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<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School </title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School "
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous optogenetic manipulation and calcium imaging in freely moving C. elegans 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/000943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Editor:nnA fundamental goal of systems neuroscience is to probe the dynamics of neural activity that generate behavior. Here we present an instrument to simultaneously manipulate and monitor neural activity and behavior in the freely moving nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We use the instrument to directly observe the relationship between sensory neuron activation, interneuron dynamics and locomotion in the mechanosensory circuit.nnPreviously in this journal, we presented an optogenetic illumination system capable of real-time light delivery with high spatial resolution to stimulate or inhibit specified targets in freely moving C. elegans [1]. This "Colbert" system and others like it [2] have been instrumental in defining neural coding of several behaviors in C. elegans including chemotaxis [3], nociception [4] and the escape response [5]. Here we integrate the Colbert s ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frederick B. Shipley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher M. Clark</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J. Alkema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew M. Leifer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/000943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous optogenetic manipulation and calcium imaging in freely moving C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Cytomegalovirus Intrahost Evolution--A New Avenue for Understanding and Controlling Herpesvirus Infections 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, and much research has focused on its evolution over long timescales spanning millennia. Here, we review recent data exploring the evolution of the virus on much shorter timescales, on the order of days or months. We describe the intrahost genetic diversity of the virus isolated from humans, and how this diversity contributes to HCMV spatiotemporal evolution. We propose mechanisms to explain the high levels of intrahost diversity and discuss how this new information may shed light on HCMV infection and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Renzette</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Gibson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey D. Jensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy F. Kowalik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Cytomegalovirus Intrahost Evolution--A New Avenue for Understanding and Controlling Herpesvirus Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-guided establishment of canonical nucleosome patterns in a eukaryotic genome 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A conserved hallmark of eukaryotic chromatin architecture is the distinctive array of well-positioned nucleosomes downstream of transcription start sites (TSS). Recent studies indicate that trans-acting factors establish this stereotypical array. Here, we present the first genome-wide in vitro and in vivo nucleosome maps for the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. In contrast with previous studies in yeast, we find that the stereotypical nucleosome array is preserved in the in vitro reconstituted map, which is governed only by the DNA sequence preferences of nucleosomes. Remarkably, this average in vitro pattern arises from the presence of subsets of nucleosomes, rather than the whole array, in individual Tetrahymena genes. Variation in GC content contributes to the positioning of these sequence-directed nucleosomes, and affects codon usage and amino acid composition in genes. We propose that these  seed nucleosomes may aid the AT-rich Tetrahymena genome - which is intrinsically unfavorable for nucleosome formation - in establishing nucleosome arrays in vivo in concert with trans-acting factors, while minimizing changes to the coding sequences they are embedded within.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leslie Y Beh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noam Kaplan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel M Muller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom W Muir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura F Landweber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-guided establishment of canonical nucleosome patterns in a eukaryotic genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary analysis across mammals reveals distinct classes of long noncoding RNAs 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDRecent advances in transcriptome sequencing have enabled the discovery of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) across multitudes of species. Though several lncRNAs have been shown to play important roles in diverse biological processes, the functions and mechanisms of most lncRNAs remain unknown. Two significant obstacles lie between transcriptome sequencing and functional characterization of lncRNAs: 1) identifying truly noncoding genes from de novo reconstructed transcriptomes, and 2) prioritizing hundreds of resulting putative lncRNAs from each sample for downstream experimental interrogation.nnRESULTSWe present slnckv, a computational lncRNA discovery tool that produces a high-quality set of lncRNAs from RNA-Sequencing data and further prioritizes lncRNAs by characterizing selective constraint as a proxy for function. Our filtering pipeline is comparable to manual curation efforts and more sensitive than previously published approaches. Further, we develop, for the first time, a sensitive alignment pipeline for aligning lncRNA loci and propose new evolutionary metrics relevant for both sequence and transcript evolution. Our analysis reveals that selection acts in several distinct patterns, and uncovers two notable classes of lncRNAs: one showing strong purifying selection at RNA sequence and another where constraint is restricted to the regulation but not the sequence of the transcript.nnCONCLUSIONOur novel comparative methods for lncRNAs reveals 233 constrained lncRNAs out of tens of thousands of currently annotated transcripts, which we believe should be prioritized for further interrogation. To aid in their analysis we provide the slncky Evolution Browser as a resource for experimentalists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenny Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander A. Shishkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaopeng Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabah Kadri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itay Maza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob H Hanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv Regev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel Garber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary analysis across mammals reveals distinct classes of long noncoding RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide histone modification patterns in Kluyveromyces Lactis reveal evolutionary adaptation of a heterochromatin-associated mark 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The packaging of eukaryotic genomes into nucleosomes plays critical roles in all DNA-templated processes, and chromatin structure has been implicated as a key factor in the evolution of gene regulatory programs. While the functions of many histone modifications appear to be highly conserved throughout evolution, some well-studied modifications such as H3K9 and H3K27 methylation are not found in major model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while other modifications gain/lose regulatory functions during evolution. To study such a transition we focused on H3K9 methylation, a heterochromatin mark found in metazoans and in the fission yeast S. pombe, but which has been lost in the lineage leading to the model budding yeast S. cerevisiae. We show that this mark is present in the relatively understudied yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, a Hemiascomycete that diverged from S. cerevisiae prior to the whole-genome duplication event that played a key role in the evolution of a primarily fermentative lifestyle. We mapped genome-wide patterns of H3K9 methylation as well as several conserved modifications. We find that well-studied modifications such as H3K4me3, H3K36me3, and H3S10ph exhibit generally conserved localization patterns. Interestingly, we show H3K9 methylation in K. lactis primarily occurs over highly-transcribed regions, including both Pol2 and Pol3 transcription units. We identified the H3K9 methylase as the ortholog of Set6, whose function in S. cerevisiae is obscure. Functionally, we show that deletion of KlSet6 does not affect highly H3K9me3-marked genes, providing another example of a major disconnect between histone mark localization and function. Together, these results shed light on surprising plasticity in the function of a widespread chromatin mark.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angela Bean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf Weiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda Hughes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal Itskovits</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Friedman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Rando</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide histone modification patterns in Kluyveromyces Lactis reveal evolutionary adaptation of a heterochromatin-associated mark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton in a Broad Range of Neuronal Cell Types and Animal Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular compartments, and across different animal species. Here, we investigated the organization of spectrin in a variety of neuronal and glial-cell types. We observed the presence of MPS in all of the tested neuronal types cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: spectrin shows a long-range, periodic distribution throughout all axons, but only appears periodic in a small fraction of dendrites, typically in the form of isolated patches in sub-regions of these dendrites. As in dendrites, we also observed patches of periodic spectrin structures in a small fraction of glial-cell processes in four types of glial cells cultured from rodent tissues. Interestingly, despite its strong presence in the axonal shaft, MPS is absent in most presynaptic boutons, but is present in a substantial fraction of dendritic spine necks, including some projecting from dendrites where such a periodic structure is not observed in the shaft. Finally, we found that spectrin is capable of adopting a similar periodic organization in neurons of a variety of animal species, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruobo Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuhao Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monica Carrasco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri Kurshan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Farley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Simon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiping Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boran Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junjie Hao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Freeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Maniatis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc Tessier-Lavigne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhuang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton in a Broad Range of Neuronal Cell Types and Animal Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic basis of natural variation in C. elegans telomere length 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres are involved in the maintenance of chromosomes and the prevention of genome instability. Despite this central importance, significant variation in telomere length has been observed in a variety of organisms. The genetic determinants of telomere-length variation and their effects on organismal fitness are largely unexplored. Here, we describe natural variation in telomere length across the Caenorhabditis elegans species. We identify a large-effect variant that contributes to differences in telomere length. The variant alters the conserved oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide-binding fold of POT-2, a homolog of a human telomere-capping shelterin complex subunit. Mutations within this domain likely reduce the ability of POT-2 to bind telomeric DNA, thereby increasing telomere length. We find that telomere-length variation does not correlate with offspring production or longevity in C. elegans wild isolates, suggesting that naturally long telomeres play a limited role in modifying fitness phenotypes in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel E Cook</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Zdraljevic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robyn E Tanny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beomseok Seo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Riccardi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke M Noble</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew V Rockman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Alkema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Braendle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Kammenga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonid Kruglyak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Anne Felix</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junho Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Andersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic basis of natural variation in C. elegans telomere length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Common Class of Transcripts with 5’-Intron Depletion, Distinct Early Coding Sequence Features, and N1-Methyladenosine Modification 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introns are found in 5 untranslated regions (5UTRs) for 35% of all human transcripts. These 5UTR introns are not randomly distributed: genes that encode secreted, membrane-bound and mitochondrial proteins are less likely to have them. Curiously, transcripts lacking 5UTR introns tend to harbor specific RNA sequence elements in their early coding regions. To model and understand the connection between coding-region sequence and 5UTR intron status, we developed a classifier that can predict 5UTR intron status with >80% accuracy using only sequence features in the early coding region. Thus, the classifier identifies transcripts with 5 proximal-intron-minus-like-coding regions ("5IM" transcripts). Unexpectedly, we found that the early coding sequence features defining 5IM transcripts are widespread, appearing in 21% of all human RefSeq transcripts. The 5IM class of transcripts is enriched for non-AUG start codons, more extensive secondary structure both preceding the start codon and near the 5 cap, greater dependence on eIF4E for translation, and association with ER-proximal ribosomes. 5IM transcripts are bound by the Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at non-canonical 5 proximal positions. Finally, N1-methyladenosines are specifically enriched in the early coding regions of 5IM transcripts. Taken together, our analyses point to the existence of a distinct 5IM class comprising [~]20% of human transcripts. This class is defined by depletion of 5 proximal introns, presence of specific RNA sequence features associated with low translation efficiency, N1-methyladenosines in the early coding region, and enrichment for non-canonical binding by the Exon Junction Complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Can Cenik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon Nian Chua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guramrit Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalla Akef</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael P Snyder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander F Palazzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa J Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick P Roth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Common Class of Transcripts with 5’-Intron Depletion, Distinct Early Coding Sequence Features, and N1-Methyladenosine Modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuberculosis susceptibility and vaccine protection are independently controlled by host genotype 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and the immunological response to the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation on BCG efficacy has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individuals, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly-diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross". Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically-identical individuals and quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects; the animals displayed a broad range of Mtb susceptibility, varied in their immunological response to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. Mtb susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive Mtb clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. BCG efficacy was genetically separable from susceptibility, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy, and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines.nnImportance: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly-efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition to BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect an individual genotype was remarkably variable. BCG efficacy did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal, but instead correlated with qualitative differences in the immune response to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provides a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clare M Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megan Proulx</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew J Olive</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominick Laddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibhuti Mishra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caitlin Moss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuria Martinez Gutierrez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle M Bellerose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmira Barreira-Silva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia Yao Phuah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard E Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel M Behar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy Kornfeld</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas G Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillian Beamer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher M Sassetti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuberculosis susceptibility and vaccine protection are independently controlled by host genotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-C XL: assaying chromosome conformation at length scales from the nucleosome to the entire genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural analysis of chromosome folding in vivo has been revolutionized by Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) and related methods, which use proximity ligation to identify chromosomal loci in physical contact. We recently described a variant 3C technique, Micro-C, in which chromatin is fragmented to mononucleosomes using micrococcal nuclease, enabling nucleosome-resolution folding maps of the genome. Here, we describe an improved Micro-C protocol using long crosslinkers, termed Micro-C XL, which exhibits greatly increased signal to noise, and provides further insight into the folding of the yeast genome. We also find that signal to noise is much improved in Micro-C XL libraries generated from relatively insoluble chromatin as opposed to soluble material, providing a simple method to physically enrich for bona-fide long-range interactions. Micro-C XL maps of the budding and fission yeast genomes reveal both short-range chromosome fiber features such as chromosomally-interacting domains (CIDs), as well as higher-order features such as clustering of centromeres and telomeres, thereby addressing the primary discrepancy between prior Micro-C data and reported 3C and Hi-C analyses. Interestingly, comparison of chromosome folding maps of S. cerevisiae and S. pombe revealed widespread qualitative similarities, yet quantitative differences, between these distantly-related species. Micro-C XL thus provides a single assay suitable for interrogation of chromosome folding at length scales from the nucleosome to the full genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsung-Han Hsieh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffrey Fudenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Goloborodko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Rando</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-C XL: assaying chromosome conformation at length scales from the nucleosome to the entire genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRIMA: a gene-centered, RNA-to-protein method for mapping RNA-protein interactions 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between RNA binding protein (RBP) and mRNAs are critical to post-transcriptional gene regulation. Eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of mRNAs and hundreds of RBPs. However, in contrast to interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and DNA, the interactome between RBPs and RNA has been explored for only a small number of proteins and RNAs. This is largely because the focus has been on using  protein-centered (RBP-to-RNA) interaction mapping methods that identify the RNAs with which an individual RBP interacts. While powerful, these methods cannot as of yet be applied to the entire RBPome. Moreover, it may be desirable for a researcher to identify the repertoire of RBPs that can interact with an mRNA of interest - in a  gene-centered manner, yet few such techniques are available. Here, we present Protein-RNA Interaction Mapping Assay (PRIMA) with which an RNA  bait can be tested versus multiple RBP  preys in a single experiment. PRIMA is a translation-based assay that examines interactions in the yeast cytoplasm, the cellular location of mRNA translation. We show that PRIMA can be used with small RNA elements, as well as with full-length Caenorhabditis elegans 3'UTRs. PRIMA faithfully recapitulates numerous well-characterized RNA-RBP interactions and also identified novel interactions, some of which were confirmed in vivo. We envision that PRIMA will provide a complementary tool to expand the depth and scale with which the RNA-RBP interactome can be explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex M Tamburino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebru Kaymak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaleen Shrestha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy D Holdorf</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sean P Ryder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marian (Albertha) Walhout</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRIMA: a gene-centered, RNA-to-protein method for mapping RNA-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-Dependent Accumulation of the Mitotic Activator Cdc25 as a Mechanism of Size Control in Fission Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper cell size is essential for cellular function (Hall et al., 2004). Nonetheless, despite more than 100 years of work on the subject, the mechanisms that maintain cell size homeostasis are largely mysterious (Marshall et al., 2012). Cells in growing populations maintain cell size within a narrow range by coordinating growth and division. Bacterial and eukaryotic cells both demonstrate homeostatic size control, which maintains population-level variation in cell size within a certain range, and returns the population average to that range if it is perturbed (Marshall et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2012; Amodeo and Skotheim, 2015). Recent work has proposed two different strategies for size control: budding yeast has been proposed to use an inhibitor-dilution strategy to regulate size at the G1/S transition (Schmoller et al., 2015), while bacteria appear to use an adder strategy, in which a fixed amount of growth each generation causes cell size to converge on a stable average, a mechanism also suggested for budding yeast (Campos et al., 2014; Jun and Taheri-Araghi, 2015; Taheri-Araghi et al., 2015; Tanouchi et al., 2015; Soifer et al., 2016). Here we present evidence that cell size in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is regulated by a third strategy: the size dependent expression of the mitotic activator Cdc25. The cdc25 transcript levels are regulated such that smaller cells express less Cdc25 and larger cells express more Cdc25, creating an increasing concentration of Cdc25 as cell grow and providing a mechanism for cell to trigger cell division when they reach a threshold concentration of Cdc25. Since regulation of mitotic entry by Cdc25 is well conserved, this mechanism may provide a wide spread solution to the problem of size control in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Keifenheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi-Ming Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edridge D'Souza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makoto Ohira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mira Magner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Mayhew</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Marguerat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Rhind</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-Dependent Accumulation of the Mitotic Activator Cdc25 as a Mechanism of Size Control in Fission Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The large terminase DNA packaging motor grips DNA with its ATPase domain for cleavage by the flexible nuclease domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses use a powerful terminase motor to pump their genome inside an empty procapsid shell during virus maturation. The large terminase (TerL) protein contains both enzymatic activities necessary for packaging in such viruses: the ATPase that powers DNA translocation and an endonuclease that cleaves the concatemeric genome both at initiation and completion of genome packaging. However, how TerL binds DNA during translocation and cleavage is still mysterious. Here we investigate DNA binding and cleavage using TerL from the thermophilic phage P74-26. We report the structure of the P74-26 TerL nuclease domain, which allows us to model DNA binding in the nuclease active site. We screened a large panel of TerL variants for defects in binding and DNA cleavage, revealing that the ATPase domain is the primary site for DNA binding, and is required for nucleolysis. The nuclease domain is dispensable for DNA binding but residues lining the active site guide DNA for cleavage. Kinetic analysis of nucleolysis suggests flexible tethering of the nuclease domains during DNA cleavage. We propose that interactions with the procapsid shell during DNA translocation conformationally restrict the nuclease domain, inhibiting cleavage; TerL release from the procapsid upon completion of packaging unlocks the nuclease domains to cleave DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The large terminase DNA packaging motor grips DNA with its ATPase domain for cleavage by the flexible nuclease domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The p150N domain of Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 regulates Ki-67 accumulation on the mitotic perichromosomal layer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) deposits histones during DNA synthesis. The p150 subunit of human CAF-1 contains an N-terminal domain (p150N) that is dispensable for histone deposition but which promotes the localization of specific loci (Nucleolar-Associated Domains, or "NADs") and proteins to the nucleolus during interphase. One of the p150N-regulated proteins is proliferation antigen Ki-67, whose depletion also decreases the nucleolar association of NADs. Ki-67 is also a fundamental component of the perichromosomal layer (PCL), a sheath of proteins surrounding condensed chromosomes during mitosis. We show here that a subset of p150 localizes to the PCL during mitosis, and that p150N is required for normal levels of Ki-67 accumulation on the PCL. This activity requires the Sumoylation Interacting Motif (SIM) within p150N, which is also required for the nucleolar localization of NADs and Ki-67 during interphase. In this manner, p150N coordinates both interphase and mitotic nuclear structures via Ki67.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The p150N domain of Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 regulates Ki-67 accumulation on the mitotic perichromosomal layer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LR-DNase: Predicting TF binding from DNase-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors play a key role in the regulation of gene expression. Hypersensitivity to DNase I cleavage has long been used to gauge the accessibility of genomic DNA for transcription factor binding and as an indicator of regulatory genomic locations. An increasing amount of ChIP-seq data on a large number of TFs is being generated, mostly in a small number of cell types. DNase-seq data are being produced for hundreds of cell types. We aimed to develop a computational method that could combine ChIP-seq and DNase-seq data to predict TF binding sites in a wide variety of cell types. We trained and tested a logistic regression model, called LR-DNase, to predict binding sites for a specific TF using seven features derived from DNase-seq and genomic sequence. We calculated the area under the precision-recall curve at a false discovery rate cutoff of 0.5 for the LR-DNase model, a number of logistic regression models with fewer features, and several existing state-of-the-art TF binding prediction methods. The LR-DNase model outperformed existing unsupervised and supervised methods. Additionally, for many TFs, a model that uses only two features, DNase-seq reads and motif score, was sufficient to match the performance of the best existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Velde, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LR-DNase: Predicting TF binding from DNase-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microRNA family exerts maternal control on sex determination in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression in early animal embryogenesis is in large part controlled post-transcriptionally. Maternally-contributed microRNAs may therefore play important roles in early development. We have elucidated a major biological role of the nematode mir-35 family of maternally-contributed, essential microRNAs. We show that this microRNA family regulates the sex determination pathway at multiple levels, acting both upstream and downstream of her-1 to prevent aberrantly activated male developmental programs in hermaphrodite embryos. The predicted target genes that act downstream of the mir-35 family in this process, sup-26 and nhl-2, both encode RNA binding proteins, thus delineating a previously unknown post-transcriptional regulatory subnetwork within the well-studied sex determination pathway of C. elegans. Genome-wide profiling of SUP-26 binding targets reveals 775 mRNAs, most of which have no known role in sex determination, suggesting that the mir-35 family may modulate numerous other pathways via regulation of sup-26. Since sex determination in C. elegans requires zygotic gene expression to read the sex chromosome karyotype, early embryos must remain gender-naive; our findings show that the mir-35 family microRNAs act in the early embryo to function as a developmental timer that preserves naivete and prevents premature deleterious developmental decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McJunkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microRNA family exerts maternal control on sex determination in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified encyclopedia of human functional DNA elements through fully automated annotation of 164 human cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semi-automated genome annotation methods such as Segway enable understanding of chromatin activity. Here we present chromatin state annotations of 164 human cell types using 1,615 genomics data sets. To produce these annotations, we developed a fully-automated annotation strategy in which we train separate unsupervised annotation models on each cell type and use a machine learning classifier to automate the state interpretation step. Using these annotations, we developed a measure of the importance of each genomic position called the "conservation-associated activity score," which we use to aggregate information across cell types into a multi-cell type view. The aggregated conservation-associated activity score provides a measure of importance directly attributable to a specific activity in a specific set of cell types. In contrast to evolutionary conservation, this measure is not biased to detect only elements shared with related species. Using the conservation-associated activity score, we combined all our annotations into a single, cell type-agnostic encyclopedia that catalogs all human transcriptional and regulatory elements, enabling easy and intuitive interpretation of the effect of genome variants on phenotype, such as in disease-associated, evolutionarily conserved or positively selected loci. These resources, including cell type-specific annotations, encyclopedia, and a visualization server, are available at http://noble.gs.washington.edu/proj/encyclopedia.nnAuthor SummaryGenome annotation algorithms are an effective class of tools for understanding the function of the genome. These algorithms take as input a set of genome-wide measurements about the activity at each base pair in a given tissue, such as where a given protein is binding or how accessible the DNA is to being read by a protein. The genome is then partitioned and each segment is assigned a label such that positions with the same label exhibit similar patterns in the input data. Such annotations are widely used for many applications, such as to understand the mechanism of impact of a given genetic variant. Here we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive set of genome annotations created so far, encompassing 164 human cell types and including 1,615 genomics data sets. These comprehensive annotations are made possible by a strategy that automates the previous interpretation step. Furthermore, we present several methodological innovations that make these genome annotations more useful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Libbrecht, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilmes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified encyclopedia of human functional DNA elements through fully automated annotation of 164 human cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HI-C 2.0: AN OPTIMIZED HI-C PROCEDURE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION GENOME-WIDE MAPPING OF CHROMOSOME CONFORMATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome conformation capture-based methods such as Hi-C have become mainstream techniques for the study of the 3D organization of genomes. These methods convert chromatin interactions reflecting topological chromatin structures into digital information (counts of pair-wise interactions). Here, we describe an updated protocol for Hi-C (Hi-C 2.0) that integrates recent improvements into a single protocol for efficient and high-resolution capture of chromatin interactions. This protocol combines chromatin digestion and frequently cutting enzymes to obtain kilobase (Kb) resolution. It also includes steps to reduce random ligation and the generation of uninformative molecules, such as unligated ends, to improve the amount of valid intra-chromosomal read pairs. This protocol allows for obtaining information on conformational structures such as compartment and TADs, as well as high-resolution conformational features such as DNA loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belaghzal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HI-C 2.0: AN OPTIMIZED HI-C PROCEDURE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION GENOME-WIDE MAPPING OF CHROMOSOME CONFORMATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of ribosome rescue by ArfA and RF2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ArfA rescues ribosomes stalled on truncated mRNAs by recruiting the release factor RF2, which normally binds stop codons to catalyze peptide release. We report two 3.2-[A] resolution cryo-EM structures - determined from a single sample - of the 70S ribosome with ArfA*RF2 in the A site. In both states, the ArfA C-terminus occupies the mRNA tunnel downstream of the A site. One state contains a compact inactive RF2 conformation, hitherto unobserved in 70S termination complexes. Ordering of the ArfA N-terminus in the second state rearranges RF2 into an extended conformation that docks the catalytic GGQ motif into the peptidyl-transferase center. Our work thus reveals the structural dynamics of ribosome rescue. The structures demonstrate how ArfA "senses" the vacant mRNA tunnel and activates RF2 to mediate peptide release without a stop codon, allowing stalled ribosomes to be recycled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svidritskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madireddy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Avalos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of ribosome rescue by ArfA and RF2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Estradiol-Inducible Promoter Enables Fast, Graduated Control of Gene Expression in Fission Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe lacks a diverse toolkit of inducible promoters for experimental manipulation. Available inducible promoters suffer from slow induction kinetics, limited control of expression levels and/or a requirement for defined growth medium. In particular, no S. pombe inducible promoter systems exhibit a linear dose response, which would allow expression to be tuned to specific levels. We have adapted a fast, orthogonal promoter system with a large dynamic range and a linear dose response, based on {beta}-estradiol-regulated function of the human estrogen receptor, for use in S. pombe. We show that this promoter system, termed Z3EV, turns on quickly, can reach a maximal induction of 20 fold, and exhibits a linear dose response over its entire induction range, with few off target effects. We demonstrate the utility of this system by regulating the mitotic inhibitor Wee1 to create a strain in which cell size is regulated by {beta}-estradiol concentration. This promoter system will be of great utility for experimentally regulating gene expression in fission yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIsaac, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Estradiol-Inducible Promoter Enables Fast, Graduated Control of Gene Expression in Fission Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin dependent compaction of mitotic chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are key determinants of chromosome conformation. Using Hi-C and polymer modelling, we study how cohesin and condensin, two deeply-conserved SMC complexes, organize chromosomes in budding yeast. The canonical role of cohesins is to co-align sister chromatids whilst condensins generally compact mitotic chromosomes. We find strikingly different roles in budding yeast mitosis. First, cohesin is responsible for compacting mitotic chromosomes arms, independent of and in addition to its role in sister-chromatid cohesion. Cohesin dependent mitotic chromosome compaction can be fully accounted for through cis-looping of chromatin by loop extrusion. Second, condensin is dispensable for compaction along chromosomal arms and instead plays a specialized role, structuring rDNA and peri-centromeric regions. Our results argue that the conserved mechanism of SMC complexes is to form chromatin loops and that SMC-dependent looping is readily deployed in a range of contexts to functionally organize chromosomes.nnHighlightsO_LICohesin compacts mitotic chromosomes independently of sister chromatid cohesion.nC_LIO_LIFormation of cis-loops by loop extrusion fully accounts for cohesin-mediated compaction.nC_LIO_LICondensin is not required for mitotic chromosome compaction of yeast chromosome armsnC_LIO_LICondensin has a focused pre-anaphase role at centromeres and rDNA in yeastnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schalbetter, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin dependent compaction of mitotic chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms underlying folding of mammalian chromosomes remain poorly understood. The transcription factor CTCF is a candidate regulator of chromosomal structure. Using the auxin-inducible degron system in mouse embryonic stem cells, we show that CTCF is absolutely and dose-dependently required for looping between CTCF target sites and segmental organization into topologically associating domains (TADs). Restoring CTCF reinstates proper architecture on altered chromosomes, indicating a powerful instructive function for CTCF in chromatin folding, and CTCF remains essential for TAD organization in non-dividing cells. Surprisingly, active and inactive genome compartments remain properly segregated upon CTCF depletion, revealing that compartmentalization of mammalian chromosomes emerges independently of proper insulation of TADs. Further, our data supports that CTCF mediates transcriptional insulator function through enhancer-blocking but not direct chromatin barrier activity. These results define the functions of CTCF in chromosome folding, and provide new fundamental insights into the rules governing mammalian genome organization.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/095802_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (49K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@79c6c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8e61forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c2eedorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cf7f3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nora, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebsersohn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from higher-order genomic compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 4D Nucleome Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary Summary Background Overview of the goals... Structure of the 4D... Research Plans References The spatial organization of the genome and its dynamics contribute to gene expression and cellular function in normal development as well as in disease. Although we are increasingly well equipped to determine a genomes sequence and linear chromatin composition, studying the three-dimensional organization of the genome with high spatial and temporal resolution remains challenging. The 4D Nucleome Network aims to develop and apply approaches to map the structure and dynamics of the human and mouse genomes in space and time with the long term goal of gaining deeper mechanistic understanding of how the nucleus is organized. The project will develop and benchmark experimental and computational approaches for meas ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshyk, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 4D Nucleome Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 4D Nucleome Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accuracy, Reproducibility And Bias Of Next Generation Sequencing For Quantitative Small RNA Profiling: A Multiple Protocol Study Across Multiple Laboratories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNA-seq is increasingly being used for profiling of small RNAs. Quantitative characteristics of long RNA-seq have been extensively described, but small RNA-seq involves fundamentally different methods for library preparation, with distinct protocols and technical variations that have not been fully and systematically studied. We report here the results of a study using common references (synthetic RNA pools of defined composition, as well as plasma-derived RNA) to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility and bias of small RNA-seq library preparation for five distinct protocols and across nine different laboratories. We observed protocol-specific and sequence-specific bias, which was ameliorated using adapters for ligation with randomized end-nucleotides, and computational correction factors. Despite this technical bias, relative quantification using small RNA-seq was remarkably accurate and reproducible, even across multiple laboratories using different methods. These results provide strong evidence for the feasibility of reproducible cross-laboratory small RNA-seq studies, even those involving analysis of data generated using different protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spengler, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etheridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Hoff, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanriverdi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buermans, H. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galas, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accuracy, Reproducibility And Bias Of Next Generation Sequencing For Quantitative Small RNA Profiling: A Multiple Protocol Study Across Multiple Laboratories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrative Framework For Detecting Structural Variations In Cancer Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants can contribute to oncogenesis through a variety of mechanisms, yet, despite their importance, the identification of structural variants in cancer genomes remains challenging. Here, we present an integrative framework for comprehensively identifying structural variation in cancer genomes. For the first time, we apply next-generation optical mapping, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), and whole genome sequencing to systematically detect SVs in a variety of cancer cells.nnUsing this approach, we identify and characterize structural variants in up to 29 commonly used normal and cancer cell lines. We find that each method has unique strengths in identifying different classes of structural variants and at different scales, suggesting that integrative approaches are likely the only way to comprehensively identify structural variants in the genome. Studying the impact of the structural variants in cancer cell lines, we identify widespread structural variation events affecting the functions of non-coding sequences in the genome, including the deletion of distal regulatory sequences, alteration of DNA replication timing, and the creation of novel 3D chromatin structural domains.nnThese results underscore the importance of comprehensive structural variant identification and indicate that non-coding structural variation may be an underappreciated mutational process in cancer genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dileep, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bann, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyyanki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pool, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulia, J. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broach, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrative Framework For Detecting Structural Variations In Cancer Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication Fork Slowing And Stalling are Distinct, Checkpoint-Independent Consequences of Replicating Damaged DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to DNA damage during S phase, cells slow DNA replication. This slowing is orchestrated by the intra-S checkpoint and involves inhibition of origin firing and reduction of replication fork speed. Slowing of replication allows for tolerance of DNA damage and suppresses genomic instability. Although the mechanisms of origin inhibition by the intra-S checkpoint are understood, major questions remain about how the checkpoint regulates replication forks: Does the checkpoint regulate the rate of fork progression? Does the checkpoint affect all forks, or only those encountering damage? Does the checkpoint facilitate the replication of polymerase-blocking lesions? To address these questions, we have analyzed the checkpoint in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe using a single-molecule DNA combing assay, which allows us to unambiguously separate the contribution of origin and fork regulation towards replication slowing, and allows us to investigate the behavior of individual forks. Moreover, we have interrogated the role of forks interacting with individual sites of damage by using three damaging agents--MMS, 4NQO and bleomycin--that cause similar levels of replication slowing with very different frequency of DNA lesions. We find that the checkpoint slows replication by inhibiting origin firing, but not by decreasing fork rates. However, the checkpoint appears to facilitate replication of damaged templates, allowing forks to more quickly pass lesions. Finally, using a novel analytic approach, we rigorously identify fork stalling events in our combing data and show that they play a previously unappreciated role in shaping replication kinetics in response to DNA damage.nnAuthor SummaryFaithful duplication of the genome is essential for genetic stability of organisms and species. To ensure faithful duplication, cells must be able to replicate damaged DNA. To do so, they employ checkpoints that regulate replication in response to DNA damage. However, the mechanisms by which checkpoints regulate DNA replication forks, the macromolecular machines that contain the helicases and polymerases required to unwind and copy the parental DNA, is unknown. We have used DNA combing, a single-molecule technique that allows us to monitor the progression of individual replication forks, to characterize the response of fission yeast replication forks to DNA damage that blocks the replicative polymerases. We find that forks pass most lesions with only a brief pause and that this lesion bypass is checkpoint independent. However, at a low frequency, forks stall at lesions, and that the checkpoint is required to prevent these stalls from accumulating single-stranded DNA. Our results suggest that the major role of the checkpoint is not to regulate the interaction of replication forks with DNA damage, per se, but to mitigate the consequences of fork stalling when forks are unable to successfully navigate DNA damage on their own.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication Fork Slowing And Stalling are Distinct, Checkpoint-Independent Consequences of Replicating Damaged DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus activates type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1-infected people who take drugs that suppress viremia to undetectable levels are protected from developing AIDS. Nonetheless, these individuals have chronic inflammation associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular pathology. HIV-1 establishes proviruses in long-lived CD4+ memory T cells, and perhaps other cell types, that preclude elimination of the virus even after years of continuous antiviral therapy. Though the majority of proviruses that persist during antiviral therapy are defective for production of infectious virions, many are expressed, raising the possibility that the HIV-1provirus or its transcripts contribute to ongoing inflammation. Here we found that the HIV-1 provirus activated innate immune signaling in isolated dendritic cells, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells. Immune activation required transcription from the HIV-1 provirus and expression of CRM1-dependent, Rev-dependent, RRE-containing, unspliced HIV-1 RNA. If rev was provided in trans, all HIV-1 coding sequences were dispensable for activation except those cis-acting sequences required for replication or splicing. These results indicate that the complex, post-transcriptional regulation intrinsic to HIV-1 RNA is detected by the innate immune system as a danger signal, and that drugs which disrupt HIV-1 transcription or HIV-1 RNA metabolism would add qualitative benefit to current antiviral drug regimens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCauley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowosielska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus activates type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-Maf-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to intestinal microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both microbial and host genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease1-4. Accumulating evidence suggests that microbial species that potentiate chronic inflammation, as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), often also colonize healthy individuals. These microbes, including the Helicobacter species, have the propensity to induce autoreactive T cells and are collectively referred to as pathobionts4-8. However, an understanding of how such T cells are constrained in healthy individuals is lacking. Here we report that host tolerance to a potentially pathogenic bacterium, Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus), is mediated by induction of ROR{gamma}t+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (iTreg) that selectively restrain pro-inflammatory TH17 cells and whose function is dependent on the transcription factor c-Maf. Whereas H. hepaticus colonization of wild-type mice promoted differentiation of ROR{gamma}t-expressing microbe-specific iTreg in the large intestine, in disease-susceptible IL-10-deficient animals there was instead expansion of colitogenic TH17 cells. Inactivation of c-Maf in the Treg compartment likewise impaired differentiation of bacteria-specific iTreg, resulting in accumulation of H. hepaticus-specific inflammatory TH17 cells and spontaneous colitis. In contrast, ROR{gamma}t inactivation in Treg only had a minor effect on bacterial-specific Treg-TH17 balance, and did not result in inflammation. Our results suggest that pathobiont-dependent IBD is a consequence of microbiota-reactive T cells that have escaped this c-Maf-dependent mechanism of iTreg-TH17 homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokrovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-Maf-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to intestinal microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ki-67 Contributes To Normal Cell Cycle Progression And Inactive X Heterochromatin In p21 Checkpoint-Proficient Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ki-67 protein is widely used as a tumor proliferation marker. However, whether Ki-67 affects cell cycle progression has been controversial. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of Ki-67 in human hTERT-RPE1, WI-38, IMR90, hTERT-BJ cell lines and primary fibroblast cells slowed entry into S phase and coordinately downregulated genes related to DNA replication. Some gene expression changes were partially relieved in Ki-67-depleted hTERT-RPE1 cells by co-depletion of the Rb checkpoint protein, but more thorough suppression of the transcriptional and cell cycle defects was observed upon depletion of cell cycle inhibitor p21. Notably, induction of p21 upon depletion of Ki-67 was a consistent hallmark of cell types in which transcription and cell cycle distribution were sensitive to Ki-67; these responses were absent in cells that did not induce p21. Furthermore, upon Ki-67 depletion, a subset of inactive x (Xi) chromosomes in female hTERT-RPE1 cells displayed several features of compromised heterochromatin maintenance, including decreased H3K27me3 and H4K20me1 labeling. These chromatin alterations were limited to Xi chromosomes localized away from the nuclear lamina and were not observed in checkpoint-deficient 293T cells. Altogether, our results indicate that Ki-67 integrates normal S phase progression and Xi heterochromatin maintenance in p21 checkpoint-proficient human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizhanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ki-67 Contributes To Normal Cell Cycle Progression And Inactive X Heterochromatin In p21 Checkpoint-Proficient Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending Chemical Perturbations Of The Ubiquitin Fitness Landscape In A Classroom Setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the primary protein sequence of ubiquitin (Ub) is extremely stable over evolutionary time, it is highly tolerant to mutation during selection experiments performed in the laboratory. We have proposed that this discrepancy results from the difference between fitness under laboratory culture conditions and the selective pressures in changing environments over evolutionary time scales. Building on our previous work (Mavor et al 2016), we used deep mutational scanning to determine how twelve new chemicals (3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, 5-fluorocytosine, Amphotericin B, CaCl2, Cerulenin, Cobalt Acetate, Menadione, Nickel Chloride, p-fluorophenylalanine, Rapamycin, Tamoxifen, and Tunicamycin) reveal novel mutational sensitivities of ubiquitin residues. We found sensitization of Lys63 in eight new conditions. In total, our experiments have uncovered a sensitizing condition for every position in Ub except Ser57 and Gln62. By determining the Ubiquitin fitness landscape under different chemical constraints, our work helps to resolve the inconsistencies between deep mutational scanning experiments and sequence conservation over evolutionary timescales.nnBuilds onMavor D, Barlow KA, Thompson S, Barad BA, Bonny AR, Cario CL, Gaskins G, Liu Z, Deming L, Axen SD, Caceres E, Chen W, Cuesta A, Gate R, Green EM, Hulce KR, Ji W, Kenner LR, Mensa B, Morinishi LS, Moss SM, Mravic M, Muir RK, Niekamp S, Nnadi CI, Palovcak E, Poss EM, Ross TD, Salcedo E, See S, Subramaniam M, Wong AW, Li J, Thorn KS, Conchuir SO, Roscoe BP, Chow ED, DeRisi JL, Kortemme T, Bolon DN, Fraser JS. Determination of Ubiquitin Fitness Landscapes Under Different Chemical Stresses in a Classroom Setting. eLife. 2016.nnImpact StatementWe organized a project-based course that used deep mutational scanning in multiple chemical conditions to resolve the inconsistencies between tolerance to mutations in laboratory conditions and sequence conservation over evolutionary timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morinishi, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arhar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ary, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendel, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helsell, C. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoroshkin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkemo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McTigue, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers-Turnbull, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reder, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettko, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohweder, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, D. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending Chemical Perturbations Of The Ubiquitin Fitness Landscape In A Classroom Setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution Of Subcellular Protrusion Heterogeneity And The Underlying Actin Regulator Dynamics From Live Cell Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell protrusion is morphodynamically heterogeneous at the subcellular level. However, the mechanistic understanding of protrusion activities is usually based on the ensemble average of actin regulator dynamics at the cellular or population levels. Here, we establish a machine learning-based computational framework called HACKS (deconvolution of Heterogeneous Activity Coordination in cytosKeleton at a Subcellular level) to deconvolve the subcellular heterogeneity of lamellipodial protrusion in migrating cells. HACKS quantitatively identifies distinct subcellular protrusion phenotypes from highly heterogeneous protrusion activities and reveals their underlying actin regulator dynamics at the leading edge. Furthermore, it can identify specific subcellular protrusion phenotypes susceptible to pharmacological perturbation and reveal how actin regulator dynamics are changed by the perturbation. Using our method, we discovered  accelerating protrusion phenotype in addition to  fluctuating and  periodic protrusions. Intriguingly, the accelerating protrusion was driven by the temporally coordinated actions between Arp2/3 and VASP: initiated by Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation, and then accelerated by VASP-mediated actin elongation. We were able to confirm it by pharmacological perturbations using CK666 and Cytochalasin D, which specifically reduced  strong accelerating protrusion activities. Taken together, we have demonstrated that HACKS allows us to discover the fine differential coordination of molecular dynamics underlying subcellular protrusion heterogeneity via a machine learning analysis of live cell imaging data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution Of Subcellular Protrusion Heterogeneity And The Underlying Actin Regulator Dynamics From Live Cell Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing Spatial Transport Distributions In The Nuclear Pore Complex From 2D Images -- How Reliable Is It? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging single molecules in living cells and reconstituted cell systems has resulted in a new understanding of the dynamics of nuclear pore complex functions over the last decade. It does, however, fall short on providing insights into the functional relationships between the pore and nucleocytoplasmic cargo in three-dimensional space. This limited ability is the result of insufficient resolution of optical microscopes along the optical axis and limited fluorescent signal due to the short timescales involved in nuclear transport (fractions of a second). To bypass current technological limitations, it was suggested that highly time-resolved 2D single molecule data could be interpreted as projected cargo locations and could subsequently be transformed into a spatial cargo distribution by assuming cylindrical symmetry 1. Such cargo distributions would provide valuable insights into the NPC-mediated transport in cells. This method, termed 3D-SPEED, has attracted large interest inside and beyond the nuclear pore field, but has also been sharply critiqued for a lack of critical evaluation. Here we present such an evaluation, testing the robustness, reconstruction quality and model-dependency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing Spatial Transport Distributions In The Nuclear Pore Complex From 2D Images -- How Reliable Is It?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Project MinE: study design and pilot analyses of a large-scale whole-genome sequencing study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most recent genome-wide association study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrates a disproportionate contribution from low-frequency variants to genetic susceptibility of disease. We have therefore begun Project MinE, an international collaboration that seeks to analyse whole-genome sequence data of at least 15,000 ALS patients and 7,500 controls. Here, we report on the design of Project MinE and pilot analyses of newly whole-genome sequenced 1,264 ALS patients and 611 controls drawn from the Netherlands. As has become characteristic of sequencing studies, we find an abundance of rare genetic variation (minor allele frequency < 0.1 %), the vast majority of which is absent in public data sets. Principal component analysis reveals local geographical clustering of these variants within The Netherlands. We use the whole-genome sequence data to explore the implications of poor geographical matching of cases and controls in a sequence-based disease study and to investigate how ancestry-matched, externally sequenced controls can induce false positive associations. Also, we have publicly released genome-wide minor allele counts in cases and controls, as well as results from genic burden tests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- Project MinE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Rheenen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulit, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brands, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middelkoop, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moisse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellevis, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproviero, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazelaar, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Spek, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doormal, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Vugt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hide, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newhouse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robberecht, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Es, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Project MinE: study design and pilot analyses of a large-scale whole-genome sequencing study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide analysis of roles for tRNA modifications in translational regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covalent nucleotide modifications in noncoding RNAs such as tRNAs affect a plethora of biological processes, with new functions continuing to be discovered for even well-known tRNA modifications. To systematically compare the functions of a large set of ncRNA modifications in gene regulation, we carried out ribosome profiling and RNA-Seq in budding yeast for 57 nonessential genes involved in tRNA modification. Deletion mutants exhibited a range of translational phenotypes, with modifying enzymes known to modify anticodons, or non-tRNA substrates such as rRNA, exhibiting the most dramatic translational perturbations. Our data build on prior reports documenting translational upregulation of the nutrient-responsive transcription factor Gcn4 in response to numerous tRNA perturbations, and identify many additional translationally-regulated mRNAs throughout the yeast genome. Our data also uncover novel roles for tRNA modifying enzymes in transcriptional regulation of TY retroelements, and in rRNA 2-O-methylation. This dataset should provide a rich resource for discovery of additional links between tRNA modifications and gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide analysis of roles for tRNA modifications in translational regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proposal for minimum information guidelines to report and reproduce results of particle tracking and motion analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proposed Minimum Information About Particle Tracking Experiments (MIAPTE) reporting guidelines described here aim to deliver a set of rules representing the minimal information required to report and support interpretation and assessment of data arising from intracellular multiple particle tracking (MPT) experiments. Examples of such experiments are those tracking viral particles as they move from the site of entry to the site of replication within an infected cell, or those following vesicular dynamics during secretion, endocytosis, or exocytosis. By promoting development of community standards, we hope that MIAPTE will contribute to making MPT data FAIR (Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reusable). Ultimately, the goal of MIAPTE is to promote and maximize data access, discovery, preservation, re-use, and repurposing through efficient annotation, and ultimately to enable reproducibility of particle tracking experiments. This document introduces MIAPTE v0.2, which updates the version that was posted to Fairsharing.org in October 2016. MIAPTE v0.2 is presented with the specific intent of soliciting comments from the particle tracking community with the purpose of extending and improving the model. The MIAPTE guidelines are intended for different categories of users: 1) Scientists with the desire to make new results available in a way that can be interpreted unequivocally by both humans and machines. For this class of users, MIAPTE provides data descriptors to define data entry terms and the analysis workflow in a unified manner. 2) Scientists wishing to evaluate, replicate and re-analyze results published by others. For this class of users MIAPTE provides descriptors that define the analysis procedures in a manner that facilitates its reproduction. 3) Developers who want to take advantage of the schema of MIAPTE to produce MIAPTE compatible tools. MIAPTE consists of a list of controlled vocabulary (CV) terms that describe elements and properties for the minimal description of particle tracking experiments, with a focus on viral and vesicular traffic within cells. As part of this submission we provide entity relationship (ER) diagrams that show the relationship between terms. Finally, we also provide documents containing the MIAPTE-compliant XML schema describing the data model used by Open Microscopy Environment inteGrated Analysis (OMEGA), our novel particle tracking data analysis and management tool, which is reported in a separate manuscript. MIAPTE is structured in two sub-sections: 1) Section 1 contains elements, attributes and data structures describing the results of particle tracking, namely: particles, links, trajectories and trajectory segments. 2) Section 2 contains elements that provide details about the algorithmic procedure utilized to produce and analyze trajectories as well as the results of trajectory analysis. In addition MIAPTE includes those OME-XML elements that are required to capture the acquisition parameters and the structure of images to be subjected to particle tracking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio De Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proposal for minimum information guidelines to report and reproduce results of particle tracking and motion analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule FISH in Drosophila muscle reveals location dependent mRNA composition of megaRNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH) provides direct access to the spatial relationship between nucleic acids and specific subcellular locations. The ability to precisely localize a messenger RNA can reveal key information about its regulation. Although smFISH is well established in cell culture or thin sections, methods for its accurate application to tissues are lacking. The utility of smFISH in thick tissue sections must overcome several challenges, including probe penetration of fixed tissue, accessibility of target mRNAs for probe hybridization, high fluorescent background, spherical aberration along the optical axis, and image segmentation of organelles. Here we describe how we overcame these obstacles to study mRNA localization in Drosophila larval muscle samples that approach 50 m thickness. We use sample-specific optimization of smFISH, particle identification based on maximum likelihood testing, and 3-dimensional multiple-organelle segmentation. The latter allows using independent thresholds for different regions of interest within an image stack. Our approach therefore facilitates accurate measurement of mRNA location in thick tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule FISH in Drosophila muscle reveals location dependent mRNA composition of megaRNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid isolation of functionally intact nuclei from the yeast Saccharomyces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most available methods for nuclear isolation entail lengthy procedures that are difficult to master and generally emphasize yield and enrichment over nuclear preservation, thus limiting their utility for further studies. Here we demonstrate a novel and robust method to rapidly isolate well-preserved yeast nuclei. The method can be easily adapted to multiple preparation scales depending on experimental need and it can readily be performed on multiple samples by a single researcher in one day. We show that the nuclei fraction is strongly enriched and that the resulting nuclei are free from contaminating endoplasmatic reticulum and other cell debris. EM studies show that preservation of nuclear morphology is exquisite, making it possible to study peripheral nuclear pore components such as the cytoplasmic filaments and the basket, whose structure is generally difficult to maintain ex vivo. In addition, incubation of isolated nuclei with bulk transport substrates of different sizes and with import cargo indicates that the nuclear envelope is intact and nuclear pores retain their capacity to bind transport substrates. Our results suggest that this preparation procedure will greatly facilitate studies of the yeast nucleus which have been difficult to establish and to multiplex to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niepel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio De Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid isolation of functionally intact nuclei from the yeast Saccharomyces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fundamental limits on dynamic inference from single cell snapshots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell expression profiling reveals the molecular states of individual cells with unprecedented detail. However, because these methods destroy cells in the process of analysis, they cannot measure how gene expression changes over time. But some information on dynamics is present in the data: the continuum of molecular states in the population can reflect the trajectory of a typical cell. Many methods for extracting single cell dynamics from population data have been proposed. However, all such attempts face a common limitation: for any measured distribution of cell states, there are multiple dynamics that could give rise to it, and by extension, multiple possibilities for underlying mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe the aspects of gene expression dynamics that cannot be inferred from a static snapshot alone and identify assumptions necessary to constrain a unique solution for cell dynamics from static snapshots. We translate these constraints into a practical algorithmic approach, Population Balance Analysis (PBA), which makes use of a method from spectral graph theory to solve a class of high dimensional differential equations. We use simulations to show the strengths and limitations of PBA, and then apply it to single-cell profiles of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Cell state predictions from this analysis agree with HPC fate assays reported in several papers over the past two decades. By highlighting the fundamental limits on dynamic inference faced by any method, our framework provides a rigorous basis for dynamic interpretation of a gene expression continuum and clarifies best experimental designs for trajectory reconstruction from static snapshot measurements.nnSignificanceSeeing a snapshot of individuals at different stages of a process can reveal what the process would look like for a single individual over time. Biologists apply this principle to infer temporal sequences of gene expression states in cells from measurements made at a single moment in time. However, these inferences are fundamentally under-determined. Using a conservation law, we enumerate reasons that there is no unique dynamics associated with a single snapshot, limiting our ability to infer gene regulatory mechanisms. We then propose a method for dynamic inference that provides a unique dynamic solution under defined approximations and apply it to data from bone marrow stem cells. Overall, this study introduces formal biophysical approaches to single cell bioinformatics.nnClassificationBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / Systems Biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusi, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fundamental limits on dynamic inference from single cell snapshots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic biology approach to probing nucleosome symmetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repeating subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome, includes two copies of each of the four core histones, and several recent studies have reported that asymmetrically-modified nucleosomes occur at regulatory elements in vivo. To probe the mechanisms by which histone modifications are read out, we designed an obligate pair of H3 heterodimers, termed H3X and H3Y, which we extensively validated genetically and biochemically. Comparing the effects of asymmetric histone tail point mutants with those of symmetric double mutants revealed that a single methylated H3K36 per nucleosome was sufficient to silence cryptic transcription in vivo. We also demonstrate the utility of this system for analysis of histone modification crosstalk, using mass spectrometry to separately identify modifications on each H3 molecule within asymmetric nucleosomes. The ability to generate asymmetric nucleosomes in vivo and in vitro provides a powerful and generalizable tool to probe the mechanisms by which H3 tails are read out by effector proteins in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleboim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abshiru, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic biology approach to probing nucleosome symmetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity and Intrinsic Variation in Spatial Genome Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is hierarchically organized in 3D space and its architecture is altered in differentiation, development and disease. Some of the general principles that determine global 3D genome organization have been established. However, the extent and nature of cell-to-cell and cell-intrinsic variability in genome architecture are poorly characterized. Here, we systematically probe the heterogeneity in genome organization in human fibroblasts by combining high-resolution Hi-C datasets and high-throughput genome imaging. Optical mapping of several hundred genome interaction pairs at the single cell level demonstrates low steady-state frequencies of colocalization in the population and independent behavior of individual alleles in single nuclei. Association frequencies are determined by genomic distance, higher-order chromatin architecture and chromatin environment. These observations reveal extensive variability and heterogeneity in genome organization at the level of single cells and alleles and they demonstrate the coexistence of a broad spectrum of chromatin and genome conformations in a cell population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegoraro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misteli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity and Intrinsic Variation in Spatial Genome Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-BERST: Defining subnuclear proteomic landscapes at genomic elements with dCas9-APEX2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping proteomic composition at distinct genomic loci and subnuclear landmarks in living cells has been a long-standing challenge. Here we report that dCas9-APEX2 Biotinylation at genomic Elements by Restricted Spatial Tagging (C-BERST) allows the rapid, unbiased mapping of proteomes near defined genomic loci, as demonstrated for telomeres and centromeres. By combining the spatially restricted enzymatic tagging enabled by APEX2 with programmable DNA targeting by dCas9, C-BERST has successfully identified nearly 50% of known telomere-associated factors and many known centromere-associated factors. We also identified and validated SLX4IP and RPA3 as telomeric factors, confirming C-BERSTs utility as a discovery platform. C-BERST enables the rapid, high-throughput identification of proteins associated with specific sequences, facilitating annotation of these factors and their roles in nuclear and chromosome biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-BERST: Defining subnuclear proteomic landscapes at genomic elements with dCas9-APEX2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NmeCas9 is an intrinsically high-fidelity genome editing platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe development of CRISPR genome editing has transformed biomedical research. Most applications reported thus far rely upon the Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 (SpyCas9). With many RNA guides, wild-type SpyCas9 can induce significant levels of unintended mutations at near-cognate sites, necessitating substantial efforts toward the development of strategies to minimize off-target activity. Although the genome-editing potential of thousands of other Cas9 orthologs remains largely untapped, it is not known how many will require similarly extensive engineering to achieve single-site accuracy within large (e.g. mammalian) genomes. In addition to its off-targeting propensity, SpyCas9 is encoded by a relatively large (~4.2 kb) open reading frame, limiting its utility in applications that require size-restricted delivery strategies such as adeno-associated virus vectors. In contrast, some genome-editing-validated Cas9 orthologs (e.g. from Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Neisseria meningitidis) are considerably smaller and therefore better suited for viral delivery.nnResultsHere we show that wild-type NmeCas9, when programmed with guide sequences of natural length (24 nucleotides), exhibits a nearly complete absence of unintended editing in human cells, even when targeting sites that are prone to off-target activity with wildtype SpyCas9. We also validate at least six variant protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs), in addition to the preferred consensus PAM (5-N4GATT-3), for NmeCas9 genome editing in human cells.nnConclusionsOur results show that NmeCas9 is a naturally high-fidelity genome editing enzyme and suggest that additional Cas9 orthologs may prove to exhibit similarly high accuracy, even without extensive engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edraki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NmeCas9 is an intrinsically high-fidelity genome editing platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes fold by condensin-dependent helical winding of chromatin loop arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, chromosomes fold into compacted rod shaped structures. We combined imaging and Hi-C of synchronous DT40 cell cultures with polymer simulations to determine how interphase chromosomes are converted into compressed arrays of loops characteristic of mitotic chromosomes. We found that the interphase organization is disassembled within minutes of prophase entry and by late prophase chromosomes are already folded as arrays of consecutive loops. During prometaphase, this array reorganizes to form a helical arrangement of nested loops. Polymer simulations reveal that Hi-C data are inconsistent with solenoidal coiling of the entire chromatid, but instead suggest a centrally located helically twisted axis from which consecutive loops emanate as in a spiral staircase. Chromosomes subsequently shorten through progressive helical winding, with the numbers of loops per turn increasing so that the size of a helical turn grows from around 3 Mb (~40 loops) to ~12 Mb (~150 loops) in fully condensed metaphase chromosomes. Condensin is essential to disassemble the interphase chromatin conformation. Analysis of mutants revealed differing roles for condensin I and II during these processes. Either condensin can mediate formation of loop arrays. However, condensin II was required for helical winding during prometaphase, whereas condensin I modulated the size and arrangement of loops inside the helical turns. These observations identify a mitotic chromosome morphogenesis pathway in which folding of linear loop arrays produces long thin chromosomes during prophase that then shorten by progressive growth of loops and helical winding during prometaphase.nnOne Sentence SummaryMitotic chromosome morphogenesis occurs through condensin-mediated disassembly of the interphase conformation and formation of extended prophase loop arrays that then shorten by loop growth and condensin-dependent helical winding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samejima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samejima, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanemaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnshaw, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes fold by condensin-dependent helical winding of chromatin loop arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate sequence selectivity of APOBEC3A implicates intra-DNA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The APOBEC3 (A3) family of human cytidine deaminases is renowned for providing a first line of defense against many exogenous and endogenous retroviruses. However, the ability of these proteins to deaminate deoxycytidines in ssDNA makes A3s a double-edged sword. When overexpressed, A3s can mutate endogenous genomic DNA resulting in a variety of cancers. Although the sequence context for mutating DNA varies among A3s, the mechanism for substrate sequence specificity is not well understood. To characterize substrate specificity of A3A, a systematic approach was used to quantify the affinity for substrate as a function of sequence context, length, substrate secondary structure, and pH. We identified the A3A ssDNA binding motif as (T/C)TC(A/G), and found that A3A binds RNA in a sequence specific manner. Furthermore, A3A bound tighter to its substrate binding motif when in a loop compared to linear oligonucleotide. Our results suggest that the A3A affinity and preference for substrate is modulated by the structure of DNA, and not just its chemical identity. Analysis of previously published co-crystal structures of A3A bound to ssDNA in light of the above findings directed the proposal of a new model for the molecular mechanism underlying A3A sequence preference. On a broader scale, the results of this work not only provide key insights into the mechanism of A3s beneficial roles in the cell, especially in viral restriction, but also into A3s deleterious activity such as in the development of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myint, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate sequence selectivity of APOBEC3A implicates intra-DNA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zinc detoxification: a functional genomics and transcriptomics analysis in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells require some metals, such as zinc and manganese, but excess levels of these metals can be toxic. As a result, cells have evolved complex mechanisms for maintaining metal homeostasis and surviving metal intoxication. Here, we present the results of a large-scale functional genomic screen in Drosophila cultured cells for modifiers of zinc chloride toxicity, together with transcriptomics data for wildtype or genetically zinc-sensitized cells challenged with mild zinc chloride supplementation. Altogether, we identified 47 genes for which knockdown conferred sensitivity or resistance to toxic zinc or manganese chloride treatment, and more than 1800 putative zinc-responsive genes. Analysis of the  omics data points to the relevance of ion transporters, glutathione-related factors, and conserved disease-associated genes in zinc detoxification. Specific genes identified in the zinc screen include orthologs of human disease-associated genes CTNS, PTPRN (also known as IA-2), and ATP13A2 (also known as PARK9). We show that knockdown of red dog mine (rdog; CG11897), a candidate zinc detoxification gene encoding an ABCC-type transporter family protein related to yeast cadmium factor (YCF1), confers sensitivity to zinc intoxication in cultured cells and that rdog is transcriptionally up-regulated in response to zinc stress. As there are many links between the biology of zinc and other metals and human health, the  omics datasets presented here provide a resource that will allow researchers to explore metal biology in the context of diverse health-relevant processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilly, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housden, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierzputowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zinc detoxification: a functional genomics and transcriptomics analysis in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIP6 inhibits the Hippo signaling pathway in response to tension at adherens junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional co-activator YAP controls cell proliferation, survival, and tissue regeneration in response to changes in the mechanical environment. It is not known how mechanical stimuli such as tension are sensed and how the signal is transduced to control YAP activity. Here we show that the LIM domain protein TRIP6 acts as part of a mechanotransduction pathway at adherens junctions to promote YAP activity by inhibiting the LATS1/2 kinases. Previous studies showed that vinculin at adherens junctions becomes activated by mechanical tension. We show that vinculin inhibits Hippo signaling by recruiting TRIP6 to adherens junctions and stimulating its binding to and inhibition of LATS1/2 in response to tension. TRIP6 competes with MOB1 for binding to LATS1/2 thereby blocking MOB1 from recruiting the LATS1/2 activating kinases MST1/2. Together these findings reveal a novel mechanotransduction cascade that transduces tension signals sensed at adherens junctions to control Hippo pathway signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mana-Capelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramasivam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billiar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIP6 inhibits the Hippo signaling pathway in response to tension at adherens junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of Trichoplusia ni, an agricultural pest and novel model for small RNA biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a destructive insect pest that feeds on a wide range of plants. The High Five cell line (Hi5), originally derived from T. ni ovaries, is often used for efficient expression of recombinant proteins. Here, we report a draft assembly of the 368.2 Mb T. ni genome, with 90.6% of all bases assigned to one of its 28 chromosomes and predicted 14,037 predicted protein-coding genes. Manual curation of gene families involved in chemoreception and detoxification reveals T. ni-specific gene expansions that may explain its widespread distribution and rapid adaptation to insecticides. Using male and female genome sequences, we define Z-linked and repeat-rich W-linked sequences. Transcriptome and small RNA data from T. ni thorax, ovary, testis, and Hi5 cells reveal distinct expression profiles for 295 microRNA- and >393 piRNA-producing loci, as well as 39 genes encoding core small RNA pathway proteins. siRNAs target both endogenous transposons and the exogenous TNCL virus. Surprisingly, T. ni siRNAs are not 2{acute}-O-methylated. Five piRNA-producing loci account for 34.9% piRNAs in the ovary, 49.3% piRNAs in the testis, and 44.0% piRNAs in Hi5 cells. Nearly all of the W chromosome is devoted to piRNA production: >76.0% of bases in the assembled W produce piRNAs in ovary. To enable use of the T. ni germline-derived Hi5 cell line as a model system, we have established efficient genome editing and single-cell cloning protocols. Taken together, the T. ni genome provides insights into pest control and allows Hi5 cells to become a new tool for studying small RNAs ex vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarles, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of Trichoplusia ni, an agricultural pest and novel model for small RNA biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C is currently the most widely used assay to investigate the 3D organization of the genome and to study its role in gene regulation, DNA replication, and disease. However, Hi-C experiments are costly to perform and involve multiple complex experimental steps; thus, accurate methods for measuring the quality and reproducibility of Hi-C data are essential to determine whether the output should be used further in a study. Using real and simulated data, we profile the performance of several recently proposed methods for assessing reproducibility of population Hi-C data, including HiCRep, GenomeDISCO, HiC-Spector and QuASAR-Rep. By explicitly controlling noise and sparsity through simulations, we demonstrate the deficiencies of performing simple correlation analysis on pairs of matrices, and we show that methods developed specifically for Hi-C data produce better measures of reproducibility. We also show how to use established (e.g., ratio of intra to interchromosomal interactions) and novel (e.g., QuASAR-QC) measures to identify low quality experiments. In this work, we assess reproducibility and quality measures by varying sequencing depth, resolution and noise levels in Hi-C data from 13 cell lines, with two biological replicates each, as well as 176 simulated matrices. Through this extensive validation and benchmarking of Hi-C data, we describe best practices for reproducibility and quality assessment of Hi-C experiments. We make all software publicly available at http://github.com/kundajelab/3DChromatin_ReplicateQC to facilitate adoption in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive contingency and entrenchment in a billion years of Hsp90 evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many potential mutations within proteins modulate each others effects1-4, the extent to which these epistatic interactions influenced the fitness effects of the sequence changes that actually occurred during historical evolution - and thus made molecular evolution contingent and irreversible - is controversial5-16. We addressed this question directly by precisely measuring the fitness effects in both extant and reconstructed ancestral sequence contexts of all historical amino acid substitutions that occurred during the billion-year evolutionary history of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) ATPase domain beginning from a deep eukaryotic ancestor to modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find a pervasive influence of epistasis on historical sequence evolution: the majority of the 98 derived states that evolved during history were deleterious at times before they happened, and the vast majority also became subsequently entrenched6, with the ancestral state becoming deleterious after its substitution. A few of these epistatic interactions were of massive fitness consequence, but the majority were of small but evolutionarily relevant effect size. We find that both the large- and small-effect epistasis were largely caused by specific interactions among sites rather than a general permissive or restrictive effect17. Our results highlight how epistasis continually opens and closes windows of mutational opportunity over evolutionary timescales, producing histories and biological states that reflect, in significant part, the transient internal constraints imposed by a proteins fleeting sequence states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive contingency and entrenchment in a billion years of Hsp90 evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HoxD Cluster is a Dynamic and Resilient TAD Boundary Controling the Segregation of Antagonistic Regulatory Landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian HoxD cluster lies between two topologically associating domains (TADs) matching distinct, enhancer-rich regulatory landscapes. During limb development, the telomeric TAD controls the early transcription of Hoxd gene in forearm cells, whereas the centromeric TAD subsequently regulates more posterior Hoxd genes in digit cells. Therefore, the TAD boundary prevents the terminal Hoxd13 gene to respond to forearm enhancers, thereby allowing proper limb patterning. To assess the nature and function of this CTCF-rich DNA region in embryo, we compared chromatin interaction profiles between proximal and distal limb bud cells isolated from mutant stocks where various parts or this boundary region were removed. The resulting progressive release in boundary effect triggered inter-TAD contacts, favored by the activity of the newly accessed enhancers. However, the boundary was highly resilient and only a 400kb large deletion including the whole gene cluster was eventually able to merge the neighboring TADs into a single structure. In this unified TAD, both proximal and distal limb enhancers nevertheless continued to work independently over a targeted transgenic reporter construct. We propose that the whole HoxD cluster is a dynamic TAD border and that the exact boundary position varies depending on both the transcriptional status and the developmental context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Carballo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Delisle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Idrissi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen Huynh, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duboule, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HoxD Cluster is a Dynamic and Resilient TAD Boundary Controling the Segregation of Antagonistic Regulatory Landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small RNAs are trafficked from the epididymis to developing mammalian sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNAs present in mature mammalian sperm are delivered to the zygote at fertilization, where they have the potential to affect early development. The biogenesis of the small RNA payload of mature sperm is therefore of great interest, as it may be a target of signaling pathways linking paternal conditions to offspring phenotype. Recent studies have suggested the surprising hypothesis that the small RNA payload carried by mature sperm may include RNAs that were not synthesized during testicular spermatogenesis, but that are instead delivered to sperm during the process of post-testicular maturation in the epididymis. To further test this hypothesis, we characterized small RNA dynamics during testicular and post-testicular germ cell maturation in mice. We show that purified testicular germ cell populations, including mature testicular spermatozoa, carry extremely low levels of tRNA fragments (tRFs), and that tRFs become highly abundant only after sperm have entered the epididiymis. The process of small RNA delivery to sperm can be recapitulated in vitro, as caput epididymosomes deliver small RNAs including tRFs and microRNAs to mature testicular spermatozoa. Finally, to definitively identify the tissue of origin for small RNAs in sperm, we carried out tissue-specific metabolic labeling of RNAs in intact mice, finding that mature sperm carry small RNAs that were originally synthesized in the somatic cells of the epididymis. Taken together, our data demonstrates that soma-germline small RNA transfer occurs in male mammals, most likely via vesicular transport from the epididymis to maturing sperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichholf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small RNAs are trafficked from the epididymis to developing mammalian sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Based DNA Imaging in Living Cells Reveals Cell Cycle-Dependent Chromosome Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contrast to the well-studied condensation and folding of chromosomes during mitosis, their dynamics in interphase are less understood. We developed a sensitive, multicolor system, CRISPR-Sirius, allowing the real-time tracking of the dynamics of chromosomal loci. We tracked loci kilobases to megabases apart and found significant variation in the inter-locus distances of each pair, indicating differing degrees of DNA contortion. We resolved two distinct modes of dynamics of loci: saltatory local movements as well as translational movements of the domain. The magnitude of both of these modes of movements increased from early to late G1, whereas the translational movements were reduced in early S. The local fluctuations decreased slightly in early S and more markedly in mid-late S. These newly observed movements and their cell cycle-dependence are indicative of a hitherto unrecognized compaction-relaxation dynamic of the chromosomal fiber operating concurrently with changes in the extent of observed genomic domain movements.nnIN BRIEFDistinct chromosome folding and dynamics during cell cycle progression were dissected by CRISPR-Sirius DNA imaging in living cells.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LICRISPR-Sirius allows tracking of pairs of chromosomal loci having kilobase to megabase inter-locus distancesnC_LIO_LIPair-wise tracking of loci allows measurement of both local and domain dynamicsnC_LIO_LIChromosomal fiber relaxation is positively correlated with local dynamicsnC_LIO_LIGenomic region size contributes to local and domain movementsnC_LIO_LIDistinct chromosome dynamics were uncovered during cell cycle progression in interphasenC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Based DNA Imaging in Living Cells Reveals Cell Cycle-Dependent Chromosome Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblasts from metastatic sites induce broad-spectrum drug desensitization via modulation of mitochondrial priming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to tumor heterogeneity, most believe that effective treatments should be tailored to the features of an individual tumor or tumor subclass. It is still unclear what information should be considered for optimal disease stratification, and most prior work focuses on tumor genomics. Here, we focus on the tumor micro-environment. Using a large-scale co-culture assay optimized to measure drug-induced cell death, we identify tumor-stroma interactions that modulate drug sensitivity. Our data show that the chemo-insensitivity typically associated with aggressive subtypes of breast cancer is not cell intrinsic, but rather a product of tumor-fibroblast interactions. Additionally, we find that fibroblast cells influence tumor drug response in two distinct and divergent manners, which were predicable based on the anatomical origin from which the fibroblasts were harvested. These divergent phenotypes result from modulation of "mitochondrial priming" of tumor cells, caused by secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6 and IL8, from stromal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landry, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leete, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Gordillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblasts from metastatic sites induce broad-spectrum drug desensitization via modulation of mitochondrial priming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining multi-omics and drug perturbation profiles to identify novel treatments that improve disease phenotypes in spinal muscular atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. While SMN restoration therapies are beneficial, they are not a cure. We aimed to identify novel treatments to alleviate muscle pathology combining transcriptomics, proteomics and perturbational datasets. This revealed potential drug candidates for repurposing in SMA. One of the lead candidates, harmine, was further investigated in cell and animal models, improving multiple disease phenotypes, including SMN expression and lifespan. Our work highlights the potential of multiple, parallel data driven approaches for development of novel treatments for use in combination with SMN restoration therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meijboom, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpato, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzon-Sandoval, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoolachan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abendroth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlskog, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining multi-omics and drug perturbation profiles to identify novel treatments that improve disease phenotypes in spinal muscular atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitin Links Smoothened to Intraflagellar Transport to Regulate Hedgehog Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.880799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of hedgehog ligand, patched-1 (Ptch1) localizes to cilia and prevents ciliary accumulation and activation of smoothened (Smo). Upon ligand binding, Ptch1 is removed from cilia, Smo is derepressed and accumulates in cilia where it activates signaling. The mechanisms regulating these dynamic movements are not well understood but defects in intraflagellar transport components including Ift27 and the BBSome cause Smo to accumulate in cilia without pathway activation. We find that in the absence of ligand-induced pathway activation, Smo is ubiquitinated and removed from cilia, and this process is dependent on Ift27 and BBSome components. Activation of hedgehog signaling decreases Smo ubiquitination, and ciliary removal, resulting in its accumulation. Blocking ubiquitination of Smo by an E1 ligase inhibitor or by mutating two lysine residues in intracellular loop three cause Smo to aberrantly accumulate in cilia without pathway activation. These data provide a mechanism to control Smos ciliary level during hedgehog signaling by regulating the ubiquitination state of the receptor.

