TBI (s-TBI) or repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI; once daily x 5), or matched sham procedures. Acutely, s-TBI produced more extensive axon damage in the corpus callosum (CC) as compared to r-mTBI. After s-TBI, significant CC thinning was present at 6 weeks and 4 months post-injury in Wt and transgenic mice, with homozygous tau expression producing additional pathology of late demyelination. In contrast, r-mTBI did not produce significant CC thinning except at the chronic time point of 4 months in homozygous mice, which exhibited significant CC atrophy (-29.7%) with increased CC microgliosis, but not astrogliosis. Serum biomarker quantification demonstrated neurofilament light detection of early axonal damage one day post-injury in Wt and homozygous mice. At 4 months, high tau and neurofilament in homozygous mice implicated tau in chronic axon pathology. Conclusions: Neuronal tau pathology differentially exacerbated CC pathology based on injury severity and chronicity. Ongoing CC atrophy from s-TBI became accompanied by late demyelination. Pathological tau significantly worsened CC atrophy during the chronic phase after r-mTBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Tau Pathology Worsens Late Phase White Matter Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury in Transgenic Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward single cell tattoos: Biotransfer printing of lithographic gold nanopatterns on live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lithographic nanopatterning techniques like photolithography, electron-beam lithography, and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have revolutionized modern-day electronics and optics. Yet, their application for creating nano-bio interfaces is limited by the cytotoxic and two-dimensional nature of conventional fabrication methods. Here, we present a biocompatible and cost-effective transfer process that leverages (a) NIL to define sub-300 nm gold (Au) nanopattern arrays, (b) amine functionalization of Au to transfer the NIL-arrays from a rigid substrate to a soft transfer layer, (c) alginate hydrogel as a flexible, degradable transfer layer, and (d) gelatin conjugation of the Au NIL-arrays to achieve conformal contact with live cells. We demonstrate biotransfer printing of the Au NIL-arrays on rat brains and live cells with high pattern fidelity and cell viability and observed differences in cell migration on the Au NIL-dot and NIL-wire printed hydrogels. We anticipate that this nanolithography-compatible biotransfer printing method could advance bionics, biosensing, and biohybrid tissue interfaces.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwok, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahapale, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward single cell tattoos: Biotransfer printing of lithographic gold nanopatterns on live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) of [~]30-150 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell, are enriched in selected exosome cargo proteins, and play important roles in health and disease. To address large unanswered questions regarding exosome biology in vivo, we created the exomap1 transgenic mouse model. In response to Cre recombinase, exomap1 mice express HsCD81mNG, a fusion protein between human CD81, the most highly enriched exosome protein yet described, and the bright green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen. As expected, cell type-specific expression of Cre induced the cell type-specific expression of HsCD81mNG in diverse cell types, correctly localized HsCD81mNG to the plasma membrane, and selectively loaded HsCD81mNG into secreted vesicles that have the size ([~]80 nm), topology (outside out), and content (presence of mouse exosome markers) of exosomes. Furthermore, mouse cells expressing HsCD81mNG released HsCD81mNG-marked exosomes into blood and other biofluids. Using high-resolution, single-exosome analysis by quantitative single molecule localization microscopy, we show here that that hepatocytes contribute [~]15% of the blood exosome population whereas neurons contribute <1% of blood exosomes. These estimates of cell type-specific contributions to blood EV population are consistent with the porosity of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to particles of [~]50-300 nm in diameter, as well as with the impermeability of blood-brain and blood-neuron barriers to particles >5 nm in size. Taken together, these results establish the exomap1 mouse as a useful tool for in vivo studies of exosome biology, and for mapping cell type-specific contributions to biofluid exosome populations. In addition, our data confirm that CD81 is a highly-specific marker for exosomes and is not enriched in the larger microvesicle class of EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fordjour, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuelreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saftics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnel-Amar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anh Phu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffai, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic-Talisman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variable domain from the mitochondrial fission mechanoenzyme Drp1 promotes liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamins are an essential superfamily of mechanoenzymes that remodel membranes and often contain a "variable domain" (VD) important for regulation. For the mitochondrial fission dynamin, Drp1, a regulatory role for the VD is demonstrated by mutations that can elongate, or fragment, mitochondria. How the VD encodes inhibitory and stimulatory activity is unclear. Here, isolated VD is shown to be intrinsically disordered (ID) yet undergoes a cooperative transition in the stabilizing osmolyte TMAO. However, the TMAO stabilized state is not folded and surprisingly appears as a condensed state. Other co-solutes including known molecular crowder Ficoll PM 70, also induce a condensed state. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments reveal this state to be liquid-like indicating the VD undergoes a liquid-liquid phase separation under crowding conditions. These crowding conditions also enhance binding to cardiolipin, a mitochondrial lipid, raising the possibility that phase separation may enable rapid tuning of Drp1 assembly necessary for fission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Posey, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagheri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanum, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilser, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variable domain from the mitochondrial fission mechanoenzyme Drp1 promotes liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boosting Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis with Simple Neural Attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A limitation of current deep learning (DL) approaches for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis is the lack of interpretability. Moreover, existing pipelines are designed and trained for specific tasks used disjointly for different stages of analysis. We present scANNA, a novel interpretable DL model for scR-NAseq studies that leverages neural attention to learn gene associations. After training, the learned gene importance (interpretability) is used to perform downstream analyses (e.g., global marker selection and cell-type classification) without retraining. ScANNAs performance is comparable to or better than state-of-the-art methods designed and trained for specific standard scRNAseq analyses even though scANNA was not trained for these tasks explicitly. ScANNA enables researchers to discover meaningful results without extensive prior knowledge or training separate task-specific models, saving time and enhancing scRNAseq analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davalos, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boosting Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis with Simple Neural Attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Angiogenic Steroids Induce Pathologic Scarring in a Preclinical Swine Model Via Dysfunctional Extracellular Matrix Deposition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHypertrophic scarring is a major source of morbidity for surgery patients. Sex hormones are not classically considered to be modulators of scarring. However, based on clinical observations of increased frequency of hypertrophic scarring in patients on testosterone, we hypothesized that androgenic steroids induce abnormal scarring and developed a preclinical swine model to explore these effects.

MethodsA total of six male (XY) and female (XX) mini-swine underwent castration and were randomly assigned to no testosterone (noT) or biweekly testosterone therapy (+T). Ten dorsal excisional wounds were created on each pig. To mimic a chronic wound, a subset of wounds were re-excised at two weeks. Scars (POD42) and chronic wounds (POD28) were harvested six weeks after initial wounding for analysis via histology, RNA-seq, and mechanical testing.

ResultsHistologic analysis of POD42 scars from +T swine showed increased mean fibrosis area (16mm2 noT, 28mm2 +T; p=0.007) and thickness (0.246mm2 noT, 0.406mm2 +T; p<0.001) compared to noT swine. Scars in XX+T and XY+T pigs had greater tensile burst strength (p=0.024 and p=0.013 respectively) compared to scars in noT swine. Color deconvolution analysis showed greater deposition of type I and type III collagen as well as increased type I to type III collagen ratio in +T scars. Dermatopathologist scores of POD42 scars show +T exposure was associated with worse overall scarring scores compared to controls (p<0.05). On RNAseq, gene ontology analysis showed testosterone exposure was associated with significant upregulation of cellular metabolism and immune response gene sets. Pathway analysis showed testosterone upregulated Reactome pathways related to keratinization and formation of collagen and laminin.

ConclusionWe developed a novel preclinical porcine model to study the effects of the sex hormone testosterone on scarring. Testosterone induces early proliferation of excessive granulation tissue, which eventually leads to increased scar tissue. T also appears to increase the physical strength of scars via supraphysiologic deposition of collagen and other ECM factors. The increase in burst strength observed for both XX and XY suggests that hormonal administration has a stronger influence on mechanical properties than chromosomal sex. Antiandrogen topical therapies may be a promising future area of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mroueh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mroueh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell-Fugate, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien-Coon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Angiogenic Steroids Induce Pathologic Scarring in a Preclinical Swine Model Via Dysfunctional Extracellular Matrix Deposition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.540066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.540066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying behavior and relating it to underlying biological states is of paramount importance in many life science fields. Although barriers to recording postural data have been reduced by progress in deep-learning-based computer vision tools for keypoint tracking, extracting specific behaviors from this data remains challenging. Manual behavior coding, the present gold standard, is labor-intensive and subject to intra-and inter-observer variability. Automatic methods are stymied by the difficulty of explicitly defining complex behaviors, even ones which appear obvious to the human eye. Here, we demonstrate an effective technique for detecting one such behavior, a form of locomotion characterized by stereotyped spinning, termed circling. Though circling has an extensive history as a behavioral marker, at present there exists no standard automated detection method. Accordingly, we developed a technique to identify instances of the behavior by applying simple postprocessing to markerless keypoint data from videos of freely-exploring (Cib2-/-;Cib3-/-) mutant mice, a strain we previously found to exhibit circling. Our technique agrees with human consensus at the same level as do individual observers, and it achieves >90% accuracy in discriminating videos of wild type mice from videos of mutants. As using this technique requires no experience writing or modifying code, it also provides a convenient, noninvasive, quantitative tool for analyzing circling mouse models. Additionally, as our approach was agnostic to the underlying behavior, these results support the feasibility of algorithmically detecting specific, research-relevant behaviors using readily-interpretable parameters tuned on the basis of human consensus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.540066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) mediates bioenergetic defects and redox imbalance in neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARP-1 over-activation results in cell death via excessive PAR generation in different cell types, including neurons following brain ischemia. Glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox balance are key cellular processes altered in brain ischemia. Studies show that PAR generated after PARP-1 over-activation can bind hexokinase-1 (HK-1) and result in glycolytic defects and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. HK-1 is the neuronal hexokinase and catalyzes the first reaction of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a common substrate for glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). PPP is critical in maintaining NADPH and GSH levels via G6P dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, defects in HK-1 will not only decrease cellular bioenergetics but will also cause redox imbalance due to the depletion of GSH. In brain ischemia, whether PAR-mediated inhibition of HK-1 results in bioenergetics defects and redox imbalance is not known. We used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in mouse cortical neurons to mimic brain ischemia in neuronal cultures and observed that PARP-1 activation via PAR formation alters glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and redox homeostasis in neurons. We used pharmacological inhibition of PARP and adenoviral-mediated overexpression of wild-type HK-1 (wtHK-1) and PAR-binding mutant HK-1 (pbmHK-1). Our data show that PAR inhibition or overexpression of HK-1 significantly improves glycolysis, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and cell survival in mouse cortical neurons exposed to OGD. These results suggest that PAR binding and inhibition of HK-1 during OGD drives bioenergetic defects in neurons due to inhibition of glycolysis and impairment of mitochondrial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anadrabi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly(ADP-ribose) mediates bioenergetic defects and redox imbalance in neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zoledronic acid improves bone quality and muscle function in a high bone turnover state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYZoledronic acid (ZA) prevents muscle weakness in mice with bone metastases; however, its role in muscle weakness in non-tumor-associated metabolic bone diseases and as an effective treatment modality for the prevention of muscle weakness associated with bone disorders, is unknown. We demonstrate the role of ZA-treatment on bone and muscle using a mouse model of accelerated bone remodeling, which represents the clinical manifestation of non-tumor associated metabolic bone disease. ZA increased bone mass and strength and rescued osteocyte lacunocanalicular organization. Short-term ZA treatment increased muscle mass, whereas prolonged, preventive treatment improved muscle mass and function. In these mice, muscle fiber-type shifted from oxidative to glycolytic and ZA restored normal muscle fiber distribution. By blocking TGF{beta} release from bone, ZA improved muscle function, promoted myoblast differentiation and stabilized Ryanodine Receptor-1 calcium channel. These data demonstrate the beneficial effects of ZA in maintaining bone health and preserving muscle mass and function in a model of metabolic bone disease.

Context and significanceTGF{beta} is a bone regulatory molecule which is stored in bone matrix, released during bone remodeling, and must be maintained at an optimal level for the good health of the bone. Excess TGF{beta} causes several bone disorders and skeletal muscle weakness. Reducing excess TGF{beta} release from bone using zoledronic acid in mice not only improved bone volume and strength but also increased muscle mass, and muscle function. Progressive muscle weakness coexists with bone disorders, decreasing quality of life and increasing morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is a critical need for treatments improving muscle mass and function in patients with debilitating weakness. Zoledronic acids benefit extends beyond bone and could also be useful in treating muscle weakness associated with bone disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manaa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagnotti, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dole, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hain, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waning, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guise, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zoledronic acid improves bone quality and muscle function in a high bone turnover state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.542933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction, and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multi-well plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals, but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fryer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogel-Hernandez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan-Garbisch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molhoff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekimken, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fechner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.542933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjunctive vector coding and place coding in hippocampus share a common directional signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vector coding is becoming increasingly understood as a major mechanism by which neural systems represent an animals location in both a global reference frame and a local, item-based reference frame. Landmark vector cells (LVCs) in the hippocampus complement classic place cells by encoding the vector relationship (angle and distance) between the individual and specific landmarks in the environment. How these properties of hippocampal principal cells interact is not known. We simultaneously recorded the activities of place cells and LVCs via in vivo calcium imaging of the CA1 region of freely moving rats during classic, cue-card rotation studies. The firing fields of place cells rotated relative to the center of the platform to follow the cue card rotation, whereas the firing fields of simultaneously recorded LVCs rotated by the same amount as the place cells, but the axis of rotation was the nearby local landmarks, not the environmental center. We identified a novel type of place cell that exhibited conjunctive coding of the classic place field properties and LVC properties. These results demonstrate the capacity of CA1 neurons to encode both world-centered spatial information and animals location relative to the local landmarks, with a common directional input presumably provided by the head direction cell system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puliyadi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjunctive vector coding and place coding in hippocampus share a common directional signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics of Meningeal Inflammation Reveals Variable Penetrance of Inflammatory Gene Signatures into Adjacent Brain Parenchyma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While modern high efficacy disease modifying therapies have revolutionized the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, they are less effective at controlling progressive forms of the disease. Meningeal inflammation is a recognized risk factor for cortical grey matter pathology which can result in disabling symptoms such as cognitive impairment and depression, but the mechanisms linking meningeal inflammation and grey matter pathology remain unclear. Here, we performed MRI-guided spatial transcriptomics in a mouse model of autoimmune meningeal inflammation to characterize the transcriptional signature in areas of meningeal inflammation and the underlying brain parenchyma. We found broadly increased activity of inflammatory signaling pathways at sites of meningeal inflammation, but only a subset of these pathways active in the adjacent brain parenchyma. Sub-clustering of regions adjacent to meningeal inflammation revealed the subset of immune programs induced in brain parenchyma, notably complement signaling and antigen processing/presentation. Trajectory gene and gene set modeling analysis confirmed variable penetration of immune signatures originating from meningeal inflammation into the adjacent brain tissue. This work contributes a valuable data resource to the field, provides the first detailed spatial transcriptomic characterization in a model of meningeal inflammation, and highlights several candidate pathways in the pathogenesis of grey matter pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics of Meningeal Inflammation Reveals Variable Penetrance of Inflammatory Gene Signatures into Adjacent Brain Parenchyma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relating the macroscopic properties of protein-based materials to their underlying component microstructure is an outstanding challenge. Here, we exploit computational design to specify the size, flexibility, and valency of de novo protein building blocks, as well as the interaction dynamics between them, to investigate how molecular parameters govern the macroscopic viscoelasticity of the resultant protein hydrogels. We construct gel systems from pairs of symmetric protein homo-oligomers, each comprising 2, 5, 24, or 120 individual protein components, that are crosslinked either physically or covalently into idealized step-growth biopolymer networks. Through rheological assessment and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we find that the covalent linkage of multifunctional precursors yields hydrogels whose viscoelasticity depends on the crosslink length between the constituent building blocks. In contrast, reversibly crosslinking the homo-oligomeric components with a computationally designed heterodimer results in non-Newtonian biomaterials exhibiting fluid-like properties under rest and low shear, but shear-stiffening solid-like behavior at higher frequencies. Exploiting the unique genetic encodability of these materials, we demonstrate the assembly of protein networks within living mammalian cells and show via fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) that mechanical properties can be tuned intracellularly, in correlation with matching formulations formed extracellularly. We anticipate that the ability to modularly construct and systematically program the viscoelastic properties of designer protein-based materials could have broad utility in biomedicine, with applications in tissue engineering, therapeutic delivery, and synthetic biology.

SignificanceProtein-based hydrogels have many applications in cellular engineering and medicine. Most genetically encodable protein hydrogels are made from naturally harvested proteins or protein-polymer hybrid constructs. Here we describe de novo protein hydrogels and systematically investigate the impact of microscopic properties of the building blocks (e.g., supramolecular interaction, valencies, geometries, flexibility) on the resultant macroscopic gel mechanics, both intra-and extracellularly. These de novo supramolecular protein assemblies, whose properties can be tuned from solid gels to non-Newtonian fluids, provide expanded opportunities for applications in synthetic biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretherton, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahtoe, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeForest, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to specific cue-reward contingencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned approach was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum showed a profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding that was not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture evoked dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namboodiri, V. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to specific cue-reward contingencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision-engineered biomimetics: the human fallopian tube 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fallopian tube has an essential role in several physiological and pathological processes from pregnancy to ovarian cancer. However, there are no biologically relevant models to study its pathophysiology. The state-of-the-art organoid model has been compared to two-dimensional tissue sections and molecularly assessed providing only cursory analyses of the models accuracy. We developed a novel multi-compartment organoid model of the human fallopian tube that was meticulously tuned to reflect the compartmentalization and heterogeneity of the tissues composition. We validated this organoids molecular expression patterns, cilia-driven transport function, and structural accuracy through a highly iterative platform wherein organoids are compared to a three-dimensional, single-cell resolution reference map of a healthy, transplantation-quality human fallopian tube. This organoid model was precision-engineered to match the human microanatomy.

One sentence summaryTunable organoid modeling and CODA architectural quantification in tandem help design a tissue-validated organoid model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhorkar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queiroga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision-engineered biomimetics: the human fallopian tube]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant landscapes of maternal meiotic crossoverscontribute to aneuploidies in human embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic recombination is crucial for human genetic diversity and chromosome segregation accuracy. Understanding its variation across individuals and the processes by which it goes awry are long-standing goals in human genetics. Current approaches for inferring recombination landscapes either rely on population genetic patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD)--capturing a time-averaged view--or direct detection of crossovers in gametes or multi-generation pedigrees, which limits dataset scale and availability. Here, we introduce an approach for inferring sex-specific recombination landscapes using data from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This method relies on low-coverage (<0.05x) whole-genome sequencing of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryo biopsies. To overcome the data sparsity, our method exploits its inherent relatedness structure, knowledge of haplotypes from external population reference panels, as well as the frequent occurrence of monosomies in embryos, whereby the remaining chromosome is phased by default. Extensive simulations demonstrate our methods high accuracy, even at coverages as low as 0.02x. Applying this method to PGT-A data from 18,967 embryos, we mapped 70,660 recombination events with[~] 150 kbp resolution, replicating established sex-specific recombination patterns. We observed a reduced total length of the female genetic map in trisomies compared to disomies, as well as chromosome-specific alterations in crossover distributions. Based on haplotype configurations in pericentromeric regions, our data indicate chromosome-specific propensities for different mechanisms of meiotic error. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the role of aberrant meiotic recombination in the origins of human aneuploidies and offer a versatile tool for mapping crossovers in low-coverage sequencing data from multiple siblings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madjunkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madjunkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Librach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant landscapes of maternal meiotic crossoverscontribute to aneuploidies in human embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical neuromodulation is an established non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain. However, existing devices using pulsatile stimulation are not suitable for all types of chronic pain. Direct current stimulation is a recently developed technology which shows better selectivity for small-diameter fibres. We investigated if this selectivity could be applied to preferentially suppress nociceptive signalling. We applied direct current to the sciatic nerve of rats and compared its effects on spinal activity produced by physiological (non-electrical) stimuli delivered to the foot. Tests were performed across models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain to further clarify potential clinical applications. We found that direct current could effectively suppress activity relating to painful stimuli in both pain models tested. These findings strongly support the use of direct current neuromodulation for chronic pain relief, and suggest that it may be effective at treating a broader range of aberrant pain conditions than existing devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moalem-Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aplin, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of aging- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on PRC2 targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rejuvenation of tissues in physiologically aging mice can be accomplished by long-term partial reprogramming via expression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). To investigate the epigenetic determinants of partial reprogramming-mediated rejuvenation, we used whole genome bisulfite sequencing to carry out unbiased comprehensive profiling of DNA methylation changes in skin from mice subjected to partial reprogramming, as well as young and untreated old controls. We found a striking convergence of age- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). These results are also supported by a likewise prominent enrichment of PRC2 targets in gene expression data, suggesting that PRC2 activity can modulate aging and mediate tissue rejuvenation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koldobskiy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izpisua Belmonte, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of aging- and rejuvenation-related epigenetic alterations on PRC2 targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in retinas depleted of microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have demonstrated the complex coordination of pro-inflammatory signaling and reactive microglia/macrophage on the formation Muller glial-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice. We generated scRNA-seq libraries to identify transcriptional changes in Muller glia (MG) that result from the depletion of microglia from the chick retina. We found significant changes in different networks of genes in MG in normal and damaged retinas when the microglia are ablated. We identified a failure of MG to upregulate Wnt-ligands, Heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), retinoic acid receptors and genes related to Notch-signaling. Inhibition of GSK3{beta}, to simulate Wnt-signaling, failed to rescue the deficit in formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas missing microglia. By comparison, application of HBEGF or FGF2 completely rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted retinas. Similarly, injection of a small molecule inhibitor to Smad3 or agonist to retinoic acid receptors partially rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted damaged retinas. According to scRNA-seq libraries, patterns of expression of ligands, receptors, signal transducers and/or processing enzymes to cell-signaling via HBEGF, FGF, retinoic acid and TGF{beta} are rapidly and transiently upregulated by MG after neuronal damage, consistent with important roles for these cell-signaling pathways in regulating the formation of MGPCs. We conclude that quiescent and activated microglia have a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profile of MG. We conclude that signals produced by reactive microglia in damaged retinas stimulate MG to upregulate cell signaling through HBEGF, FGF and retinoic acid, and downregulate signaling through TGF{beta}/Smad3 to promote the reprogramming on MG into proliferating MGPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Hodiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reske, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloy, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in retinas depleted of microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance the viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors are FDA-approved for various hematological malignancies but have limited efficacy in solid tumors. DNA hypomethylation with these drugs is associated with elevated lysine 27 tri-methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me3). We hypothesized that this EZH2-dependent repressive mark limits the full potential of DNMT inhibition. Here, we show in cell line and tumoroid models of colorectal cancer, that low-dose DNMT inhibition sensitizes cells to selective EZH2 inhibitors that have limited single agent toxicity, and that EZH2 inhibition enhances DNMT inhibitor-driven molecular and therapeutic effects. Through integrative epigenomic analyses, we reveal that DNMT inhibition induces H3K27me3 accumulation at genomic regions poised with EZH2. Unexpectedly, combined treatment alters the epigenome landscape to promote transcriptional upregulation of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. Blocking this pathway limits the transcriptional activating effects of the drug combination, including expression of transposable elements and innate immune response genes within a viral defense pathway. Consistently, we demonstrate positive correlations between DNMT inhibitor- and innate immune response-associated transcription profiles and calcium signal activation in primary human colon cancer specimens. Collectively, our study demonstrates that compensatory EZH2 activity following DNA hypomethylation presents a barrier to the therapeutic action of DNMT inhibition in colon cancer, reveals a new application of EZH2 inhibitors beyond cancers associated with PRC2 hyperactivity, and links calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling to epigenetic therapy-induced viral mimicry.

HighlightsO_LISelect EZH2 inhibitors enhance the transcriptional activating and antiproliferative effects of DNA hypomethylating agents in colon cancer cells.
C_LIO_LIThe mechanism involves blockade of H3K27me3 accumulation in regions of the genome poised for PRC2 activity.
C_LIO_LIDNMT inhibitor + EZH2 inhibitor treatment transcriptionally upregulates calcium-calcineurin- NFAT signaling, and this pathway is necessary for complete induction of viral mimicry and innate immune response pathways.
C_LIO_LIThe therapeutic utility of EZH2 inhibitors may be extended beyond cancers with PRC2 hyperactivity in combination regimens with DNMT inhibitors.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chomiak, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornett, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothbart, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance the viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roadmap for Canonical and Extended Endocannabinoid System Receptors in Peripheral Organs of Preclinical Animal Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endocannabinoid system is widely expressed throughout the body and is comprised of receptors, ligands, and enzymes that maintain metabolic, immune, and reproductive homeostasis. Increasing interest in the endocannabinoid system has arisen due to these physiologic roles, policy changes leading to more widespread recreational use, and the therapeutic potential of Cannabis and phytocannabinoids. Rodents have been the primary preclinical model of focus due to their relative low cost, short gestational period, genetic manipulation strategies, and gold-standard behavioral tests. However, the potential for lack of clinical translation to non-human primates and humans is high as cross-species comparisons of the endocannabinoid system has not been evaluated. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we evaluate the relative gene expression of 14 canonical and extended endocannabinoid receptors in seven peripheral organs of C57/BL6 mice, Sprague-Dawley rats, and non-human primate rhesus macaques. Notably, we identify species- and organ-specific heterogeneity in endocannabinoid receptor distribution where there is surprisingly limited overlap among the preclinical models. Importantly, we determined there were only five receptors (CB2, GPR18, GPR55, TRPV2, and FAAH) that had identical expression patterns in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Our findings demonstrate a critical, yet previously unappreciated, contributor to challenges of rigor and reproducibility in the cannabinoid field, which has profound implications in hampering progress in understanding the complexity of the endocannabinoid system and development of cannabinoid-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Franco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roadmap for Canonical and Extended Endocannabinoid System Receptors in Peripheral Organs of Preclinical Animal Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitatory neurons derived from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells show transcriptomic differences in Alzheimers patients from controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advances in creating pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells and differentiating them into a variety of cell types is allowing us to study them without the caveats associated with disease related changes. We have generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from eight Alzheimers disease (AD) patients and six controls and used lentiviral delivery to differentiate them into excitatory glutamatergic neurons. We have performed RNA sequencing on these neurons and compared the Alzheimers and control transcriptomes. We find that 621 genes show differences in expression levels at adjusted p<0.05 between the case and control derived neurons. These genes show significant overlap and direction concordance with genes reported from a Single cell transcriptome study of Alzheimers patients, they contain 5 genes implicated with AD from genome wide association studies and they appear to be part of a larger functional network as indicated by an excess of interactions between them observed in the protein-protein interaction database STRING. Exploratory analysis with Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) suggests distinct clusters of patients, based on gene expression, who maybe clinically different. If confirmed this finding will to contribute to precision medicine approaches to subgroup Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azoidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xydia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyketsos, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitatory neurons derived from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells show transcriptomic differences in Alzheimers patients from controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Helicase DDX3 Regulates RAD51 Localization and DNA Damage Repair in Ewing Sarcoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that RNA helicase DDX3X (DDX3) can be a therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma (EWS), but its role in EWS biology remains unclear. The present work demonstrates that DDX3 plays a unique role in DNA damage repair (DDR). We show that DDX3 interacts with several proteins involved in homologous recombination, including RAD51, RECQL1, RPA32, and XRCC2. In particular, DDX3 colocalizes with RAD51 and RNA:DNA hybrid structures in the cytoplasm of EWS cells. Inhibition of DDX3 RNA helicase activity increases cytoplasmic RNA:DNA hybrids, sequestering RAD51 in the cytoplasm, which impairs nuclear translocation of RAD51 to sites of double-stranded DNA breaks thus increasing sensitivity of EWS to radiation treatment, both in vitro and in vivo. This discovery lays the foundation for exploring new therapeutic approaches directed at manipulating DDR protein localization in solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randolph, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afifi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Hoeve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Diest, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Helicase DDX3 Regulates RAD51 Localization and DNA Damage Repair in Ewing Sarcoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of linker length on phase separation: lessons from the Rubisco-EPYC1 system of the algal pyrenoid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles formed via phase separation of macromolecules, typically consisting of bond-forming "stickers" connected by flexible "linkers". Linkers have diverse roles, such as occupying space and facilitating interactions. To understand how linker length relative to other lengths affects condensation, we focus on the pyrenoid, which enhances photosynthesis in green algae. Specifically, we apply coarse-grained simulations and analytical theory to the pyrenoid proteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the rigid holoenzyme Rubisco and its flexible partner EPYC1. Remarkably, halving EPYC1 linker lengths decreases critical concentrations by ten-fold. We attribute this difference to the molecular "fit" between EPYC1 and Rubisco. Varying Rubisco sticker locations reveals that the native sites yield the poorest fit, thus optimizing phase separation. Surprisingly, shorter linkers mediate a transition to a gas of rods as Rubisco stickers approach the poles. These findings illustrate how intrinsically disordered proteins affect phase separation through the interplay of molecular length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GrandPre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyo, A. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.544494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of linker length on phase separation: lessons from the Rubisco-EPYC1 system of the algal pyrenoid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Ras signaling excitability in cancer cells through combined inhibition of FAK and PI3K 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ras/PI3K/ERK signaling network is frequently mutated in various human cancers including cervical cancer and pancreatic cancer. Previous studies showed that the Ras/PI3K/ERK signaling network displays features of excitable systems including propagation of activity waves, all-or-none responses, and refractoriness. Oncogenic mutations lead to enhanced excitability of the network. A positive feedback loop between Ras, PI3K, the cytoskeleton, and FAK was identified as a driver of excitability. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of targeting signaling excitability by inhibiting both FAK and PI3K in cervical and pancreatic cancer cells. We found that the combination of FAK and PI3K inhibitors synergistically suppressed the growth of select cervical and pancreatic cancer cell lines through increased apoptosis and decreased mitosis. In particular, FAK inhibition caused downregulation of PI3K and ERK signaling in cervical cancer but not pancreatic cancer cells. Interestingly, PI3K inhibitors activated multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including insulin receptor and IGF-1R in cervical cancer cells, as well as EGFR, Her2, Her3, Axl, and EphA2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results highlight the potential of combining FAK and PI3K inhibition for treating cervical and pancreatic cancer, although appropriate biomarkers for drug sensitivity are needed, and concurrent targeting of RTKs may be required for resistant cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Ras signaling excitability in cancer cells through combined inhibition of FAK and PI3K]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic gene expression is linked to chromatin structure and nucleosome positioning by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that establish and maintain nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) near transcription start-sites. Conserved yeast RSC and ISW2 remodelers exert antagonistic effects on nucleosomes flanking NDRs, but the temporal dynamics of remodeler search, engagement and directional nucleosome mobilization for promoter accessibility are unknown. Using optical tweezers and 2-color single-particle imaging, we investigated the Brownian diffusion of RSC and ISW2 on free DNA and sparse nucleosome arrays. RSC and ISW2 rapidly scan DNA by one-dimensional hopping and sliding respectively, with dynamic collisions between remodelers followed by recoil or apparent co-diffusion. Static nucleosomes block remodeler diffusion resulting in remodeler recoil or sequestration. Remarkably, both RSC and ISW2 use ATP hydrolysis to translocate mono-nucleosomes processively at [~]30 bp/sec on extended linear DNA under tension. Processivity and opposing push-pull directionalities of nucleosome translocation shown by RSC and ISW2 shape the distinctive landscape of promoter chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis method using antibody-mediated biotinylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since proteins are essential molecules exerting cellular functions, decoding proteome changes is the key to understanding the normal physiology and pathogenesis mechanism of various diseases. However, conventional proteomic studies are often conducted on tissue lumps, in which multiple cell types are entangled, presenting challenges in interpreting the biological dynamics among diverse cell types. While recent cell-specific proteome analysis techniques, like BONCAT, TurboID, and APEX, have emerged, their necessity for genetic modifications limits their usage. The alternative, laser capture microdissection (LCM), although it does not require genetic alterations, is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires specialized expertise, making it less suitable for large-scale studies. In this study, we develop the method for in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis using antibody-mediated biotinylation (iCAB), in which we combined immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the biotin-tyramide signal amplification approach. Poly-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to the secondary antibody will be localized at a target cell type via a primary antibody specific to the target cell type and biotin-tyramide activated by HRP will biotinylate the nearby proteins. Therefore, the iCAB method can be applied to any tissues that can be used for IHC. As a proof-of-concept, we employed iCAB for mouse brain tissue enriching proteins for neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes, and microglia, followed by identifying the enriched proteins using 16-plex TMT-based proteomics. In total, we identified [~]8,400 and [~]6,200 proteins from enriched and non-enriched samples. Most proteins from the enriched samples showed differential expressions when we compared different cell type data, while there were no differentially expressed proteins from non-enriched samples. The cell type enrichment analysis with the increased proteins in respective cell types using Azimuth showed that neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes, and microglia data exhibited Glutamatergic Neuron, Astrocyte and Microglia/Perivascular Macrophage as the representative cell types, respectively. The proteome data of the enriched proteins showed similar subcellular distribution as non-enriched proteins, indicating that the iCAB-proteome is not biased toward any subcellular compartment. To our best knowledge, this study represents the first implementation of a cell-type-specific proteome analysis method using an antibody-mediated biotinylation approach. This development paves the way for the routine and widespread use of cell-type-specific proteome analysis. Ultimately, this could accelerate our understanding of biological and pathological phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuraisamy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an in situ cell-type specific proteome analysis method using antibody-mediated biotinylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.545029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially clustered neurons encode vocalization categories in the bat midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.545029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid categorization of vocalizations enables adaptive behavior across species. While categorical perception is thought to arise in the neocortex, humans and other animals could benefit from functional organization of ethologically-relevant sounds at earlier stages in the auditory hierarchy. Here, we developed two-photon calcium imaging in the awake echolocating bat (Eptesicus fuscus) to study encoding of sound meaning in the Inferior Colliculus, which is as few as two synapses from the inner ear. Echolocating bats produce and interpret frequency sweep-based vocalizations for social communication and navigation. Auditory playback experiments demonstrated that individual neurons responded selectively to social or navigation calls, enabling robust population-level decoding across categories. Strikingly, category-selective neurons formed spatial clusters, independent of tonotopy within the IC. These findings support a revised view of categorical processing in which specified channels for ethologically-relevant sounds are spatially segregated early in the auditory hierarchy, enabling rapid subcortical organization of call meaning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlgemuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.545029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially clustered neurons encode vocalization categories in the bat midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric SAMHD1 in cryo-EM and binding studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA, and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with [~]20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.544806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guanine-containing ssDNA and RNA induce dimeric and tetrameric SAMHD1 in cryo-EM and binding studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable ventral spinal stimulator evokes programmable and biomimetic hindlimb motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord neuromodulation can restore partial to complete loss of motor functions associated with neuromotor disease and trauma. Current technologies have made substantial progress, but have limitations as dorsal epidural or intraspinal devices that are either remote to ventral motor neurons or subject to surgical intervention in the spinal tissue. Here, we describe a flexible and stretchable spinal stimulator design with nanoscale thickness that can be implanted by minimally-invasive injection through a polymeric catheter to target the ventral spinal space of mice. Ventrolaterally implanted devices exhibited substantially lower stimulation threshold currents and more precise recruitment of motor pools than comparable dorsal epidural implants. Functionally relevant and novel hindlimb movements were achieved via specific stimulation patterns of the electrodes. This approach holds translational potential for improving controllable limb function following spinal cord injury or neuromotor disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LIN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable ventral spinal stimulator evokes programmable and biomimetic hindlimb motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H1.2 Dependent Translocation of Poly (ADP-ribose) Initiates Parthanatos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxic cellular insults activate the nuclear protein poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to initiate parthanatos, a regulated cell death program. PAR acts as a death signal by translocating from the nucleus to the cytosol, where it activates the next steps in the parthanatic cell death cascade. How PAR translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol is not known. Here we show that PARylation and PAR binding to histone H1.2 enables it to act as a carrier, transporting PAR out of the nucleus to the cytosol. Knocking down the expression of histone H1.2 via CRISPR/Cas9 and knockout of histone H1.2 reduces the translocation of PAR to the cytosol after treatment of human cortical neurons with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The PAR-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Iduna (RNF146) ubiquitinates PARylated H1.2. Overexpression of Iduna reduces the expression levels of cytosolic histone H1.2, preventing the translocation of PAR following NMDA or OGD exposure, similar to inhibition of PAR formation by the PARP inhibitor, DPQ. Whereas, the catalytically null variant Iduna C60A, or the PAR binding mutant Iduna Y156A and R157A (YRAA) was ineffective in ubiquitinating histone H1.2 and preventing the reduction in cytosolic histone H1.2 levels and PAR translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol. Histone H1.2 heterozygote and homozygote knockout mice exhibited reduced infarct volume 24 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and showed better recovery in motor deficits than wildtype littermates at day 3 and/or day 7 post MCAO. Collectively, these findings reveal histone H1.2 as the key carrier of PAR out of the nucleus to the cytosol where it participates in the next step of the parthanatic cell death cascade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, T.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H1.2 Dependent Translocation of Poly (ADP-ribose) Initiates Parthanatos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contezolid can replace linezolid in a novel combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine model of tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contezolid is a new oxazolidinone with in vitro and in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis comparable to that of linezolid. Pre-clinical and clinical safety studies suggest it may be less toxic than linezolid, making contezolid a potential candidate to replace linezolid in treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. We evaluated the dose-ranging activity of contezolid, alone and in combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid, and compared it with linezolid at similar doses, in an established BALB/c mouse model of tuberculosis. Contezolid had an MIC of 1 {micro}g/ml, similar to linezolid, and exhibited similar bactericidal activity in mice. Contezolid-resistant mutants selected in vitro had 10-fold increases in contezolid MIC and harbored mutations in the mce3R gene. These mutants did not display cross-resistance to linezolid. Our results indicate that contezolid has potential to replace linezolid in regimens containing bedaquiline and pretomanid and likely other regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almeida, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contezolid can replace linezolid in a novel combination with bedaquiline and pretomanid in a murine model of tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses as well as skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ets1 is a lymphoid-enriched transcription factor that regulates B and T cell functions in development and disease. Mice that lack Ets1 (Ets1 KO) develop spontaneous autoimmune disease with high levels of autoantibodies. Naive CD4+ T cells isolated from Ets1 KO mice differentiate more readily to Th17 cells that secrete IL-17, a cytokine implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. To determine if increased IL-17 production contributes to the development of autoimmunity in Ets1 KO mice, we crossed Ets1 KO mice to mice lacking the IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL17RA KO) to generate double knock out (DKO) mice. We found that the absence of IL17RA signaling did not prevent or ameliorate the autoimmune phenotype of Ets1 KO mice, but rather that DKO animals exhibited worse symptoms with striking increases in activated B cells and secreted autoantibodies. This was correlated with a prominent increase in the numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition to the autoimmune phenotype, DKO mice also showed signs of immunodeficiency and developed spontaneous skin lesions colonized by Staphylococcus xylosus. When DKO mice were experimentally infected with S. aureus they were unable to clear the bacteria, suggesting a general immunodeficiency to Staphylococcal species. {gamma}{delta} T cells are important for control of skin Staphylococcal infections. We found that mice lacking Ets1 have a complete deficiency of the {gamma}{delta} T cell subset dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), which are involved in skin wound healing responses. To determine if loss of DETC might promote susceptibility to Staph infection, we depleted DETC from IL17RA KO mice and found that the combined loss of DETC and IL-17 signaling leads to a failure to clear the infection. Our studies suggest that defects in wound healing, such as that caused by loss of DETC, can cooperate with impaired IL-17 responses to lead to increased susceptibility to skin Staph infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlfert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett-Sinha, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses as well as skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring stimulus-related redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with single cell resolution in auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of functional connectivity have played a central role in advancing our understanding of how information is communicated within the brain. Traditionally, these studies have focused on identifying redundant functional connectivity, which involves determining when activity is similar across different sites. However, recent research has highlighted the potential importance of also identifying synergistic connectivity--that is, connectivity that gives rise to information not contained in either site alone. Here, we measured redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with individual-neuron resolution in the primary auditory cortex of the mouse during a perceptual task. Specifically, we identified pairs of neurons that exhibited directed functional connectivity between them, as measured using Granger Causality. We then used Partial Information Decomposition to quantify the amount of redundant and synergystic information carried by these neurons about auditory stimuli. Our findings revealed that functionally connected pairs carry proportionally more redundancy and less synergy than unconnected pairs, suggesting that their functional connectivity is primarily redundant in nature. Furthermore, we observe that the proportion of redundancy is higher for correct than for incorrect behavioral choices, supporting the notion that redundant connectivity is beneficial for behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocillari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzeri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring stimulus-related redundant and synergistic functional connectivity with single cell resolution in auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency modulation increases the specificity of time-resolved connectivity: A resting-state fMRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain is a highly dynamic system, and the methods we use to analyze the data gathered from this organ should account for this dynamism. One such family of methods that has attracted a lot of attention in the past decades is based on networks. The most well-known method for estimating the connection among these networks uses the sliding window Pearson correlation (SWPC) estimator. Although quite a useful tool, there are some important limitations. One such limitation is that SWPC applies a high pass filter to the activity time series. If we select a small window size (which is desirable to estimate rapid changes in functional connectivity), we will filter out important low-frequency activity information. In this work, we propose an approach based on single sideband modulation (SSB) in communication theory, which aims to solve this issue, allowing us to select smaller window sizes and capture rapid changes in the time-resolved functional connectivity. We use both simulation and real data to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method, SSB+SWPC, compared to classical SWPC. In addition, we compare the temporal recurring functional connectivity patterns between individuals with the first episode of psychosis (FEP) and typical controls (TC) and show that FEP stays more in FNC states that show weaker connectivity across the whole brain. A result exclusive to SSB+SWPC is that TC stays more in a state with negative connectivity between sub-cortical and cortical regions. All in all, based on both simulated data and real data, we argue that the proposed method, SSB+SWPC, is more sensitive for capturing temporal variation in functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency modulation increases the specificity of time-resolved connectivity: A resting-state fMRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.543782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) enhance student retention in STEM, particularly among students who belong to historically excluded communities. Yet the mechanisms by which CUREs contribute to student integration and persistence are poorly understood. Utilizing the Tripartite Integration Model of Social Influence (TIMSI), this longitudinal study examines how Tiny Earth, an antibiotic-discovery CURE, impacts students scientific self-efficacy, scientific identity, endorsement of scientific community values, and intentions to persist in science. The study also explores how gains in TIMSI factors vary as a function of student demographics and course characteristics. Results of pre-and post-course measurements show that scientific self-efficacy and identity increased among students in Tiny Earth, and some student demographics and course characteristics moderated these gains. Gains in scientific self-efficacy, identity, and values correlated with gains in persistence intentions, whereas student demographics and course characteristics did not. Results of this study show that the Tiny Earth CURE enhanced students integration into the scientific community, which was linked to intentions of students of both historically underrepresented and majority groups to persist in STEM. We discuss how courses that provide opportunity to learn science skills in the context of a CURE can contribute toward enlarging and diversifying the STEM workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.543782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tiny Earth CURE improves student persistence in science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper cortical lamination is essential for cognition, learning, and memory. Within the somatosensory cortex, pyramidal excitatory neurons elaborate axon collateral branches in a laminar-specific manner that dictates synaptic partners and overall circuit organization. Here, we leverage mouse models, single-cell labeling and imaging approaches to identify intrinsic regulators of laminar-specific collateral, also termed interstitial, axon branching. We developed new approaches for the robust, sparse, labeling of layer II/III pyramidal neurons to obtain single-cell quantitative assessment of axon branch morphologies. We combined these approaches with cell-autonomous loss-of-function (LOF) and over-expression (OE) manipulations in an in vivo candidate screen to identify regulators of cortical neuron axon branch lamination. We identify a role for the cytoskeletal binding protein drebrin (Dbn1) in regulating layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching in vitro. LOF experiments show that Dbn1 is necessary to suppress the elongation of layer II/III CPN collateral axon branches within layer IV, where axon branching by layer II/III CPNs is normally absent. Conversely, Dbn1 OE produces excess short axonal protrusions reminiscent of nascent axon collaterals that fail to elongate. Structure-function analyses implicate Dbn1S142 phosphorylation and Dbn1 protein domains known to mediate F-actin bundling and microtubule (MT) coupling as necessary for collateral branch initiation upon Dbn1 OE. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate collateral axon branching in excitatory CPNs, a key process in the elaboration of neocortical circuit formation.