SummaryHedgehog signaling involves the dynamic movement of receptors and effectors in and out of cilia. We find that the dynamics of Smo is regulated by ubiquitination, which regulates its interaction with the intraflagellar transport system to control ciliary levels of this receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuck, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.880799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitin Links Smoothened to Intraflagellar Transport to Regulate Hedgehog Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of prdm1a accelerates melanoma onset and progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanoma is an aggressive, deadly skin cancer derived from melanocytes, a neural crest cell derivative. Melanoma cells mirror the developmental program of neural crest cells in that they exhibit the same gene expression patterns and utilize similar cellular mechanisms, including increased cell proliferation, EMT and migration. Here we studied the role of neural crest regulator PRDM1 in melanoma onset and progression. In development, Prdm1a functions to promote neural crest progenitor fate, and in melanoma, we found that PRDM1 has reduced copy number and is recurrently deleted in both zebrafish and humans. When examining expression of neural crest and melanocyte development genes, we show that sox10 progenitor expression is high in prdm1a-/- mutants, while more differentiated melanocyte markers are reduced, suggesting that normally Prdm1a is required for differentiation. Data mining of human melanoma datasets indicate that high PRDM1 expression in human melanoma is correlated with better patient survival and decreased PRDM1 expression is common in metastatic tumors. When one copy of prdm1a is lost in the zebrafish melanoma model (Tg[mitfa:BRAFV600E];p53-/-; prdm1a+ /-), melanoma onset occurs more quickly, and the tumors that form have a larger area with increased expression of sox10. These data demonstrate a novel role for PRDM1 as a tumor suppressor in melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwanaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shellman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.884767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of prdm1a accelerates melanoma onset and progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.04.893909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical basis of cellular multi-specificity encoded in a model molecular switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.04.893909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular switches are central to signal transduction in protein interaction networks. One switch protein can independently regulate distinct cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms enabling this functional multi-specificity remain unclear. Here we integrate system-scale cellular and biophysical measurements to study how a paradigm switch, the small GTPase Ran/Gsp1, achieves its functional multi-specificity. We make 55 targeted point mutations to individual interactions of Ran/Gsp1 and show through quantitative, systematic genetic and physical interaction mapping that Ran/Gsp1 interface perturbations have widespread cellular consequences that cluster by biological processes but, unexpectedly, not by the targeted interactions. Instead, the cellular consequences of the interface mutations group by their biophysical effects on kinetic parameters of the GTPase switch cycle, and cycle kinetics are allosterically tuned by distal interface mutations. We propose that the functional multi-specificity of Ran/Gsp1 is encoded by a differential sensitivity of biological processes to different kinetic parameters of the Gsp1 switch cycle, and that Gsp1 partners binding to the sites of distal mutations act as allosteric regulators of the switch. Similar mechanisms may underlie biological regulation by other GTPases and biological switches. Finally, our integrative platform to determine the quantitative consequences of cellular perturbations may help explain the effects of disease mutations targeting central switches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perica, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathy, C. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.04.893909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical basis of cellular multi-specificity encoded in a model molecular switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.895516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIP1 kinase activity promotes steatohepatitis through mediating cell death and inflammation in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.895516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatocyte cell death and liver inflammation have been well recognized as central characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), however, the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. The kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a key regulator of apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammation, we thus hypothesized that the kinase activity of RIP1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of NASH. Wild-type and RIP1 kinase-dead (Rip1K45A/K45A) mice were fed with methionine-and choline-deficient diet (MCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) to establish distinct NASH models. In both models, compared to WT mice, Rip1K45A/K45A mice exhibited significantly less liver injury, less steatosis, decreased inflammation, and less cell death in liver tissue. Moreover, hepatic fibrosis as characterized by Sirius Red staining, expression of -SMA and other fibrosis markers, were significantly alleviated in Rip1K45A/K45A mice than WT controls. Furthermore, using bone marrow transplantation to create chimeric mice, we found that it is the RIP1 kinase in hematopoietic-derived macrophages contributing mostly to the disease progression in NASH. Results from in vitro studies were in agreement with the in vivo data, demonstrating that RIP1 kinase was required for inflammasome activation and cell death induced by saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). At last, we also found that the phosphorylation and expression of RIP1 was obviously increased in patients with NAFLD or NASH, but not in healthy controls. In summary, our results indicate that RIP1 kinase is activated during the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis, and consequently induces inflammation and cell death in macrophages, contributing to the disease progression. Our study suggests that macrophage RIP1 kinase represents a specific and potential target for the treatment of NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.895516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIP1 kinase activity promotes steatohepatitis through mediating cell death and inflammation in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.896373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SREBP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.896373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells require extensive metabolic reprogramming in order to provide the bioenergetics and macromolecular precursors needed to sustain a malignant phenotype. Mutant KRAS is a driver oncogene that is well known for its ability to regulate the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways. However, it is now appreciated that KRAS can promote tumor growth via upregulation of anabolic metabolism. We recently showed that oncogenic KRAS promotes a gene expression program of de novo lipogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To define the mechanism(s) responsible, we focused on the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1. We observed that KRAS increases SREBP1 expression and genetic knockdown of SREBP1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation of mutant KRAS-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, lipogenesis was not significantly altered in cells subject to SREBP1 knockdown. Carbon tracing metabolic studies showed a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and RNA-seq data revealed a significant decrease in mitochondrial encoded subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC). Taken together, these data support a novel role, distinct from lipogenesis, of SREBP1 on mitochondrial function in mutant KRAS NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montal, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.896373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SREBP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroligin3 Splice Isoforms Shape Mouse Hippocampal Inhibitory Synaptic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse formation is a dynamic process essential for neuronal circuit development and maturation. At the synaptic cleft, trans-synaptic protein-protein interactions constitute major biological determinants of proper synapse efficacy. The balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission (E-I balance) stabilizes synaptic activity. Dysregulation of the E-I balance has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying E-I balance remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigate Neuroligin (Nlgn) genes that encode a family of postsynaptic adhesion molecules known to shape excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function. We demonstrate that Nlgn3 protein differentially regulates inhibitory synaptic transmission in a splice isoform-dependent manner at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Distinct subcellular localization patterns of Nlgn3 isoforms contribute to the functional differences observed among splice variants. Finally, single-cell sequencing analysis reveals that Nlgn1 and Nlgn3 are the major Nlgn genes and that expression of Nlgn splice isoforms are highly diverse in CA1 pyramidal neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uchigashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamura Kawasawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroligin3 Splice Isoforms Shape Mouse Hippocampal Inhibitory Synaptic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of cell types in the mammalian epididymis and vas deferens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following spermatogenesis in the testis, mammalian sperm continue to mature over the course of approximately 10 days as they transit a long epithelial tube known as the epididymis. The epididymis is comprised of multiple segments/compartments that, in addition to concentrating sperm and preventing their premature activation, play key roles in remodeling the protein, lipid, and RNA composition of maturing sperm. In order to understand the complex roles for the epididymis in reproductive biology, we generated a single cell atlas of gene expression from the murine epididymis and vas deferens. We recovered all the key cell types of the epididymal epithelium, including principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, along with associated support cells that include fibroblasts, smooth muscle, macrophages and other immune cells. Moreover, our data illuminate extensive regional specialization of principal cell populations across the length of the epididymis, with a substantial fraction of segment-specific genes localized in genomic clusters of functionally-related genes. In addition to the extensive region-specific specialization of principal cells, we find evidence for functionally-specialized subpopulations of stromal cells, and, most notably, two distinct populations of clear cells. Analysis of ligand/receptor expression reveals a network of potential cellular signaling connections, with several predicted interactions between cell types that may play roles in immune cell recruitment and other aspects of epididymal function. Our dataset extends on existing knowledge of epididymal biology, and provides a wealth of information on potential regulatory and signaling factors that bear future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yukselen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of cell types in the mammalian epididymis and vas deferens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edaravone-Loaded Mesoscale Nanoparticles Treat Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a significant co-morbidity of chemotherapeutic regimens. While this condition is associated with substantially lower survival and increased economic burden, there is no pharmacological agent to effectively treat CI-AKI. The disease is hallmarked by acute tubular necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelial cells primarily due to increased oxidative stress. In our prior work, we developed a highly-selective kidney-targeted mesoscale nanoparticle (MNP) that accumulates primarily in the renal proximal tubular epithelial cells while exhibiting no toxicity. Here, we found that MNPs exhibit renal-selective targeting in multiple mouse models of tumor growth with virtually no tumor accumulation. We then evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of MNPs loaded with the reactive oxygen species scavenger edaravone in a mouse model of CI-AKI. We found a marked and significant therapeutic effect with this approach as compared to free drug or empty control MNPs, including improved renal function, histology, and diminution of oxidative stress. These results indicated that renal-selective MNP edaravone delivery holds substantial potential in the treatment of acute kidney injury among patients undergoing cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimes, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edaravone-Loaded Mesoscale Nanoparticles Treat Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.914861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GS-Preprocess: Containerized GUIDE-seq Data Analysis Tools with Diverse Sequencer Compatibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.914861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided nucleases (e.g. CRISPR-Cas) are used in a breadth of clinical and basic scientific subfields for the investigation or modification of biological processes. While these modern platforms for site-specific DNA cleavage are highly accurate, some applications (e.g. gene editing therapeutics) cannot tolerate DNA breaks at off-target sites, even at low levels. Thus, it is critically important to determine the genome-wide targeting profile of candidate RNA-guided nucleases prior to use. GUIDE-seq is a high-quality, easy-to-execute molecular method that detects and quantifies off-target cleavage. However, this method may remain costly or inaccessible to some researchers due to its library sequencing and analysis protocols, which require a MiSeq platform that must be preprogramed for non-standard output. Here, we present GS-Preprocess, an open-source containerized software that can use standard raw data output (BCL file format) from any Illumina sequencer to create input for the Bioconductor GUIDEseq off-target profiling package. Single-command GS-Preprocess performs FASTQ demultiplexing, adapter trimming, alignment, and UMI reference construction, improving the ease and accessibility of the GUIDE-seq method for a wide range of researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.914861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GS-Preprocess: Containerized GUIDE-seq Data Analysis Tools with Diverse Sequencer Compatibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA stem-loops can pause the ribosome by hindering A-site tRNA binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the elongating ribosome is an efficient helicase, certain mRNA stem-loop structures are known to impede ribosome movement along mRNA and stimulate programmed ribosome frameshifting via mechanisms that are not well understood. Using biochemical and single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments, we studied how frameshift-inducing stem-loops from E. coli dnaX mRNA and the gag-pol transcript of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) perturb translation elongation. We find that upon encountering the ribosome, the stem-loops strongly inhibit A-site tRNA binding and ribosome intersubunit rotation that accompanies translation elongation. Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) reveals that the HIV stem-loop docks into the A site of the ribosome. Our results suggest that mRNA stem-loops can transiently escape ribosome helicase by binding to the A site. Thus, the stem-loops can modulate gene expression by sterically hindering tRNA binding and inhibiting translation elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loerch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermolenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.936120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA stem-loops can pause the ribosome by hindering A-site tRNA binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.938241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epstein Barr virus epitope/MHC interaction combined with convergent recombination drive selection of diverse T cell receptor a and b repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.938241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition modes of individual T cell receptors (TCR) are well studied, but factors driving the selection of TCR repertoires from primary through persistent human virus infections are less well understood. Using deep sequencing, we demonstrate a high degree of diversity of EBV-specific clonotypes in acute infectious mononucleosis. Only 9% of unique clonotypes detected in AIM persisted into convalescence; the majority (91%) of unique clonotypes detected in AIM were not detected in convalescence and were seeming replaced by equally diverse "de-novo" clonotypes. The persistent clonotypes had a greater probability of being generated than non-persistent due to convergence recombination of multiple nucleotide sequences to encode the same amino acid sequence, as well as the use of shorter CDR3 regions with fewer nucleotide additions (i.e. sequences closer to germline). Moreover, the two most immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted EBV epitopes, BRLF1109 and BMLF1280, show highly distinct antigen-specific public (i.e. shared between individuals) features. In fact, TCR CDR3 motifs played a dominant role, while TCR{beta} played a minimal role, in the selection of TCR repertoire to an immunodominant EBV epitope, BRLF1. This contrasts with the majority of previously reported repertoires, which appear to be selected either on TCR{beta} CDR3 interactions with peptide/MHC or in combination with TCR CDR3. Understanding of how TCR/peptide/MHC complex interactions drive repertoire selection can be used to develop optimal strategies for vaccine design or generation of appropriate adoptive immunotherapies for viral infections in transplant settings or for cancer.

ImportanceSeveral lines of evidence suggest that TCR and {beta} repertoires play a role in disease outcomes and treatment strategies during viral infections in transplant patients, and in cancer and autoimmune disease therapy. Our data suggests that it is essential that we understand the basic principles of how to drive optimum repertoires for both TCR chains,  and {beta}. We address this important issue by characterizing the CD8 TCR repertoire to a common persistent human viral infection (EBV), which is controlled by appropriate CD8 T cell responses. The ultimate goal would be to determine if the individuals who are infected asymptomatically develop a different TCR repertoire than those that develop the immunopathology of AIM. Here, we begin by doing an in depth characterization of both CD8 T cell TCR and {beta} repertoires to two immunodominant EBV epitopes over the course of AIM identifying potential factors that may be driving their selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirravuri-Venkata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzuriaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.938241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epstein Barr virus epitope/MHC interaction combined with convergent recombination drive selection of diverse T cell receptor a and b repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the selenium-over-sulfur substrate specificity and kinetics of a bacterial selenocysteine lyase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selenium is a vital micronutrient in many organisms. While traces are required for utilization by the microbe, excess amounts are toxic; thus, selenium can be regarded as a biological "double-edged sword". Selenium is chemically similar to the essential element sulfur, but curiously, evolution has selected the former over the latter for a subset of oxidoreductases. Enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism are less discriminate in terms of preventing selenium incorporation; however, its specific incorporation into selenoproteins reveals a highly discriminate process that is not completely understood. We have identified SclA, a selenocysteine lyase in the nosocomial pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis, and characterized its enzymatic activity and specificity for L-selenocysteine over L-cysteine. It is known that a single residue in the human selenocysteine lyase, D146, is considered to control selenocysteine specificity. Thus, using computational biology, we identified H100, a D146 ortholog in SclA, and generated mutant enzymes with site-directed mutagenesis. The proteins were overexpressed, purified, and characterized for their biochemical properties. All mutants exhibited varying levels of activity towards L-selenocysteine, suggesting a catalytic role for H100. Additionally, L-cysteine acted as a competitive inhibitor towards all enzymes with higher affinity than L-selenocysteine. Our findings offer key insight into the molecular mechanisms behind selenium-over-sulfur specificity and may further elucidate the role of selenocysteine lyases in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groesbeck, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the selenium-over-sulfur substrate specificity and kinetics of a bacterial selenocysteine lyase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle-associated expression patterns predict gene function in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the major events in prokaryotic cell cycle progression are likely to be coordinated with transcriptional and metabolic changes, these processes remain poorly characterized. Unlike many rapidly-growing bacteria, DNA replication and cell division are temporally-resolved in mycobacteria, making these slow-growing organisms a potentially useful system to investigate the prokaryotic cell cycle. To determine if cell-cycle dependent gene regulation occurs in mycobacteria, we characterized the temporal changes in the transcriptome of synchronously replicating populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). By enriching for genes that display a sinusoidal expression pattern, we discover 485 genes that oscillate with a period consistent with the cell cycle. During cytokinesis, the timing of gene induction could be used to predict the timing of gene function, as mRNA abundance was found to correlate with the order in which proteins were recruited to the developing septum. Similarly, the expression pattern of primary metabolic genes could be used to predict the relative importance of these pathways for different cell cycle processes. Pyrimidine synthetic genes peaked during DNA replication and their depletion caused a filamentation phenotype that phenocopied defects in this process. In contrast, the IMP dehydrogenase guaB2 dedicated to guanosine synthesis displayed the opposite expression pattern and its depletion perturbed septation. Together, these data imply obligate coordination between primary metabolism and cell division, and identify periodically regulated genes that can be related to specific cell biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle-associated expression patterns predict gene function in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Dysregulated Cellular and Molecular Networks in a Fragile X Syndrome Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Fragile X syndrome (FXS), its molecular bases are still poorly understood. Whole brain tissue expression profiles have proved surprisingly uninformative. We applied single cell RNA sequencing to profile a FXS mouse model. We found that FXS results in a highly cell type specific effect and it is strongest among different neuronal types. We detected a downregulation of mRNAs bound by FMRP and this effect is prominent in neurons. Metabolic pathways including translation are significantly upregulated across all cell types with the notable exception of excitatory neurons. These effects point to a potential difference in the activity of mTOR pathways, and together with other dysregulated pathways suggest an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the FXS cortex which is exacerbated by astrocytes. Our data demonstrate the cell-type specific complexity of FXS and provide a resource for interrogating the biological basis of this disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donnard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.946780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Dysregulated Cellular and Molecular Networks in a Fragile X Syndrome Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.949214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PEA15 loss of function and defective cerebral development in the domestic cat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.949214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cortical size and organization are critical features of neurodevelopment and human evolution, for which genetic investigation in model organisms can provide insight into developmental mechanisms and the causes of cerebral malformations. However, some abnormalities in cerebral cortical proliferation and folding are challenging to study in laboratory mice due to the absence of gyri and sulci in rodents. We report an autosomal recessive allele in domestic cats associated with impaired cerebral cortical expansion and folding, giving rise to a smooth, lissencephalic brain, and that appears to be caused by homozygosity for a frameshift in PEA15 (phosphoprotein expressed in astrocytes-15). Notably, previous studies of a Pea15 targeted mutation in mice did not reveal structural brain abnormalities. Affected cats, however, present with a non-progressive hypermetric gait and tremors, develop dissociative behavioral defects and aggression with age, and exhibit profound malformation of the cerebrum, with a 45% average decrease in overall brain weight, and reduction or absence of the ectosylvian, sylvian and anterior cingulate gyrus. Histologically, the cerebral cortical layers are disorganized, there is substantial loss of white matter in tracts such as the corona radiata and internal capsule, but the cerebellum is relatively spared. RNA-seq and immunohistochemical analysis reveal astrocytosis. Fibroblasts cultured from affected cats exhibit increased TNF-mediated apoptosis, and increased FGFb-induced proliferation, consistent with previous studies implicating PEA15 as an intracellular adapter protein, and suggesting an underlying pathophysiology in which increased death of neurons accompanied by increased proliferation of astrocytes gives rise to abnormal organization of neuronal layers and loss of white matter. Taken together, our work points to a new role for PEA15 in development of a complex cerebral cortex that is only apparent in gyrencephalic species.