Significance StatementLaminar-specific axon targeting is essential for cortical circuit formation. Here, we show that the cytoskeletal protein drebrin (Dbn1) regulates excitatory layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching, lending insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie neocortical laminar-specific innervation. To identify branching patterns of single cortical neurons in vivo, we have developed tools that allow us to obtain detailed images of individual CPN morphologies throughout postnatal development and to manipulate gene expression in these same neurons. Our results showing that Dbn1 regulates CPN interstitial axon branching both in vivo and in vitro and may aid in our understanding of how aberrant cortical neuron morphology contributes to dysfunctions observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorskind, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarsanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoah-Dankwah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Clavel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Vargas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen type VI regulates TGFβ bioavailability in skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen VI-related disorders (COL6-RDs) are a group of rare muscular dystrophies caused by pathogenic variants in collagen VI genes (COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3). Collagen type VI is a heterotrimeric, microfibrillar component of the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), predominantly secreted by resident fibroadipogenic precursor cells in skeletal muscle. The absence or mislocalizatoion of collagen VI in the ECM underlies the non-cell autonomous dysfunction and dystrophic changes in skeletal muscle with an as of yet elusive direct mechanistic link between the ECM and myofiber dysfunction. Here, we conduct a comprehensive natural history and outcome study in a novel mouse model of COL6-RDs (Col6a2-/-mice) using standardized (Treat-NMD) functional, histological, and physiologic parameter. Notably, we identify a conspicuous dysregulation of the TGF{beta} pathway early in the disease process and propose that the collagen VI deficient matrix is not capable of regulating the dynamic TGF{beta} bioavailability at baseline and also in response to muscle injury. Thus, we propose a new mechanism for pathogenesis of the disease that links the ECM regulation of TGF{beta} with downstream skeletal muscle abnormalities, paving the way for developing and validating therapeutics that target this pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohassel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleboda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnemann, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.545964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen type VI regulates TGFβ bioavailability in skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling wild type and mutant p53 in telomerase-immortalized human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic alterations that change the functions of p53 or other proteins in the p53 pathway contribute to a majority of cancers. Accordingly, many technological approaches and model systems have been employed to dissect the complex phenotypes of this critical tumor suppressor and its mutants. Studies of human p53 are commonly conducted in tumor-derived cell lines that retain wild type TP53 alleles and isogenic derivatives with engineered TP53 alterations. While this genetic approach has provided numerous insights, such studies are bound to paint an incomplete picture of p53 and its many effects on the cell. Given the preponderance of p53 pathway defects in cancer, it is reasonable to assume that cancers that arise without mutations in the TP53 coding sequence would very likely harbor other genetic or epigenetic alterations that effect the normal function of this pathway. One possible solution to this conundrum is to study p53 in cells that have been artificially immortalized. Unlike cells derived from tumors ex vivo, cells that have been immortalized in vitro are not shaped by evolutionary selection during tumorigenesis, and presumably retain many of the normal functions of p53 and other tumor suppressors. We report here a functional characterization of p53 in the immortalized human cell line hTERT-RPE1 and describe the dominant-negative effects of a heterozygous missense p53 A276P mutation that apparently arose during serial culture. Detailed studies of this contact mutant, also found in human tumors, demonstrate the practical utility of this model system for studying the complex phenotypes of human p53.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miciak, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling wild type and mutant p53 in telomerase-immortalized human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Drive Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1-deficient Human Dopamine Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations and loss of activity in the protein kinase PINK1 play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease (PD). PINK1 regulates many aspects of mitochondrial quality control including mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), fission, fusion, transport, and biogenesis. Defects in mitophagy are though to play a predominant role in the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in PD. Here we show that, although there are defects in mitophagy in human DA neurons lacking PINK1, mitochondrial deficits induced by the absence of PINK1 are primarily due to defects in mitochondrial biogenesis. Upregulation of PARIS and the subsequent down regulation of PGC-1 accounts for the mitochondrial biogenesis defects. CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown of PARIS completely restores the mitochondrial biogenesis defects and mitochondrial function without impacting the deficits in mitophagy due to the absence of PINK1. These results highlight the importance mitochondrial biogenesis in the pathogenesis of PD due to inactivation or loss of PINK1 in human DA neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Cintron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siuda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koziorowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wszolek, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Drive Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1-deficient Human Dopamine Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel mouse model of Weaver syndrome displays overgrowth and excess osteogenesis reversible with KDM6A/6B inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weaver syndrome is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery (MDEM) caused by germline pathogenic variants in EZH2, which encodes the predominant H3K27 methyltransferase and key enzymatic component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Weaver syndrome is characterized by striking overgrowth and advanced bone age, intellectual disability, and distinctive facies. We generated a mouse model for the most common Weaver syndrome missense variant, EZH2 p.R684C. Ezh2R684C/R684C mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed global depletion of H3K27me3. Ezh2R684C/+ mice had abnormal bone parameters indicative of skeletal overgrowth, and Ezh2R684C/+ osteoblasts showed increased osteogenic activity. RNA-seq comparing osteoblasts differentiated from Ezh2R684C/+and Ezh2+/+ bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) indicated collective dysregulation of the BMP pathway and osteoblast differentiation. Inhibition of the opposing H3K27 demethylases Kdm6a/6b substantially reversed the excessive osteogenesis in Ezh2R684C/+ cells both at the transcriptional and phenotypic levels. This supports both the ideas that writers and erasers of histone marks exist in a fine balance to maintain epigenome state, and that epigenetic modulating agents have therapeutic potential for the treatment of MDEMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushwaha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel mouse model of Weaver syndrome displays overgrowth and excess osteogenesis reversible with KDM6A/6B inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the heterogeneity of immunotherapy response and immune-related toxicities by longitudinal ctDNA and immune cell compartment tracking in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAlthough immunotherapy is the mainstay of therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), robust biomarkers of clinical response are lacking. The heterogeneity of clinical responses together with the limited value of radiographic response assessments to timely and accurately predict therapeutic effect -especially in the setting of stable disease-call for the development of molecularly-informed real-time minimally invasive predictive biomarkers. In addition to capturing tumor regression, liquid biopsies may be informative in evaluating immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Experimental designWe investigated longitudinal changes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients with metastatic NSCLC who received immunotherapy-based regimens. Using ctDNA targeted error-correction sequencing together with matched sequencing of white blood cells and tumor tissue, we tracked serial changes in cell-free tumor load (cfTL) and determined molecular response for each patient. Peripheral T-cell repertoire dynamics were serially assessed and evaluated together with plasma protein expression profiles.

ResultsMolecular response, defined as complete clearance of cfTL, was significantly associated with progression-free (log-rank p=0.0003) and overall survival (log-rank p=0.01) and was particularly informative in capturing differential survival outcomes among patients with radiographically stable disease. For patients who developed irAEs, peripheral blood T-cell repertoire reshaping, assessed by significant TCR clonotypic expansions and regressions were noted on-treatment.

ConclusionsMolecular responses assist with interpretation of heterogeneous clinical responses especially for patients with stable disease. Our complementary assessment of the tumor and immune compartments by liquid biopsies provides an approach for monitoring of clinical benefit and immune-related toxicities for patients with NSCLC receiving immunotherapy.

Statement of translational relevanceLongitudinal dynamic changes in cell-free tumor load and reshaping of the peripheral T-cell repertoire capture clinical outcomes and immune-related toxicities during immunotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivapalan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummelink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknafs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhymee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phallen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrone, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettinger, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illei, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monkhorst, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharpf, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the heterogeneity of immunotherapy response and immune-related toxicities by longitudinal ctDNA and immune cell compartment tracking in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrarenal myeloid subsets associated with kidney injury are comparable in mice and patients with lupus nephritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.546409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resident macrophages and infiltrating monocytes in kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis are altered both in frequency and function relative to their counterparts in healthy kidneys. The extent to which mouse models might be useful in developing approaches to target these cells for treating lupus nephritis is poorly understood. Here, we studied four common lupus mouse models that share clinical, serologic, and histopathologic kidney changes with humans. Using single-cell profiling and multiplex spatial imaging to analyze the intrarenal myeloid compartment with the onset of clinical disease in these models, we identified monocyte and macrophage subsets that expand or contract in kidneys with clinical nephritis. A unique subset of classical monocytes expanded with the onset of disease and expressed genes such as CD9, Spp1, Ctsd, Cd63, Apoe, and Trem2 that were previously shown to be induced by tissue injury and play a role in inflammation, lipid metabolism and tissue repair in other organs. Resident macrophages transitioned from a pro-inflammatory to a similar injury-associated state with onset of disease. To test whether these findings in mouse models were also observed in humans, we re-analyzed monocytes and macrophages in a single-cell RNAseq dataset of kidney biopsies from 155 patients with lupus nephritis and 30 healthy donors, collected by the NIH AMP RA/SLE consortium. Human monocytes and macrophages showed conserved changes in gene expression programs associated with lupus nephritis disease indices, and localized to similar kidney microenvironments as in mice. By identifying myeloid subsets and disease-associated alterations in biological processes that are conserved across species, we provide a strong rationale for functional studies of these cells and pathways in mice to uncover mechanisms and find targets relevant to human lupus nephritis.

One sentence summaryThis study characterizes intrarenal myeloid cells from four lupus mouse models and 155 patients with lupus nephritis using single-cell RNA-seq and imaging, and identifies novel infiltrating and resident myeloid subsets that are conserved between mouse and human lupus nephritis, thus providing a map and strong rationale for functional studies in mice with relevance to human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raparia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurajala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putterman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmirly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofsy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership: RA/SLE network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.24.546409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrarenal myeloid subsets associated with kidney injury are comparable in mice and patients with lupus nephritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsically Disordered Regions Promote Protein Refoldability and Facilitate Retrieval from Biomolecular Condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that intersperse globular folded domains, in contrast with bacterial proteins which are typically highly globular1, 2. Recent years have seen great progress in identifying biological functions associated with these elusive protein sequence: in specific cases, they mediate liquid liquid phase separation3, perform molecular recognition4, or act as sensors to changes in the environment5. Nevertheless, only a small number of IDRs have annotated functions6 despite their presence in 64% of yeast proteins,7 stimulating some to question what  general purpose they may serve8, 9. Here, by interrogating the refoldability of two fungal proteomes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurosporra crassa), we show that IDRs render their host proteins more refoldable from the denatured state, allowing them to cohere more closely to Anfinsens thermodynamic hypothesis10, 11. The data provide an exceptionally clear picture of which biophysical and topological characteristics enable refoldability. Moreover, we find that almost all yeast proteins that partition into stress granules during heat shock are refoldable, a finding that holds for other condensates such as P-bodies and the nucleolus. Finally, we find that the Hsp104 unfoldase12 is the principal actor in mediating disassembly of heat stress granules and that the efficiency with which condensed proteins are returned to the soluble phase is also well explained by refoldability. Hence, these studies establish spontaneous refoldability as an adaptive trait that endows proteins with the capacity to reform their native soluble structures following their extraction from condensates. Altogether, our results provide an intuitive model for the function of IDRs in many multidomain proteins and clarifies their relationship to the phenomenon of biomolecular condensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>To, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarbox, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendorff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trcek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsically Disordered Regions Promote Protein Refoldability and Facilitate Retrieval from Biomolecular Condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implicit model to capture electrostatic features of membrane environment. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane protein structure prediction and design are challenging due to the complexity of capturing the interactions in the lipid layer, such as those arising from electrostatics. Accurately capturing electrostatic energies in the low-dielectric membrane often requires expensive Poisson-Boltzmann calculations that are not scalable for membrane protein structure prediction and design. In this work, we have developed a fast-to-compute implicit energy function that considers the realistic characteristics of different lipid bilayers, making design calculations tractable. This method captures the impact of the lipid head group using a mean-field-based approach and uses a depth-dependent dielectric constant to characterize the membrane environment. This energy function Franklin2023 (F23) is built upon Franklin2019 (F19), which is based on experimentally derived hydrophobicity scales in the membrane bilayer. We evaluated the performance of F23 on five different tests probing (1) protein orientation in the bilayer, (2) stability, and (3) sequence recovery. Relative to F19, F23 has improved the calculation of the tilt angle of membrane proteins for 90% of WALP peptides, 15% of TM-peptides, and 25% of the adsorbed peptides. The performances for stability and design tests were equivalent for F19 and F23. The speed and calibration of the implicit model will help F23 access biophysical phenomena at long time and length scales and accelerate the membrane protein design pipeline.