SummaryGyrification is the neurodevelopmental process in certain mammalian species during which the cerebral cortex expands and folds resulting in the classic wrinkled appearance of the brain. Abnormalities in this process underlie many congenital malformations of the brain. However, unlike many other human malformations, genetic insight into gyrification is not possible in laboratory mice because rodents have a lissencephalic or smooth cerebral cortex. We identified a mutation in domestic cats that likely causes failure of the cerebral cortex to expand and fold properly, and discovered that the mutation impairs production of a protein, PEA15 (phosphoprotein expressed in astrocytes-15), involved in intracellular signaling. Affected cats have profound abnormalities in brain development, with minimal changes in their superficial behavior and neurologic function. Additional studies of tissue and cultured cells from affected animals suggest a pathophysiologic mechanism in which increased death of neurons accompanied by increased cell division of astrocytes gives rise to abnormal organization of neuronal layers and loss of white matter. These results provide new insight into a developmental process that is unique to animals with gyrencephalic brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barsh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Edwards, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falgoust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.949214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PEA15 loss of function and defective cerebral development in the domestic cat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.949487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosine methylation dynamics during post-testicular sperm maturation in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.949487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beyond the haploid genome, mammalian sperm contribute a payload of epigenetic information which can modulate offspring phenotypes. Recent studies have shown that the small RNA payload of sperm undergoes extensive remodeling during post-testicular maturation in the epididymis. Intriguingly, epididymal maturation has also been linked to changes in the sperm methylome, suggesting that the epididymis might play a broader role in remodeling the sperm epigenome. Here, we build on prior studies of the maturing sperm methylation landscape, further characterizing the genome-wide methylation landscape in seven germ cell populations collected from throughout the male reproductive tract. Overall, we find very few changes in the cytosine methylation landscape between testicular germ cell populations and cauda epididymal sperm, demonstrating that the sperm methylome is largely stable throughout post-testicular maturation. Intriguingly, although our sequencing data suggested that caput epididymal sperm exhibit a highly unusual methylome, follow-up studies revealed that this resulted from contamination of caput sperm by extracellular DNA. Extracellular DNA formed web-like structures that ensnared sperm, was present only in the caput epididymis of virgin males, where it was associated with citrullinated histone H3 and presumably resulted from a PAD-driven genome decondensation process. Taken together, our data emphasize the stability of the cytosine methylation landscape in mammalian sperm, and identify a surprising but transient period during which immature sperm are associated with extracellular DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.949487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosine methylation dynamics during post-testicular sperm maturation in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human clamp loader bound to the sliding clamp: a further twist on AAA+ mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.953257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication requires the sliding clamp, a ring-shaped protein complex that encircles DNA, where it acts as an essential cofactor for DNA polymerases and other proteins. The sliding clamp needs to be actively opened and installed onto DNA by a clamp loader ATPase of the AAA+ family. The human clamp loader Replication Factor C (RFC) and sliding clamp PCNA are both essential and play critical roles in several diseases. Despite decades of study, no structure of human RFC has been resolved. Here, we report the structure of human RFC bound to PCNA by cryo-EM to an overall resolution of ~3.4 [A]. The active sites of RFC are fully bound to ATP analogs, which is expected to induce opening of the sliding clamp. However, we observe the complex in a conformation prior to PCNA opening, with the clamp loader ATPase modules forming an over-twisted spiral that is incapable of binding DNA or hydrolyzing ATP. The autoinhibited conformation observed here has many similarities to a previous yeast RFC:PCNA crystal structure, suggesting that eukaryotic clamp loaders adopt a similar autoinhibited state early on in clamp loading. Our results point to a  Limited Change/Induced Fit mechanism in which the clamp first opens, followed by DNA binding inducing opening of the loader to release auto-inhibition. The proposed change from an over-twisted to an active conformation reveals a novel regulatory mechanism for AAA+ ATPases. Finally, our structural analysis of disease mutations leads to a mechanistic explanation for the role of RFC in human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaubitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedglin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.953257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human clamp loader bound to the sliding clamp: a further twist on AAA+ mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-based Live Imaging of Epigenetic Modification-Mediated Genome Reorganization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications play an essential role in chromatin architecture and dynamics. The role of epigenetic modification in chromatin organization has been studied by Hi-C from population cells, but imaging techniques to study their correlation and regulation in single living cells are lacking. Here we develop a CRISPR-based EpiGo (Epigenetic perturbation induced Genome organization) system to track epigenetic modification-mediated relocation, interaction or reorganization of genomic regions in living cells. EpiGo-KRAB is sufficient to induce the relocation of genomic loci to HP1 condensates and trigger genomic interactions. EpiGo-KRAB also triggers the induction of H3K9me3 at large genomic regions, which decorate on the surface of HP1 condensates possibly driven by phase separation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-based Live Imaging of Epigenetic Modification-Mediated Genome Reorganization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"Sulcus Sink": A Compact Binary and Semi-Automated Inverse Dijkstra-based System for Describing Sulcal Trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a description of a system that uses a compact binary representation to describe and trace sulci on a reconstructed human cortical surface, based on a set of human-generated targets. The inputs to the system were manually created on a training set of 20 normal subjects (11 females, 9 males) with ages 22 - 40 years. T1 weighted MPRAGE images were collected on a Siemens 3T Trio scanner, with TR/TE = 2530/3.3, matrix = 256x256, FOV = 256mm, slice thickness 1.33mm. The resultant images were reconstructed with Freesurfer, and 10 sulci on each hemisphere were traced by an expert human operator and independently assessed for accuracy. Presented with these input trajectories in its training phase, the system attempted to determine a compact binary feature vector of each sulcus on each subject using as descriptor a binary parametrized function of several surface-geometry variables (such as mean curvature, sulcal depth, edge length, etc.). This function was optimized in a supervised learning fashion using a Dijkstra-based graph theory formulation, in which the binary weights were used to define graph edge costs. In the setup phase, the system was presented with sulcal trajectories already defined on surfaces, and then adjusted its parametrized weights in a binary fashion to minimize differences between the training input path and its Dijkstra-generated output path. Once the setup phase was complete and sulci had been described in a per-sulcus, per-subject manner, we generalized the per-sulcus description across all the subjects to construct a template binary word for each specific sulcus. The performance of the system for each subject and each sulcus, and for each template sulcus group was measured against the original human reference in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. Individual subjects generally showed very good optimization to their manually traced training samples across all sulci, with 91% average overlap within 4mm of the human target. Generalized group results, as expected, showed less overlap with the original human targets, but still performed on average with 80% overlap. Quantitatively, the group results were nonetheless for the most part quite acceptable to an independent human evaluator. The parametrized binary weight description that drives the Dijkstra path optimization is presented as a mechanism to succinctly and compactly describe individual human sulci and groups of sulci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pienaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Sulcus Sink": A Compact Binary and Semi-Automated Inverse Dijkstra-based System for Describing Sulcal Trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive, highly multiplexed sequencing of microhaplotypes from the Plasmodium falciparum heterozygome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTargeted next generation sequencing offers the potential for consistent, deep coverage of information rich genomic regions to characterize polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. However, methods to identify and sequence these genomic regions are currently limited.

MethodsA bioinformatic pipeline and multiplex methods were developed to identify and simultaneously sequence 100 targets and applied to dried blood spot (DBS) controls and field isolates from Mozambique. For comparison, WGS data were generated for the same controls.

ResultsUsing publicly available genomes, 4465 high diversity genomic regions suited for targeted sequencing were identified, representing the P. falciparum heterozygome. For this study, 93 microhaplotypes with high diversity (median HE = 0.7) were selected along with 7 drug resistance loci. The sequencing method achieved very high coverage (median 99%), specificity (99.8%) and sensitivity (90% for haplotypes with 5% within sample frequency in DBS with 100 parasites/{micro}L). In silico analyses revealed that microhaplotypes provided much higher resolution to discriminate related from unrelated polyclonal infections than biallelic SNP barcodes.

DiscussionThe bioinformatic and laboratory methods outlined here provide a flexible tool for efficient, low-cost, high throughput interrogation of the P. falciparum genome, and can be tailored to simultaneously address multiple questions of interest in various epidemiological settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tessema, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyssier, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colborn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saute, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aide, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive, highly multiplexed sequencing of microhaplotypes from the Plasmodium falciparum heterozygome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug GRADE: an integrated analysis of population growth and cell death reveals drug- specific and cancer subtype-specific response profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-cancer drugs, two different measurement approaches are used: relative viability, which scores an amalgam of growth arrest and cell death, and fractional viability, which more specifically scores the degree of cell killing. In this study, we directly quantify relationships between drug-induced growth inhibition and drug-induced cell death by counting live and dead cells over time using quantitative microscopy. We find that most drugs affect both growth and death, but with different proportions and with different relative timing. These features lead to a non-uniform and unpredictable relationship between the canonical relative and fractional drug response measurements. To unify these disparate measurements, we create a new data visualization and data analysis platform, called drug GRADE, which characterizes the degree to which cell death contributes to an observed reduction in population size for any given drug. Our new method reveals both drug- and genotype-specific drug responses, which are not captured using traditional pharmaco-metrics. Taken together, this study highlights the extremely idiosyncratic nature of drug-induced growth and cell death and provides a new analysis tool for quantitatively evaluating these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug GRADE: an integrated analysis of population growth and cell death reveals drug- specific and cancer subtype-specific response profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in a glucuronosyltransferase modulates propionate sensitivity in a C. elegans propionic acidemia model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in human metabolic genes can lead to rare diseases known as inborn errors of human metabolism. For instance, patients with loss-of-function mutations in either subunit of propionyl-CoA carboxylase suffer from propionic acidemia because they cannot catabolize propionate, leading to its harmful accumulation. Interestingly, both the penetrance and expressivity of metabolic disorders can be modulated by genetic background. However, modifiers of these diseases are difficult to identify because of the lack of statistical power for rare diseases in human genetics. Here, we use a model of propionic acidemia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genetic modifiers of propionate sensitivity. By genome-wide association mapping across wild strains exposed to excess propionate we identify several genomic regions correlated with reduced propionate sensitivity. We find that natural variation in the putative glucuronosyltransferase GLCT-3, a homolog of human B3GAT, partly explains differences in propionate sensitivity in one of these genomic intervals. Using genome-editing, we demonstrate that loss-of-function alleles in glct-3 render the animals less sensitive to propionate. Additionally, we find that C. elegans has an expansion of the glct gene family, suggesting that the number of members of this family could influence sensitivity to excess propionate. Our findings demonstrate that natural variation in metabolic genes that are not directly associated with propionate breakdown can modulate propionate sensitivity. Our study provides a framework for using C. elegans to characterize the contributions of genetic background to inborn errors in human metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in a glucuronosyltransferase modulates propionate sensitivity in a C. elegans propionic acidemia model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of fungal G1 cyclin docking motif sequences that control CDK regulatory potency in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control the ordered series of events during eukaryotic cell division. The stage at which individual CDK substrates are phosphorylated can be dictated by cyclin-specific docking motifs. In budding yeast, substrates with Leu/Pro-rich (LP) docking motifs are recognized by Cln1/2 cyclins in late G1 phase, yet the key sequence features of these motifs and the conservation of this mechanism were unknown. Here we comprehensively analyzed LP motif requirements in vivo by combining a competitive growth assay with mutational scanning and deep sequencing. We quantified the impact of all single-residue replacements in five different LP motifs, using six distinct G1 cyclins from diverse fungi including medical and agricultural pathogens. The results reveal the basis for variations in potency among wild-type motifs, and allow derivation of a quantitative matrix that predicts the potency of other candidate motifs. In one protein, Whi5, we found overlapping LP and phosphorylation motifs with partly redundant effects. In another protein, the CDK inhibitor Sic1, we found that its LP motif is inherently weak due to unfavorable residues at key positions, and this imposes a beneficial delay in its phosphorylation and degradation. The overall results provide a general method for surveying viable docking motif sequences and quantifying their potency in vivo, and they reveal how variations in LP motif potency can tune the strength and timing of CDK regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Örd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loog, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of fungal G1 cyclin docking motif sequences that control CDK regulatory potency in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-contact 3C data reveal that the human genome is largely unentangled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is organized into chromosome territories that are themselves spatially segregated in A and B compartments. The extent to which interacting compartment domains and chromosomes are topologically entangled is not known. We show that detection of series of co-occurring chromatin interactions using multi-contact 3C (MC-3C) reveals insights into the topological entanglement of compartment domains and territories. We find that series of co-occurring interactions and their order represent interaction percolation paths through nuclear space in single cells where fragment 1 interacts with fragment 2, which in turn interacts with fragment 3 and so on. Analysis of paths that cross two chromosome territories revealed very little mixing of chromatin from the two chromosomes. Similarly, paths that cross compartment domains show that loci from interacting domains do not mix. Polymer simulations show that such paths are consistent with chromosomes and compartment domains behaving as topologically closed polymers that are not catenated with one another. Simulations show that even low levels of random strand passage, e.g. through topoisomerase II activity, would result in entanglements and mixing of loci of different chromosomes and compartment domains with concomitant changes in interaction paths inconsistent with MC-3C data. Our results show that cells maintain a largely unentangled state of chromosomes and compartment domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavares-Cadete, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-contact 3C data reveal that the human genome is largely unentangled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting chromatin interactions along and between sister chromatids with SisterC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate chromosome segregation requires chromosome compaction with concordant disentanglement of the two sister chromatids. This process has been studied extensively by microscopy but has remained a challenge for genomic methods, such as Hi-C, because sister chromatids have identical DNA sequences. Here we describe SisterC, a chromosome conformation capture assay that can distinguish interactions between and within sister chromatids. The assay is based on BrdU incorporation during S-phase, which labels the newly replicated strands of the sister chromatids. This is followed by Hi-C, e.g. during different stages of mitosis, and the selective destruction of BrdU containing strands by UV/Hoechst treatment. After PCR amplification and sequencing of the remaining intact strands, this allows for the assignment of Hi-C products as inter- and intra-sister interactions by read orientation. We performed SisterC on mitotically arrested S. cerevisiae cells. As expected, we find prominent interactions and alignment of sister chromatids at their centromeres. Along the arms, sister chromatids are less precisely aligned with inter-sister connections every ~35kb. In many instances, inter-sister interactions do not involve the interaction of two identical loci but occur between cohesin binding sites that can be offset by 5 to 25kb. Along sister chromatids, extruding cohesin forms loops up to 50kb. Combined, SisterC allows the observation of the complex interplay between sister chromatid compaction and sister chromatid segregation as the cell transitions from late S-phase to mitosis. SisterC should be applicable to study mitotic events in a wide range of organisms and cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting chromatin interactions along and between sister chromatids with SisterC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Content and performance of the MiniMUGA genotyping array, a new tool to improve rigor and reproducibility in mouse research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The laboratory mouse is the most widely used animal model for biomedical research, due in part to its well annotated genome, wealth of genetic resources and the ability to precisely manipulate its genome. Despite the importance of genetics for mouse research, genetic quality control (QC) is not standardized, in part due to the lack of cost effective, informative and robust platforms. Genotyping arrays are standard tools for mouse research and remain an attractive alternative even in the era of high-throughput whole genome sequencing. Here we describe the content and performance of a new Mouse Universal Genotyping Array (MUGA). MiniMUGA, an array-based genetic QC platform with over 11,000 probes. In addition to robust discrimination between most classical and wild-derived laboratory strains, MiniMUGA was designed to contain features not available in other platforms: 1) chromosomal sex determination, 2) discrimination between substrains from multiple commercial vendors, 3) diagnostic SNPs for popular laboratory strains, 4) detection of constructs used in genetically engineered mice, and 5) an easy to interpret report summarizing these results. In-depth annotation of all probes should facilitate custom analyses by individual researchers. To determine the performance of MiniMUGA we genotyped 6,899 samples from a wide variety of genetic backgrounds. The performance of MiniMUGA compares favorably with three previous iterations of the MUGA family of arrays both in discrimination capabilities and robustness. We have generated publicly available consensus genotypes for 241 inbred strains including classical, wild-derived and recombinant inbred lines. Here we also report the detection of a substantial number of XO and XXY individuals across a variety of sample types, the extension of the utility of reduced complexity crosses to genetic backgrounds other than C57BL/6, and the robust detection of 17 genetic constructs. There is preliminary but striking evidence that the array can be used to identify both partial sex chromosome duplication and mosaicism, and that diagnostic SNPs can be used to determine how long inbred mice have been bred independently from the main stock for a significant action of the genotyped inbred samples. We conclude that MiniMUGA is a valuable platform for genetic QC and important new tool to the increase rigor and reproducibility of mouse research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigmon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burks, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciavatta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darr, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimsath, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideraabdullah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennette, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashfeen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelada, S. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnertz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livraghi-Butrico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsushima, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohlke, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Content and performance of the MiniMUGA genotyping array, a new tool to improve rigor and reproducibility in mouse research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility and constraint in preimplantation gene regulation in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many features of embryonic development exhibit remarkable stability in the face of environmental perturbations, it is also clear that some aspects of early embryogenesis can be modulated by non-genetic influences during and after fertilization. Among potential perturbations experienced during reproduction, understanding the consequences of differing ex vivo fertilization methods at a molecular level is imperative for comprehending both the basic biology of early development and the potential consequences of assisted reproduction. Here, we set out to explore stable and flexible aspects of preimplantation gene expression using single-embryo RNA-sequencing of mouse embryos fertilized by natural mating, in vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, as well as oocytes parthenogenetically activated to develop (parthenotes). This dataset comprises a resource of over eight hundred individual embryos, which we use for three primary analyses. First, we characterize the effects of each fertilization method on early embryonic gene regulation, most notably finding decreased expression of trophectoderm markers at later stages of preimplantation development in ICSI embryos. Second, we find massive gene misregulation in parthenotes beyond the expected defects in imprinted gene expression, and show that many of these changes can be suppressed by sperm total RNA. Finally, we make use of the single-embryo resolution of our dataset to identify both stably-expressed genes and highly-variable genes in the early mouse embryo. Together, our data provide a detailed survey of the molecular consequences of different fertilization methods, establish parthenotes as a "tabula rasa" for understanding the role for sperm RNAs in preimplantation gene regulation, and identify subtypes of preimplantation embryos based on their expression of epivariable gene modules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krykbaeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility and constraint in preimplantation gene regulation in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.996728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Start codon disruption with CRISPR/Cas9 prevents murine Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.996728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A missense mutation of collagen type VIII alpha 2 chain (COL8A2) gene leads to early onset Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which progressively impairs vision through loss of corneal endothelial cells. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-based postnatal gene editing achieves structural and functional rescue in a mouse model of FECD. A single intraocular injection of an adenovirus encoding both the Cas9 gene and guide RNA (Ad-Cas9-Col8a2gRNA), efficiently knocked down mutant COL8A2 expression in corneal endothelial cells, prevented endothelial cell loss, and rescued corneal endothelium pumping function in adult Col8a2 mutant mice. There were no adverse sequelae on histology or electroretinography. Col8a2 start codon disruption represents a non-surgical strategy to prevent vision loss in early-onset FECD. As this demonstrates the ability of Ad-Cas9-gRNA to restore phenotype in adult post-mitotic cells, this method may be widely applicable to adult-onset diseases, even in tissues affected with disorders of non-reproducing cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uehara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuvanagiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambati, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.996728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Start codon disruption with CRISPR/Cas9 prevents murine Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWI/SNF antagonizes SIR heterochromatin to promote transcription of genes expressed during mitotic exit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is a repressive, specialized chromatin structure that is central to eukaryotic transcriptional regulation and genome stability. In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin formation requires Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p, and these Sir proteins create specialized chromatin structures at telomeres and silent mating type loci. Previously, we reported that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme can evict Sir3 from chromatin fibers in vitro, though whether this activity contributes to the role of SWI/SNF as a transcriptional activator at euchromatic loci is unknown. Here, we characterize genetic interactions between the SIR genes (SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4) and genes encoding subunits of the chromatin remodelers SWI/SNF and INO80C, as well genes encoding the histone deacetylases Hst3 and Hst4. We find that loss of SIR genes partially rescues the growth defects of swi2, ino80, and hst3/hst4 mutants during replication stress conditions. Interestingly, partial suppression of swi2, ino80, and hst3 hst4 mutant phenotypes is due to the pseudo-diploid state of sir mutants, but a significant portion is due to more direct functional interactions. Consistent with this view, transcriptional profiling of strains lacking Swi2 or Sir3 identifies a set of genes whose expression in the M/G1 phase of the cell cycle requires SWI/SNF to antagonize the repressive impact of Sir3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rege, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWI/SNF antagonizes SIR heterochromatin to promote transcription of genes expressed during mitotic exit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.014894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ELP-dependent expression of MCL1 promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.014894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer are generally thought to exploit oncogene addiction, a phenomenon in which a single oncogene controls both the growth and survival of the tumor cell. Many well-validated examples of oncogene addiction exist; however, the utility of oncogene targeted therapies varies substantially by cancer context, even among cancers in which the targeted oncogene is similarly dysregulated. For instance, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling can be effectively targeted in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but not in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where EGFR is activated to a similar degree. We find that EGFR controls a similar signaling/transcriptional network in TNBC and EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells, but only NSCLC cells respond to EGFR inhibition by activating cell death. To address this paradox and identify mechanisms that contribute to insensitivity to EGFR inhibition in TNBC, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic knockout screen. Our screen identifies the Elongator (ELP) complex as a mediator of insensitivity to EGFR inhibition in TNBC. Depleting ELP proteins caused high levels of apoptotic cell death, in an EGFR inhibition-dependent manner. We find that the tRNA-modifying function of the ELP complex promotes drug insensitivity, by facilitating expression of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of MCL1 synergizes with EGFR inhibition across a panel of genetically diverse TNBC cells. Taken together, we find that TNBC "addiction" to EGFR signaling is masked by the ELP complex, and our study provides an actionable therapeutic strategy to overcome this resistance mechanism by co-targeting EGFR and MCL1.