Author summaryMembrane proteins participate in many life processes. They constitute 30% of the human proteome and are targets for over 60% pharmaceuticals. Accurate and accessible computational tools to design membrane proteins will transform the platform to engineer membrane proteins for therapeutic, sensor, and separation processes. While soluble protein design has advanced, membrane protein design remains challenging due to the difficulties in modeling the lipid bilayer. Electrostatics plays an intimate role in the physics of membrane protein structure and function. However, accurately capturing electrostatic energies in the low-dielectric membrane often requires expensive calculations that are not scalable. In this work, we contribute a fast-to-compute electrostatic model that considers different lipid bilayers and their features, making design calculations tractable. We demonstrate that the updated energy function improves the calculation of the tilt angle of membrane proteins, stability, and confidence in designing charged residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samanta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implicit model to capture electrostatic features of membrane environment.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G2C4 targeting antisense oligonucleotides potently mitigate TDP-43 dysfunction in C9orf72 ALS/FTD human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The G4C2 repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Many studies suggest that dipeptide repeat proteins produced from this repeat are toxic, yet, the contribution of repeat RNA toxicity is under investigated and even less is known regarding the pathogenicity of antisense repeat RNA. Recently, two clinical trials targeting G4C2 (sense) repeat RNA via antisense oligonucleotide failed despite a robust decrease in sense encoded dipeptide repeat proteins demonstrating target engagement. Here, in this brief report, we show that G2C4 antisense, but not G4C2 sense, repeat RNA is sufficient to induce TDP-43 dysfunction in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons (iPSNs). Unexpectedly, only G2C4, but not G4C2 sense strand targeting, ASOs mitigate deficits in TDP-43 function in authentic C9orf72 ALS/FTD patient iPSNs. Collectively, our data suggest that the G2C4 antisense repeat RNA may be an important therapeutic target and provide insights into a possible explanation for the recent G4C2 ASO clinical trial failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlhop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizielinska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G2C4 targeting antisense oligonucleotides potently mitigate TDP-43 dysfunction in C9orf72 ALS/FTD human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pixel-wise programmability enables dynamic high-SNR cameras for high-speed microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-speed wide-field fluorescence microscopy has the potential to capture biological processes with exceptional spatiotemporal resolution. However, conventional cameras suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio at high frame rates, limiting their ability to detect faint fluorescent events. Here, we introduce an image sensor where each pixel has individually programmable sampling speed and phase, so that pixels can be arranged to simultaneously sample at high speed with a high signal-to-noise ratio. In high-speed voltage imaging experiments, our image sensor significantly increases the output signal-to-noise ratio compared to a low-noise scientific CMOS camera ([~]2-3 folds). This signal-to-noise ratio gain enables the detection of weak neuronal action potentials and subthreshold activities missed by the standard scientific CMOS cameras. Our camera with flexible pixel exposure configurations offers versatile sampling strategies to improve signal quality in various experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linghu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Cummings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pixel-wise programmability enables dynamic high-SNR cameras for high-speed microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in genome sequencing and assembly are enabling high-quality reference genomes for all species. However, the assembly process is still laborious, computationally and technically demanding, lacks standards for reproducibility, and is not readily scalable. Here we present the latest Vertebrate Genomes Project assembly pipeline and demonstrate that it delivers high-quality reference genomes at scale across a set of vertebrate species arising over the last [~]500 million years. The pipeline is versatile and combines PacBio HiFi long-reads and Hi-C-based haplotype phasing in a new graph-based paradigm. Standardized quality control is performed automatically to troubleshoot assembly issues and assess biological complexities. We make the pipeline freely accessible through Galaxy, accommodating researchers even without local computational resources and enhanced reproducibility by democratizing the training and assembly process. We demonstrate the flexibility and reliability of the pipeline by assembling reference genomes for 51 vertebrate species from major taxonomic groups (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abueg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brajuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmada-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooder, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secomandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliano-Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to evaluate and select a preferred option among a variety of available offers is an essential aspect of goal-directed behavior. Dysregulation of this valuation process is characteristic of alcohol use disorder, with the central amygdala being implicated in persistent alcohol pursuit. However, the mechanism by which the central amygdala encodes and promotes the motivation to seek and consume alcohol remains unclear. We recorded single-unit activity in male Long-Evans rats as they consumed 10% ethanol or 14.2% sucrose. We observed significant activity at the time of approach to alcohol or sucrose, as well as lick-entrained activity during the ongoing consumption of both alcohol and sucrose. We then evaluated the ability of central amygdala optogenetic manipulation time-locked to consumption to alter ongoing intake of alcohol or sucrose, a preferred non-drug reward. In closed two-choice scenarios where rats could drink only sucrose, alcohol, or quinine-adulterated alcohol with or without central amygdala stimulation, rats drank more of stimulation-paired options. Microstructural analysis of licking patterns suggests these effects were mediated by changes in motivation, not palatability. Given a choice among different options, central amygdala stimulation enhanced consumption if the stimulation was associated with the preferred reward while closed-loop inhibition only decreased consumption if the options were equally valued. However, optogenetic stimulation during consumption of the less-preferred option, alcohol, was unable to enhance overall alcohol intake while sucrose was available. Collectively, these findings indicate that the central amygdala processes the motivational value of available offers to promote pursuit of the most preferred available option.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padovan-Hernandez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding and context-dependent control of reward consumption within the central nucleus of the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across diverse insect taxa, the behavior and physiology of females dramatically changes after mating - processes largely triggered by the transfer of seminal proteins from their mates. In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the seminal protein sex peptide (SP) decreases the likelihood of female flies remating and causes additional behavioral and physiological changes that promote fertility including increasing egg production. Although SP is only found in the Drosophila genus, its receptor, sex peptide receptor (SPR), is the widely-conserved myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) receptor. To test the functional role of SPR in mediating post-mating responses in a non-Drosophila dipteran, we generated two independent Spr-knockout alleles in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Although SPR is needed for post-mating responses in Drosophila and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, Spr mutant Ae. aegypti show completely normal post-mating decreases in remating propensity and increases in egg laying. In addition, injection of synthetic SP or accessory gland homogenate from D. melanogaster into virgin female mosquitoes did not elicit these post-mating responses. Our results indicate that Spr is not required for these canonical post-mating responses in Ae. aegypti, indicating that unknown signaling pathways are likely responsible for these behavioral switches in this disease vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amaro, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso-Parra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex peptide receptor is not required for refractoriness to remating or induction of egg laying in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A protein sequence encodes its energy landscape - all the accessible conformations, energetics, and dynamics. The evolutionary relationship between sequence and landscape can be probed phylogenetically by compiling a multiple sequence alignment of homologous sequences and generating common ancestors via Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction or a consensus protein containing the most common amino acid at each position. Both ancestral and consensus proteins are often more stable than their extant homologs - questioning the differences and suggesting that both approaches serve as general methods to engineer thermostability. We used the Ribonuclease H family to compare these approaches and evaluate how the evolutionary relationship of the input sequences affects the properties of the resulting consensus protein. While the overall consensus protein is structured and active, it neither shows properties of a well-folded protein nor has enhanced stability. In contrast, the consensus protein derived from a phylogenetically-restricted region is significantly more stable and cooperatively folded, suggesting that cooperativity may be encoded by different mechanisms in separate clades and lost when too many diverse clades are combined to generate a consensus protein. To explore this, we compared pairwise covariance scores using a Potts formalism as well as higher-order couplings using singular value decomposition (SVD). We find the SVD coordinates of a stable consensus sequence are close to coordinates of the analogous ancestor sequence and its descendants, whereas the unstable consensus sequences are outliers in SVD space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of input sequence set to consensus-derived proteins and their relationship to reconstructed ancestral proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral septum (LS), a GABAergic structure located in the basal forebrain, is implicated in social behavior, learning and memory. We previously demonstrated that expression of tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) in LS neurons is required for social novelty recognition. To better understand molecular mechanisms by which TrkB signaling controls behavior, we locally knocked down TrkB in LS and used bulk RNA-sequencing to identify changes in gene expression downstream of TrkB. TrkB knockdown induces upregulation of genes associated with inflammation and immune responses, and downregulation of genes associated with synaptic signaling and plasticity. Next, we generated one of the first atlases of molecular profiles for LS cell types using single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq). We identified markers for the septum broadly, and the LS specifically, as well as for all neuronal cell types. We then investigated whether the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by TrkB knockdown map to specific LS cell types. Enrichment testing identified that downregulated DEGs are broadly expressed across neuronal clusters. Enrichment analyses of these DEGs demonstrated that downregulated genes are uniquely expressed in the LS, and associated with either synaptic plasticity or neurodevelopmental disorders. Upregulated genes are enriched in LS microglia, associated with immune response and inflammation, and linked to both neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, many of these genes are implicated in regulating social behaviors. In summary, the findings implicate TrkB signaling in the LS as a critical regulator of gene networks associated with psychiatric disorders that display social deficits, including schizophrenia and autism, and with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divecha, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinowich, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Protein-Protein Docking with a Multi-Track Iterative Transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional protein-protein docking algorithms usually rely on heavy candidate sampling and re-ranking, but these steps are time-consuming and hinder applications that require high-throughput complex structure prediction, e.g., structure-based virtual screening. Existing deep learning methods for protein-protein docking, despite being much faster, suffer from low docking success rates. In addition, they simplify the problem to assume no conformational changes within any protein upon binding (rigid docking). This assumption precludes applications when binding-induced conformational changes play a role, such as allosteric inhibition or docking from uncertain unbound model structures. To address these limitations, we present GeoDock, a multi-track iterative transformer network to predict a docked structure from separate docking partners. Unlike deep learning models for protein structure prediction that input multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), GeoDock inputs just the sequences and structures of the docking partners, which suits the tasks when the individual structures are given. GeoDock is flexible at the protein residue level, allowing the prediction of conformational changes upon binding. For a benchmark set of rigid targets, GeoDock obtains a 41% success rate, outperforming all the other tested methods. For a more challenging benchmark set of flexible targets, GeoDock achieves a similar number of top-model successes as the traditional method ClusPro [1], but fewer than ReplicaDock2 [2]. GeoDock attains an average inference speed of under one second on a single GPU, enabling its application in large-scale structure screening. Although binding-induced conformational changes are still a challenge owing to limited training and evaluation data, our architecture sets up the foundation to capture this backbone flexibility. Code and a demonstration Jupyter notebook are available at https://github.com/Graylab/GeoDock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Protein-Protein Docking with a Multi-Track Iterative Transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The leptin receptor has no role in delta-cell control of beta-cell function in the mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin inhibits insulin secretion from isolated islets from multiple species, but the cell type that mediates this process remains elusive. Mouse models have been used to explore this question. Ablation of the leptin receptor (Lepr) throughout the pancreatic epithelium results in altered glucose homeostasis, ex vivo insulin secretion, and calcium dynamics. However, the removal of Lepr from neither alpha nor beta cells mimics these results. Because Lepr is enriched in the delta cells of human islets, we used a mouse model to test whether delta cells mediate the diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in response to leptin. However, ablation of Lepr within mouse delta cells had no impact on glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion. We further demonstrate that Lepr is not appreciably expressed within mouse delta cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosleh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The leptin receptor has no role in delta-cell control of beta-cell function in the mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.545937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue stiffness is a critical prognostic factor in breast cancer and is associated with metastatic progression. Here we show an alternative and complementary hypothesis of tumor progression whereby physiological matrix stiffness affects the quantity and protein cargo of small EVs produced by cancer cells, which in turn drive their metastasis. Primary patient breast tissue produces significantly more EVs from stiff tumor tissue than soft tumor adjacent tissue. EVs released by cancer cells on matrices that model human breast tumors (25 kPa; stiff EVs) feature increased adhesion molecule presentation (ITG2{beta}1, ITG6{beta}4, ITG6{beta}1, CD44) compared to EVs from softer normal tissue (0.5 kPa; soft EVs), which facilitates their binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen IV, and a 3-fold increase in homing ability to distant organs in mice. In a zebrafish xenograft model, stiff EVs aid cancer cell dissemination through enhanced chemotaxis. Moreover, normal, resident lung fibroblasts treated with stiff and soft EVs change their gene expression profiles to adopt a cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. These findings show that EV quantity, cargo, and function depend heavily on the mechanical properties of the extracellular microenvironment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/545937v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be1dbdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@928710org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e14e9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@efdb7f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faqih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciotti, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igboko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisinger-Mathason, T. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.545937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small extracellular vesicles promote stiffness-mediated metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VTA dopamine neurons drive spatiotemporally heterogeneous striatal dopamine signals during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that invigorate and guide animals toward acquisition of rewards. Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNC) are crucial for this process. Dopamine neurons are embedded in a reciprocally connected network with their striatal targets, the functional organization of which remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how learning during optogenetic Pavlovian cue conditioning of VTA or SNC dopamine neurons directs cue-evoked behavior and shapes subregion-specific striatal dopamine dynamics. We used a fluorescent dopamine biosensor to monitor dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, dorsomedial striatum (DMS), and dorsolateral striatum (DLS). We demonstrate spatially heterogeneous, learning-dependent dopamine changes across striatal regions. While VTA stimulation evoked robust dopamine release in NAc core, shell, and DMS, cues predictive of this activation preferentially recruited dopamine release in NAc core, starting early in training, and DMS, late in training. Corresponding negative prediction error signals, reflecting a violation in the expectation of dopamine neuron activation, only emerged in the NAc core and DMS, and not the shell. Despite development of vigorous movement late in training, conditioned dopamine signals did not similarly emerge in the DLS, even during Pavlovian conditioning with SNC dopamine neuron activation, which elicited robust DLS dopamine release. Together, our studies show broad dissociation in the fundamental prediction and reward-related information generated by different dopamine neuron populations and signaled by dopamine across the striatum. Further, they offer new insight into how larger-scale plasticity across the striatal network emerges during Pavlovian learning to coordinate behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VTA dopamine neurons drive spatiotemporally heterogeneous striatal dopamine signals during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental tenet of animal behavior is that decision-making involves multiple  controllers. Initially, behavior is goal-directed, driven by desired outcomes, shifting later to habitual control, where cues trigger actions independent of motivational state. Clark Hulls question from 1943 still resonates today: "Is this transition abrupt, or is it gradual and progressive?"1 Despite a century-long belief in gradual transitions, this question remains unanswered2,3 as current methods cannot disambiguate goal-directed versus habitual control in real-time. Here, we introduce a novel  volitional engagement approach, motivating animals by palatability rather than biological need. Offering less palatable water in the home cage4,5 reduced motivation to  work for plain water in an auditory discrimination task when compared to water-restricted animals. Using quantitative behavior and computational modeling6, we found that palatability-driven animals learned to discriminate as quickly as water-restricted animals but exhibited state-like fluctuations when responding to the reward-predicting cue--reflecting goal-directed behavior. These fluctuations spontaneously and abruptly ceased after thousands of trials, with animals now always responding to the reward-predicting cue. In line with habitual control, post-transition behavior displayed motor automaticity, decreased error sensitivity (assessed via pupillary responses), and insensitivity to outcome devaluation. Bilateral lesions of the habit-related dorsolateral striatum7 blocked transitions to habitual behavior. Thus,  volitional engagement reveals spontaneous and abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior, suggesting the involvement of a higher-level process that arbitrates between the two.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchibhotla, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing abrupt transitions from goal-directed to habitual behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABDS: tool suite for analyzing biologically diverse samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAnalytics tools are essential to identify informative molecular features about different phenotypic groups. Among the most fundamental tasks are missing value imputation, signature gene detection, and expression pattern visualization. However, most commonly used analytics tools may be problematic for characterizing biologically diverse samples when either signature genes possess uneven missing rates across different groups yet involving complex missing mechanisms, or multiple biological groups are simultaneously compared and visualized.

ResultsWe develop ABDS tool suite tailored specifically to analyzing biologically diverse samples. Mechanism-integrated group-wise imputation is developed to recruit signature genes involving informative missingness, cosine-based one-sample test is extended to detect enumerated signature genes, and unified heatmap is designed to comparably display complex expression patterns. We discuss the methodological principles and demonstrate the conceptual advantages of the three software tools. We also showcase the biomedical applications of these individual tools. Implemented in open-source R scripts, ABDS tool suite complements rather than replaces the existing tools and will allow biologists to more accurately detect interpretable molecular signals among diverse phenotypic samples.

Availability and implementationThe R Scripts of ABDS tool suite is freely available at https://github.com/niccolodpdu/ABDS.

Contactyuewang@vt.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrington, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABDS: tool suite for analyzing biologically diverse samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Score Associates with Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics at Autopsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPolygenic risk scores (PRS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) potentially improve cardiovascular risk prediction. However, their relationship with histopathologic features of CAD has never been examined systematically.

MethodsFrom 4,327 subjects referred to CVPath by the State of Maryland Office Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) for sudden death between 1994 and 2015, 2,455 cases were randomly selected for genotyping. We generated PRS from 291 known CAD risk loci. Detailed histopathologic examination of the coronary arteries was performed in all subjects. The primary study outcome measurements were histopathologic plaque features determining severity of atherosclerosis, including %stenosis, calcification, thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA), and thrombotic CAD.

ResultsAfter exclusion of cases with insufficient DNA sample quality or with missing data, 954 cases (mean age 48.8{+/-}14.7; 75.7% men) remained in the final study cohort. Subjects in the highest PRS quintile exhibited more severe atherosclerosis compared to subjects in the lowest quintile, with greater %stenosis (80.3%{+/-}27.0% vs. 50.4%{+/-}38.7%; adjusted p<0.001) and a higher frequency of calcification (69.6% vs. 35.8%; adjusted p=0.004) and TCFAs (26.7% vs. 9.5%; adjusted p=0.007). Even after adjustment for traditional CAD risk factors subjects within the highest PRS quintile had higher odds of severe atherosclerosis (i.e., [&ge;]75% stenosis; adjusted OR 3.77; 95%CI 2.10-6.78; p<0.001) and plaque rupture (adjusted OR 4.05; 95%CI 2.26-7.24; p<0.001). Moreover, subjects within the highest quintile had higher odds of CAD-associated cause of death, especially among those aged 50 years and younger (adjusted OR 4.08; 95%CI 2.01-8.30; p<0.001). No associations were observed with plaque erosion.

ConclusionsThis is the first autopsy study investigating associations between PRS and atherosclerosis severity at the histopathologic level in subjects with sudden death. Our pathological analysis suggests PRS correlates with plaque burden and features of advanced atherosclerosis and may be useful as a method for CAD risk stratification, especially in younger subjects.

HighlightsO_LIIn this autopsy study including 954 subjects within the CVPath Sudden Death Registry, high PRS correlated with plaque burden and atherosclerosis severity.
C_LIO_LIThe PRS showed differential associations with plaque rupture and plaque erosion, suggesting different etiologies to these two causes of thrombotic CAD.
C_LIO_LIPRS may be useful for risk stratification, particularly in the young. Further examination of individual risk loci and their association with plaque morphology may help understand molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, potentially revealing new therapy targets of CAD.
C_LI

Graphic AbstractA polygenic risk score, generated from 291 known CAD risk loci, was assessed in 954 subjects within the CVPath Sudden Death Registry. Histopathologic examination of the coronary arteries was performed in all subjects. Subjects in the highest PRS quintile exhibited more severe atherosclerosis as compared to subjects in the lowest quintile, with a greater plaque burden, more calcification, and a higher frequency of plaque rupture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornelissen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhoke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bihlmeyer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikongue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braumann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutys, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutyna, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodgie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schunkert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Score Associates with Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics at Autopsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vitro Modulator Responsiveness of 655 CFTR Variants Found in People With CF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration initiated expansion of drug labels for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) to include CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene variants based on in vitro functional studies. This study aims to identify CFTR variants that result in increased chloride (Cl-) transport function by the CFTR protein after treatment with the CFTR-modulator combination elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA). These data may benefit people with CF (pwCF) who are not currently eligible for modulator therapies.

MethodsPlasmid DNA encoding 655 CFTR variants and wild-type (WT) CFTR were transfected into Fisher Rat Thyroid cells that do not natively express CFTR. After 24 hours of incubation with control or TEZ and ELX, and acute addition of IVA, CFTR function was assessed using the transepithelial current clamp conductance assay. Each variants baseline activity, responsiveness to IVA alone, and responsiveness to the TEZ/ELX/IVA combination were measured in three different laboratories. Western blots were conducted to evaluate CFTR protein maturation and complement the functional data.

Results and Conclusions253 variants not currently approved for CFTR modulator therapy showed low baseline activity (<10% of normal CFTR Cl- transport activity). For 152 of these variants, treatment with ELX/TEZ/IVA improved the Cl- transport activity by [&ge;]10% of normal CFTR function, which is suggestive of clinical benefit. ELX/TEZ/IVA increased CFTR function by [&ge;]10 percentage points for an additional 140 unapproved variants with [&ge;]10% but <50% of normal CFTR function at baseline. These findings significantly expand the number of rare CFTR variants for which ELX/TEZ/IVA treatment should result in clinical benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bihler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivachenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakerar Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musisi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaire, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magaret, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raraigh, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skach, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mense, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vitro Modulator Responsiveness of 655 CFTR Variants Found in People With CF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-Amplitude Coupling Detection and Analysis of Human 2-Dimensional Neural Cultures in Multi-well Microelectrode Array in Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)- derived neurons offer the possibility of studying human-specific neuronal behaviors in physiologic and pathologic states in vitro. However, it is unclear whether these cultured neurons can achieve the fundamental network behaviors that are required to process information in the human brain. Investigating neuronal oscillations and their interactions, as occurs in cross-frequency coupling (CFC), is potentially a relevant approach. Microelectrode array culture plates provide a controlled framework to study populations of hiPSC-derived cortical neurons (hiPSC-CNs) and their electrical activity. Here, we examined whether networks of two-dimensional cultured hiPSC-CNs recapitulate the CFC that is present in networks in vivo. We analyzed the electrical activity recorded from hiPSC-CNs grown in culture with hiPSC-derived astrocytes. We employed the modulation index method for detecting phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) and used an offline spike sorting method to analyze the contribution of a single neurons spiking activities to network behavior. Our analysis demonstrates that the degree of PAC is specific to network structure and is modulated by external stimulation, such as bicuculine administration. Additionally, the shift in PAC is not driven by a single neurons properties but by network-level interactions. CFC analysis in the form of PAC explores communication and integration between groups of nearby neurons and dynamical changes across the entire network. In vitro, it has the potential to capture the effects of chemical agents and electrical or ultrasound stimulation on these interactions and may provide valuable information for the modulation of neural networks to treat nervous system disorders in vivo.

SignificancePhase amplitude coupling (PAC) analysis demonstrates that the complex interactions that occur between neurons and network oscillations in the human brain, in vivo, are present in 2-dimensional human cultures. This coupling is implicated in normal cognitive function as well as disease states. Its presence in vitro suggests that PAC is a fundamental property of neural networks. These findings offer the possibility of a model to understand the mechanisms and of PAC more completely and ultimately allow us to understand how it can be modulated in vivo to treat neurologic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salimpour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habela, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-Amplitude Coupling Detection and Analysis of Human 2-Dimensional Neural Cultures in Multi-well Microelectrode Array in Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting differential transcript usage in complex diseases with SPIT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential transcript usage (DTU) plays a crucial role in determining how gene expression differs among cells, tissues, and different developmental stages, thereby contributing to the complexity and diversity of biological systems. In abnormal cells, it can also lead to deficiencies in protein function, potentially leading to pathogenesis of diseases. Detecting such events for single-gene genetic traits is relatively uncomplicated; however, the heterogeneity of populations with complex diseases presents an intricate challenge due to the presence of diverse causal events and undetermined subtypes. SPIT is the first statistical tool that quantifies the heterogeneity in transcript usage within a population and identifies predominant subgroups along with their distinctive sets of DTU events. We provide comprehensive assessments of SPITs methodology in both single-gene and complex traits and report the results of applying SPIT to analyze brain samples from individuals with schizophrenia. Our analysis reveals previously unreported DTU events in six candidate genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdogdu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varabyou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting differential transcript usage in complex diseases with SPIT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become well-powered to detect novel genes in telomere length regulation. However, no prior work has validated these putative novel genes to confirm the contribution of GWAS loci to telomere length regulation. We conducted a trans-ancestry meta-analysis of 211,369 individuals. Through enrichment analyses of chromatin state and cell-type heritability we identified blood and immune cells as the most relevant cell type to examine telomere length association signals. We validated specific GWAS associations by overexpressing KBTBD6, a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and POP5, a component of the Ribonuclease P/MRP complex, and demonstrating that both lengthened telomeres as predicted by our statistical analyses. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the predicted causal regions of these association peaks in K562 immortalized blood cells reduced expression of these genes, demonstrating that these loci are related to transcriptional regulation of KBTBD6 and POP5, respectively. Together our results demonstrate the utility of telomere length GWAS in the identification of novel telomere length regulation mechanisms and highlight the importance of the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway in telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladwin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isasi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekhai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microfluidic strategy to capture antigen-specific high affinity B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing B cell affinity to pathogen-specific antigens prior to or following exposure could facilitate the assessment of immune status. Current standard tools to assess antigen-specific B cell responses focus on equilibrium binding of the secreted antibody in serum. These methods are costly, time-consuming, and assess antibody affinity under zero-force. Recent findings indicate that force may influence BCR-antigen binding interactions and thus immune status. Here, we designed a simple laminar flow microfluidic chamber in which the antigen (hemagglutinin of influenza A) is bound to the chamber surface to assess antigen-specific BCR binding affinity of five hemagglutinin-specific hybridomas under 65- to 650-pN force range. Our results demonstrate that both increasing shear force and bound lifetime can be used to enrich antigen-specific high affinity B cells. The affinity of the membrane-bound BCR in the flow chamber correlates well with the affinity of the matched antibodies measured in solution. These findings demonstrate that a microfluidic strategy can rapidly assess BCR-antigen binding properties and identify antigen-specific high affinity B cells. This strategy has the potential to both assess functional immune status from peripheral B cells and be a cost-effective way of identifying individual B cells as antibody sources for a range of clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alhassan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirure, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shergill, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microfluidic strategy to capture antigen-specific high affinity B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serine protease cascades regulate important insect immune responses, including melanization and Toll pathway activation. In the context of melanization, central components of these cascades are clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs) including the catalytic, clip domain serine proteases (cSPs) and their non-catalytic homologs (cSPHs). Here, we define partially the structural hierarchy of An. gambiae cSPs of the CLIPB family, central players in melanization, and characterize their relative contributions to bacterial melanization and to mosquito susceptibility to bacterial infections. Using in vivo genetic analysis we show that the protease cascade branches downstream of the cSPs CLIPB4 and CLIPB17 into two branches one converging on CLIPB10 and the second on CLIPB8. We also show that the contribution of key cSPHs to melanization in vivo in response to diverse microbial challenges is more significant than any of the individual cSPs, possibly due to partial functional redundancy among the latter. Interestingly, we show that the key cSPH CLIPA8 which is essential for the efficient activation cleavage of CLIPBs in vivo is efficiently cleaved itself by several CLIPBs in vitro, suggesting that cSPs and cSPHs regulate signal amplification and propagation in melanization cascades by providing positive reinforcement upstream and downstream of each other.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saab, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morejon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insight into the structural hierarchy of the protease cascade that regulates the mosquito melanization response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate how eukaryotic sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) search for gene targets on chromatin, we used multi-color smFRET and single-particle imaging to track the diffusion of purified GAGA-Associated Factor (GAF) on DNA and nucleosomes. Monomeric GAF DNA-binding domain (DBD) bearing one zinc finger finds its cognate site by 1D or 3D diffusion on bare DNA and rapidly slides back-and-forth between naturally clustered motifs for seconds before escape. Multimeric, full-length GAF also finds clustered motifs on DNA by 1D-3D diffusion, but remains locked on target for longer periods. Nucleosome architecture effectively blocks GAF-DBD 1D-sliding into the histone core but favors retention of GAF-DBD when targeting solvent-exposed sites by 3D-diffusion. Despite the occlusive power of nucleosomes, 1D-3D facilitated diffusion enables GAF to effectively search for clustered cognate motifs in chromatin, providing a mechanism for navigation to nucleosome and nucleosome-free sites by a member of the largest TF family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive death of mature neurons often results in neurodegenerative diseases. While the previous studies have mostly focused on identifying intrinsic mechanisms controlling neuronal survival, the extracellular environment also plays a critical role in regulating cell viability. Here we explore how intercellular communication contributes to the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following the optic nerve crush (ONC). Although the direct effect of the ONC is restricted to the RGCs, we observed transcriptomic responses in other retinal cells to the injury based on the single-cell RNA-seq, with astrocytes and Muller glia having the most interactions with RGCs. By comparing the RGC subclasses with distinct resilience to ONC-induced cell death, we found that the high-survival RGCs tend to have more ligand-receptor interactions with other retinal cells, suggesting that these RGCs are intrinsically programmed to foster more communication with their surroundings. Furthermore, we identified the top 47 interactions that are stronger in the high-survival RGCs, likely representing neuroprotective interactions. We performed functional assays on one of the receptors, -opioid receptor (Oprm1), a receptor known to play roles in regulating pain, reward, and addictive behavior. Although Oprm1 is preferentially expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), its neuroprotective effect could be transferred to multiple RGC subclasses by selectively overexpressing Oprm1 in pan-RGCs in ONC, excitotoxicity, and glaucoma models. Lastly, manipulating Oprm1 activity improved visual functions or altered pupillary light response in mice. Our study provides an atlas of cell-cell interactions in intact and post-ONC retina, and a strategy to predict molecular mechanisms controlling neuroprotection, underlying the principal role played by extracellular environment in supporting neuron survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain aromatase dynamics reflect parental experience and behaviour in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most mammals, paternal care is not mandatory for raising offspring. In house mice, experience with pups governs the extent and quality of paternal care. First-time fathers undergo a dramatic transition from ignoring or killing pups to caring for pups. The behavioral shift occurs together with changes in brain estrogen signaling as indicated by changes in estrogen receptor presence and distribution in multiple areas regulating olfaction, emotion, and motivation. Here, we report changes in the expression of aromatase, the enzyme converting testosterone into estrogen, as an indirect measure of estrogen synthesis. The amount of paternal experience (5 or 27 days) was associated with increased numbers of immunocytochemically-identified aromatase expressing cells in the medial and cortical amygdala, posterior piriform cortex, and ventromedial hypothalamus. Functionally, these changes can be related to the disappearance of aggression or neglect towards pups when first-time fathers or, even more, well-experienced fathers are handling their own pups. In the lateral septum, the anterior piriform cortex and to some extent in the medial preoptic area, parental experience increased the number of aromatase-positive cells only in fathers with 27 days of experience, and only in the right hemisphere. This is a new case of brain-functional lateralization due to experience that has activated certain instinctive behavior. Nuclei/areas associated with maternal care (medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens) exhibited a left-hemisphere advantage in aromatase expressing cells, both in pup-naive and pup-experienced males. This newly found lateralization may contribute to the left-hemisphere dominant processing and perception of pup calls to release parental behavior. In general, the experience-dependent changes in aromatase expression we observed in most brain areas did not mirror the previously reported changes in estrogen receptors (ER) when pup-naive males became pup-caring fathers. Hence, paternal behavior may depend in a brain area-specific way on the differential action of estrogen through its receptors and/or direct local modulation of neural processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Guterman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skandalis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissler, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain aromatase dynamics reflect parental experience and behaviour in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial IMIX: A Mixture Model Approach to Spatially Correlated Multi-Omics Data Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial high-throughput omics data allow scientists to study gene activity in a tissue sample and map where it occurs at the same time. This enables the possibility to investigate important early cancer-initiating events occur in normal-appearing tissue and gene activities that progress and carry through tumor tissue, as defined by "field effect." The "field effect" genes are differentially expressed or methylated genes in the spatially resolved high-dimensional datasets with respect to the pathology subtype in each geographical sample across the tissue region. Current statistical methods for spatially resolved genomics data focus on the association of omics data with spatial coordinates without being able to incorporate and test for the association with the sample subtypes. In addition, analytical methods are underdeveloped for spatially resolved multi-omics data integration. We propose a novel statistical frame-work  spatial IMIX to integratively analyze spatially resolved high-dimensional multi-omics data associated with a specific trait, such as sample subtypes while modeling the spatial correlations between samples and the inter-data-type correlations between omics data simultaneously. Through extensive simulations, spatial IMIX demonstrated well-controlled type I error, great power by relaxing the independence assumptions between data types, model selection features, and the ability to control FDR across data types. Data applications to a geographically annotated tissue area of bladder cancer discovered cancer-initiating gene activities and revealed interesting fundamental biological mechanisms through path-way analysis. We have implemented our method in R package  spatialimix available at https://github.com/ziqiaow/spatialimix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czerniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial IMIX: A Mixture Model Approach to Spatially Correlated Multi-Omics Data Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual protein encodings from equivariant graph transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimal residue identity at each position in a protein is determined by its structural, evolutionary, and functional context. We seek to learn the representation space of the optimal amino-acid residue in different structural contexts in proteins. Inspired by masked language modeling (MLM), our training aims to transduce learning of amino-acid labels from non-masked residues to masked residues in their structural environments and from general (e.g., a residue in a protein) to specific contexts (e.g., a residue at the interface of a protein or antibody complex). Our results on native sequence recovery and forward folding with AlphaFold2 suggest that the amino acid label for a protein residue may be determined from its structural context alone (i.e., without knowledge of the sequence labels of surrounding residues). We further find that the sequence space sampled from our masked models recapitulate the evolutionary sequence neighborhood of the wildtype sequence. Remarkably, the sequences conditioned on highly plastic structures recapitulate the conformational flexibility encoded in the structures. Furthermore, maximum-likelihood interfaces designed with masked models recapitulate wildtype binding energies for a wide range of protein interfaces and binding strengths. We also propose and compare fine-tuning strategies to train models for designing CDR loops of antibodies in the structural context of the antibody-antigen interface by leveraging structural databases for proteins, antibodies (synthetic and experimental) and protein-protein complexes. We show that pretraining on more general contexts improves native sequence recovery for antibody CDR loops, especially for the hypervariable CDR H3, while fine-tuning helps to preserve patterns observed in special contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffolo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual protein encodings from equivariant graph transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.548274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing dysregulations via cell-cell communications in Alzheimer's brains using single-cell transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.548274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 44 million people worldwide, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and significant impairment in daily functioning. The recent single-cell sequencing technology has revolutionized genetic and genomic resolution by enabling scientists to explore the diversity of gene expression patterns at the finest resolution. Here, we leveraged the large-scale and publicly available single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) from 23 AD samples and 13 controls to investigate cell-to-cell communication (C2C) in healthy brains and their perturbations in AD. Specifically, we first performed broad communication pattern analyses and discovered the inter-mixing of cell types and signaling pathways in AD brains. Secondly, we performed cell-type- centric analysis and found that excitatory neurons in AD have significantly increased their communications to inhibitory neurons, while inhibitory neurons and other supporting cells globally decreased theirs to all cells. Then, we delved deeper with a signaling-centric view, showing that canonical signaling pathways CSF, TGF{beta}, and CX3C are significantly dysregulated in their signaling to the cell type microglia/PVM and WNT pathway is dysregulated in its signaling from endothelial to neuronal cells in AD. Finally, after extracting 23 known AD risk genes, our intracellular communication analysis revealed a strong connection of extracellular ligand genes APP, APOE, and PSEN1 to intracellular AD risk genes TREM2, ABCA1, and APP in the communication from astrocytes and microglia to neurons. In summary, with the novel advances in single-cell sequencing technologies, we show that cellular signaling is regulated in a cell-type- specific manner and that improper regulation of extracellular signaling genes is linked to intracellular risk genes, connecting signaling to genetic differences manifested in AD.

Author SummaryAlzheimers is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 44 million people worldwide, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and significant impairment in daily functioning. The complex interplay of signaling genes suggests cells act in concert with other cells through cell-to-cell communication. Utilizing the recent advances in single-cell sequencing, we investigated dysregulated ligand-receptor gene pairs in the disease at the cell-type resolution. Specifically, our broad communication pattern analyses revealed the inter-mixing of cell types and signaling pathways in AD brains. Our cell-type-centric analysis found that excitatory neurons in AD have significantly increased their communications with inhibitory neurons, while inhibitory neurons and other supporting cells globally decreased theirs to all cells. With a signaling-centric view, we show that CSF, TGF{beta}, and CX3C pathways are significantly dysregulated in their signaling to the cell type microglia/PVM while the WNT pathway is dysregulated in its signaling from endothelial to neuronal cells in AD. Finally, our intracellular communication analysis revealed a strong connection of extracellular ligand genes APP, APOE, and PSEN1 to intracellular AD risk genes TREM2, ABCA1, and APP in the communication from astrocytes and microglia to neurons. In summary, performing a cell-to-cell communication analysis better explains the genetic differences manifested in Alzheimers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momtaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.548274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing dysregulations via cell-cell communications in Alzheimer's brains using single-cell transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-loop landscapes in the developing human brain are linked to neural differentiation and cell-type specific transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we construct genome-scale maps for R-loops, three-stranded nucleic acid structures comprised of a DNA/RNA hybrid and a displaced single strand of DNA, in the proliferative and differentiated zones of the human prenatal brain. We show that R-loops are abundant in the progenitor-rich germinal matrix, with preferential formation at promoters slated for upregulated expression at later stages of differentiation, including numerous neurodevelopmental risk genes. RNase H1-mediated contraction of the genomic R-loop space in neural progenitors shifted differentiation toward the neuronal lineage and was associated with transcriptomic alterations and defective functional and structural neuronal connectivity in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, R- loops are important for fine-tuning differentiation-sensitive gene expression programs of neural progenitor cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMarca, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza-Jennings, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javidfar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeso-Gil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethridge, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankova, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-loop landscapes in the developing human brain are linked to neural differentiation and cell-type specific transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HCM-Linked Mutation Arg92Leu in TNNT2 Allosterically Alters the cTnC-cTnI Interface and Disrupts the PKA-mediated Regulation of Myofilament Relaxation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImpaired left ventricular relaxation, high filling pressures, and dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis are common findings contributing to diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Studies have shown that impaired relaxation is an early observation in the sarcomere-gene-positive preclinical HCM cohort which suggests potential involvement of myofilament regulators of relaxation. Yet, a molecular level understanding of mechanism(s) at the level of the myofilament is lacking. We hypothesized that mutation-specific, allosterically mediated, changes to the cardiac troponin C-cardiac troponin I (cTnC-cTnI) interface can account for the development of early-onset diastolic dysfunction via decreased PKA accessibility to cTnI.

MethodsHCM mutations R92L-cTnT (Arg92Leu) and {Delta}160E-cTnT (Glu160 deletion) were studied in vivo, in vitro, and in silico via 2D echocardiography, western blotting, ex vivo hemodynamics, stopped-flow kinetics, time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), and molecular dynamics simulations.

ResultsThe HCM-causative mutations R92L-cTnT and {Delta}160E-cTnT result in different time-of-onset of diastolic dysfunction. R92L-cTnT demonstrated early-onset diastolic dysfunction accompanied by a localized decrease in phosphorylation of cTnI. Constitutive phosphorylation of cTnI (cTnI-D23D24) was sufficient to recover diastolic function to Non-Tg levels only for R92L-cTnT. Mutation-specific changes in Ca2+ dissociation rates associated with R92L-cTnT reconstituted with cTnI-D23D24 led us to investigate potential involvement of structural changes in the cTnC-cTnI interface as an explanation for these observations. We probed the interface via TR-FRET revealing a repositioning of the N-terminus of cTnI, closer to cTnC, and concomitant decreases in distance distributions at sites flanking the PKA consensus sequence. Implementing TR-FRET distances as constraints into our atomistic model identified additional electrostatic interactions at the consensus sequence.

ConclusionThese data indicate that the early diastolic dysfunction observed in a subset of HCM is likely attributable to structural changes at the cTnC-cTnI interface that impair accessibility of PKA thereby blunting {beta}-adrenergic responsiveness and identifying a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klass, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardiff, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HCM-Linked Mutation Arg92Leu in TNNT2 Allosterically Alters the cTnC-cTnI Interface and Disrupts the PKA-mediated Regulation of Myofilament Relaxation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain helps us survive by forming internal representations of the external world1,2. Excitatory cortical neurons are often precisely tuned to specific external stimuli3,4. However, inhibitory neurons, such as parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons, are generally less selective5. PV interneurons differ from excitatory cells in their neurotransmitter receptor subtypes, including AMPA receptors6,7. While excitatory neurons express calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors containing the GluA2 subunit, PV interneurons express receptors that lack the GluA2 subunit and are calcium-permeable (CP-AMPARs). Here we demonstrate a causal relationship between CP-AMPAR expression and the low feature selectivity of PV interneurons. We find a low expression stoichiometry of GluA2 mRNA relative to other subunits in PV interneurons which is conserved across ferrets, rodents, marmosets, and humans, causing abundant CP-AMPAR expression. Replacing CP-AMPARs in PV interneurons with calcium-impermeable AMPARs increased their orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. Sparse CP-AMPAR manipulations demonstrated that this increase was cell-autonomous and could occur well beyond development. Interestingly, excitatory-PV interneuron connectivity rates and unitary synaptic strength were unaltered by CP-AMPAR removal, suggesting that the selectivity of PV interneurons can be altered without drastically changing connectivity. In GluA2 knockout mice, where all AMPARs are calcium-permeable, excitatory neurons showed significantly reduced orientation selectivity, suggesting that CP-AMPARs are sufficient to drive lower selectivity regardless of cell type. Remarkably, hippocampal PV interneurons, which usually exhibit low spatial tuning, became more spatially selective after removing CP-AMPARs, indicating that CP-AMPARs suppress the feature selectivity of PV interneurons independent of modality. These results reveal a novel role of CP-AMPARs in maintaining a low-selectivity sensory representation in PV interneurons and suggest a conserved molecular mechanism that distinguishes the unique synaptic computations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainmueller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cholvin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons are thought to be ultrathin membrane cables of a relatively uniform diameter, designed to conduct electrical signals, or action potentials. Here, we demonstrate that unmyelinated axons are not simple cylindrical tubes. Rather, axons have nanoscopic boutons repeatedly along their length interspersed with a thin cable with a diameter of [~]60 nm like pearls-on-a-string. These boutons are only [~]200 nm in diameter and do not have synaptic contacts or a cluster of synaptic vesicles, hence non-synaptic. Our in silico modeling suggests that axon pearling can be explained by the mechanical properties of the membrane including the bending modulus and tension. Consistent with modeling predictions, treatments that disrupt these parameters like hyper- or hypo-tonic solutions, cholesterol removal, and non-muscle myosin II inhibition all alter the degree of axon pearling, suggesting that axon morphology is indeed determined by the membrane mechanics. Intriguingly, neuronal activity modulates the cholesterol level of plasma membrane, leading to shrinkage of axon pearls. Consequently, the conduction velocity of action potentials becomes slower. These data reveal that biophysical forces dictate axon morphology and function and that modulation of membrane mechanics likely underlies plasticity of unmyelinated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griswold, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Quintana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chereau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagerl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting pioneer transcription factor Ascl1 to promote optic nerve regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) neurons, axon regeneration after injury remains limited due to unfavorable gene regulatory programs. Factors enabling comprehensive epigenetic and transcriptional transitions, for instance, pivotal transcription factors that mediate neurogenesis and morphogenesis may be sufficient to promote CNS axon regeneration. Based on the analyses of multiple public whole-genome RNA and chromatin accessibility sequencing dataset of mouse retina development, as well as previous functional studies on the regeneration-capable dorsal root ganglion neurons, we hypothesize that the overexpression of pioneer transcription factor Achaete-Scute homolog 1 (Ascl1) would promote axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS neurons. We employed the optic nerve crush in mice, a common model for studying CNS axon regeneration, neuron survival and glaucoma, to investigate the effect of Ascl1 overexpression on the post-injury optic nerve regeneration. We found that Ascl1 could sufficiently promote regenerated axons past the crush site and significantly preserve the survival of retinal ganglion cells. Mechanistically, we revealed that effects of Ascl1 was mediated by known pro-regeneration factor Sox11 but not others. Together, our study established an effective workflow combined with the integrated computational inference and experimental validation for discovering functionally important target for promoting CNS neuron axon regeneration and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting pioneer transcription factor Ascl1 to promote optic nerve regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exuberant de novo dendritic spine growth in mature neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are structural correlates of excitatory synapses maintaining stable synaptic communications. However, this strong spine-synapse relationship was mainly characterized in excitatory pyramidal neurons (PyNs), raising a possibility that inferring synaptic density from dendritic spine number may not be universally applied to all neuronal types. Here we found that the ectopic expression of H-Ras increased dendritic spine numbers regardless of cortical cell types such as layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (PyNs), parvalbumin (PV)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive interneurons (INs) in the primary motor cortex (M1). The probability of detecting dendritic spines was positively correlated with the magnitude of H-Ras activity, suggesting elevated local H-Ras activity is involved in the process of dendritic spine formation. H-Ras overexpression caused high spine turnover rate via adding more spines rather than eliminating them. Two-photon photolysis of glutamate triggered de novo dendritic spine formation in mature neurons, suggesting H-Ras induced spine formation is not restricted to the early development. In PyNs and PV-INs, but not VIP-INs, we observed a shift in average spine neck length towards longer filopodia-like phenotypes. The portion of dendritic spines lacking key excitatory synaptic proteins were significantly increased in H-Ras transfected neurons, suggesting that these increased spines have other distinct functions. High spine density caused by H-Ras did not result in change in the frequency or the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Thus, our results propose that dendritic spines possess more multifaceted functions beyond the morphological proxy of excitatory synapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruessel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exuberant de novo dendritic spine growth in mature neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the effect of antibody responses on viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected infant Rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWhile the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in perinatally infected infants are well documented, early ART initiation is not always possible in postnatal pediatric HIV infections, which account for the majority of pediatric HIV cases worldwide. The timing of onset of ART initiation is likely to affect the size of the latent viral reservoir established, as well as the development of adaptive immune responses, such as the generation of neutralizing antibody responses against the virus. How these parameters impact the ability of infants to control viremia and the time to viral rebound after ART interruption is unclear. To gain insight into the dynamics, we utilized mathematical models to investigate the effect of time of ART initiation via latent reservoir size and autologous virus neutralizing antibody responses in delaying viral rebound when treatment is interrupted. We used an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model that mimics breast milk HIV transmission in human infants. Infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) were orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT and either given ART at 4-7 days post-infection (early ART condition), at 2 weeks post-infection (intermediate ART condition), or at 8 weeks post-infection (late ART condition). These infants were then monitored for up to 60 months post-infection with serial viral load and immune measurements. We develop a stochastic mathematical model to investigate the joint effect of latent reservoir size, the autologous neutralizing antibody potency, and CD4+ T cell levels on the time to viral rebound and control of post-rebound viral loads. We find that the latent reservoir size is an important determinant in explaining time to viral rebound by affecting the growth rate of the virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies also can delay rebound, but we find this effect for high potency antibody responses only.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mainou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendam, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obregon-Perko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uffman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahroudi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silicano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.550159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the effect of antibody responses on viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected infant Rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 30% of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)s exhibit a marked overexpression of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) offering a unique opportunity for therapy. However, biochemical inhibitors of MCT1 have proven unsuccessful in clinical trials. In this study we present an alternative approach using 3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) to target MCT1 overexpressing PDACs. 3BP is a cytotoxic agent that is known to be transported into cells via MCT1, but its clinical usefulness has been hampered by difficulties in delivering the drug systemically. We describe here a novel microencapsulated formulation of 3BP (ME3BP-7), that is effective against a variety of PDAC cells in vitro and remains stable in serum. Furthermore, systemically administered ME3BP-7 significantly reduces pancreatic cancer growth and metastatic spread in multiple orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer with manageable toxicity. ME3BP-7 is, therefore, a prototype of a promising new drug, in which the targeting moiety and the cytotoxic moiety are both contained within the same single small molecule.

One Sentence SummaryME3BP-7 is a novel formulation of 3BP that resists serum degradation and rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of MCT1 with tolerable toxicity in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rincon-Torroella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Molin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.550207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial cannabinoid receptor type1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. Nonetheless, until now, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has been unexplored. Here, we report that adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in the mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of microglial Cnr1 to produce the adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouroukhin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyahara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial cannabinoid receptor type1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Assembly Modulation: A New Approach to ALS Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology, most commonly manifest as loss of motor neurons. We introduce a new mechanism of ALS pathogenesis via a novel drug-like small molecule series that targets protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) within a previously unappreciated transient and energy-dependent multi-protein complex. This novel drug was found to have activity in cellular models for both familial and sporadic ALS, as well as in transgenic worms, flies, and mice bearing a diversity of human genes with ALS-associated mutations. These compounds were initially identified as modulators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid assembly in cell-free protein synthesis and assembly (CFPSA) systems, with demonstrated antiviral activity in cell culture. Their advancement as ALS-therapeutics, and the subsequent separation of activity against HIV and ALS in chemical subseries through structure-activity-relationship optimization, may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms governing pathophysiology of disordered homeostasis relevant to ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulvannan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYarman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassy, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuirk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuller-Schiffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asundi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staats, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichida, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvarajah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Assembly Modulation: A New Approach to ALS Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSNAP: A fast, accurate algorithm for 3D cell segmentation in quantitative phase imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has rapidly emerged as a complementary tool to fluorescence imaging, as it provides an objective measure of cell morphology and dynamics, free of variability due to contrast agents. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging of live cells has opened up new directions of investigation by providing systematic and correlative analysis of various cellular parameters without limitations of photobleaching and phototoxicity. While current QPI systems allow the rapid acquisition of tomographic images, the pipeline to analyze these raw 3D tomograms is not well-developed. This work focuses on a critical, yet often underappreciated, step of the analysis pipeline, that of 3D cell segmentation from the acquired tomograms. The current method employed for such tasks is the Otsu-based 3D watershed algorithm, which works well for isolated cells; however, it is very challenging to draw boundaries when the cells are clumped. This process is also memory intensive since the processing requires computation on a 3D stack of images. We report the CellSNAP (Cell Segmentation via Novel Algorithm for Phase Imaging) algorithm for the segmentation of QPI images, which outstrips the current gold standard in terms of speed, robustness, and implementation, achieving cell segmentation under 2 seconds per cell on a single-core processor. The implementation of CellSNAP can easily be parallelized on a multi-core system for further speed improvements. For the cases where segmentation is possible with the existing standard method, our algorithm displays an average difference of 5% for dry mass and 8% for volume measurements. We also show that CellSNAP can handle challenging image datasets where cells are clumped and marred by interferogram drifts, which pose major difficulties for all QPI-focused segmentation tools. We envision our work will lead to the broader adoption of QPI imaging for high-throughput analysis, which has, in part, been stymied by a lack of suitable image segmentation tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSNAP: A fast, accurate algorithm for 3D cell segmentation in quantitative phase imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympathetic NPY controls glucose homeostasis, cold tolerance, and cardiovascular functions in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is best known for its effects in the brain as an orexigenic and anxiolytic agent and in reducing energy expenditure. NPY is also co-expressed with Norepinephrine (NE) in sympathetic neurons. Although NPY is generally considered to modulate noradrenergic responses, its specific roles in autonomic physiology remain under-appreciated. Here, we show that sympathetic-derived NPY is essential for metabolic and cardiovascular regulation in mice. NPY and NE are co-expressed in 90% of prevertebral sympathetic neurons and only 43% of paravertebral neurons. NPY-expressing neurons primarily innervate blood vessels in peripheral organs. Sympathetic-specific deletion of NPY elicits pronounced metabolic and cardiovascular defects in mice, including reductions in insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, cold tolerance, pupil size, and an elevation in heart rate, while notably, however, basal blood pressure was unchanged. These findings provide new knowledge about target tissue-specific functions of NPY derived from sympathetic neurons and imply its potential involvement in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascalau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajpayi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quansah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympathetic NPY controls glucose homeostasis, cold tolerance, and cardiovascular functions in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyamine transport inhibition and cisplatin synergistically enhance tumor control through oxidative stress in murine head and neck cancer models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSurgery and/or platinum-based chemoradiation remain standard of care for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While these therapies are effective in a subset of patients, a substantial proportion experience recurrence or treatment resistance. As cisplatin mediates cytotoxicity through oxidative stress while polyamines play a role in redox regulation, we posited that combining cisplatin with polyamine transport inhibitor, AMXT-1501, would increase oxidative stress and tumor cell death in HNSCC cells.