One sentence summaryThe Elongator Protein (ELP) Complex masks TNBC oncogene "addiction" to EGFR signaling, by promoting expression of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Gordillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leete, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.29.014894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ELP-dependent expression of MCL1 promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.017962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel CRISPR-based malaria diagnostic capable of Plasmodium detection, speciation, and drug-resistance genotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.017962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based diagnostics are a new class of highly sensitive and specific assays with multiple applications in infectious disease diagnosis. SHERLOCK, or Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing, is one such CRISPR-based diagnostic that combines recombinase polymerase pre-amplification, CRISPR-RNA base-pairing, and LwCas13a activity for nucleic acid detection. We developed SHERLOCK assays for malaria capable of detecting all Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans and species-specific detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum, the species responsible for the majority of malaria cases worldwide. We validated these assays against parasite genomic DNA and achieved analytical sensitivities ranging from 2.5-18.8 parasites per reaction. We further tested these assays using a diverse panel of 123 clinical samples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Thailand and pools of Anopheles mosquitoes from Thailand. When compared to real-time PCR, the P. falciparum assay achieved 94% sensitivity and 94% specificity in clinical samples. In addition, we developed a SHERLOCK assay capable of detecting the dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) single nucleotide variant A581G associated with P. falciparum sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. Compared to amplicon-based deep sequencing, the dhps SHERLOCK assay achieved 73% sensitivity and 100% specificity when applied to a panel of 43 clinical samples, with false-negative calls only at lower parasite densities. These novel SHERLOCK assays have potential to spawn a new generation of molecular diagnostics for malaria and demonstrate the versatility of CRISPR-based diagnostic approaches.

One-sentence summaryNovel malaria SHERLOCK assays enabled robust detection, speciation, and genotyping of Plasmodium spp. in diverse samples collected in Africa and Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennelly, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubalee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulogo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwai, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanzu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalonji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashamuka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tshefu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshnick, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.017962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel CRISPR-based malaria diagnostic capable of Plasmodium detection, speciation, and drug-resistance genotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM Structure of CtBP2 Confirms Tetrameric Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.027573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-terminal binding proteins 1 and 2 (CtBP1 and CtBP2) are transcriptional regulators that activate or repress many genes involved in cellular development, apoptosis and metastasis. CtBP proteins are activated under hypoxic conditions where NAD(H) levels tend to be higher. NADH-dependent activation of CtBP2 has direct implication in multiple types of cancers and poor patient prognosis. Previous studies have proposed dimeric CtBP as the relevant oligomeric state, however our studies with multi-angle light scattering have shown that the primary effect of NADH binding is to promote the assembly of two CtBP dimers into tetramers. Here, we present the cryoEM structures of two different constructs of CtBP2 corroborating that the native state of CtBP2 in the presence of NADH is indeed tetrameric. The physiological relevance of tetrameric CtBP2 was tested in HCT116; CtBP2 -/- cells transfected with tetramer destabilizing_mutants. Mutants that inhibit tetramer formation show a decrease in expression of the CtBP transcriptional target TIAM1 and exhibit a decrease in the ability to promote cell migration. Together with our cryoEM studies, these results highlight the tetramer as the functional oligomeric form of CtBP2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jecrois, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dcona, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.027573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM Structure of CtBP2 Confirms Tetrameric Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of upper airway cells reveals host-viral dynamics in influenza infected adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza virus infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Research using cultured cells, bulk tissue, and animal models cannot fully capture human disease dynamics. Many aspects of virus-host interactions in a natural setting remain unclear, including the specific cell types that are infected and how they and neighboring bystander cells contribute to the overall antiviral response. To address these questions, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) on cells from freshly collected nasal washes from healthy human donors and donors diagnosed with acute influenza during the 2017-18 season. We describe a previously uncharacterized goblet cell population, specific to infected individuals, with high expression of MHC class II genes. Furthermore, leveraging scRNA-Seq reads, we obtained deep viral genome coverage and developed a model to rigorously identify infected cells that detected influenza infection in all epithelial cell types and even some immune cells. Our data revealed that each donor was infected by a unique influenza variant and that each variant was separated by at least one unique non-synonymous difference. Our results demonstrate the power of massively-parallel scRNA-Seq to study viral variation, as well as host and viral transcriptional activity during human infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordovas-Montanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of upper airway cells reveals host-viral dynamics in influenza infected adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved neuropeptide system links head and body motor circuits to enable adaptive behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulators promote adaptive behaviors that are often complex and involve concerted activity changes across circuits that are often not physically connected. It is not well understood how neuromodulatory systems accomplish these tasks. Here we show that the C. elegans NLP-12 neuropeptide system shapes responses to food availability by modulating the activity of head and body wall motor neurons through alternate G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) targets, CKR-1 and CKR-2. We show ckr-2 deletion reduces body bend depth during movement under basal conditions. We demonstrate CKR-1 is a functional NLP-12 receptor and define its expression in the nervous system. In contrast to basal locomotion, biased CKR-1 GPCR stimulation of head motor neurons promotes turning during local searching. Deletion of ckr-1 reduces head neuron activity and diminishes turning while specific ckr-1 overexpression or head neuron activation promote turning. Thus, our studies suggest locomotor responses to changing food availability are regulated through conditional NLP-12 stimulation of head or body wall motor circuits.

Impact statementInvestigation of neuromodulatory control of ethologically conserved area-restricted food search behavior shows that NLP-12 stimulation of the head motor circuit promotes food searching through the previously uncharacterized CKR-1 GPCR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touroutine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoofs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved neuropeptide system links head and body motor circuits to enable adaptive behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell RNA Profiling Reveals Adipocyte to Macrophage Signaling Sufficient to Enhance Thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "browning" of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) through increased abundance of thermogenic beige/brite adipocytes is induced by cold exposure and many other perturbations in association with beneficial systemic metabolic effects. Adipose browning is reported to require activation of sympathetic nerve fibers (SNF), aided by alternately activated macrophages within iWAT. Here we demonstrate the first example of a non-cell autonomous pathway for iWAT browning that is fully independent of SNF activity. Thus, the strong induction of thermogenic adipocytes prompted by deletion of adipocyte fatty acid synthase (iAdFASNKO mice) was unaffected by denervation or the deletion of SNF modulator Neuregulin-4. However, browning of iWAT in iAdFASNKO mice does require adipocyte cAMP/protein kinase A signaling, as it was blocked in adipocyte- selective Fasn/Gs double KO mice. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of iAdFASNKO mouse adipose stromal cells revealed increased macrophages displaying gene expression signatures of the alternately activated type. Mechanistically, depletion of such phagocytic immune cells in iAdFASNKO mice fully abrogated appearance of thermogenic adipocytes in iWAT. Altogether, these findings reveal an unexpected pathway of cAMP/PKA-dependent iWAT browning that is initiated by adipocyte signals and caused by macrophage-like cells independent of sympathetic neuron involvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilherme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellve, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell RNA Profiling Reveals Adipocyte to Macrophage Signaling Sufficient to Enhance Thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.078055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Susceptibility trends of zoliflodacin against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae  clinical isolates in NanJing, China (2014-2018) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.078055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we reported potent activity of a novel spiropyrimidinetrione, zoliflodacin, against N. gonorrhoeae isolates from symptomatic men in Nanjing, China, collected in 2013. Here, we investigated trends of susceptibilities of zoliflodacin in 986 gonococcal isolates collected from men between 2014 and 2018. N. gonorrhoeae isolates were tested for susceptibility to zoliflodacin and seven other antibiotics. Mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes were determined by PCR and DNA sequencing. The MIC of zoliflodacin for N. gonorrhoeae ranged from [&le;]0.002 to 0.25 mg/L; the overall MIC50s and MIC90s were 0.06 mg/L and 0.125mg/L in 2018, increasing two-fold from 2014. However, the percent of isolates with lower zoliflodacin MICs declined in each year sequentially while the percent with higher MICs increased yearly (P[&le;]0.00001). All isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin but resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC [&ge;]1 g/ml); 21.2% (209/986) were resistant to azithromycin ([&ge;]1 g/ml), 43.4% (428/986) were penicillinase-producing (PPNG), 26.9% (265/986) tetracycline-resistant (TRNG) and 19.4% (191/986) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. Among 143 isolates with higher zoliflodacin MICs (0.125-0.25 mg/L), all had quinolone resistance associated double or triple mutations in gyrA; 139/143 (97.2%) also had mutations in parC. There were no D429N/A and/or K450T mutations in GyrB identified in the 143 isolates with higher zoliflodacin MICs; a S467N mutation in GyrB was identified in one isolate. We report that zoliflodacin has excellent in vitro activity against clinical gonococcal isolates, including those with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and extended spectrum cephalosporins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genco, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.078055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Susceptibility trends of zoliflodacin against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae  clinical isolates in NanJing, China (2014-2018)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.082610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika virus infection during pregnancy protects against secondary infection in the absence of CD8+ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.082610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While T cell immunity is an important component of the immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection generally, the efficacy of these responses during pregnancy remains unknown. Here, we tested the capacity of CD8 lymphocytes to protect from secondary challenge in four macaques, two of which were depleted of CD8+ cells prior to rechallenge with a heterologous ZIKV isolate. The initial challenge during pregnancy produced transcriptional signatures suggesting complex patterns of immune modulation, but all animals efficiently controlled the rechallenge virus, implying that the primary infection conferred adequate protection. The secondary challenge promoted humoral responses and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, suggesting a brief period of infection prior to clearance. These data confirm that ZIKV infection during pregnancy induces sufficient immunity to protect from a secondary challenge and suggest that this protection is not solely dependent on CD8 T cells but entails multiple arms of the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schouest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panganiban, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.082610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika virus infection during pregnancy protects against secondary infection in the absence of CD8+ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IgA MAb blocks SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 interaction providing mucosal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic requiring the development of interventions for the prevention or treatment to curtail mortality and morbidity. No vaccine to boost mucosal immunity or as a therapeutic has yet been developed to SARS-CoV-2. In this study we discover and characterize a cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody, MAb362. MAb362 binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and competitively blocks hACE2 receptor binding, by completely overlapping the hACE2 structural binding epitope. Furthermore, MAb362 IgA neutralizes both pseudotyped SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in human epithelial cells expressing hACE2. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA antibodies, such as MAb362, may provide effective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 by inducing mucosal immunity within the respiratory system, a potentially critical feature of an effective vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ejemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcheslavsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.096719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IgA MAb blocks SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 interaction providing mucosal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF TRANSCRIBED EUKARYOTIC GENES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the well-established role of nuclear organization in gene expression regulation, little is known about the reverse: how transcription shapes the spatial organization of the genome. Owing to small sizes of most previously studied genes and the limited resolution of microscopy, the structure and spatial arrangement of a single transcribed gene are still poorly understood. Here, we make use of several long highly expressed genes and demonstrate that they form transcription loops with polymerases moving along the loops and carrying nascent RNAs. Transcription loops can span across microns resembling lampbrush loops and polytene puffs. Extension and shape of transcription loops suggest their intrinsic stiffness, which we attribute to decoration with multiple voluminous nascent RNPs. Our data contradict the model of transcription factories and indicate that although microscopically resolvable transcription loops are specific for long highly expressed genes, the mechanisms underlying their formation can represent a general aspect of eukaryotic transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leidescher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feodorova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bultmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonhardt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solovei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF TRANSCRIBED EUKARYOTIC GENES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Human Primary Cell-Based Airway Model for Evaluating Influenza, Coronavirus, or other Respiratory Viruses in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza and other respiratory viruses represent a significant threat to public health, national security, and the world economy, and can lead to the emergence of global pandemics such as the current COVID-19 crisis. One of the greatest barriers to the development of effective therapeutic agents to treat influenza, coronaviruses, and many other infections of the respiratory tract is the absence of a robust preclinical model. Preclinical studies currently rely on high-throughput, low-fidelity in vitro screening with cell lines and/or low-throughput animal models that often provide a poor correlation to human clinical responses. Here, we introduce a human primary airway epithelial cell-based model integrated into a high-throughput platform where tissues are cultured at an air-liquid interface (PREDICT96-ALI). We present results on the application of this platform to influenza and coronavirus infections, providing multiple readouts capable of evaluating viral infection kinetics and potentially the efficacy of therapeutic agents in an in vitro system. Several strains of influenza A virus are shown to successfully infect the human primary cell-based airway tissue cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI), and as a proof-of-concept, the effect of the antiviral oseltamivir on one strain of Influenza A is evaluated. Human coronaviruses NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and SARS-CoV-2 enter host cells via ACE2 and utilize the protease TMPRSS2 for protein priming, and we confirm expression of both in our ALI model. We also demonstrate coronavirus infection in this system with HCoV-NL63, observing sufficient viral propagation over 96 hours post-infection to indicate successful infection of the primary cell-based model. This new capability has the potential to address a gap in the rapid assessment of therapeutic efficacy of various small molecules and antiviral agents against influenza and other respiratory viruses including coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gard, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppeta, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizgolshani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fezzie, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balestrini, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isenberg, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Human Primary Cell-Based Airway Model for Evaluating Influenza, Coronavirus, or other Respiratory Viruses in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.110908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmental analysis of juxtavascular microglia dynamics and interactions with the vasculature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.110908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), are dynamic cells, constantly extending and retracting their processes as they contact and functionally regulate neurons and other glial cells. There is far less known about microglia-vascular interactions, particularly under healthy steady-state conditions. Here, we use the male and female mouse cerebral cortex to show that a higher percentage of microglia associate with the vasculature during the first week of postnatal development compared to older ages and the timing of these associations are dependent on the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). Similar developmental microglia-vascular associations were detected in the prenatal human brain. Using live imaging in mice, we found that juxtavascular microglia migrated when microglia are actively colonizing the cortex and became stationary by adulthood to occupy the same vascular space for nearly 2 months. Further, juxtavascular microglia at all ages contact vascular areas void of astrocyte endfeet and the developmental shift in microglial migratory behavior along vessels corresponded to when astrocyte endfeet more fully ensheath vessels. Together, our data provide a comprehensive assessment of microglia-vascular interactions. They support a mechanism by which microglia use the vasculature to migrate within the developing brain parenchyma. This migration becomes restricted upon the arrival of astrocyte endfeet when juxtavascular microglia then establish a long-term, stable contact with the vasculature.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report the first extensive analysis of juxtavascular microglia in the healthy, developing and adult brain. Live imaging revealed that juxtavascular microglia within the cortex are highly motile and migrate along vessels as they are colonizing cortical regions. Using confocal, expansion, super-resolution, and electron microscopy, we determined that microglia associate with the vasculature at all ages in areas lacking full coverage astrocyte endfoot coverage and motility of juxtavascular microglia ceases as astrocyte endfeet more fully ensheath the vasculature. Our data lay the fundamental groundwork to investigate microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and juxtavascular microglial function in the healthy and diseased brain. They further provide a potential vascular-dependent mechanism by which microglia colonize the brain to later regulate neural circuit development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kautzman, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schifferer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.110908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmental analysis of juxtavascular microglia dynamics and interactions with the vasculature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Specific Neuroligin3-αNeurexin1 Code Regulates GABAergic Synaptic Function in Mouse Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse formation and regulation require interactions between pre- and postsynaptic proteins, notably cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). It has been proposed that the functions of neuroligins (Nlgns), postsynaptic CAMs, rely on the formation of trans-synaptic complexes with neurexins (Nrxns), presynaptic CAMs. Nlgn3 is a unique Nlgn isoform that localizes at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. However, Nlgn3 function mediated via Nrxn interactions is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Nlgn3 localizes at postsynaptic sites apposing vesicular glutamate transporter 3-expressing (VGT3+) inhibitory terminals and regulates VGT3+ inhibitory interneuron-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse organotypic slice cultures. Gene expression analysis of interneurons revealed that the Nrxn1+AS4 splice isoform is highly expressed in VGT3+ interneurons as compared with other interneurons. Most importantly, postsynaptic Nlgn3 requires presynaptic Nrxn1+AS4 expressed in VGT3+ interneurons to regulate inhibitory synaptic transmission. Our results indicate that specific Nlgn-Nrxn interactions generate distinct functional properties at synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uchigashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demchak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keener, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uemura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasawa, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Specific Neuroligin3-αNeurexin1 Code Regulates GABAergic Synaptic Function in Mouse Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.120105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Rapidly Emerging Variants in Structured Regions of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.120105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has motivated a widespread effort to understand its epidemiology and pathogenic mechanisms. Modern high-throughput sequencing technology has led to the deposition of vast numbers of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences in curated repositories, which have been useful in mapping the spread of the virus around the globe. They also provide a unique opportunity to observe virus evolution in real time. Here, we evaluate two cohorts of SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences to identify rapidly emerging variants within structured cis-regulatory elements of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Overall, twenty variants are present at a minor allele frequency of at least 0.5%. Several enhance the stability of Stem Loop 1 in the 5UTR, including a set of co-occurring variants that extend its length. One appears to modulate the stability of the frameshifting pseudoknot between ORF1a and ORF1b, and another perturbs a bi-stable molecular switch in the 3UTR. Finally, five variants destabilize structured elements within the 3UTR hypervariable region, including the S2M stem loop, raising questions as to the functional relevance of these structures in viral replication. Two of the most abundant variants appear to be caused by RNA editing, suggesting host-viral defense contributes to SARS-CoV-2 genome heterogeneity. This analysis has implications for the development of therapeutics that target viral cis-regulatory RNA structures or sequences, as rapidly emerging variations in these regions could lead to drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.120105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Rapidly Emerging Variants in Structured Regions of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.120857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core binding factor leukemia hijacks T-cell prone PU.1 antisense promoter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.120857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe blood system serves as a key model for cell differentiation and cancer. It is orchestrated by precise spatiotemporal expression of the hematopoietic master regulator PU.11-4. PU.1 gene expression is regulated through enhancer-promoter interactions within a topologically associated domain (TAD)5,6. PU.1 levels increase during myeloid differentiation while failure to do so results in myeloid leukemia7. In contrast, T-cell differentiation requires PU.1 to be completely switched off8-10. Little is known about the precise mechanisms of PU.1 repression, physiological as in T-cell differentiation, or pathological as in leukemia. Here we demonstrate that the down-regulation of PU.1 mRNA is a dynamic process involving an alternative promoter11 in intron 3 that is induced by RUNX transcription factors driving noncoding antisense transcription. Core binding factor (CBF) fusions, RUNX1-ETO and CBF{beta}-MYH11 in t(8;21) and inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML)12, activate the PU.1 antisense promoter, thus shifting from sense towards antisense transcription and blocking myeloid differentiation. In patients with CBF-AML, we found that an elevated antisense/sense ratio represents a hallmark compared to normal karyotype AML or healthy CD34+ cells. Competitive interaction of the enhancer with the proximal or the antisense promoter are at the heart of differential PU.1 expression during myeloid and T-cell development. Leukemic CBF fusions thus utilize a physiologic mechanism employed by T-cells to decrease sense PU.1 transcription. Our results identify the first example of a sense/antisense promoter competition as a crucial functional switch for gene expression perturbation by oncogenes. This novel basic disease mechanism reveals a previously unknown Achilles heel for future precise therapeutic targeting of oncogene-induced chromatin remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Kouwe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czibere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilla, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delwel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Ruscio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebralidze, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazianka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornauth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro Barbosa, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulikkan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmolke, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sill, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spittler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenen, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staber, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.120857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core binding factor leukemia hijacks T-cell prone PU.1 antisense promoter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT3 Serine phosphorylation is required for TLR4 metabolic reprogramming and IL-1β expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expressed on macrophages induces a robust pro-inflammatory response which has recently been shown to be dependent on metabolic reprogramming 1, 2, 3, 4. These innate metabolic changes have been compared to the Warburg effect (also known as aerobic glycolysis) described in tumour cells 5, 6. However, the mechanisms by which TLR4 activation leads to mitochondrial and glycolytic reprogramming remain unknown. Here we show that TLR4 activation induces a signalling cascade recruiting TRAF6 and TBK-1, while TBK-1 phosphorylates STAT3 on S727. Using a genetically engineered mouse model incapable of undergoing STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation, we show both ex vivo and in vivo that STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation is critical for LPS-induced glycolytic reprogramming, the production of the central immune-metabolite succinate and inflammatory cytokine production in a model of LPS-induced inflammation. Our study identifies non-canonical STAT3 activation as the crucial signalling intermediary for TLR4-induced glycolysis, macrophage metabolic reprogramming and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albargy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasekara, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansell, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baschuk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Nardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gough, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT3 Serine phosphorylation is required for TLR4 metabolic reprogramming and IL-1β expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-Specific Incorporation of Citrulline into Proteins in Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) of arginine that is crucial for several physiological processes, including gene regulation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Despite recent advances, studies of protein citrullination remain challenging due to the difficulty of accessing proteins homogeneously citrullinated at a specific site. Herein, we report a novel technology that enables the site-specific incorporation of citrulline (Cit) into proteins in mammalian cells. This approach exploits an E. coli-derived engineered leucyl tRNA synthetase-tRNA pair that incorporates a photocaged-citrulline (SM60) into proteins in response to a nonsense codon. Subsequently, SM60 is readily converted to Cit with light in vitro and in living cells. To demonstrate the utility of the method, we biochemically characterized the effect of incorporating Cit at two known autocitrullination sites in Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4, R372 and R374) and showed that the R372Cit and R374Cit mutants are 181- and 9-fold less active than the wild-type enzyme. This powerful technology possesses immense potential to decipher the biology of citrullination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.137885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-Specific Incorporation of Citrulline into Proteins in Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering complex mechanisms of resistance and loss of potency through coupled molecular dynamics and machine learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.139105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug resistance threatens many critical therapeutics through mutations in the drug target. The molecular mechanisms by which combinations of mutations, especially involving those distal from the active site, alter drug binding to confer resistance are poorly understood and thus difficult to counteract. A machine learning strategy was developed that couples parallel molecular dynamics simulations and experimental potency to identify specific conserved mechanisms underlying resistance. A series of 28 HIV-1 protease variants with 0-24 substitutions each were used as a rigorous model of this strategy. Many of the mutations were distal from the active site and the potency of variants to a drug (darunavir) varied from low pM to near {micro}M. With features extracted from the simulations, elastic network machine learning was applied to correlate physical interactions with loss of potency and succeeded to within 1 kcal/mol of experimental affinity for both the training and test sets, outperforming MM/GBSA calculations. Feature reduction resulted in a model with 4 specific features that describe interactions critical for potency for all 28 variants. These predictive features, that specifically vary with potency, occur throughout the enzyme and would not have been identified without dynamics and machine learning. This strategy thus captures the conserved dynamic mechanisms by which complex combinations of mutations confer resistance and identifies critical features that serve as bellwethers of loss of inhibitor potency. Machine learning models leveraging molecular dynamics can thus elucidate mechanisms of drug resistance that confer loss of affinity and will serve as predictive tools in future drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leidner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt-Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.139105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering complex mechanisms of resistance and loss of potency through coupled molecular dynamics and machine learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Effects of Indirect and Direct Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists on Addiction-Related Behaviors and Dopamine Release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cannabinoid system is being researched as a potential pharmaceutical target for a multitude of disorders. The present study examined the effect of indirect and direct cannabinoid agonists on mesolimbic dopamine release and related behaviors in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. The indirect cannabinoid agonist N-arachidonoyl serotonin (AA-5-HT) indirectly agonizes the cannabinoid system by preventing the metabolism of endocannabinoids through fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition while also inhibiting transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels. Effects of AA-5-HT were compared with the direct cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) agonist arachidonoyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA). In Experiment 1, mice were pretreated with 7 daily injections of AA-5-HT, ACEA, or vehicle prior to assessments of locomotor activity using open field (OF) testing and phasic dopamine release using in vivo fixed potential amperometry. Chronic exposure to AA-5-HT did not alter locomotor activity or mesolimbic dopamine functioning. Chronic exposure to ACEA did not alter locomotor activity but did decrease phasic dopamine release while increasing the dopaminergic response to cocaine. In Experiment 2, mice underwent AA-5-HT, ACEA, or vehicle conditioned place preference (CPP) then saccharin preference testing, a measure commonly associated with anhedonia. Mice did not develop a CPP or aversion for AA-5-HT or ACEA, and repeated exposure to AA-5-HT or ACEA did not alter saccharin preference. Altogether, the findings suggest that neither of these drugs induce behaviors that are classically associated with abuse liability in mice; however, direct CB1R agonism may play more of a role in mediating mesolimbic dopamine functioning than indirect cannabinoid agonism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freels, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWain, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolen, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sable, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.150755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Effects of Indirect and Direct Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists on Addiction-Related Behaviors and Dopamine Release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oral administration of a single anti-CfaE nanobody provides broadly cross-protective immunity against major pathogenic Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is estimated to cause approximately 380,000 deaths annually during sporadic or epidemic outbreaks worldwide. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent ETEC. Development of prophylaxis against ETEC is challenging due to the vast heterogeneity of the ETEC strains. The discovery of nanobodies has emerged as a successful new biologics in treating mucosal infectious disease as nanobodies can recognize conserved epitopes on hypervariable pathogens. In this study, we performed large screens using immunized llamas and a naive nanobody yeast display library against adhesins of colonization factors. Cross-protective nanobodies were selected with in vitro activities inhibiting mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) against all eleven major pathogenic ETEC strains. Oral administration of nanobodies led to significant reduction of bacterial colonization in animals challenged with multiple ETEC strains. Structural analysis revealed novel conserved epitopes as critical structural features for pan-ETEC vaccine design.