MethodsCell proliferation was measured in syngeneic mouse HNSCC cell lines treated with cisplatin {+/-} AMXT-1501. Synergy was determined by administering cisplatin and AMXT-1501 at a ratio of 1:10 to cancer cells in vitro. Cancer cells were transferred onto mouse flanks to test the efficacy of treatments in vivo. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Cellular apoptosis was measured with flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI staining. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify polyamines in cell lines. Cell viability and ROS were measured in the presence of exogenous cationic amino acids.

ResultsThe combination of cisplatin and AMXT-1501 synergize in vitro on HNSCC cell lines. In vivo combination treatment resulted in tumor growth inhibition greater than either treatment individually. The combination treatment increased ROS production and induced apoptotic cell death. HPLC revealed the synergistic mechanism was independent of intracellular polyamine levels. Supplementation of cationic amino acids partially rescued cancer cell viability and reduced ROS.

ConclusionAMXT-1501 enhances the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo in aggressive HNSCC cell lines through a polyamine-independent mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yassin-Kassab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Stewart, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casero, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbison, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvvuri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyamine transport inhibition and cisplatin synergistically enhance tumor control through oxidative stress in murine head and neck cancer models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma proteomic profiles associated with subclinical somatic mutations in blood cells may offer novel insights into downstream clinical consequences. Here, we explore such patterns in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to several cancer and non-cancer outcomes, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Among 61,833 ancestrally diverse participants (3,881 with CHIP) from NHLBI TOPMed and UK Biobank with blood-based DNA sequencing and proteomic measurements (1,148 proteins by SomaScan in TOPMed and 2,917 proteins by Olink in UK Biobank), we identified 32 and 345 unique proteins from TOPMed and UK Biobank, respectively, associated with the most prevalent driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1). These associations showed substantial heterogeneity by driver genes, sex, and race, and were enriched for immune response and inflammation pathways. Mendelian randomization in humans, coupled with ELISA in hematopoietic Tet2-/- vs wild-type mice validation, disentangled causal proteomic perturbations from TET2 CHIP. Lastly, we identified plasma proteins shared between CHIP and CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vromman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. Q. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellarikkal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niroula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honigberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidermota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornsby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic assessment of long-read RNA-seq methods for transcript identification and quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe Long-read RNA-Seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project (LRGASP) Consortium was formed to evaluate the effectiveness of long-read approaches for transcriptome analysis. The consortium generated over 427 million long-read sequences from cDNA and direct RNA datasets, encompassing human, mouse, and manatee species, using different protocols and sequencing platforms. These data were utilized by developers to address challenges in transcript isoform detection and quantification, as well as de novo transcript isoform identification. The study revealed that libraries with longer, more accurate sequences produce more accurate transcripts than those with increased read depth, whereas greater read depth improved quantification accuracy. In well-annotated genomes, tools based on reference sequences demonstrated the best performance. When aiming to detect rare and novel transcripts or when using reference-free approaches, incorporating additional orthogonal data and replicate samples are advised. This collaborative study offers a benchmark for current practices and provides direction for future method development in transcriptome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Palacios, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonell-Sala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, D. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prjibelski, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birol, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafezqorani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herwig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lienhard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nip, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic assessment of long-read RNA-seq methods for transcript identification and quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Effects of Low-Dose Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both tissue-resident macrophages and monocytes recruited from the bone marrow that transform into tissue-resident cells play critical roles in mediating homeostasis as well as in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the most common drinking water contaminant worldwide and represents a major public health concern. Several diseases that macrophages have implicated involvement in are caused by iAs exposure, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and increased risk of infectious disease. Therefore, understanding the effects of iAs exposure on macrophages can help us better grasp the full range of arsenic immunotoxicity and better design therapeutic targets for iAs-induced diseases particularly in exposed populations. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of low dose iAs-exposed male and female murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with either M0, M1, or M2 stimulation. We identified differentially expressed genes by iAs in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner and used bioinformatics tools to predict protein-protein interactions, transcriptional regulatory networks, and associated biological processes. Overall, our data suggest that M1-stimulated, especially female-derived, BMDMs are most susceptible to iAs exposure. Most notably, we observed significant downregulation of major proinflammatory transcription factors, like IRF8, and its downstream targets, as well as genes encoding proteins involved in pattern recognition and antigen presentation, such as TLR7, TLR8, and H2-D1, potentially providing causal insight regarding arsenics role in perturbing immune responses to infectious diseases. We also observed significant downregulation of genes involved in processes crucial to coordinating a proinflammatory response including leukocyte migration, differentiation, and cytokine and chemokine production and response. Finally, we discovered that 24 X-linked genes were dysregulated in iAs-exposed female stimulation groups compared to only 3 across the iAs-exposed male stimulation groups. These findings elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the sex-differential iAs-associated immune-related disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illingworth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maertens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sille, F. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Effects of Low-Dose Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAVE: Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in Electron Microscopy, image segmentation and computational infrastructure have given rise to large-scale and richly annotated connectomic datasets which are increasingly shared across communities. To enable collaboration, users need to be able to concurrently create new annotations and correct errors in the automated segmentation by proofreading. In large datasets, every proofreading edit relabels cell identities of millions of voxels and thousands of annotations like synapses. For analysis, users require immediate and reproducible access to this constantly changing and expanding data landscape. Here, we present the Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine (CAVE), a computational infrastructure for immediate and reproducible connectome analysis in up-to petascale datasets ([~]1mm3) while proofreading and annotating is ongoing. For segmentation, CAVE provides a distributed proofreading infrastructure for continuous versioning of large reconstructions. Annotations in CAVE are defined by locations such that they can be quickly assigned to the underlying segment which enables fast analysis queries of CAVEs data for arbitrary time points. CAVE supports schematized, extensible annotations, so that researchers can readily design novel annotation types. CAVE is already used for many connectomics datasets, including the largest datasets available to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitin-Shephard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAVE: Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of polarized membrane ion carriers and extracellular electrical/pH gradients on cell ionic homeostasis and locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anisotropic environmental signals or polarized membrane ion/solute carriers can generate spatially-varying intracellular gradients, leading to polarized cell dynamics. For example, directional migration of neutrophils, galvanotaxis of glioblastoma, and water flux in kidney cells, all result from the polarized distribution of membrane ion carriers and other intracellular components. The underlying physical mechanisms behind how polarized ion carriers interact with environmental signals are not well studied. Here, we use a physiologically-relevant, physics-based mathematical model to reveal how ion carriers generate intracellular ionic and voltage gradients. The model is able to discern the contribution of individual ion carriers to the intracellular pH gradient, electric potential, and water flux. We discover that an extracellular pH gradient leads to an intracellular pH gradient via chloride-bicarbonate exchangers, whereas an extracellular electric field leads to an intracellular electric potential gradient via passive potassium channels. In addition, the mechanical-biochemical coupling can modulate actin distribution and flow, and create biphasic dependence of the cell speed on water flux. Moreover, we find that F-actin interaction with NHE alone can generate cell movement, even when other ion carriers are not polarized. Taken together, the model shows the importance of cell ion dynamics in modulating cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of polarized membrane ion carriers and extracellular electrical/pH gradients on cell ionic homeostasis and locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splam: a deep-learning-based splice site predictor that improves spliced alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of splicing messenger RNA to remove introns plays a central role in creating genes and gene variants. Here we describe Splam, a novel method for predicting splice junctions in DNA based on deep residual convolutional neural networks. Unlike some previous models, Splam looks at a relatively limited window of 400 base pairs flanking each splice site, motivated by the observation that the biological process of splicing relies primarily on signals within this window. Additionally, Splam introduces the idea of training the network on donor and acceptor pairs together, based on the principal that the splicing machinery recognizes both ends of each intron at once. We compare Splams accuracy to recent state-of-the-art splice site prediction methods, particularly SpliceAI, another method that uses deep neural networks. Our results show that Splam is consistently more accurate than SpliceAI, with an overall accuracy of 96% at predicting human splice junctions. Splam generalizes even to non- human species, including distant ones like the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we demonstrate the use of Splam on a novel application: processing the spliced alignments of RNA-seq data in order to identify and eliminate errors. We show that when used in this manner, Splam yields substantial improvements in the accuracy of downstream transcriptome analysis on both poly(A) and ribo-depleted RNA-seq libraries. Overall, Splam offers a faster and more accurate approach to detecting splice junctions, while also providing a reliable and efficient solution for cleaning up erroneous spliced alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splam: a deep-learning-based splice site predictor that improves spliced alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechano-induced homotypic patterned domain formation by monocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matrix stiffness and corresponding mechano-signaling play indispensable roles in cellular phenotypes and functions. How tissue stiffness influences the behavior of monocytes, a major circulating leukocyte of the innate system, and how it may promote the emergence of collective cell behavior is less understood. Here, using tunable collagen-coated hydrogels of physiological stiffness, we show that human primary monocytes undergo a dynamic local phase separation to form highly patterned multicellular multi-layered domains on soft matrix. Local activation of the {beta}2 integrin initiates inter-cellular adhesion, while global soluble inhibitory factors maintain the steady-state domain pattern over days. Patterned domain formation generated by monocytes is unique among other key immune cells, including macrophages, B cells, T cells, and NK cells. While inhibiting their phagocytic capability, domain formation promotes monocytes survival. We develop a computational model based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation, which includes combined local activation and global inhibition mechanisms of intercellular adhesion suggested by our experiments, and provides experimentally validated predictions of the role of seeding density and both chemotactic and random cell migration on pattern formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechano-induced homotypic patterned domain formation by monocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome assembly of a hybrid Trypanosoma cruzi strain assembled with nanopore sequencing alone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, which causes 10,000 deaths per year. Despite the high mortality caused by the pathogen, relatively few parasite genomes have been assembled to date; even some commonly used laboratory strains do not have publicly available genome assemblies. This is at least partially due to T. cruzis highly complex and highly repetitive genome: while describing the variation in genome content and structure is critical to better understanding T. cruzi biology and the mechanisms that underlie Chagas disease, the complexity of the genome defies investigation using traditional short read sequencing methods. Here, we have generated a high-quality whole genome assembly of the hybrid Tulahuen strain, a commercially available Type VI strain, using long read Nanopore sequencing without short read scaffolding. Using automated tools and manual curation for annotation, we report a genome with 25% repeat regions, 17% variable multigene family members, and 27% transposable elements. Notably, we find that regions with transposable elements are significantly enriched for surface proteins, and that on average surface proteins are closer to transposable elements compared to other coding regions. This finding supports a possible mechanism for diversification of surface proteins in which mobile genetic elements such as transposons facilitate recombination within the gene family. This work demonstrates the feasibility of nanopore sequencing to resolve complex regions of T. cruzi genomes, and with these resolved regions, provides support for a possible mechanism for genomic diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnizo, S. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machaca, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome assembly of a hybrid Trypanosoma cruzi strain assembled with nanopore sequencing alone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced microglial dynamics and paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contributes to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer 's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymptomatic Alzheimers disease (AsymAD) describes the status of subjects with preserved cognition but with identifiable Alzheimers disease (AD) brain pathology (i.e. A{beta}-amyloid deposits, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles) at autopsy. In this study, we investigated the postmortem brains of a cohort of AsymAD cases to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of resilience to AD pathology and cognitive decline. Our results showed that AsymAD cases exhibit an enrichment of core plaques and decreased filamentous plaque accumulation, as well as an increase in microglia surrounding this last type. In AsymAD cases we found less pathological tau aggregation in dystrophic neurites compared to AD and tau seeding activity comparable to healthy control subjects. We used spatial transcriptomics to further characterize the plaque niche and found autophagy, endocytosis, and phagocytosis within the top upregulated pathways in the AsymAD plaque niche, but not in AD. Furthermore, we found ARP2, an actin-based motility protein crucial to initiate the formation of new actin filaments, increased within microglia in the proximity of amyloid plaques in AsymAD. Our findings support that the amyloid-plaque microenvironment in AsymAD cases is characterized by microglia with highly efficient actin-based cell motility mechanisms and decreased tau seeding compared to AD. These two mechanisms can potentially provide protection against the toxic cascade initiated by A{beta} that preserves brain health and slows down the progression of AD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jury-Garfe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding-Ochoa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karahan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasagna-Reeves, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced microglial dynamics and paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contributes to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer 's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Major data analysis errors invalidate cancer microbiome findings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We re-analyzed the data from a recent large-scale study that reported strong correlations between microbial organisms and 33 different cancer types, and that created machine learning predictors with near-perfect accuracy at distinguishing among cancers. We found at least two fundamental flaws in the reported data and in the methods: (1) errors in the genome database and the associated computational methods led to millions of false positive findings of bacterial reads across all samples, largely because most of the sequences identified as bacteria were instead human; and (2) errors in transformation of the raw data created an artificial signature, even for microbes with no reads detected, tagging each tumor type with a distinct signal that the machine learning programs then used to create an apparently accurate classifier. Each of these problems invalidates the results, leading to the conclusion that the microbiome-based classifiers for identifying cancer presented in the study are entirely wrong. These flaws have subsequently affected more than a dozen additional published studies that used the same data and whose results are likely invalid as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gihawi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pertea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.550993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Major data analysis errors invalidate cancer microbiome findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic comparison of computational methods for expression forecasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression forecasting methods use machine learning models to predict how a cell will alter its transcriptome upon perturbation. Such methods are enticing because they promise to answer pressing questions in fields ranging from developmental genetics to cell fate engineering and because they are a fast, cheap, and accessible complement to the corresponding experiments. However, the absolute and relative accuracy of these methods is poorly characterized, limiting their informed use, their improvement, and the interpretation of their predictions. To address these issues, we created a benchmarking platform that combines a panel of 11 large-scale perturbation datasets with an expression forecasting software engine that encompasses or interfaces to a wide variety of methods. We used our platform to systematically assess methods, parameters, and sources of auxiliary data, finding that performance strongly depends on the choice of metric, and especially for simple metrics like mean squared error, it is uncommon for expression forecasting methods to out-perform simple baselines. Our platform will serve as a resource to improve methods and to identify contexts in which expression forecasting can succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kernfeld, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahan, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic comparison of computational methods for expression forecasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine Regulates Antiretroviral Therapy CNS Access Through Pregnane-X Receptor-Mediated Drug Transporter and Metabolizing Enzyme Modulation at the Blood Brain Barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAppropriate interactions between antiretroviral therapies (ART) and drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes at the blood brain barrier (BBB) are critical to ensure adequate dosing of the brain to achieve HIV suppression. These proteins are modulated by demographic and lifestyle factors, including substance use. While understudied, illicit substances share drug transport and metabolism pathways with ART, increasing the potential for adverse drug:drug interactions. This is particularly important when considering the brain as it is relatively undertreated compared to peripheral organs and is vulnerable to substance use-mediated damage.

MethodsWe used an in vitro model of the human BBB to determine the extravasation of three first-line ART drugs, emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir (TFV), and dolutegravir (DTG), in the presence and absence of cocaine, which served as our illicit substance model. The impact of cocaine on BBB integrity and permeability, drug transporters, metabolizing enzymes, and their master transcriptional regulators were evaluated to determine the mechanisms by which substance use impacted ART central nervous system (CNS) availability.

ResultsWe determined that cocaine had a selective impact on ART extravasation, where it increased FTCs ability to cross the BBB while decreasing TFV. DTG concentrations that passed the BBB were below quantifiable limits. Interestingly, the potent neuroinflammatory modulator, lipopolysaccharide, had no effect on ART transport, suggesting a specificity for cocaine. Unexpectedly, cocaine did not breach the BBB, as permeability to albumin and tight junction proteins and adhesion molecules remained unchanged. Rather, cocaine selectively decreased the pregnane-x receptor (PXR), but not constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Consequently, drug transporter expression and activity decreased in endothelial cells of the BBB, including p-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4). Further, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymatic activity increased following cocaine treatment that coincided with decreased expression. Finally, cocaine modulated adenylate kinases are required to facilitate biotransformation of ART prodrugs to their phosphorylated, pharmacologically active counterparts.

ConclusionOur findings indicate that additional considerations are needed in CNS HIV treatment strategies for people who use cocaine, as it may limit ART efficacy through regulation of drug transport and metabolizing pathways at the BBB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knerler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon Ortiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine Regulates Antiretroviral Therapy CNS Access Through Pregnane-X Receptor-Mediated Drug Transporter and Metabolizing Enzyme Modulation at the Blood Brain Barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable protein-protein docking with AlphaFold, Rosetta and replica-exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the recent breakthrough of AlphaFold (AF) in the field of protein sequence-to-structure prediction, modeling protein interfaces and predicting protein complex structures remains challenging, especially when there is a significant conformational change in one or both binding partners. Prior studies have demonstrated that AF-multimer (AFm) can predict accurate protein complexes in only up to 43% of cases.1 In this work, we combine AlphaFold as a structural template generator with a physics-based replica exchange docking algorithm to better sample conformational changes. Using a curated collection of 254 available protein targets with both unbound and bound structures, we first demonstrate that AlphaFold confidence measures (pLDDT) can be repurposed for estimating protein flexibility and docking accuracy for multimers. We incorporate these metrics within our ReplicaDock 2.0 protocol2 to complete a robust in-silico pipeline for accurate protein complex structure prediction. AlphaRED (AlphaFold-initiated Replica Exchange Docking) successfully docks failed AF predictions including 97 failure cases in Docking Benchmark Set 5.5. AlphaRED generates CAPRI acceptable-quality or better predictions for 63% of benchmark targets. Further, on a subset of antigen-antibody targets, which is challenging for AFm (20% success rate), AlphaRED demonstrates a success rate of 43%. This new strategy demonstrates the success possible by integrating deep-learning based architectures trained on evolutionary information with physics-based enhanced sampling. The pipeline is available at github.com/Graylab/AlphaRED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable protein-protein docking with AlphaFold, Rosetta and replica-exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE6 is Required for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTrafficking of GLUcose Transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) from the adipocyte vesicular pool to the cell surface is tightly regulated by insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis in response to changing demands in energy consumption. Previously, endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger 6 (NHE6, gene name SLC9A6) was identified in adipocyte plasma membranes and shown to associate with GLUT4-positive vesicles. However, the functional contribution of NHE6 to GLUT4 trafficking and glucose uptake remained uncharacterized.

MethodsNHE6 was knocked down in 3T3L1 cells either before or after differentiation into adipocytes using lentiviral delivery of shRNA. Uptake of [3H] 2-deoxyglucose into adipocytes was quantified in response to insulin. We used epitope tagged constructs to distinguish between localization of vesicular and surface levels of NHE6 and GLUT4 proteins. Protein and transcript levels of components of the glucose signaling pathway were monitored by qPCR and Western analysis, respectively, in response to NHE6 knockdown and/or treatment with chemical modulators of endosomal pH.

ResultsWe show that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes is severely impaired upon NHE6 depletion. Correspondingly, insulin-stimulated surface expression of GLUT4 at the adipocyte plasma membrane was diminished in NHE6 knockdown cells due to a post-transcriptional decrease in basal GLUT4. Metformin response of GLUT4 was also muted in the absence of NHE6. Further, we demonstrate diminished activation of the GLUT4 translocation pathway in the absence of NHE6 via reduced expression of the insulin receptor and reduced phosphorylation of the downstream effector kinase Akt. Components of GLUT4 storage vesicles, including GLUT4, LRP1 and sortilin were downregulated in NHE6-knockdown adipocytes under basal conditions. Proteostatic control of key components of the insulin signaling pathway (insulin receptor, GLUT4) could be restored by chemical bypass of NHE6 using the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin or the Na+/H+ exchanger mimetic monensin.

ConclusionsThus, NHE6 is critical for proper expression and trafficking of GLUT4. Basal expression of both insulin receptor and GLUT4 in NHE6 knockdown cells could be restored by bafilomycin-inhibition of the H+-ATPase or the H+ ionophore monensin pointing to pH dysregulation as the underlying defect. We suggest that NHE6 is a component of GLUT4 storage vesicles where it regulates proteostasis. These findings establish NHE6 as a novel contributor to glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism with implications for Christianson syndrome patients who carry loss of function mutations in the SLC9A6 gene.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mekile, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makena, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnayak, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Endosomal pH Regulator NHE6 is Required for Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Adipocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient encoding of large antigenic spaces by epitope prioritization with Dolphyn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated a relatively underexplored component of the gut-immune axis by profiling the antibody response to gut phages using Phage Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq). To enhance this approach, we developed Dolphyn, a novel method that uses machine learning to select peptides from protein sets and compresses the proteome through epitope-stitching. Dolphyn improves the fraction of gut phage library peptides bound by antibodies from 10% to 31% in healthy individuals, while also reducing the number of synthesized peptides by 78%. In our study on gut phages, we discovered that the immune system develops antibodies to bacteria-infecting viruses in the human gut, particularly E.coli-infecting Myoviridae. Cost-effective PhIP-Seq libraries designed with Dolphyn enable the assessment of a wider range of proteins in a single experiment, thus facilitating the study of the gut-immune axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebhoff, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kula, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rewers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruczinski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient encoding of large antigenic spaces by epitope prioritization with Dolphyn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around biomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating monocytes infiltrate and coordinate immune responses in various inflamed tissues, such as those surrounding implanted biomaterials, affecting therapeutic, diagnostic, tissue engineering and regenerative applications. Here, we show that immunometabolic cues in the biomaterial microenvironment govern CCR2- and CX3CR1-dependent trafficking of immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes; ultimately, this affects the composition and activation states of macrophage and dendritic cell populations. Furthermore, immunometabolic cues around implants orchestrate the relative composition of proinflammatory, transitory and anti-inflammatory CCR2+, CX3CR1+ and CCR2+CX3CR1+ immune cell populations. Consequently, modifying immunometabolism by glycolytic inhibition drives a pro-regenerative microenvironment in part by myeloid cells around amorphous polylactide implants. In addition to, Arginase 1-expressing myeloid cells, T helper 2 cells and {gamma}{delta}+ T-cells producing IL-4 significantly contribute to shaping the metabolically reprogramed, pro-regenerative microenvironment around crystalline polylactide biomaterials. Taken together, we find that local metabolic states regulate inflammatory processes in the biomaterial microenvironment, with implications for translational medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduka, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitter-Sanchez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makela, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ural, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnert, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeeb, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tundo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiselev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankenson, K. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contag, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around biomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined, yet Separate: cocktails of carriers (not drugs) for α-particle therapy of solid tumors expressing moderate-to-low levels of targetable markers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-particle radionuclide-antibody conjugates are being clinically evaluated against solid cancers expressing moderate levels of the targeted markers, with promising results. These findings are attributed to the high killing power of alpha-particles in spite of the expected decrease in antibody tumor uptake, that reduces tumor absorbed doses. However, when tumor absorbed doses are reduced, addressing the heterogeneities in delivery of alpha-particles within solid tumors (i.e. enabling uniform irradiation patterns) becomes critical: to maintain efficacy, the fewer alpha-particles delivered within tumors need to traverse/hit as many different cancer cells as possible. This proof-of-concept study describes an approach to complement the antibody- targeted radiotherapy by using a separate carrier to deliver a fraction of the injected radioactivity to tumor regions geographically different than those affected by the antibody; collectively, the two carriers should distribute the alpha-particle emitters, Actinium-225 in particular, more uniformly within tumors maintaining efficacy.

MethodsWe monitored the extent(s) of tumor growth inhibition, onset delay of spontaneous metastases and/or survival on orthotopic MDA-MB-213 and MDA-MB-436 triple negative breast cancer mouse models and on an ectopic BxPC3 pancreatic cancer mouse model, treated systemically with the two separate carriers. Tumors were chosen to express different (but low) levels of HER1, utilized as a model antibody-targeted marker.

ResultsIndependent of tumor origin and/or resistance to chemotherapy, the two separate carriers: (a) improved the  primary tumor growth inhibition, (b) eliminated the formation of spontaneous metastases, and/or (c) prolonged survival, at lower or comparable tumor delivered doses relative to the antibody alone, without noticeable off-target toxicities.

ConclusionThis tumor-agnostic strategy is timely and could be used to enhance the efficacy of existing alpha-particle radionuclide-antibody treatments without increasing, possibly even reducing, the total administered radioactivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatavdekar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined, yet Separate: cocktails of carriers (not drugs) for α-particle therapy of solid tumors expressing moderate-to-low levels of targetable markers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disordered C-terminal domain drives spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII to enhance search for chromatin targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient gene expression requires RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) to find chromatin targets precisely in space and time. How RNAPII manages this complex diffusive search in 3D nuclear space remains largely unknown. The disordered carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAPII, which is essential for recruiting transcription-associated proteins, forms phase-separated droplets in vitro, hinting at a potential role in modulating RNAPII dynamics. Here, we use single-molecule tracking and spatiotemporal mapping in living yeast to show that the CTD is required for confining RNAPII diffusion within a subnuclear region enriched for active genes, but without apparent phase separation into condensates. Both Mediator and global chromatin organization are required for sustaining RNAPII confinement. Remarkably, truncating the CTD disrupts RNAPII spatial confinement, prolongs target search, diminishes chromatin binding, impairs pre-initiation complex formation, and reduces transcription bursting. This study illuminates the pivotal role of the CTD in driving spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII for efficient gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disordered C-terminal domain drives spatiotemporal confinement of RNAPII to enhance search for chromatin targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth media affects susceptibility of air-lifted human nasal epithelial cell cultures to SARS-CoV2, but not Influenza A, virus infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary differentiated human epithelial cell cultures have been widely used by researchers to study viral fitness and virus-host interactions, especially during the COVID19 pandemic. These cultures recapitulate important characteristics of the respiratory epithelium such as diverse cell type composition, polarization, and innate immune responses. However, standardization and validation of these cultures remains an open issue. In this study, two different expansion medias were evaluated and the impact on the resulting differentiated culture was determined. Use of both Airway and Ex Plus media types resulted in high quality, consistent cultures that were able to be used for these studies. Upon histological evaluation, Airway-grown cultures were more organized and had a higher proportion of basal progenitor cells while Ex Plus-grown cultures had a higher proportion terminally differentiated cell types. In addition to having different cell type proportions and organization, the two different growth medias led to cultures with altered susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 but not Influenza A virus. RNAseq comparing cultures grown in different growth medias prior to differentiation uncovered a high degree of differentially expressed genes in cultures from the same donor. RNAseq on differentiated cultures showed less variation between growth medias but alterations in pathways that control the expression of human transmembrane proteases including TMPRSS11 and TMPRSS2 were documented. Enhanced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be explained by altered cell type proportions alone, rather serine protease cofactor expression also contributes to the enhanced replication of SARS-CoV-2 as inhibition with camostat affected replication of an early SARS-CoV-2 variant and a Delta, but not Omicron, variant showed difference in replication efficiency between culture types. Therefore, it is important for the research community to standardize cell culture protocols particularly when characterizing novel viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth media affects susceptibility of air-lifted human nasal epithelial cell cultures to SARS-CoV2, but not Influenza A, virus infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-specific chromatin disruption at CpG islands and aging-related regions in Kabuki syndrome mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many Mendelian developmental disorders caused by coding variants in epigenetic regulators have now been discovered. Epigenetic regulators are broadly expressed, and each of these disorders typically exhibits phenotypic manifestations from many different organ systems. An open question is whether the chromatin disruption - the root of the pathogenesis - is similar in the different disease-relevant cell types. This is possible in principle, since all these cell-types are subject to effects from the same causative gene, that has the same kind of function (e.g. methylates histones) and is disrupted by the same germline variant. We focus on mouse models for Kabuki syndrome types 1 and 2, and find that the chromatin accessibility abnormalities in neurons are mostly distinct from those in B or T cells. This is not because the neuronal abnormalities occur at regulatory elements that are only active in neurons. Neurons, but not B or T cells, show preferential chromatin disruption at CpG islands and at regulatory elements linked to aging. A sensitive analysis reveals that the regions disrupted in B/T cells do exhibit chromatin accessibility changes in neurons, but these are very subtle and of uncertain functional significance. Finally, we are able to identify a small set of regulatory elements disrupted in all three cell types. Our findings reveal the cellular-context-specific effect of variants in epigenetic regulators, and suggest that blood-derived "episignatures" may not be well-suited for understanding the mechanistic basis of neurodevelopment in Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boukas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luperchio, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-specific chromatin disruption at CpG islands and aging-related regions in Kabuki syndrome mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetic acid is a superior acidifier for sub-nanogram and single cell proteomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent study demonstrated a substantial increase in peptide signal and corresponding proteome coverage when employing 0.5% acetic acid (AA) as the ion pairing modifier in place of the 0.1% formic acid traditionally used in shotgun proteomics. In this study, we investigated the effect of modifier in the context of sub-nanogram and single cell proteomics (SCP). We first evaluated a tryptic digest standard down to 20 picograms total load on column on a TIMSTOF SCP system. In line with the previous results, we observed a signal increase when using AA, leading to increased proteome coverage at every peptide load assessed. Relative improvements were more apparent at lower concentrations, with a 20 picogram peptide digest demonstrating a striking 1.8-fold increase to over 2,000 protein groups identified in a 30 minute analysis. Furthermore, we find that this increase in signal can be leveraged to reduce ramp times, leading to 1.7x more scans across each peak and improvements in quantification as measured by %CVs. When evaluating single cancer cells, approximately 13% more peptide groups were identified on average when employing AA in the place of FA. All vendor raw and processed data are available through ProteomeXchange as PXD046002 and PXD051590.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsburn, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetic acid is a superior acidifier for sub-nanogram and single cell proteomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivalent GU-rich oligonucleotides sequester TDP-43 in the nucleus by inducing high molecular weight RNP complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation are hallmarks of TDP-43 proteinopathies. We recently demonstrated that binding to endogenous nuclear GU-rich RNAs sequesters TDP-43 in the nucleus by restricting its passive nuclear export. Here, we tested the feasibility of synthetic RNA oligonucleotide-mediated augmentation of TDP-43 nuclear localization. Using biochemical assays, we compared the ability of GU-rich oligonucleotides to engage in multivalent, RRM-dependent binding with TDP-43. When transfected into cells, (GU)16 attenuated TDP-43 mislocalization induced by transcriptional blockade or RanGAP1 ablation. Clip34nt and (GU)16 accelerated TDP-43 nuclear re-import after cytoplasmic mislocalization. RNA pulldowns confirmed that multivalent GU-oligonucleotides induced high molecular weight RNP complexes, incorporating TDP-43 and possibly other GU-binding proteins. Transfected GU-repeat oligos disrupted TDP-43 cryptic exon repression, likely by diverting TDP-43 from endogenous RNAs, except for Clip34nt which contains interspersed A and C. Thus, exogenous multivalent GU-RNAs can promote TDP-43 nuclear localization, though pure GU- repeat motifs impair TDP-43 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivalent GU-rich oligonucleotides sequester TDP-43 in the nucleus by inducing high molecular weight RNP complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-edited mosquitoes lacking a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-like protein, namely (mosGILTnull) have lower Plasmodium infection, which is linked to impaired ovarian development and immune activation. The transcriptome of mosGILTnull A. gambiae was therefore compared to wild type (WT) by RNA-sequencing to delineate mosGILT-dependent pathways. Compared to WT mosquitoes, mosGILTnull A. gambiae demonstrated altered expression of genes related to oogenesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone synthesis, as well as immune-related genes. Serendipitously, the zero population growth gene, zpg, an essential regulator of germ cell development was found to be one of the most downregulated genes in mosGILTnull mosquitoes. These results provide the crucial missing link between two previous studies on the role of zpg and mosGILT in ovarian development. This study further demonstrates that mosGILT has the potential to serve as a target for the biological control of mosquito vectors and to influence the Plasmodium life cycle within the vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresswell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tmem263 deletion disrupts the GH/IGF-1 axis and causes dwarfism and impairs skeletal acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of candidate genes believed to affect longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. One of these candidate genes, TMEM263, encodes a poorly characterized plasma membrane protein. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM263 are associated with bone mineral density in humans and mutations are associated with dwarfism in chicken and severe skeletal dysplasia in at least one human fetus. Whether this genotype-phenotype relationship is causal, however, remains unclear. Here, we determine whether and how TMEM263 is required for postnatal growth. Deletion of the Tmem263 gene in mice causes severe postnatal growth failure, proportional dwarfism, and impaired skeletal acquisition. Mice lacking Tmem263 show no differences in body weight within the first two weeks of postnatal life. However, by P21 there is a dramatic growth deficit due to a disrupted GH/IGF-1 axis, which is critical for longitudinal bone growth. Tmem263-null mice have low circulating IGF-1 levels and pronounced reductions in bone mass and growth plate length. The low serum IGF-1 in Tmem263-null mice is associated with reduced hepatic GH receptor (GHR) expression and GH-induced JAK2/STAT5 signaling. A deficit in GH signaling dramatically alters GH-regulated genes and feminizes the liver transcriptome of Tmem263-null male mice, with their expression profile resembling a wild-type female, hypophysectomized male, and Stat5b-null male mice. Collectively, our data validates the causal role for Tmem263 in regulating postnatal growth and raises the possibility that rare mutations or variants of TMEM263 may potentially cause GH insensitivity and impair linear growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddle, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tmem263 deletion disrupts the GH/IGF-1 axis and causes dwarfism and impairs skeletal acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A semi-automated method for quantifying optokinetic reflex tracking acuity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of murine behavioral responses to visual stimuli is a key component of understanding mammalian visual circuitry. One notable response is the optokinetic reflex (OKR), a highly conserved innate behavior necessary for image stabilization on the retina. The OKR provides a robust readout of image tracking ability and has been extensively studied to understand the logic of visual system circuitry and function in mice from different genetic backgrounds. The OKR consists of two phases: a slow tracking phase as the eye follows a stimulus to the edge of the visual plane, and a compensatory fast phase saccade that maintains the image within the visual field. Assessment of the OKR has previously relied on counting individual compensatory eye saccades to estimate tracking speed. To obtain a more direct quantification of tracking ability, we have developed a novel, semi-automated analysis program that allows for rapid and reproducible quantification of unidirectional tracking gains, in addition to being adaptable to any video-oculography equipment. Our analysis program allows for the selection of slow tracking phases, modeling of the vertical and horizontal eye vectors, quantification of eye movement relative to the stimulus, and organization of resultant data into a usable spreadsheet for statistical and graphical comparisons. This quantitative and streamlined analysis pipeline provides a faster and more direct measurement of OKR responses, thereby facilitating further study of visual behavior responses.

SUMMARYWe describe here a semi-automated quantitative analysis method that directly measures eye tracking resulting from murine visual system responses to two-dimensional image motion. A Python-based user interface and analysis algorithm allows for higher throughput and more quantitative measurements of eye tracking parameters than previous methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khindi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodkin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A semi-automated method for quantifying optokinetic reflex tracking acuity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate tracking of the same neurons across multiple days is crucial for studying changes in neuronal activity during learning and adaptation. Advances in high density extracellular electrophysiology recording probes, such as Neuropixels, provide a promising avenue to accomplish this goal. Identifying the same neurons in multiple recordings is, however, complicated by non-rigid movement of the tissue relative to the recording sites (drift) and loss of signal from some neurons. Here we propose a neuron tracking method that can identify the same cells independent of firing statistics, that are used by most existing methods. Our method is based on between-day non-rigid alignment of spike sorted clusters. We verified the same cell identity in mice using measured visual receptive fields. This method succeeds on datasets separated from one to 47 days, with an 84% average recovery rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying computational account of temporal context effects in language across the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning advances have revolutionized computational modeling approaches in neuroscience. However, their black-box nature makes it challenging to use deep learning models to discover new insights about brain function. Focusing on human language processing, we propose a new framework to improve the quality and interpretability of the inferences we make from deep learning-based models. First, we add interpretable components to a deep language model and use it to build a predictive encoding model. Then, we use the models predictive abilities to simulate brain responses to controlled stimuli from published experiments. We find that our model, based on a multi-timescale recurrent neural network, captures many previously reported temporal context effects in human cortex. Its failure to capture other effects also highlights important gaps in current language models. Finally, we use this new framework to generate model-based evidence that supports the proposal that different linguistic features are represented at different timescales across cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckage, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obinwa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying computational account of temporal context effects in language across the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEK inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of radiation therapy in NF1-deficient glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), an autosomal dominant neurogenetic and tumor predisposition syndrome, are susceptible to developing low-grade glioma (LGG) and, less commonly, high-grade glioma (HGG). These gliomas exhibit loss of the neurofibromin gene (NF1), and 10-15% of sporadic HGG have somatic NF1 alterations. Loss of NF1 leads to hyperactive RAS signaling, creating opportunity given the established efficacy of MEK inhibitors (MEKi) in plexiform neurofibromas and some individuals with LGG. We observed that NF1-deficient glioblastoma neurospheres were sensitive to the combination of a MEKi (mirdametinib) with irradiation, as evidenced by synergistic inhibition of cell growth, colony formation, and increased cell death. In contrast, NF1-intact neurospheres were not sensitive to the combination, despite complete ERK pathway inhibition. No neurosphere lines exhibited enhanced sensitivity to temozolomide combined with mirdametinib. Mirdametinib decreased transcription of homologous recombination genes and RAD51 foci, associated with DNA damage repair, in sensitive models. Heterotopic xenograft models displayed synergistic growth inhibition to mirdametinib combined with irradiation in NF1-deficient glioma xenografts, but not those with intact NF1. In sensitive models, benefits were observed at least three weeks beyond the completion of treatment, including sustained phospho-ERK inhibition on immunoblot and decreased Ki-67 expression. These observations demonstrate synergistic activity between mirdametinib and irradiation in NF1-deficient glioma models and may have clinical implications for patients with gliomas that harbor germline or somatic NF1 alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayanlaja, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnasamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratilas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreck, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEK inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of radiation therapy in NF1-deficient glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independent of its catalytic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SynGAP is an abundant synaptic GTPase-activating protein (GAP) critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and cognition. Mutations in SYNGAP1 in humans result in intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. Heterozygous Syngap1 knockout mice display deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and exhibit seizures. It is unclear whether SynGAP imparts structural properties at synapses independent of its GAP activity. Here, we report that inactivating mutations within the SynGAP GAP domain do not inhibit synaptic plasticity or cause behavioral deficits. Instead, SynGAP modulates synaptic strength by physically competing with the AMPA- receptor-TARP complex, the major excitatory receptor complex in the brain, in the formation of molecular condensates with synaptic scaffolding proteins. These results have significant implications for the development of therapeutic treatments for SYNGAP1- related neurodevelopmental disorders.