Two of the lead nanobodies, 2R215 and 1D7, were further engineered as trimer or fused with human IgA Fc-fragments as fusionbodies. Oral administration of the trimers or fusionbodies protected mice from infection at a much lower dose compared to the monomeric format. Importantly, fusionbodies prevented infection as a pre-treatment when administrated 2 hours before ETEC challenge to the animals. Together, our study provides the first proof of concept that oral administration of a single nanobody could confer broad protection against major pathogenic ETEC strains. Technological advances in large-scale manufacturing of biological proteins in plants and microorganisms will make nanobody-based immunotherapy a potent and cost-effective prophylaxis or treatment for ETEC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amcheslavsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoppato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuntini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pondish, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heukers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oral administration of a single anti-CfaE nanobody provides broadly cross-protective immunity against major pathogenic Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.154864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrazines as versatile chemical biology probes and drug-discovery tools for cofactor-dependent enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.154864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Known chemoproteomic probes generally use warheads that tag a single type of amino acid or modified form thereof to identify cases in which its hyper-reactivity underpins function. Much important biochemistry derives from electron-poor enzyme cofactors, transient intermediates and chemically-labile regulatory modifications, but probes for such species are underdeveloped. Here, we have innovated a versatile class of chemoproteomic probes for this less charted hemisphere of the proteome by using hydrazine as the common chemical warhead. Its electron-rich nature allows it to react by both polar and radicaloid mechanisms and to target multiple, pharmacologically important functional classes of enzymes bearing diverse organic and inorganic cofactors. Probe attachment can be blocked by active-site-directed inhibitors, and elaboration of the warhead supports connection of a target to a lead compound. The capacity of substituted hydrazines to profile, discover and inhibit diverse cofactor-dependent enzymes enables cell and tissue imaging and makes this platform useful for enzyme and drug discovery.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suciu, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witze, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregus, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buczynski, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.154864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrazines as versatile chemical biology probes and drug-discovery tools for cofactor-dependent enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans methionine/S-adenosylmethionine cycle activity is sensed and adjusted by a nuclear hormone receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient that functions in two metabolic pathways: the canonical propionate breakdown pathway and the methionine/S-adenosylmethionine (Met/SAM) cycle. In Caenorhabditis elegans, low vitamin B12, or genetic perturbation of the canonical propionate breakdown pathway results in propionate accumulation and the transcriptional activation of a propionate shunt pathway. This propionate-dependent mechanism requires nhr-10 and is referred to as “B12-mechanism-I”. Here, we report that vitamin B12 represses the expression of Met/SAM cycle genes by a propionate-independent mechanism we refer to as “B12-mechanism-II”. This mechanism is activated by perturbations in the Met/SAM cycle, genetically or due to low dietary vitamin B12. B12-mechanism-II requires nhr-114 to activate Met/SAM cycle gene expression, the vitamin B12 transporter, pmp-5, and adjust influx and efflux of the cycle by activating msra-1 and repressing cbs-1, respectively. Taken together, Met/SAM cycle activity is sensed and transcriptionally adjusted to be in a tight metabolic regime.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minevich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans methionine/S-adenosylmethionine cycle activity is sensed and adjusted by a nuclear hormone receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.165852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TIR-1/SARM1 Inhibits Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.165852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An injured axon has two choices, regenerate or degenerate. In many neurons, the result is catastrophic axon degeneration and a failure to regenerate. To coerce the injured nervous system to regenerate, the molecular mechanisms that regulate both axon regeneration and degeneration need to be defined. We found that TIR-1/SARM1, a key regulator of axon degeneration, inhibits regeneration of injured motor axons. Loss of tir-1 function both reduces the frequency with which severed axon fragments degenerate and increases the frequency of axon regeneration. The increased regeneration in tir-1 mutants is not a secondary consequence of its effects on degeneration. Rather, TIR-1 carries out each of these opposing functions cell autonomously by regulating independent downstream genetic pathways. While promoting axon degeneration with the DLK-1 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, TIR-1 inhibits axon regeneration by activating the NSY-1/ASK1 MAPK signaling cascade. Our finding that TIR-1 regulates both axon regeneration and degeneration provides critical insight into how axons coordinately regulate the two key responses to injury, consequently informing approaches to manipulate the balance between these responses towards repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.165852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TIR-1/SARM1 Inhibits Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DGAT1 is a lipid metabolism oncoprotein that enables cancer cells to accumulate fatty acid while avoiding lipotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTDysregulated cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. As yet, few druggable oncoproteins directly responsible for this hallmark have been identified. Increased fatty acid acquisition allows cancer cells to meet their membrane biogenesis, ATP, and signaling needs. Excess fatty acids suppress growth factor signaling and cause oxidative stress in non-transformed cells, but surprisingly not in cancer cells. Molecules underlying this cancer adaptation may provide new drug targets. Here, we identify Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), an enzyme integral to triacylglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet formation, as a frequently up-regulated oncoprotein allowing cancer cells to tolerate excess fatty acids. DGAT1 over-expression alone induced melanoma in zebrafish melanocytes, and co-operated with oncogenic BRAF or NRAS for more rapid melanoma formation. Mechanistically, DGAT1 stimulated melanoma cell growth through sustaining mTOR kinase–S6 kinase signaling and suppressed cell death by tempering fatty acid oxidation, thereby preventing accumulation of reactive oxygen species including lipid peroxides.SIGNIFICANCE We show that DGAT1 is a bona fide oncoprotein capable of inducing melanoma formation and co-operating with other known drivers of melanoma. DGAT1 facilitates enhanced fatty acid acquisition by melanoma cells through suppressing lipototoxicity. DGAT1 is also critical for maintaining S6K activity required for melanoma cell growth.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilcock, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrock, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southam, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullwood, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankevics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellbrock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorigan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francavilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurlstone, A. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.166603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DGAT1 is a lipid metabolism oncoprotein that enables cancer cells to accumulate fatty acid while avoiding lipotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential role of cytosolic Hsp70s in longevity assurance and protein quality control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.170670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70) are essential chaperones of the protein quality control network; vital for cellular fitness and longevity. The four cytosolic Hsp70’s in yeast, Ssa1-4, are thought to be functionally redundant but the absence of Ssa1 and Ssa2 causes a severe reduction in cellular reproduction and accelerates replicative aging. In our efforts to identify which Hsp70 activities are most important for longevity assurance, we systematically investigated the capacity of Ssa4 to carry out the different activities performed by Ssa1/2 by overproducing Ssa4 in cells lacking these Hsp70 chaperones. We found that Ssa4, when overproduced in cells lacking Ssa1/2, rescued growth, mitigated aggregate formation, restored spatial deposition of aggregates into protein inclusions, and promoted protein degradation. In contrast, Ssa4 overproduction in the Hsp70 deficient cells failed to restore the recruitment of the disaggregase Hsp104 to misfolded/aggregated proteins, to fully restore clearance of protein aggregates, and to bring back the formation of the nucleolus-associated aggregation compartment. Exchanging the nucleotide-binding domain of Ssa4 with that of Ssa1 suppressed this ‘defect’ of Ssa4. Interestingly, Ssa4 overproduction extended the short lifespan of ssa1Δ ssa2Δ mutant cells to a lifespan comparable to, or even longer than, wild type cells, demonstrating that Hsp104-dependent aggregate clearance is not a prerequisite for longevity assurance in yeast.AUTHOR SUMMARY All organisms have proteins that network together to stabilize and protect the cell throughout its lifetime. One of these types of proteins are the Hsp70s (heat shock protein 70). Hsp70 proteins take part in folding other proteins to their functional form, untangling proteins from aggregates, organize aggregates inside the cell and ensure that damaged proteins are destroyed. In this study, we investigated three closely related Hsp70 proteins in yeast; Ssa1, 2 and 4, in an effort to describe the functional difference of Ssa4 compared to Ssa1 and 2 and to answer the question: What types of cellular stress protection are necessary to reach a normal lifespan? We show that Ssa4 can perform many of the same tasks as Ssa1 and 2, but Ssa4 doesn’t interact in the same manner as Ssa1 and 2 with other types of proteins. This leads to a delay in removing protein aggregates created after heat stress. Ssa4 also cannot ensure that misfolded proteins aggregate correctly inside the nucleus of the cell. However, this turns out not to be necessary for yeast cells to achieve a full lifespan, which shows us that as long as cells can prevent aggregates from forming in the first place, they can reach a full lifespan.Competing Interest StatementD. Ö. is employed by AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
F.E. is employed by AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
S.H. is employed by Cochlear Nordic AB, Mölnlycke, SwedenView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisele-Bürger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanzen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vielfort, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Öling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisele, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvint, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyström, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.170670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential role of cytosolic Hsp70s in longevity assurance and protein quality control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable learning of interpretable rules for the dynamic microbiome domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome, which is inherently dynamic, plays essential roles in human physiology and its disruption has been implicated in numerous human diseases. Linking dynamic changes in the microbiome to the status of the human host is an important problem, which is complicated by limitations and complexities of the data. Model interpretability is key in the microbiome field, as practitioners seek to derive testable biological hypotheses from data or develop diagnostic tests that can be understood by clinicians. Interpretable structure must take into account domainspecific information key to biologists and clinicians including evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) and dynamic behavior of the microbiome. A Bayesian model was previously developed in the field, which uses Markov Chain Monte Carlo inference to learn human interpretable rules for classifying the status of the human host based on microbiome time-series data, but that approach is not scalable to increasingly large microbiome datasets being produced. We present a new fully-differentiable model that also learns human-interpretable rules for the same classification task, but in an end-to-end gradient-descent based framework. We validate the performance of our model on human microbiome data sets and demonstrate our approach has similar predictive performance to the fully Bayesian method, while running orders-of-magnitude faster and moreover learning a larger set of rules, thus providing additional biological insight into the effects of diet and environment on the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maringanti, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable learning of interpretable rules for the dynamic microbiome domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WNT6-ACC2-induced accumulation of triacylglycerol rich lipid droplets is exploited by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.174110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In view of emerging drug-resistant tuberculosis, host directed therapies are urgently needed to improve treatment outcomes with currently available anti-tuberculosis therapies. One option is to interfere with the formation of lipid-laden “foamy” macrophages in the infected host. Here, we provide evidence that WNT6, a member of the evolutionary conserved WNT signaling pathway, promotes foam cell formation by regulating key lipid metabolic genes including acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC2) during pulmonary TB. In addition, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) facilitates its intracellular growth and dissemination in the host by exploiting the WNT6-ACC2 pathway. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that lack of functional WNT6 or ACC2 significantly reduces intracellular TAG levels, Mtb growth and necrotic cell death of macrophages. In combination with the anti-TB drug isoniazid, pharmacological inhibition of ACC2 improved anti-mycobacterial treatment in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose the WNT6-ACC2 signaling pathway as a promising target for a host-directed therapy to reduce intracellular replication of Mtb by modulating neutral lipid metabolism.Competing Interest StatementDrs. N. Reiling and J. Brandenburg (Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany) have filed a patent application entitled ACC inhibitors as means and methods for treating mycobacterial diseases(WO2018007430A1, patent pending).View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandenburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazoll, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalsdorf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierbuchen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholzen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelscher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnemann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kispert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrends, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaible, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelscher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwudke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiling, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WNT6-ACC2-induced accumulation of triacylglycerol rich lipid droplets is exploited by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale assembly of the coral endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum genome provides insight into the unique biology of dinoflagellate chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates are major primary producers in the worlds oceans, the cause of harmful algal blooms, and endosymbionts of marine invertebrates. Much remains to be understood about their biology including their peculiar crystalline chromosomes. Here we used Hi-C to order short read-based sub-scaffolds into 94 chromosome-scale scaffolds of the genome of the coral endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Hi-C data show that chromosomes are folded as linear rods within which loci separated by up to several Mb are highly packed. Each chromosome is composed of a series of structural domains separated by boundaries. Genes are enriched towards the ends of chromosomes and are arranged in unidirectional blocks that alternate between top and bottom strands. Strikingly, the boundaries of chromosomal domains are positioned at sites where transcription of two gene blocks converges, indicating a correlation between gene orientation, transcription and chromosome folding. Some chromosomes are enriched for genes involved in specific biological processes (e.g., photosynthesis, and nitrogen-cycling), and functionally related genes tend to co-occur at adjacent sites in the genome. All chromosomes contain several repeated segments that are enriched in mobile elements. The assembly of the S. microadriaticum genome and initial description of its genetic and spatial organization provide a foundation for deeper exploration of the extraordinary biology of dinoflagellates and their chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voolstra, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale assembly of the coral endosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum genome provides insight into the unique biology of dinoflagellate chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KDM6B promotes oncogenic CDK4/6-pRB-E2F pathway via maintaining enhancer activation in high-risk neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The H3K27me2/me3 histone demethylase KDM6B is over-expressed in neuroblastoma and is essential to neuroblastoma cell survival. While the KDM6B inhibitor, GSK-J4, has shown activity in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, the mechanism of action remains poorly defined. We demonstrate that genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of KDM6B downregulates the pRB-E2F transcriptome and MYCN expression. Chemical genetic analyses show that high expression of the E2F transcriptome is positively correlated with sensitivity of cancer cells to GSK-J4. Mechanistically, inhibition of KDM6B activity 1) reduces the chromatin accessibility of E2F target genes and MYCN, 2) selectively leads to an increase of H3K27me3 but a decrease of the enhancer mark H3K4me1 at the CTCF and BORIS binding sites, which may, consequently, disrupt the long-range chromatin interaction of MYCN and E2F target genes, and 3) phenocopies the transcriptome induced by the specific CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Overexpression of CDK4/6 or Rb1 knockout confers neuroblastoma cell resistance to both palbociclib and GSK-J4. A gene signature targeted by KDM6B inhibition is associated with poor survival of patients with neuroblastoma regardless of the MYCN status. These data indicate that KDM6B activity promotes an oncogenic CDK4/6-pRB-E2F pathway in neuroblastoma cells via H3K27me3-dependent enhancer-promoter interactions, providing a rationale to target KDM6B for high-risk neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'oto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullasseril, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Butler, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YANG, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KDM6B promotes oncogenic CDK4/6-pRB-E2F pathway via maintaining enhancer activation in high-risk neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variant D614G increases infectivity and retains sensitivity to antibodies that target the receptor binding domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein variant D614G supplanted the ancestral virus worldwide in a matter of months. Here we show that D614G was more infectious than the ancestral form on human lung cells, colon cells, and cells rendered permissive by ectopic expression of various mammalian ACE2 orthologs. Nonetheless, D614G affinity for ACE2 was reduced due to a faster dissociation rate. Assessment of the S protein trimer by cryo-electron microscopy showed that D614G disrupts a critical interprotomer contact and that this dramatically shifts the S protein trimer conformation toward an ACE2-binding and fusion-competent state. Consistent with the more open conformation, neutralization potency of antibodies targeting the S protein receptor-binding domain was not attenuated. These results indicate that D614G adopts conformations that make virion membrane fusion with the target cell membrane more probable but that D614G retains susceptibility to therapies that disrupt interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein with the ACE2 receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurkovetskiy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins-Tinch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyalile, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veinotte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyratsous, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variant D614G increases infectivity and retains sensitivity to antibodies that target the receptor binding domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identifies contributing pathways and cell types. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.211276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the considerable progress in unraveling the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. We analyzed genome-wide data involving 78,500 individuals using a polygenic risk score approach to identify the biological pathways and cell types involved in ALS. This data-driven approach identified multiple aspects of the biology underlying the disease that resolved into broader themes, namely neuron projection morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction mediated by ribonucleotides. We also found that genomic risk in ALS maps consistently to GABAergic cortical interneurons and oligodendrocytes, as confirmed in human single-nucleus RNA-seq data. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we nominated five differentially expressed genes (ATG16L2, ACSL5, MAP1LC3A, PLXNB2, and SCFD1) within the significant pathways as relevant to ALS. We conclude that the disparate genetic etiologies of this fatal neurological disease converge on a smaller number of final common pathways and cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International ALS Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ITALSGEN,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.211276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identifies contributing pathways and cell types.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotation of Chromatin States in 66 Complete Mouse Epigenomes During Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphologically and functionally distinct cell types of a multicellular organism are maintained by epigenomes and gene expression programs. Phase III of the ENCODE Project profiled 66 mouse epigenomes across twelve tissues at daily intervals from embryonic day 10.5 to birth. Applying the ChromHMM algorithm to these epigenomes, we annotated eighteen chromatin states with characteristics of promoters, enhancers, transcribed regions, repressed regions, and quiescent regions throughout the developmental time course. Our integrative analyses delineate the tissue specificity and developmental trajectory of the loci in these chromatin states. Approximately 0.3% of each epigenome is assigned to a bivalent chromatin state, which harbors both active marks and the repressive mark H3K27me3. Highly evolutionarily conserved, these loci are enriched in silencers bound by Polycomb Repressive Complex proteins and the transcription start sites of their silenced target genes. This collection of chromatin state assignments provides a useful resource for studying mammalian development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Velde, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotation of Chromatin States in 66 Complete Mouse Epigenomes During Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis evasion of Guanylate Binding Protein-mediated host defense in mice requires the ESX1 secretion system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-intrinsic immune mechanisms control intracellular pathogens that infect eukaryotes. The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evolved to withstand cell-autonomous immunity to cause persistent infections and disease. A potent inducer of cell-autonomous immunity is the lymphocyte-derived cytokine IFN{gamma}. While the production of IFN{gamma} by T cells is essential to protect against Mtb, it is not capable of fully eradicating Mtb infection. This suggests that Mtb evades a subset of IFN{gamma}-mediated antimicrobial responses, yet what mechanisms Mtb resists remains unclear. The IFN{gamma}-inducible Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are key host defense proteins able to control infections with intracellular pathogens. GBPs were previously shown to directly restrict Mycobacterium bovis BCG yet their role during Mtb infection has remained unknown. Here, we examine the importance of a cluster of five GBPs on mouse chromosome 3 in controlling Mycobacterial infection. While M. bovis BCG is directly restricted by GBPs, we find that the GBPs on chromosome 3 do not contribute to the control of Mtb replication or the associated host response to infection. The differential effects of GBPs during Mtb versus M. bovis BCG infection is at least partially explained by the absence of the ESX1 secretion system from M. bovis BCG, since Mtb mutants lacking the ESX1 secretion system become similarly susceptible to GBP-mediated immune defense. Therefore, this specific genetic interaction between the murine host and Mycobacteria reveals a novel function for the ESX1 virulence system in the evasion of GBP-mediated immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis evasion of Guanylate Binding Protein-mediated host defense in mice requires the ESX1 secretion system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and assembly of the diiron cofactor in the heme-oxygenase-like domain of the N-nitrosourea-producing enzyme SznF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In biosynthesis of the pancreatic cancer drug streptozotocin, the tri-domain nonheme-iron oxygenase, SznF, hydroxylates N{delta} and N{omega} of N{omega}-methyl-L-arginine before oxidatively rearranging the triply modified guanidine to the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea pharmacophore. A previously published structure visualized the mono-iron cofactor in the enzymes C-terminal cupin domain, which effects the final rearrangement, but exhibited disorder and minimal metal occupancy in the site of the proposed diiron cofactor in the N-hydroxylating heme-oxygenase-like (HO-like) central domain. Here we leverage our recent report of an intensely absorbing {micro}-peroxodiiron(III/III) intermediate formed from the Fe2(II/II) complex and O2 to understand assembly of the diiron cofactor in the HO-like domain and to obtain structures with both SznF iron cofactors bound. Tight binding at one diiron subsite is associated with a conformational change, which is followed by weak binding at the second subsite and rapid capture of O2 by the Fe2(II/II) complex. Differences between iron-deficient and iron-replete structures reveal both the conformational change required to form the O2-reactive Fe2(II/II) complex and the structural basis for cofactor instability, showing that a ligand-harboring core helix dynamically refolds during metal acquisition and release. The cofactor also coordinates an unanticipated Glu ligand contributed by an auxiliary helix implicated in substrate binding by docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The additional ligand is conserved in another experimentally validated HO-like N-oxygenase but not in two known HO-like diiron desaturases. Among [~]9600 sequences identified bioinformatically as belonging to the emerging HO-like diiron protein (HDO) superfamily, [~]25% have this carboxylate residue and are thus tentatively assigned as N-oxygenases.

Significance statementThe enzyme SznF assembles the N-nitrosourea pharmacophore of the drug streptozotocin. Its central N-oxygenase domain resembles heme-oxygenase (HO) and belongs to an emerging superfamily of HO-like diiron enzymes (HDOs) with unstable metallocofactors that have resisted structural characterization. We investigated assembly of the O2-reactive diiron complex from metal-free SznF and Fe(II) and leveraged this insight to obtain the first structure of a functionally assigned HDO with intact cofactor. Conformational changes accompanying cofactor acquisition explain its instability, and the observation of an unanticipated glutamate ligand that is conserved in only a subset of the HDO sequences provides a potential basis for top-level assignment of enzymatic function. Our results thus provide a roadmap for structural and functional characterization of novel HDOs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McBride, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and assembly of the diiron cofactor in the heme-oxygenase-like domain of the N-nitrosourea-producing enzyme SznF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Murine Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asymptomatic Colonizer to Systemic Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) resides asymptomatically in the nasopharynx but can progress from benign colonizer to lethal pulmonary or systemic pathogen. Both viral infection and aging are risk factors for serious pneumococcal infections. Previous work established a murine model that featured the movement of pneumococcus from the nasopharynx to the lung upon nasopharyngeal inoculation with influenza A virus (IAV) but did not fully recapitulate the severe disease associated with human co-infection. We built upon this model by first establishing pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization, then inoculating both the nasopharynx and lungs with IAV. In young (2 months) mice, co-infection triggered bacterial dispersal from the nasopharynx into the lungs, pulmonary inflammation, disease and mortality in a fraction of mice. In old mice (20-22 months), co-infection resulted in earlier and more severe disease. Aging was not associated with greater bacterial burdens but rather with more rapid pulmonary inflammation and damage. Both aging and IAV infection led to inefficient bacterial killing by neutrophils ex vivo. Conversely, aging and pneumococcal colonization also blunted IFN- production and increased pulmonary IAV burden. Thus, in this multistep model, IAV promotes pneumococcal pathogenicity by modifying bacterial behavior in the nasopharynx, diminishing neutrophil function, and enhancing bacterial growth in the lung, while pneumococci increase IAV burden likely by compromising a key antiviral response. Thus, this model provides a means to elucidate factors, such as age and co-infection, that promote the evolution of S. pneumoniae from asymptomatic colonizer to invasive pathogen, as well as to investigate consequences of this transition on antiviral defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joma, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwapornchai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanguri, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roggensack, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakansson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydani, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bou Ghanem, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Murine Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asymptomatic Colonizer to Systemic Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ESCRT protein CHMP5 restrains skeletal progenitor cell senescence by preserving endo-lysosomal-mitochondrial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dysfunction of the cellular endolysosomal pathway, such as in lysosomal storage diseases, can cause severe musculoskeletal disorders. However, how endolysosomal dysfunction causes musculoskeletal abnormalities remains poorly understood, limiting therapeutic options. Here, we report that CHMP5, a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III protein family, is essential to maintain the endolysosomal pathway and regulate bone formation in osteogenic lineage cells. Genetic ablation of Chmp5 in mouse osteogenic cells increases bone formation in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Chmp5 deletion causes endolysosomal dysfunction by decreasing the VPS4A protein, and CHMP5 overexpression is sufficient to increase the VPS4A protein. Subsequently, endolysosomal dysfunction disturbs mitochondrial functions and increases mitochondrial ROS, ultimately resulting in skeletal cell senescence. Senescent skeletal cells cause abnormal bone formation by combining cell-autonomous and paracrine actions. Importantly, the elimination of senescent cells using senolytic drugs can alleviate musculoskeletal abnormalities in Chmp5 conditional knockout mice. Therefore, our results show that cell senescence represents an underpinning mechanism and a therapeutic target for musculoskeletal disorders caused by the aberrant endolysosomal pathway, such as in lysosomal storage diseases. These results also uncover the function and mechanism of CHMP5 in the regulation of cell senescence by affecting the endolysosomal-mitochondrial pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.233874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ESCRT protein CHMP5 restrains skeletal progenitor cell senescence by preserving endo-lysosomal-mitochondrial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melting dsDNA donor molecules potentiates precision genome editing in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR genome editing has revolutionized genetics in many organisms. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans one injection into each of the two gonad arms of an adult hermaphrodite exposes hundreds of meiotic germ cells to editing mixtures, permitting the recovery of multiple indels or small precision edits from each successfully injected animal. Unfortunately, particularly for long insertions, editing efficiencies can vary widely, necessitating multiple injections, and often requiring co-selection strategies. Here we show that melting double stranded DNA (dsDNA) donor molecules prior to injection increases the frequency of precise homology-directed repair (HDR) by several fold for longer edits. We describe troubleshooting strategies that enable consistently high editing efficiencies resulting, for example, in up to 100 independent GFP knock-ins from a single injected animal. These efficiencies make C. elegans by far the easiest metazoan to genome edit, removing barriers to the use and adoption of this facile system as a model for understanding animal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghanta, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melting dsDNA donor molecules potentiates precision genome editing in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA phosphatase PIR-1 regulates endogenous small RNA pathways in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells regulate 5 triphosphorylated (ppp-) RNAs to promote cellular functions and prevent recognition by antiviral RNA sensors. For example, RNA capping enzymes possess triphosphatase domains that remove the {gamma} phosphates of ppp-RNAs during RNA capping. Members of the closely related PIR1 family of RNA polyphosphatases remove both the {beta} and {gamma} phosphates from ppp-RNAs. Here we show that C. elegans PIR-1 dephosphorylates ppp-RNAs made by cellular RdRPs and is required for the maturation of 26G-RNAs, Dicer-dependent small RNAs that regulate thousands of genes during spermatogenesis and embryogenesis. PIR-1 also regulates the CSR-1 22G-RNA pathway and has critical functions in both somatic and germline development. Our findings suggest that PIR-1 modulates both Dicer-dependent and - independent Argonaute pathways, and provide insight into how cells and viruses use a conserved RNA phosphatase to regulate and respond to ppp-RNA species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaves, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA phosphatase PIR-1 regulates endogenous small RNA pathways in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separation and identification of permethylated glycan isomers by reversed phase nanoLC-NSI-MSn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High performance liquid chromatography has been employed for decades to enhance detection sensitivity and quantification of complex analytes within biological mixtures. Among these analytes, glycans released from glycoproteins and glycolipids have been characterized as underivatized or fluorescently tagged derivatives by HPLC coupled to various detection methods. These approaches have proven extremely useful for profiling the structural diversity of glycoprotein and glycolipid glycosylation but require the availability of glycan standards and secondary orthogonal degradation strategies to validate structural assignments. A robust method for HPLC separation of glycans as their permethylated derivatives, coupled with in-line MSn fragmentation to assign structural features independent of standards, would significantly enhance the depth of knowledge obtainable from biological samples. Here, we report an optimized workflow for LC-MS analysis of permethylated glycans that includes sample preparation, mobile phase optimization, and MSn method development to resolve structural isomers on-the-fly. We report baseline separation and MSn fragmentation of isomeric N- and O-glycan structures, aided by supplementing mobile phases with Li+, which simplifies adduct heterogeneity and facilitates cross-ring fragmentation to obtain valuable monosaccharide linkage information. Our workflow has been adapted from standard proteomics-based workflows and, therefore, provides opportunities for laboratories with expertise in proteomics to acquire glycomic data with minimal deviation from existing buffer systems, chromatography media, and instrument configurations. Furthermore, our workflow does not require a mass spectrometer with high-resolution/accurate mass capabilities. The rapidly evolving appreciation of the biological significance of glycans for human health and disease requires the implementation of high-throughput methods to identify and quantify glycans harvested from sample sets of sufficient size to achieve appropriately powered statistical significance. The LC-MSn approach we report generates glycan isomeric separations, robust structural characterization, and is amenable to auto-sampling with associated throughput enhancements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separation and identification of permethylated glycan isomers by reversed phase nanoLC-NSI-MSn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 promotes metastasis via enhancing EGFR transcription and modulating AKT1 activation by methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) regulates a wide range of physiological processes, including cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, by generating symmetric di-methyl-arginine marks on histones and non-histone proteins. Here, we report that PRMT5 directly regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transcription to control EGF stimulated EGFR signaling. Furthermore, PRMT5 modulates protein kinase B (AKT) activation by methylation of AKT1 Arg 15, which is required for its subsequent phosphorylation at AKT1 Thr 308 and Ser 473. The PRMT5/EGFR/AKT axis converges to regulate transcription factors ZEB1, SNAIL, and TWIST1 to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the manner that EGFR and AKT1 compensate each other to support tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Inhibiting PRMT5 methyltransferase activity with a small molecule inhibitor attenuated primary tumor growth and prevented hepatic metastasis in aggressive in vivo tumor models. Collectively, our results support the use of PRMT5 based therapies for metastatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdejo-Torres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigglesworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.246660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 promotes metastasis via enhancing EGFR transcription and modulating AKT1 activation by methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UPRmt scales mitochondrial network expansion with protein synthesis via mitochondrial import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As organisms develop, individual cells generate mitochondria to fulfill physiologic requirements. However, it remains unknown how mitochondrial network expansion is scaled to cell growth and impacted by environmental cues. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a signaling pathway mediated by the transcription factor ATFS-1 which harbors a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS)1. Here, we demonstrate that ATFS-1 mediates an adaptable mitochondrial expansion program that is active throughout normal development. Developmental mitochondrial network expansion required the relatively inefficient MTS2 in ATFS-1, which allowed the transcription factor to be responsive to parameters that impact protein import capacity of the entire mitochondrial network. Increasing the strength of the ATFS-1 MTS impaired UPRmt activity throughout development due to increased accumulation within mitochondria. The insulin-like signaling-TORC13 and AMPK pathways affected UPRmt activation4,5 in a manner that correlated with protein synthesis. Manipulation to increase protein synthesis caused UPRmt activation. Alternatively, S6 kinase inhibition had the opposite effect due to increased mitochondrial accumulation of ATFS-1. However, ATFS-1 with a dysfunctional MTS6 constitutively increased UPRmt activity independent of TORC1 function. Lastly, expression of a single protein with a strong MTS, was sufficient to expand the muscle cell mitochondrial network in an ATFS-1-dependent manner. We propose that mitochondrial network expansion during development is an emergent property of the synthesis of highly expressed mitochondrial proteins that exclude ATFS-1 from mitochondrial import, causing UPRmt activation. Mitochondrial network expansion is attenuated once ATFS-1 can be imported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shpilka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uma Naresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UPRmt scales mitochondrial network expansion with protein synthesis via mitochondrial import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide screen in macrophages identifies new regulators of IFNγ-inducible MHCII that contribute to T cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCytokine-mediated activation of host immunity is central to the control of pathogens. A key cytokine in protective immunity is interferon-gamma (IFN{gamma}), which is a potent activator of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effectors within the host. A major role of IFN{gamma} is to induce major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHCII) on the surface of cells, which is required for CD4+ T cell activation. Despite its central role in host immunity, the complex and dynamic regulation of IFN{gamma}-induced MHCII is not well understood. Here, we integrated functional genomics and transcriptomics to comprehensively define the genetic control of IFN{gamma}-mediated MHCII surface expression in macrophages. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library we identified genes that control MHCII surface expression, many of which have yet to be associated with MHCII. Mechanistic studies uncovered two parallel pathways of IFN{gamma}-mediated MHCII control that require the multifunctional glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3{beta}) or the mediator complex subunit MED16. Both pathways are necessary for IFN{gamma}-mediated induction of the MHCII transactivator CIITA, MHCII expression, and CD4+ T cell activation. Using transcriptomic analysis, we defined the regulons controlled by GSK3{beta} and MED16 in the presence and absence of IFN{gamma} and identified unique networks of the IFN{gamma}-mediated transcriptional landscape that are controlled by each gene. Our analysis suggests GSK3{beta} and MED16 control distinct aspects of the IFN{gamma}-response and are critical for macrophages to respond appropriately to IFN{gamma}. Our results define previously unappreciated regulation of MHCII expression that is required to control CD4+ T cell responses by macrophages. These discoveries will aid in our basic understanding of macrophage-mediated immunity and will shed light on mechanisms of failed adaptive responses pervasive in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiritsy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankley, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trombley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huizinga, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide screen in macrophages identifies new regulators of IFNγ-inducible MHCII that contribute to T cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consequences of aneuploidy in human fibroblasts with trisomy 21 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most common genetic disease in humans. The mechanisms by which the aneuploid status of the cell, independent of the identity of the triplicated genes, contributes to the pathologies associated with this syndrome are not well defined. To characterize aneuploidy driven phenotypes in trisomy 21 cells, we performed global transcriptome, proteome, and phenotypic analysis of primary human fibroblasts from individuals with Patau (trisomy 13), Edwards (trisomy 18), or Down syndromes. On average, mRNA and protein levels show a 1.5 fold increase in all trisomies with a subset of proteins enriched for subunits of macromolecular complexes showing signs of post-transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we show several aneuploidy-associated phenotypes are present in trisomy 21 cells, including lower viability and an increased dependency on the serine-driven lipid biosynthesis pathway to proliferate. Our studies present a novel paradigm to study how aneuploidy contributes to Down syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaliere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consequences of aneuploidy in human fibroblasts with trisomy 21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIE-1 promotes SUMOylation and activation of HDAC1 during the C. elegans oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germlines shape and balance heredity, integrating and regulating information from both parental and foreign sources. Insights into how the germline handles information have come from the identification of factors that specify or maintain the germline fate. In early C. elegans embryos, the CCCH zinc-finger protein PIE-1 localizes to the germline where it prevents somatic differentiation programs. Here we show that PIE-1 also functions in the meiotic ovary where it becomes SUMOylated and engages the SUMO-conjugating machinery. Using whole-proteome mass spectrometry to detect SUMO-conjugated proteins, we identify HDAC SUMOylation as a target of PIE-1. Our findings suggest that SUMOylation activates HDAC, lowering histone acetylation and enhancing Argonaute-mediated surveillance in the germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.253955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIE-1 promotes SUMOylation and activation of HDAC1 during the C. elegans oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC1 SUMOylation promotes Argonaute directed transcriptional silencing in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells use guided search to coordinately control dispersed genetic elements. The transitive effectors of these mechanisms, Argonaute proteins and their small-RNA co-factors, engage nascent RNAs and chromatin-associated proteins to direct transcriptional silencing. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has been shown to promote the induction and maintenance of silent chromatin (called heterochromatin) in yeast, plants, and animals. Here we show that Argonaute-directed transcriptional silencing in C. elegans requires SUMOylation of the type 1 histone deacetylase HDA-1. SUMOylation of HDA-1 promotes interactions with components of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex and with the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1/WAGO-9. Our findings suggest how HDAC1 SUMOylation promotes the association of HDAC and other chromatin remodeling factors with a nuclear Argonaute in order to initiate de novo heterochromatin silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC1 SUMOylation promotes Argonaute directed transcriptional silencing in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.248898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing Lifeact and Phalloidin for Super-resolution Imaging of Actin in Fixed Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.248898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing actin filaments in fixed cells is of great interest for a variety of topics in cell biology such as cell division, cell movement, and cell signaling. We investigated the possibility of replacing phalloidin, the standard reagent for super-resolution imaging of F-actin in fixed cells, with the actin binding peptide  lifeact. We compared the labels for use in single molecule based super-resolution microscopy, where AlexaFluor 647 labeled phalloidin was used in a (d)STORM modality and Atto 655 labeled lifeact was used in a single molecule imaging, reversible binding modality. We found that imaging with lifeact had a comparable resolution in reconstructed images and provided several advantages over phalloidin including lower costs, the ability to image multiple regions of interest on a coverslip without degradation, simplified sequential super-resolution imaging, and more continuous labeling of thin filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazloom-Farsibaf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddens, M. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.248898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing Lifeact and Phalloidin for Super-resolution Imaging of Actin in Fixed Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.260737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host immunity increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis reliance on cytochrome bd oxidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.260737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to sustain a persistent infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must adapt to a changing environment that is shaped by the developing immune response. This necessity to adapt is evident in the flexibility of many aspects of Mtb metabolism, including a respiratory chain that consists of two distinct terminal cytochrome oxidase complexes. Under the conditions tested thus far, the bc1/aa3 complex appears to play a dominant role, while the alternative bd oxidase is largely redundant. However, presence of two terminal oxidases in this obligate pathogen implies that respiratory requirements might change during infection. We report that the cytochrome bd oxidase is specifically required for resisting the adaptive immune response. While the bd oxidase was dispensable for growth in resting macrophages and the establishment of infection in mice, this complex was necessary for optimal fitness after the initiation of adaptive immunity. This requirement was dependent on lymphocyte-derived interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}), but did not involve nitrogen and oxygen radicals that are known to inhibit respiration in other contexts. Instead, we found that{Delta} cydA mutants were hypersusceptible to the low pH encountered in IFN{gamma}-activated macrophages. Unlike wild type Mtb, cytochrome bd-deficient bacteria were unable to sustain a maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at low pH, indicating that the remaining cytochrome bc1/aa3 complex is preferentially inhibited under acidic conditions. Consistent with this model, the potency of the cytochrome bc1/aa3 inhibitor, Q203, is dramatically enhanced at low pH. This work identifies a critical interaction between host immunity and pathogen respiration that influences both the progression of the infection and the efficacy of potential new TB drugs.

Author SummaryTuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a serious global health problem that is responsible for over one million deaths annually, more than any other single infectious agent. In the host, Mtb can adapt to a wide variety of immunological and environmental pressures which is integral to its success as a pathogen. Accordingly, the respiratory capacity of Mtb is flexible. The electron transport chain of Mtb has two terminal oxidases, the cytochrome bc1/aa3 super complex and cytochrome bd, that contribute to the proton motive force and subsequent production of energy in the form of ATP. The bc1/aa3 super complex is required for optimal growth during infection but the role of cytochrome bd is unclear. Here we report that the cytochrome bd oxidase is required for resisting the adaptive immune response, in particular, acidification of the phagosome induced by lymphocyte-derived IFN{gamma}. We found that the cytochrome bd oxidase is specifically required under acidic conditions, where the bc1/aa3 complex is preferentially inhibited. Additionally, we show that acidic conditions increased the potency of Q203, a cytochrome bc1/aa3 inhibitor and candidate tuberculosis therapy. This work defines a new link between the host immune response and the respiratory requirements of Mtb that affects the potency of a potential new therapeutic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaecklein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyn, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.260737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host immunity increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis reliance on cytochrome bd oxidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Viral Insulins Reveals White Adipose Tissue Specific Effects in Mice 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the insulin/IGF superfamily are well conserved across the evolutionary tree. We recently showed that four viruses in the Iridoviridae family possess genes that encode proteins highly homologous to human insulin/IGF-1. Using chemically synthesized single chain (sc), i.e. IGF-1-like, forms of the viral insulin/IGF-1 like peptides (VILPs), we previously showed that they can stimulate human receptors. Because these peptides possess potential cleavage sites to form double chain (dc), i.e. more insulin-like, VILPs, in this study, we have characterized dc forms of VILPs for Grouper iridovirus (GIV), Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and Lymphocystis disease virus-1 (LCDV-1). GIV and SGIV dcVILPs bind to both isoforms of human insulin receptor (IR-A, IR-B) and to the IGF1R, and for the latter show higher affinity than human insulin. These dcVILPs stimulate IR and IGF1R phosphorylation and post-receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo. Both GIV and SGIV dcVILPs stimulate glucose uptake in mice. In vivo infusion experiments in awake mice revealed that while insulin (0.015 nmol/kg/min) and GIV dcVILP (0.75nmol/kg/min) stimulated a comparable glucose uptake in heart, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue, GIV dcVILP stimulated ~2 fold higher glucose uptake in white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to insulin. This was associated with increased Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) gene expression compared to insulin. Taken together, these results show that GIV and SGIV dcVILPs are active members of the insulin superfamily with unique characteristics. Elucidating the mechanism of tissue specificity for GIV dcVILP will help us to better understand insulin action, design new analogues that specifically target the tissues, and provide new insights into their potential role in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chrudinova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiracek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altindis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Viral Insulins Reveals White Adipose Tissue Specific Effects in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Mapping of Human DNA Replication by Optical Replication Mapping Supports a Stochastic Model of Eukaryotic Replication Timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication is regulated by the location and timing of replication initiation. Therefore, much effort has been invested in identifying and analyzing the sites of human replication initiation. However, the heterogeneous nature of eukaryotic replication kinetics and the low efficiency of individual initiation site utilization in metazoans has made mapping the location and timing of replication initiation in human cells difficult. A potential solution to the problem of human replication mapping is single-molecule analysis. However, current approaches do not provide the throughput required for genome-wide experiments. To address this challenge, we have developed Optical Replication Mapping (ORM), a high-throughput single-molecule approach to map newly replicated DNA, and used it to map early initiation events in human cells. The single-molecule nature of our data, and a total of more than 2000-fold coverage of the human genome on 27 million fibers averaging ~300 kb in length, allow us to identify initiation sites and their firing probability with high confidence. In particular, for the first time, we are able to measure genome-wide the absolute efficiency of human replication initiation. We find that the distribution of human replication initiation is consistent with inefficient, stochastic initiation of heterogeneously distributed potential initiation complexes enriched in accessible chromatin. In particular, we find sites of human replication initiation are not confined to well-defined replication origins but are instead distributed across broad initiation zones consisting of many initiation sites. Furthermore, we find no correlation of initiation events between neighboring initiation zones. Although most early initiation events occur in early-replicating regions of the genome, a significant number occur in late-replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions have some probability of firing in early S phase suggests that the major difference between initiation events in early and late replicating regions is their intrinsic probability of firing, as opposed to a qualitative difference in their firing-time distributions. Moreover, modeling of replication kinetics demonstrates that measuring the efficiency of initiation-zone firing in early S phase suffices to predict the average firing time of such initiation zones throughout S phase, further suggesting that the differences between the firing times of early and late initiation zones are quantitative, rather than qualitative. These observations are consistent with stochastic models of initiation-timing regulation and suggest that stochastic regulation of replication kinetics is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic replication, conserved from yeast to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proesmans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechhoefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.263459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Mapping of Human DNA Replication by Optical Replication Mapping Supports a Stochastic Model of Eukaryotic Replication Timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for detecting PER2::LUCIFERASE bioluminescence rhythms in freely moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.264531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are driven by daily oscillations of gene expression. An important tool for studying cellular and tissue rhythms is the use of a gene reporter, such as bioluminescence from the reporter gene luciferase controlled by a rhythmically expressed gene of interest. Here we describe methods that allow measurement of bioluminescence from a freely-moving mouse housed in a standard cage. Using a LumiCycle In Vivo (Actimetrics), we determined conditions that allow detection of circadian rhythms of bioluminescence from the PER2 reporter, PER2::LUC, in freely behaving mice. We tested delivery of D-luciferin via a subcutaneous minipump and in the drinking water. Further, we demonstrate that a synthetic luciferase substrate, CycLuc1, can support circadian rhythms of bioluminescence, even when delivered at a lower concentration than D-luciferin. We share our analysis scripts and suggestions for further improvements in this method. This approach will be straightforward to apply to mice with tissue-specific reporters, allowing insights into responses of specific peripheral clocks to perturbations such as environmental or pharmacological manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Burgos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molyneux, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leise, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.264531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for detecting PER2::LUCIFERASE bioluminescence rhythms in freely moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PFRED: A computational platform for siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides design. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PFRED a software application for the design, analysis, and visualization of antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA is described. The software provides an intuitive user-interface for scientists to design a library of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides that target a specific gene of interest. Moreover, the tool facilitates the incorporation of various design criteria that have been shown to be important for stability and potency. PFRED has been made available as an open-source project so the code can be easily modified to address the future needs of the oligonucleotide research community. A compiled version is available for downloading at https://github.com/pfred/pfred-gui/releases as a java Jar file. The source code and the links for downloading the precompiled version can be found at https://github.com/pfred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sciabola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.265983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PFRED: A computational platform for siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides design.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Bromodomains of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) ATPases Brahma (BRM) and Brahma Related Gene 1 (BRG1) promote chromatin interaction and are critical for skeletal muscle differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle differentiation induces changes in the epigenome of myoblasts as they proceed towards a myogenic phenotype. mSWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes coordinate with lineage-determining transcription factors and are key regulators of differentiation. Three mSWI/SNF proteins, the mutually exclusive ATPases, BRG1 and BRM, and the BAF180 protein (Polybromo1, PBRM1) contain bromodomains belonging to the same structural subfamily. Bromodomains bind to acetylated lysines on histone N-terminal tails and on other proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of mSWI/SNF bromodomain function using the selective inhibitor PFI-3 reduced differentiation, decreased expression of myogenic genes, and increased the expression of cell cycle-related genes, and the number of cells that remained in the cell cycle. Knockdown of BAF180 had no effect on differentiation, suggesting that only the BRG1 and BRM bromodomains contributed to differentiation. Comparison with existing gene expression data from myoblasts subjected to knockdown of BRG1 or BRM showed that bromodomain function was required for a subset of BRG1- and BRM-dependent gene expression. ChIP analysis revealed decreased BRG1 and BRM binding to target gene promoters, indicating that the BRG1 and BRM bromodomains promote chromatin binding. Thus mSWI/SNF ATPase bromodomains contribute to cell cycle exit, to skeletal muscle-specific gene expression, and to stable promoter binding by the mSWI/SNF ATPases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwicka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Bromodomains of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) ATPases Brahma (BRM) and Brahma Related Gene 1 (BRG1) promote chromatin interaction and are critical for skeletal muscle differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metformin enhances anti-mycobacterial responses by educating immunometabolic circuits of CD8+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic patients taking metformin have lower risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, progression from infection to tuberculosis (TB) disease, TB morality and TB recurrence. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of metformins protective immunological benefits on host resistance to TB is lacking. In this study, using mass cytometry we show that metformin treatment expands memory-like antigen-inexperienced CD8+CXCR3+ T cells in naive mice, and in healthy and diabetic humans. Metformin-educated CD8+ T cells have increased (i) mitochondrial mass, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation; (ii) survival capacity; and (iii) anti-mycobacterial properties. CD8+ T cells from CXCR3-/- mice did not exhibit metformin-mediated metabolic programming. In BCG-vaccinated mice and guinea pigs, metformin enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy against Mtb challenge. Collectively, our results demonstrate an important role of CD8+ T cells in metformin-derived host metabolic-fitness towards Mtb infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tizazu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachmandas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shihui, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larbi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basaraba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Crevel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metformin enhances anti-mycobacterial responses by educating immunometabolic circuits of CD8+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.254623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dagLogo: an R/Bioconductor package for identifying and visualizing differential amino acid group usage in proteomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.254623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence logos have been widely used as graphical representations of conserved nucleic acid and protein motifs. Due to the complexity of the amino acid (AA) alphabet, rich post-translational modification, and diverse subcellular localization of proteins, few versatile tools are available for effective identification and visualization of protein motifs. In addition, various reduced AA alphabets based on physicochemical, structural, or functional properties have been valuable in the study of protein alignment, folding, structure prediction, and evolution. However, there is lack of tools for applying reduced AA alphabets to the identification and visualization of statistically significant motifs. To fill this gap, we developed an R/Bioconductor package dagLogo, which has several advantages over existing tools. First, dagLogo allows various formats for input sets and provides comprehensive options to build optimal background models. It implements different reduced AA alphabets to group AAs of similar properties. Furthermore, dagLogo provides statistical and visual solutions for differential AA (or AA group) usage analysis of both large and small data sets. Case studies showed that dagLogo can better identify and visualize conserved protein sequence patterns from different types of inputs and can potentially reveal the biological patterns that could be missed by other logo generators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirala, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukalov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.254623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dagLogo: an R/Bioconductor package for identifying and visualizing differential amino acid group usage in proteomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Liquid-to-Solid Phase Transition Enhances the Catalytic Activity of SARM1 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile alpha and toll/interleukin receptor (TIR) motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is a neuronally expressed NAD+ glycohydrolase whose activity is increased in response to various stressors. The consequent depletion of NAD+ triggers axonal degeneration (i.e., Wallerian degeneration), which is a characteristic feature of neurological diseases, including peripheral neuropathies and traumatic brain injury. Notably, SARM1 knockout mice show minimal degeneration in models of peripheral neuropathy and traumatic brain injury, making SARM1 a promising therapeutic target. However, the development of SARM1 inhibitors has been challenging as the purified enzyme is largely inactive. Herein, we report that SARM1 activity is increased [~]2000-fold by a liquid-to-solid phase transition. These findings provide critical insights into SARM1 biochemistry with important implications for the situation in vivo. Moreover, they will facilitate the discovery of novel SARM1-targeted therapeutics.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=71 SRC="FIGDIR/small/272377v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d9c222org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@588637org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d3a3d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a8e058_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loring, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Liquid-to-Solid Phase Transition Enhances the Catalytic Activity of SARM1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to encoding the final tertiary fold and stability, the primary sequence of a protein encodes the folding trajectory and kinetic barriers that determines the speed of folding. How these kinetic barriers are encoded by the sequence is not well understood. Here, we use evolutionary sequence variation in the alpha-lytic protease (LP) protein family to probe the relationship between sequence and energy landscape. LP has an unusual energy landscape: the native state of LP is not the most thermodynamically favored conformation and, instead, it remains folded due to a large kinetic barrier preventing unfolding. In order to fold, LP utilizes an N-terminal pro region of similar size to the protease itself that functions as a folding catalyst. Once folded, the pro region is removed, and the native state does not unfold on a biologically relevant timescale. Without the pro region, LP folds on the order of millennia. A phylogenetic search uncovers LP homologs with a wide range of pro-region sizes, including some with no pro region at all. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, these homologs cluster by pro-region size. Homologs naturally lacking pro regions are thermodynamically stable, fold much faster than LP, yet retain the same fold as LP. Key amino acids thought to contribute to LPs extreme kinetic stability are lost in these homologs, further supporting their role in kinetic stability. This study highlights how the entire energy landscape plays an important role in determining the evolutionary pressures on and changes to the protein sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sailer, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheludev, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the evolutionary history of kinetic stability in the alpha-lytic protease family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome inhibition by C9ORF72-ALS/FTD-associated poly-PR and poly-GR proteins revealed by cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxic dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins are produced from expanded G4C2 hexanucleotide repeats in the C9ORF72 gene, which cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Two DPR proteins, poly-PR and poly-GR, repress cellular translation but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that poly-PR and poly-GR of [&ge;] 20 repeats inhibit the ribosomes peptidyl-transferase activity at nanomolar concentrations, comparable to specific translation inhibitors. High-resolution cryo-EM structures reveal that poly-PR and poly-GR block the polypeptide tunnel of the ribosome, extending into the peptidyl-transferase center. Consistent with these findings, the macrolide erythromycin, which binds in the tunnel, competes with the DPR proteins and restores peptidyl-transferase activity. Our results demonstrate that strong and specific binding of poly-PR and poly-GR in the ribosomal tunnel blocks translation, revealing the structural basis of their toxicity in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svidritskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susorov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome inhibition by C9ORF72-ALS/FTD-associated poly-PR and poly-GR proteins revealed by cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficient spermiogenesis in mice lacking Rlim 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The X-linked gene Rlim plays major roles in female mouse development and reproduction, where it is crucial for the maintenance of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in extraembryonic tissues of embryos. However, while females carrying a systemic Rlim knockout (KO) die around implantation, male Rlim KO mice appear healthy and are fertile, raising questions as to the pressures driving Rlim gene selection during evolution. Here we report an important role for Rlim in testis where it is highly expressed in post-meiotic round spermatids as well as in Sertoli cells. Systemic deletion of the Rlim gene leads to lower numbers of mature sperm that contains excess cytoplasm, leading to decreased sperm motility and in vitro fertilization rates. Targeting the conditional Rlim cKO specifically to the spermatogenic cell lineage largely recapitulates this phenotype. These results reveal functions of Rlim in male reproduction specifically in round spermatids during spermiogenesis with likely evolutionary implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervasi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourzani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficient spermiogenesis in mice lacking Rlim]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.274472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradation of ATFS-1 by LONP-1 promotes deleterious mitochondrial genome heteroplasmy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.274472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of deleterious mitochondrial genomes ({Delta}mtDNAs) underlies inherited mitochondrial diseases and contributes to the aging-associated decline in mitochondrial function. In heteroplasmic cells, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function declines as the population of {Delta}mtDNAs increase relative to wildtype mtDNAs. In response to mitochondrial perturbations, the bZIP protein ATFS-1 induces a transcription program to promote the recovery of mitochondrial function. Paradoxically, ATFS-1 is also required to maintain {Delta}mtDNAs in heteroplasmic worms. However, the mechanism(s) by which ATFS-1 promotes {Delta}mtDNA accumulation relative to wildtype mtDNAs is unclear. Here, we show that mitochondrial-localized ATFS-1 binds almost exclusively to {Delta}mtDNAs in heteroplasmic worms. Moreover, we demonstrate that mitochondrial ATFS-1 promotes the preferential binding of the mtDNA replicative polymerase (POLG) to {Delta}mtDNAs. Interestingly, inhibition of the mtDNA-bound protease LONP-1 increased ATFS-1 and POLG binding to wildtype mtDNAs. Furthermore, LONP-1 inhibition in C. elegans and human cybrid cells improved the heteroplasmy ratio and restored OXPHOS function. Our findings suggest that ATFS-1 promotes mtDNA replication by recruiting POLG to mtDNA in a manner that is antagonized by LONP-1. We speculate that this mechanism promotes the repair and expansion of the mitochondrial network by synchronizing mtDNA replication with UPRmt activation driven by nuclear ATFS-1 activity. However, this repair mechanism cannot resolve OXPHOS defects in mitochondria harboring {Delta}mtDNAs, resulting in an accumulation of ATFS-1 in dysfunctional mitochondria and constitutive replication of {Delta}mtDNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.274472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradation of ATFS-1 by LONP-1 promotes deleterious mitochondrial genome heteroplasmy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and childrens health in the United States. A cohort of n= 11,880 children aged 9-10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping. Here, we describe the ABCD Study aims and design, as well as issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations using its data, including population inferences, hypothesis testing, power and precision, control of covariates, interpretation of associations, and recommended best practices for reproducible research, analytical procedures and reporting of results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeringa, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariyadath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.278341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant Paraprobiotics as a New Paradigm for Treating Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.278341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of humans, e.g., hookworms, negatively impact childhood growth, cognition, nutrition, educational attainment, income, productivity, and pregnancy. Hundreds of millions of people are targeted with mass drug administration (MDA) of donated benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics. However, BZ efficacy against GINs is suboptimal, and reduced/low efficacy has been seen. Developing an anthelmintic for human MDA is daunting: it must be safe, effective, inexpensive, stable without a cold chain, and massively scalable. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein 5B (Cry5B) has anthelmintic properties that could fill this void. Here we develop an API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) form of Bt Cry5B compatible with MDA. We expressed Cry5B in asporogenous Bt during vegetative phase, forming cytosolic crystals. These Bacteria with Cytosolic Crystals (BaCC) were rendered inviable (inactivated BaCC or IBaCC) with food-grade essential oils. IBaCC potency was validated in vitro against nematodes. IBaCC was also potent in vivo against human hookworm infections in hamsters. IBaCC production was successfully scaled to 350 liters at a contract manufacturing facility. A simple fit-for-purpose formulation to protect against stomach digestion and powdered IBaCC were successfully made and used against GINS in hamsters and mice. A pilot histopathology study and blood chemistry workup showed that five daily consecutive doses of 200 mg/kg Cry5B IBaCC (the curative single dose is 40 mg/kg) was non-toxic and completely safe. IBaCC is a safe, inexpensive, highly effective, easy-to-manufacture, and scalable anthelmintic that is practical for MDA and represents a new paradigm for treating human GINs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beamer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakalapudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.278341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant Paraprobiotics as a New Paradigm for Treating Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.277459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated iPSC-microglia from C9orf72 ALS/FTD patients exhibit endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.277459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While motor and cortical neurons are affected in C9orf72 ALS/FTD, it remains still largely unknown if and how non-neuronal cells induce or exacerbate neuronal damage. We generated C9orf72 ALS/FTD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into microglia (iPSC-MG) and examined their intrinsic phenotypes. Similar to iPSC motor neurons, C9orf72 ALS/FTD iPSC-MG mono-cultures form G4C2 repeat RNA foci, exhibit reduced C9orf72 protein levels and generate dipeptide repeat proteins. Healthy control and C9orf72 iPSC-MG equivalently express microglial specific genes and display microglial functions including inflammatory cytokine release and phagocytosis of extracellular toxic cargos such as synthetic amyloid beta peptides and healthy human brain synaptoneurosomes. Select C9orf72 iPSC-MG patient lines show inability to efficiently remove phagocytosed contents, suggesting dysfunction of the endosomal-lysosomal pathways. Finally, RNA sequencing revealed overall transcriptional changes in diseased microglia yet no significant differentially expressed microglial-enriched genes. These minimal differences in cellular, molecular and functional characteristics of microglial mono-cultures suggest that a diseased microenvironment is associated with microglial activation and subsequent regulation of neuronal dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorenzini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittings, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabichow, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burciu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzioras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logemann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spires-Jones, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blurton-Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baloh, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.277459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated iPSC-microglia from C9orf72 ALS/FTD patients exhibit endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD4 Effectors Need to Recognize Antigen Locally to Become Cytotoxic CD4 and Follicular Helper T Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytotoxic CD4 T cells (ThCTL) are tissue-resident effectors that enhance viral clearance by MHC-II-restricted cytotoxicity of infected cells. Using a model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we identify key factors that drive CD4 effectors to differentiate into lung-resident ThCTL. We find that, to become ThCTL, CD4 effectors must again recognize cognate antigen on antigen presenting cells (APC) within the lung. Different APC subsets can drive this transition, including dendritic cells, B cells, and to a lesser extent non-hematopoietic MHC-II+ APC. CD28 co-stimulation is not required and can reduce ThCTL development. In contrast, T follicular helper cells (TFH) that are another specialized CD4 effector subset, require CD28 during this time. Optimal ThCTL generation also requires ongoing infection in the effector phase, that acts independently of antigen presentation. The mechanism involves production of Type I IFN, that induces IL-15 which acts to support further differentiation of CD4 effectors to ThCTL. The multiple spatial, temporal and cellular requirements for ThCTL generation from CD4 effectors described here would be expected to prevent cytotoxic CD4 responses in the lung after pathogen has already been cleared, while ensuring the development of potent lung-restricted ThCTL effectors when pathogen persists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugler-Umana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD4 Effectors Need to Recognize Antigen Locally to Become Cytotoxic CD4 and Follicular Helper T Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NHR-49/PPAR-α and HLH-30/TFEB promote C. elegans host defense via a flavin-containing monooxygenase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During bacterial infection, the host is confronted with multiple overlapping signals that are integrated at the organismal level to produce defensive host responses. How multiple infection signals are sensed by the host and how they elicit the transcription of host defense genes is much less understood at the whole-animal level than at the cellular level. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is known to mount transcriptional defense responses against intestinal bacterial infections that elicit overlapping starvation and infection responses, but the regulation of such responses is not well understood. Direct comparison of C. elegans that were starved or infected with Staphylococcus aureus revealed a large infection-specific transcriptional signature. This signature was almost completely abrogated by deletion of transcription factor hlh-30/TFEB, except for six genes including a flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) gene, fmo-2/FMO5. Deletion of fmo-2/FMO5 severely compromised infection survival, thus identifying the first FMO with innate immunity functions in animals. Moreover, the mechanism of fmo-2/FMO5 induction required the nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-49/PPAR-, which induced fmo-2/FMO5 and host defense cell non-autonomously. These findings for the first time reveal an infection-specific host response to S. aureus, identify HLH-30/TFEB as its main regulator, reveal that FMOs are important innate immunity effectors in animals, and identify the mechanism of FMO regulation through NHR-49/PPAR- in C. elegans, with important implications for innate host defense in higher organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnappan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.282087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NHR-49/PPAR-α and HLH-30/TFEB promote C. elegans host defense via a flavin-containing monooxygenase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASCADES, a novel SOX2 super-enhancer associated long noncoding RNA, regulates cancer stem cell specification and differentiation in glioblastoma multiforme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of just over one year. The failure of available treatments to achieve remission in patients with GBM has been attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are thought to play a central role in tumor development and progression and serve as a treatment-resistant cell repository capable of driving tumor recurrence; in fact, the property of "stemness" itself may be responsible for treatment resistance. In this study, we identify a novel lncRNA, Cancer stem cell associated distal enhancer of SOX2 (CASCADES) that functions as an epigenetic regulator in glioma CSCs (GSCs). CASCADES is expressed in IDH-wild type GBM and significantly enriched in GSCs. Knockdown of CASCADES in GSCs results in differentiation towards a neuronal lineage in a cell- and cancer-specific manner. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that CASCADES functions as a super-enhancer associated lncRNA epigenetic regulator of SOX2. Our findings identify CASCADES as a critical regulator of stemness in GSCs and represent a novel epigenetic and therapeutic target for disrupting the cancer stem cell compartment in GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahzad, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varn, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riemenschneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krumholtz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karamchandani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutka, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASCADES, a novel SOX2 super-enhancer associated long noncoding RNA, regulates cancer stem cell specification and differentiation in glioblastoma multiforme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Terminal Modification, Sequence, and Length Determine Small RNA Stability in Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, piRNAs, siRNAs, and miRNAs silence transposons, fight viral infections, and regulate gene expression. piRNA biogenesis concludes with 3' terminal trimming and 2'-O-methylation. Both trimming and methylation influence piRNA stability. Here, we report that trimming and methylation protect mouse piRNAs from different decay mechanisms. In the absence of 2'-O-methylation, mouse piRNAs with extensive complementarity to long RNAs become unstable. In flies, 2'-O-methylation similarly protects both piRNAs and siRNAs from complementarity-dependent destabilization. Animal miRNAs are unmethylated, and complementarity-dependent destabilization helps explain differences in miRNA decay rates in both mice and flies. In contrast, trimming protects mouse piRNAs from a separate degradation pathway unaffected by target complementarity but sensitive to the 3' terminal, untrimmed sequence. Because distinct sets of mouse piRNAs are protected by each of these mechanisms, loss of both trimming and 2'-O-methylation causes the piRNA pathway to collapse, demonstrating that these two small RNA modifications collaborate to stabilize piRNAs.