One-Sentence SummarySynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition due to its phase separation properties instead of its catalytic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkovich, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independent of its catalytic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein assembly controls TDP-43 nuclear retention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP-43 is an essential RNA-binding protein strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cytoplasmic aggregates and loss of nuclear TDP-43. The protein shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm, yet maintaining predominantly nuclear TDP-43 localization is important for TDP-43 function and for inhibiting cytoplasmic aggregation. We previously demonstrated that specific RNA binding mediates TDP-43 self-assembly and biomolecular condensation, requiring multivalent interactions via N- and C-terminal domains. Here, we show that these complexes play a key role in TDP-43 nuclear retention. TDP-43 forms macromolecular complexes with a wide range of size distribution in cells and we find that defects in RNA binding or inter-domain interactions, including phase separation, impair the assembly of the largest species. Our findings suggest that recruitment into these macromolecular complexes prevents cytoplasmic egress of TDP-43 in a size-dependent manner. Our observations uncover fundamental mechanisms controlling TDP-43 cellular homeostasis, whereby regulation of RNA-mediated self-assembly modulates TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic distribution. Moreover, these findings highlight pathways that may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies and identify potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dos Passos, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemamali, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein assembly controls TDP-43 nuclear retention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin C activates young LINE-1 elements in mouse embryonic stem cells via H3K9me3 demethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin C (vitC) enhances the activity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including TET enzymes, which catalyse DNA demethylation, and Jumonji-domain histone demethylases. The epigenetic remodelling promoted by vitC improves the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell derivation, and is required to attain a ground-state of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that closely mimics the inner cell mass of the early blastocyst. However, genome-wide DNA and histone demethylation can lead to upregulation of transposable elements (TEs), and it is not known how vitC addition in culture media affects TE expression in pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that vitC increases the expression of evolutionarily young LINE-1 (L1) elements in mouse ESCs. We find that TET activity is dispensable for these effects, and that instead L1 upregulation occurs largely as a result of H3K9me3 loss mediated by KDM4A/C histone demethylases. Despite increased L1 levels, we did not detect increased somatic insertion rates in vitC-treated cells. Notably, treatment of human ESCs with vitC also increases L1 protein levels, which could impact the genetic and epigenetic stability of human pluripotent stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Luque, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Canadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irayanar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Perez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branco, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin C activates young LINE-1 elements in mouse embryonic stem cells via H3K9me3 demethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atrophic AMD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphAge-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of geriatric blindness, is a multi-factorial disease with retinal-pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction as a central pathogenic driver. With RPE degeneration, lysosomal function is a core process that is disrupted. Transcription factors EB/E3 (TFEB/E3) tightly control lysosomal function; their disruption can cause aging disorders, such as AMD. Here, we show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived RPE cells with the complement factor H variant [CFH (Y402H)] have increased AKT2, which impairs TFEB/TFE3 nuclear translocation and lysosomal function. Increased AKT2 can inhibit PGC1, which downregulates SIRT5, an AKT2 binding partner. SIRT5 and AKT2 co-regulate each other, thereby modulating TFEB-dependent lysosomal function in the RPE. Failure of the AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway in the RPE induced abnormalities in the autophagy-lysosome cellular axis by upregulating secretory autophagy, thereby releasing a plethora of factors that likely contribute to drusen formation, a hallmark of AMD. Finally, overexpressing AKT2 in RPE cells in mice led to an AMD-like phenotype. Thus, targeting the AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway could be a potential therapy for atrophic AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bammidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koontz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdankhah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedziora, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu-Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasundaram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahel, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puertollano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zigler, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetzman, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Bellver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaarniranta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atrophic AMD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo Mapping of Cellular Resolution Neuropathology in Brain Ischemia by Diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive mapping of cellular pathology can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information. Recent developments in diffusion MRI have produced new tools for examining tissue microstructure at a level well below the imaging resolution. Here, we report the use of diffusion time (t)-dependent diffusion kurtosis imaging (tDKI) to simultaneously assess the morphology and transmembrane permeability of cells and their processes in the context of pathological changes in hypoxic-ischemic brain (HI) injury. Through Monte Carlo simulations and cell culture organoid imaging, we demonstrate feasibility in measuring effective size and permeability changes based on the peak and tail of tDKI curves. In a mouse model of HI, in vivo imaging at 11.7T detects a marked shift of the tDKI peak to longer t in brain edema, suggesting swelling and beading associated with the astrocytic processes and neuronal neurites. Furthermore, we observed a faster decrease of the tDKI tail in injured brain regions, reflecting increased membrane permeability that was associated with upregulated water exchange upon astrocyte activation at acute stage as well as necrosis with disrupted membrane integrity at subacute stage. Such information, unavailable with conventional diffusion MRI at a single t, can predict salvageable tissues. For a proof-of-concept, tDKI at 3T on an ischemic stroke patient suggested increased membrane permeability in the stroke region. This work therefore demonstrates the potential of tDKI for in vivo detection of the pathological changes in microstructural morphology and transmembrane permeability after ischemic injury using a clinically translatable protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fieremans, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northington, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo Mapping of Cellular Resolution Neuropathology in Brain Ischemia by Diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following acute retinal damage, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate all neuronal subtypes. This regeneration requires Muller glia (MG) to reprogram and divide asymmetrically to produce a multipotent Muller glia-derived neuronal progenitor cell (MGPC). This raises three key questions. First, does loss of different retinal cell subtypes induce unique MG regeneration responses? Second, do MG reprogram to a developmental retinal progenitor cell state? And finally, to what extent does regeneration recapitulate retinal development? We examined these questions by performing single-nuclear and single-cell RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq in both developing and regenerating retinas. While MG reprogram to a state similar to late-stage retinal progenitors in developing retinas, there are transcriptional differences between reprogrammed MG/MGPCs and late progenitors, as well as reprogrammed MG in outer and inner retinal damage models. Validation of candidate genes confirmed that loss of different subtypes induces differences in transcription factor gene expression and regeneration outcomes. This work identifies major differences between gene regulatory networks activated following the selective loss of different subtypes of retina neurons, as well as between retinal regeneration and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iribarne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serjanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common and divergent gene regulatory networks control injury-induced and developmental neurogenesis in zebrafish retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dynamic Response of Human Lungs Due to Underwater Shock Wave Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the 19th century, underwater explosions have posed a significant threat to service members. While there have been attempts to establish injury criteria for the most vulnerable organs, namely the lungs, existing criteria are highly variable due to insufficient human data and the corresponding inability to understand the underlying injury mechanisms. This study presents an experimental characterization of isolated human lung dynamics during simulated exposure to underwater shock waves. We found that the large acoustic impedance at the surface of the lung severely attenuated transmission of the shock wave into the lungs. However, the shock wave initiated large bulk pressure-volume cycles that are distinct from the response of the solid organs under similar loading. These pressure-volume cycles are due to compression of the contained gas, which we modeled with the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The extent of these lung dynamics was dependent on physical confinement, which in real underwater blast conditions is influenced by factors such as rib cage properties and donned equipment. Findings demonstrate a potential causal mechanism for implosion injuries, which has significant implications for the understanding of primary blast lung injury due to underwater blast exposures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Kochba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaskiw, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetropoulos, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dynamic Response of Human Lungs Due to Underwater Shock Wave Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.551369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.551369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with HIV (PWH) experience an increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors that contribute to or are associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the glycomes of circulating IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG glycomes of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1,216 women and men, both living with virally suppressed HIV and those without HIV. Our glycan-based machine learning models indicate that living with chronic HIV significantly accelerates the accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycomic alterations. Consistently, PWH exhibit heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to their controls. These glycomic alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammatory aging and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit reduced anti-HIV IgG-mediated innate immune functions. These findings hold significant potential for the development of glycomic-based biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in people living with chronic viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giron, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniji, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, J. L. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofotokun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischl, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberlen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macatangay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adimora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merenstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutsch, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gange, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolinsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.551369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The heme oxygenase-1 metalloporphyrin inhibitor stannsoporfin enhances the bactericidal activity of a novel regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses significant challenges to global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Host-directed therapies (HDT) offer a novel approach for TB treatment by enhancing immune-mediated clearance of Mtb. Prior preclinical studies found that inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme involved in heme metabolism, with tin-protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) significantly reduced mouse lung bacillary burden when co-administered with the first-line antitubercular regimen. Here we evaluated the adjunctive HDT activity of a novel HO-1 inhibitor, stannsoporfin (SnMP), in combination with a novel MDR-TB regimen comprising a next-generation diarylquinoline, TBAJ-876 (S), pretomanid (Pa), and a new oxazolidinone, TBI-223 (O) (collectively, SPaO) in Mtb-infected BALB/c mice. After 4 weeks of treatment, SPaO + SnMP 5 mg/kg reduced mean lung bacillary burden by an additional 0.69 log10 (P=0.01) relative to SPaO alone. As early as 2 weeks post-treatment initiation, SnMP adjunctive therapy differentially altered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and CD38, a marker of M1 macrophages. Next, we evaluated the sterilizing potential of SnMP adjunctive therapy in a mouse model of microbiological relapse. After 6 weeks of treatment, SPaO + SnMP 10 mg/kg reduced lung bacterial burdens to 0.71 {+/-} 0.23 log10 CFU, a 0.78 log-fold greater decrease in lung CFU compared to SpaO alone (P=0.005). However, adjunctive SnMP did not reduce microbiological relapse rates after 5 or 6 weeks of treatment. SnMP was well tolerated and did not significantly alter gross or histological lung pathology. SnMP is a promising HDT candidate requiring further study in combination with regimens for drug-resistant TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruelas Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotouhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serbina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The heme oxygenase-1 metalloporphyrin inhibitor stannsoporfin enhances the bactericidal activity of a novel regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plug-and-play protein biosensors using aptamer-regulated in vitro transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular biosensors that accurately measure protein concentrations without external equipment are critical for solving numerous problems in diagnostics and therapeutics. Modularly transducing the binding of protein antibodies, protein switches or aptamers into a useful output remains challenging. Here, we develop a biosensing platform based on aptamer-regulated transcription in which aptamers integrated into transcription templates serve as inputs to molecular circuits that can be programmed to a produce a variety of responses. We modularly design molecular biosensors using this platform by swapping aptamer domains for specific proteins and downstream domains that encode different RNA transcripts. By coupling aptamer-regulated transcription with diverse transduction circuits, we rapidly construct analog protein biosensors or digital protein biosensors with detection ranges that can be tuned over two orders of magnitude. Aptamer-regulated transcription is a straightforward and inexpensive approach for constructing programmable protein biosensors suitable for diverse research and diagnostic applications.

One sentence summaryWe develop a modular platform for biosensing across a wide dynamic range using aptamer-regulated transcription to detect different proteins and molecular circuits to process the RNA transcript outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffter, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plug-and-play protein biosensors using aptamer-regulated in vitro transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingolipid metabolism is spatially regulated in the developing embryo by SOXE genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), significant rearrangements occur in plasma membrane protein and lipid content that are important for membrane function and acquisition of cell motility. To gain insight into how neural crest cells regulate their lipid content at the transcriptional level during EMT, here we identify critical enhancer sequences that regulate the expression of SMPD3, a gene responsible for sphingomyelin hydrolysis to produce ceramide, which is necessary for neural crest EMT. We uncovered three enhancer regions within the first intron of the SMPD3 locus that drive reporter expression in distinct spatial and temporal domains, together collectively recapitulating the expression domains of endogenous SMPD3 within the ectodermal lineages. We further dissected one enhancer that is specifically active in the migrating neural crest. By mutating putative transcriptional input sites or knocking down upstream regulators, we find that the SoxE-family transcription factors Sox9 and Sox10 regulate the expression of SMPD3 in migrating neural crest cells. Together these results shed light on how core components of developmental gene regulatory networks interact with metabolic effector genes to control changes in membrane lipid content.

HighlightsO_LISMPD3 is expressed in the neural tube, neural crest, and notochord during early development
C_LIO_LISMPD3 expression is regulated by at least three intronic enhancers
C_LIO_LISox10 and its binding sites are required for expression by a migratory neural crest-specific SMPD3 enhancer
C_LIO_LISox10 is a positive regulator of endogenous SMPD3 expression during neural crest migration
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piacentino, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasse, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho-Avila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabylnikov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingolipid metabolism is spatially regulated in the developing embryo by SOXE genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informing virtual clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma with spatial multi-omics analysis of a human neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human clinical trials are important tools to advance novel systemic therapies improve treatment outcomes for cancer patients. The few durable treatment options have led to a critical need to advance new therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent human clinical trials have shown that new combination immunotherapeutic regimens provide unprecedented clinical response in a subset of patients. Computational methods that can simulate tumors from mathematical equations describing cellular and molecular interactions are emerging as promising tools to simulate the impact of therapy entirely in silico. To facilitate designing dosing regimen and identifying potential biomarkers, we developed a new computational model to track tumor progression at organ scale while reflecting the spatial heterogeneity in the tumor at tissue scale in HCC. This computational model is called a spatial quantitative systems pharmacology (spQSP) platform and it is also designed to simulate the effects of combination immunotherapy. We then validate the results from the spQSP system by leveraging real-world spatial multi-omics data from a neoadjuvant HCC clinical trial combining anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) cabozantinib. The model output is compared with spatial data from Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC). Both IMC data and simulation results suggest closer proximity between CD8 T cell and macrophages among non-responders while the reverse trend was observed for responders. The analyses also imply wider dispersion of immune cells and less scattered cancer cells in responders samples. We also compared the model output with Visium spatial transcriptomics analyses of samples from post-treatment tumor resections in the original clinical trial. Both spatial transcriptomic data and simulation results identify the role of spatial patterns of tumor vasculature and TGF{beta} in tumor and immune cell interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first spatial tumor model for virtual clinical trials at a molecular scale that is grounded in high-throughput spatial multi-omics data from a human clinical trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarchoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informing virtual clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma with spatial multi-omics analysis of a human neoadjuvant immunotherapy clinical trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar damage impairs long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum is critical for sensorimotor learning. The specific contribution that it makes, however, remains unclear. Inspired by the classic finding that, for declarative memories, medial temporal lobe structures provide a gateway to the formation of long-term memory but are not required for short-term memory, we hypothesized that, for sensorimotor memories, the cerebellum may play an analogous role. Here we studied the sensorimotor learning of individuals with severe ataxia from cerebellar degeneration. We dissected the memories they formed during sensorimotor learning into a short-term temporally-volatile component, that decays rapidly with a time constant of just 15-20sec and thus cannot lead to long-term retention, and a longer-term temporally-persistent component that is stable for 60 sec or more and leads to long-term retention. Remarkably, we find that these individuals display dramatically reduced levels of temporally-persistent sensorimotor memory, despite spared and even elevated levels of temporally-volatile sensorimotor memory. In particular, we find both impairment that systematically increases with memory window duration over shorter memory windows (<12 sec) and near-complete impairment of memory maintenance over longer memory windows (>25 sec). This dissociation uncovers a new role for the cerebellum as a gateway for the formation of long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memories, mirroring the role of the medial temporal lobe for declarative memories. It thus reveals the existence of distinct neural substrates for short-term and long-term sensorimotor memory, and it explains both newly-identified trial-to-trial differences and long-standing study-to-study differences in the effects of cerebellar damage on sensorimotor learning ability.

Significance StatementA key discovery about the neural underpinnings of memory, made more than half a century ago, is that long-term, but not short-term, memory formation depends on neural structures in the brains medial temporal lobe (MTL). However, this dichotomy holds only for declarative memories - memories for explicit facts such as names and dates - as long-term procedural memories - memories for implicit knowledge such as sensorimotor skills - are largely unaffected even with substantial MTL damage. Here we demonstrate that the formation of long-term, but not short-term, sensorimotor memory depends on a neural structure known as the cerebellum, and we show that this finding explains the variability previously reported in the extent to which cerebellar damage affects sensorimotor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiosif, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibo, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar damage impairs long-term but not short-term sensorimotor memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced brain glutathione levels during normal aging are associated with visuospatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During aging, the brain is subject to greater oxidative stress (OS), which is thought to play a critical role in cognitive impairment. Glutathione (GSH), as a major antioxidant in the brain, can be used to combatting OS. However, how brain GSH levels vary with age and their associations with cognitive function remain unclear. In this study, we combined point-resolved spectroscopy and edited spectroscopy sequences to investigate GSH levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and occipital cortex (OC) of 276 healthy participants (166 females, age range 20-70 years) and examined their relationships with age and cognitive function. The results revealed decreased GSH levels with age in the PCC among all participants. Notably, the timecourse of GSH level changes in the PCC and ACC differed between males and females. Additionally, positive correlations were observed between GSH levels in the PCC and OC and visuospatial memory. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the brain GSH timecourse during normal aging and associations with sex and memory, which is an essential first step for understanding the neurochemical underpinnings of OS-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gao, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced brain glutathione levels during normal aging are associated with visuospatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective concentric cardiac proteostasis adaptations to chronic cAMP-stress at young ages wanes in advanced age leading to accelerated cardiac aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated proteostasis, leading to accumulation of misfolded proteins, electron-dense aggregates (lipofuscin, LF), preamyloid oligomers (PAOs), and proteotoxic stress is a hallmark of aging. We investigated how efficiently proteostatic adaptations to chronic cardiac cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent stress change with aging in mice harboring marked, cardiac-specific over-expression of adenylyl cyclase VIII (TGAC8). We assessed protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms: ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), autophagic flux via macroautophagy, and mitophagy in left ventricles (LVs) of TGAC8 and wild type littermates (WT) at 3-4 months and at 17-21 months of age. At 3-4 months of age TGAC8 mice exhibited markers of increased autophagic flux, measured by levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p62, and their phospho-forms in TGAC8 LV; cathepsin L1 activity was also significantly increased. In addition, canonical mitophagy signaling was enhanced, as receptors PARKIN, p62S405 and p62S351 were all upregulated, confirming a more efficient proteostasis in TGAC8 at 3-4 months vs WT. In advanced age, however, the PQC mechanisms were overwhelmed by proteotoxic stress, manifested in insufficient proteasome activity and an unbalanced autophagic flux (accelerated for markers such as LC3A in the context of a slower overall flux), leading to an increase in the accumulation of protein aggregates (increased ratio of insoluble/soluble protein fractions). Although both canonical (PARKIN, p62S405 and p62S351 receptors) and non-canonical (FKBP8 receptor) mitophagy signaling were upregulated in advanced age in TGAC8, mitophagy was markedly impaired and mitochondrial dysfunction increased. Accumulation of LF bodies, of brownish-to-black pigments, and of LC3+ and p62+-inclusions of aberrant sizes, of desmin cardiac preamyloid oligomers (PAOs) and of cleaved desmin, tagged for ubiquitination, were all increased in TGAC8 compared to young TGAC8. In contrast, the rate of protein synthesis and levels of soluble aggregates were reduced in aged vs young TGAC8, a sign of "normal" aging. Thus, increased proteostatic mechanisms maintain cardiac health in TGAC8 in youth (3-4 months), but long-term exposure to chronic cardiac stress, imposed by sustained activation of the AC/cAMP/PKA/Ca2+ signaling axis, results in severely dysregulated proteostasis in TGAC8 vs WT mice, associated with proteostatic insufficiency and increased cardiomyopathy that leads to accelerated cardiac aging.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=171 SRC="FIGDIR/small/553128v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perino, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Rubio Barrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarasov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective concentric cardiac proteostasis adaptations to chronic cAMP-stress at young ages wanes in advanced age leading to accelerated cardiac aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2-O deficiency promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and CD4 hyperactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial immune modulators, yet the exact mechanism of thymic Treg development remains controversial. Here, we present the first direct evidence for H2-O, an MHC class II peptide editing molecular chaperon, on selection of thymic Tregs. We provide evidence that lack of H2-O in the thymic medulla promotes thymic Treg development and leads to an increased peripheral Treg frequency. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of splenic CD4 T cells revealed not only of an enrichment of effector-like Tregs but also of activated CD4 T cells in the absence of H2-O. Our data support two concepts; a) lack of H2-O expression in the thymic medulla creates an environment permissive to Treg development and, b) that loss of H2-O drives increased basal auto-stimulation of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in better understanding of predispositions to autoimmunity and design of therapeutics for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welsh, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peske, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh-Nasseri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2-O deficiency promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and CD4 hyperactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling reveal parrot tool use is not rare 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the prevalence of putatively rare behaviours, such as tool use, is challenging because absence of evidence can arise either from a species inability to produce the behaviour or from insufficient research effort. Here, we tackle this challenge by combining crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling to approximate actual rates of a rarely observed behaviour based on limited data, targeting tool use in parrots. Crowdsourcing on a social media platform revealed novel instances of tool use in 17 parrot species, more than doubling the confirmed number of tool-using parrot species from 11 (3%) to 28 (7%). Phylogenetic modelling ranked additional species that are most likely to be unobserved tool users, suggesting that between 11% and 17% of extant parrot species may be tool users. These discoveries have implications for inferences about the evolutionary drivers and origins of tool use in parrots, revealing associations with relative brain size and feeding generalism and indicating several genera where tool use was likely an ancestral trait. Overall, our findings challenge the assumption that current sampling effort captures the full distribution of putatively rare animal behaviours. Combining our sampling and analysis methods offers a fruitful approach for investigating the distribution, drivers, and origins of other rare behaviours.

This working paper has not yet been peer-reviewed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claessens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing and phylogenetic modelling reveal parrot tool use is not rare]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shining Light on Osteoarthritis: Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy as a Window into Cartilage Health 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Articular cartilage is a complex tissue, and early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) is crucial for effective treatment. However, current imaging modalities lack molecular specificity and primarily detect late-stage changes. In this study, we propose the use of Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) for non-invasive, depth-dependent, and molecular-specific diagnostics of articular cartilage. We demonstrate the potential of SORS to penetrate deep layers of cartilage, providing a comprehensive understanding of disease progression. Our SORS measurements were characterized and validated through mechanical and histological techniques, revealing strong correlations between spectroscopic measurements and both Youngs modulus and depth of cartilage damage. By longitudinally monitoring enzymatically degraded condyles, we further developed a depth-dependent damage-tracking method. Our analysis revealed distinct components related to sample depth and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes, offering a comprehensive picture of cartilage health. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of SORS as a valuable tool for enhancing OA management and improving patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middendorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shining Light on Osteoarthritis: Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy as a Window into Cartilage Health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sigmoni: classification of nanopore signal with a compressed pangenome index 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in nanopore sequencing necessitate efficient classification methods, including pre-filtering and adaptive sampling algorithms that enrich for reads of interest. Signal-based approaches circumvent the computational bottleneck of basecalling. But past methods for signal-based classification do not scale efficiently to large, repetitive references like pangenomes, limiting their utility to partial references or individual genomes. We introduce Sigmoni: a rapid, multiclass classification method based on the r-index that scales to references of hundreds of Gbps. Sigmoni quantizes nanopore signal into a discrete alphabet of picoamp ranges. It performs rapid, approximate matching using matching statistics, classifying reads based on distributions of picoamp matching statistics and co-linearity statistics. Sigmoni is 10-100x faster than previous methods for adaptive sampling in host depletion experiments with improved accuracy, and can query reads against large microbial or human pangenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sigmoni: classification of nanopore signal with a compressed pangenome index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine Release Plateau and Outcome Signals in Dorsal Striatum Contrast with Classic Reinforcement Learning Formulations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recorded dopamine release signals in medial and lateral sectors of the striatum as mice learned consecutive visual cue-outcome conditioning tasks including cue association, cue discrimination, reversal, and probabilistic discrimination task versions. Dopamine release responses in medial and lateral sites exhibited learning-related changes within and across phases of acquisition. These were different for the medial and lateral sites. In neither sector could these be accounted for by classic reinforcement learning as applied to dopamine-containing neuron activity. Cue responses ranged from initial sharp peaks to modulated plateau responses. In the medial sector, outcome (reward) responses during cue conditioning were minimal or, initially, negative. By contrast, in lateral sites, strong, transient dopamine release responses occurred at both cue and outcome. Prolonged, plateau release responses to cues emerged in both regions when discriminative behavioral responses became required. In most sites, we found no evidence for a transition from outcome to cue signaling, a hallmark of temporal difference reinforcement learning as applied to midbrain dopamine activity. These findings delineate reshaping of dopamine release activity during learning and suggest that current views of reward prediction error encoding need review to accommodate distinct learning-related spatial and temporal patterns of striatal dopamine release in the dorsal striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sompolpong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine Release Plateau and Outcome Signals in Dorsal Striatum Contrast with Classic Reinforcement Learning Formulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.