HighlightsO_LI2'-O-methylation protects mouse and fly piRNAs from complementarity-dependent decay
C_LIO_LI2'-O-methylation protects fly siRNAs with extensive complementarity to long RNAs
C_LIO_LIComplementarity to long RNAs predicts the half-life of fly and mouse miRNAs
C_LIO_LIMouse pre-piRNA decay reflects both pre-piRNA sequence and PIWI protein identity
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colpan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albosta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Badillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.287979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Terminal Modification, Sequence, and Length Determine Small RNA Stability in Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial processing of glucose modulates C. elegans lifespan and healthspan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal microbiota play an essential role in the health of a host organism. Here, we define how commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) alters its host after long term exposure to glucose using a C. elegans-E. coli system. Our data reveal that bacterial processing of glucose, rather than direct ingestion by the animal, results in reduced lifespan and healthspan, including reduced locomotion, oxidative stress resistance, and heat stress resistance in C. elegans. Chronic exposure of E. coli to glucose produces growth defects and increased advanced glycation end products within the E. coli. These negative effects are abrogated when the E. coli is not able to process the additional glucose and by the addition of the anti-glycation compound carnosine. Physiological changes of the host C. elegans are accompanied by dysregulation of detoxifying genes including glyoxalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase. Loss of gst-4 shortens C. elegans lifespan and blunts the animals response to a glucose-fed bacteria diet. Taken together, we reveal that added dietary sugar may alter intestinal microbial E. coli to decrease lifespan and healthspan of the host and define the critical role of detoxification genes in maintaining health during a chronic high-sugar diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanta, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tissenbaum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.295451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial processing of glucose modulates C. elegans lifespan and healthspan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.301036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondria surveillance systems trigger innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens via AMPK pathway in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.301036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen recognition and triggering pattern of host innate immune system is critical to understanding pathogen-host interaction. It is generally accepted that the microbial infection can be recognized by host via pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. Recently, non-PRR-mediated cellular surveillance systems have been reported as an important supplement strategy to PTI and ETI responses. However, the mechanism of how surveillance systems sense pathogens and trigger innate immune responses is largely unknown. In the present study, using Bacillus thuringiensis-Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, we found a new approach for surveillance systems to sense the pathogens through no-PPRs patterns. We reported C. elegans can monitor intracellular energy status through the mitochondrial surveillance system to triggered innate immune responses against pathogenic attack via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Consider that the mitochondria surveillance systems and AMPK are conserved components from worms to mammals, our study suggests that disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis to activate the immune system through AMPK-dependent pathways may widely existing in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.301036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondria surveillance systems trigger innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens via AMPK pathway in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.305276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition for MCM Loading at Origins Establishes Replication Timing Patterns 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.305276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loading of the MCM replicative helicase onto origins of replication is a highly regulated process that precedes DNA replication in all eukaryotes. The number of MCM loaded on origins has been proposed to be a key determinant of when those origins initiate replication during S phase. Nevertheless, the genome-wide characteristics of MCM loading and their direct effect on replication timing remain unclear. In order to probe MCM loading dynamics and its effect on replication timing, we perturbed MCM levels in budding yeast cells and, for the first time, directly measured MCM levels and replication timing in the same experiment. Reduction of MCM levels through degradation of Mcm4, one of the six obligate components of the MCM complex, slowed progression through S phase and increased sensitivity to replication stress. Reduction of MCM levels also led to differential loading at origins during G1, revealing origins that are sensitive to reductions in MCM and others that are not. Sensitive origins loaded less MCM under normal conditions and correlated with a weak ability to recruit the origin recognition complex (ORC). Moreover, reduction of MCM loading at specific origins of replication led to a delay in their initiation during S phase. In contrast, overexpression of MCM had no effects on cell cycle progression, relative MCM levels at origins, or replication timing, suggesting that, under optimal growth conditions, cellular MCM levels not limiting for MCM loading. Our results support a model in which the loading activity of origins, controlled by their ability to recruit ORC and compete for MCM, determines the number of helicases loaded, which in turn affects replication timing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dukaj, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.20.305276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition for MCM Loading at Origins Establishes Replication Timing Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell characterization of transcriptomic heterogeneity in lymphoblastoid cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) are generated by transforming primary B cells with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and are used extensively as model systems in viral oncology, immunology, and human genetics research. In this study, we characterized single-cell transcriptomic profiles of five LCLs and present a simple discrete-time simulation to explore the influence of stochasticity on LCL clonal evolution. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed substantial phenotypic heterogeneity within and across LCLs with respect to immunoglobulin isotype; virus-modulated host pathways involved in survival, proliferation, and differentiation; viral replication state; and oxidative stress. This heterogeneity is likely attributable to intrinsic variance in primary B cells and host-pathogen dynamics. Stochastic simulations demonstrate that initial primary cell heterogeneity, random sampling, time in culture, and even mild differences in phenotype-specific fitness can contribute substantially to dynamic diversity in populations of nominally clonal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorelle, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giamberardino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luftig, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell characterization of transcriptomic heterogeneity in lymphoblastoid cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic effect of deoxynucleosides and AAV gene therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.330969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal recessive thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) mutations causes TK2 deficiency, which typically manifests as a progressive and fatal mitochondrial myopathy in infants and children. Treatment with deoxycytidine and thymidine ameliorates mitochondrial defects and extends lifespan of Tk2 knock-in mouse (TK2-/-); however, efficacy is limited by age- and tissue-dependent expression of the cytosolic enzymes Tk1 and Dck. Thus, therapies aimed at systemic restoration of TK2 activity are needed. Here, we demonstrate that delivery of human TK2 cDNA to Tk2-/- mice using AAV9 efficiently rescued Tk2 activity in all the tissues tested except kidney, delayed disease onset, and increased lifespan. Sequential treatment of Tk2-/- mice with AAV9 first followed by AAV2 at different ages allowed us to reduce the viral dose while further prolonging the lifespan. Furthermore, addition of deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine supplementation to AAV9 + AAV2 treated Tk2-/- mice dramatically improved mtDNA copy numbers in liver and kidney, animal growth, and lifespan. These data indicate that combined pharmacological and gene therapies may be highly efficacious for human TK2 deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Quintero, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akman, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.330969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic effect of deoxynucleosides and AAV gene therapy for thymidine kinase 2 deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implantation and Gastrulation Abnormalities Characterize Early Embryonic Lethal Mouse Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The period of development between the zygote and embryonic day 9.5 in mice includes multiple developmental milestones essential for embryogenesis. The preeminence of this period of development has been illustrated in loss of function studies conducted by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) which have shown that close to one third of all mouse genes are essential for survival to weaning age and a significant number of mutations cause embryo lethality before E9.5. Here we report a systematic analysis of 21 pre-E9.5 lethal lines generated by the IMPC. Analysis of pre- and post-implantation embryos revealed that the majority of the lines exhibit mutant phenotypes that fall within a window of development between implantation and gastrulation with few pre-implantation and no post-gastrulation phenotypes. Our study provides multiple genetic inroads into the molecular mechanisms that control early mammalian development and the etiology of human disease, in particular, the genetic bases of infertility and pregnancy loss. We propose a strategy for an efficient assessment of early embryonic lethal mutations that can be used to assign phenotypes to developmental milestones and outline the time of lethality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Perez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implantation and Gastrulation Abnormalities Characterize Early Embryonic Lethal Mouse Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision Cas9 Genome Editing in vivo with All-in-one, Self-targeting AAV Vectors 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are important delivery platforms for therapeutic genome editing but are severely constrained by cargo limits, especially for large effectors like Cas9s. Simultaneous delivery of multiple vectors can limit dose and efficacy and increase safety risks. The use of compact effectors has enabled single-AAV delivery of Cas9s with 1-3 guides for edits that use end-joining repair pathways, but many precise edits that correct disease-causing mutations in vivo require homology-directed repair (HDR) templates. Here, we describe single-vector, [~]4.8-kb AAV platforms that express Nme2Cas9 and either two sgRNAs to produce segmental deletions, or a single sgRNA with an HDR template. We also examine the utility of Nme2Cas9 target sites in the vector for self-inactivation. We demonstrate that these platforms can effectively treat two disease models [type I hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-I) and mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I)] in mice. These results will enable single-vector AAVs to achieve diverse therapeutic genome editing outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, P. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javeed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision Cas9 Genome Editing in vivo with All-in-one, Self-targeting AAV Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the viral and host factors enabling the cross-species transmission of primate lentiviruses from simians to humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 epidemic originated from a cross-species transmission of a primate lentivirus from chimpanzees to humans near the turn of the 18th century. Simian immunodeficiency viruses have been jumping between old world monkeys in West/Central Africa for thousands of years. So why did HIV-1 only emerge in the past century? This study examined the replicative fitness, transmission, restriction, and cytopathogenicity of 26 primate lentiviruses. Pairwise competitions of these primate lentiviruses revealed that SIVcpz had the highest replicative fitness in human or chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells, even higher fitness than HIV-1 group M strains responsible for 37 million infections worldwide. In contrast the "HIV-2 lineage" (SIVsmm, SIVmac, SIVagm, and HIV-2) had the lowest replicative fitness. SIVcpz strains were less inhibited by human restriction factors than the "HIV-2 lineage" strains, a restriction that was inversely correlated with replicative fitness. SIVcpz from the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes (Ptt) was slightly more fit in human cells than the strains from Pt schweinfurthii (Pts). However, unlike all other primate lentiviruses (including the HIV-2 lineage), SIVcpz was nonpathogenic in human tonsillar tissue and did not deplete CD4+ T-cells, consistent with the slow or nonpathogenic disease observed in chimpanzees. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship between SIVcpz_Ptt and HIV-1, this epidemic was either caused by cross species transmission of a rare, undiscovered SIVcpz strain of higher virulence or higher virulence differentially evolved among HIV-1 subtypes during the human epidemic.

Author summaryInvasion of wild animal habitats by humans can have devastating consequences for the human population as evident by the HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 epidemics. With SARS-CoV-2, a recent zoonotic jump, likely from bats, will help to identify a coronavirus progenitor. In contrast, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) jumped into humans over 100 years ago from a possibly extinct sub-species of chimpanzees and/or extinct lineage of SIV. We examined replicative fitness and pathogenesis of 26 different primate lentiviruses in human and chimpanzee primary lymphoid cells from blood and within tonsils. SIV from a specific chimpanzee species and lowland gorillas were the most capable of infecting and replicating in human and chimp lymphoid cells but they did not result in the pathogenesis related to disease in humans. In contrast, SIV from other old world monkeys were pathogenic but could not replicate efficiently in human cells. We propose the main HIV-1 is derived from a distinct jump of a very rare SIV strain in chimps leading to AIDS pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tebit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonogo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canaday, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the viral and host factors enabling the cross-species transmission of primate lentiviruses from simians to humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-enhanced human adipocyte 'browning' as cell therapy for metabolic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with poor tissue responses to insulin1,2, disturbances in glucose and lipid fluxes3-5 and comorbidities including steatohepatitis6 and cardiovascular disease7,8. Despite extensive efforts at prevention and treatment9,10, diabetes afflicts over 400 million people worldwide11. Whole body metabolism is regulated by adipose tissue depots12-14, which include both lipid-storing white adipocytes and less abundant "brown" and "brite/beige" adipocytes that express thermogenic uncoupling protein UCP1 and secrete factors favorable to metabolic health15-18. Application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene editing19,20 to enhance "browning" of white adipose tissue is an attractive therapeutic approach to T2D. However, the problems of cell-selective delivery, immunogenicity of CRISPR reagents and long term stability of the modified adipocytes are formidable. To overcome these issues, we developed methods that deliver complexes of SpyCas9 protein and sgRNA ex vivo to disrupt the thermogenesis suppressor gene NRIP121,22 with near 100% efficiency in human or mouse adipocytes. NRIP1 gene disruption at discrete loci strongly ablated NRIP1 protein and upregulated expression of UCP1 and beneficial secreted factors, while residual Cas9 protein and sgRNA were rapidly degraded. Implantation of the CRISPR-enhanced human or mouse brown-like adipocytes into high fat diet fed mice decreased adiposity and liver triglycerides while enhancing glucose tolerance compared to mice implanted with unmodified adipocytes. These findings advance a therapeutic strategy to improve metabolic homeostasis through CRISPR-based genetic modification of human adipocytes without exposure of the recipient to immunogenic Cas9 or delivery vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoloro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Souza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solivan-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilherme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-enhanced human adipocyte 'browning' as cell therapy for metabolic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.338160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-cell specific insulin resistance promotes glucose-stimulated insulin hypersecretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.338160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract

Insulin receptor (Insr) protein can be found at higher levels in pancreatic {beta}-cells than in most other tissues, but the consequences of {beta}-cell insulin resistance remain enigmatic. Ins1cre allele was used to delete Insr specifically in {beta}-cells of both female and male mice. Experimental mice were compared to Ins1cre-containing littermate controls at multiple ages and on multiple diets. RNA-seq of purified recombined {beta}-cells revealed transcriptomic consequences of Insr loss, which differed between female and male mice. Action potential and calcium oscillation frequencies were increased in Insr knockout {beta}- cells from female, but not male mice, whereas only male {beta}InsrKO mice had reduced ATP-coupled oxygen consumption rate and reduced expression of genes involved in ATP synthesis. Female {beta}InsrKO and {beta}InsrHET mice exhibited elevated insulin release in perifusion experiments, during hyperglycemic clamps, and following i.p. glucose challenge. Deletion of Insr did not alter {beta}-cell area up to 9 months of age, nor did it impair hyperglycemia-induced proliferation. Based on our data, we adapted a mathematical model to include {beta}-cell insulin resistance, which predicted that {beta}-cell Insr knockout would improve glucose tolerance depending on the degree of whole-body insulin resistance. Indeed, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in female {beta}InsrKO and {beta}InsrHET mice when compared to controls at 9, 21 and 39 weeks, and also in insulin-sensitive 4-week old males. We did not observe improved glucose tolerance in older male mice or in high fat diet-fed mice, corroborating the prediction that global insulin resistance obscures the effects of {beta}-cell specific insulin resistance. The propensity for hyperinsulinemia was associated with mildly reduced fasting glucose and increased body weight. We further validated our main in vivo findings using the Ins1-CreERT transgenic line and found that male mice had improved glucose tolerance 4 weeks after tamoxifen-mediated Insr deletion. Collectively, our data show that loss of {beta}-cell Insr contributes to glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia, thereby improving glucose homeostasis in otherwise insulin sensitive dietary and age contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skovso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzhinskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elghazi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cen, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcil, S. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noursadeghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botezelli, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gablaski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cras-Meneur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nislow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cytrynbaum, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Mizrachi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.338160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-cell specific insulin resistance promotes glucose-stimulated insulin hypersecretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.341222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation-dependent and independent mRNA decay occur through mutually exclusive pathways that are defined by ribosome density during T Cell activation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.341222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA translation and degradation are strongly interconnected processes that participate in the fine tuning of gene expression. Particularly, targeting mRNAs to translation-dependent degradation (TDD) could attenuate protein expression by making any increase in mRNA translation self-limiting. However, the extent to which TDD is a general mechanism for limiting protein expression is currently unknown. Here we describe a comprehensive analysis of basal and signal-induced TDD in mouse primary CD4 T cells. Our data indicate that most cellular transcripts are decayed to some extent in a translation-dependent manner, both in resting and activated cells. Our analysis further identifies the length of untranslated regions, the density of ribosomes and the GC content of the coding region as major determinants of TDD magnitude. Consistent with this, all transcripts that undergo changes in ribosome density upon T cell activation display a corresponding change in their TDD level. Surprisingly, the amplitude of translation-independent mRNA decay (TID) appears as a mirror image of TDD. Moreover, TID also responds to changes in ribosome density upon T cell activation but in the opposite direction from the one observed for TDD. Our data demonstrate a strong interconnection between mRNA translation and decay in mammalian cells. Furthermore, they indicate that ribosome density is a major determinant of the pathway by which transcripts are degraded within cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercier, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labaronne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicknell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiguettaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aube, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auboeuf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.341222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation-dependent and independent mRNA decay occur through mutually exclusive pathways that are defined by ribosome density during T Cell activation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin-binding domain of Ki-67 together with p53 protects human chromosomes from mitotic damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrate mammals express a protein called Ki-67 which is most widely known as a clinically useful marker of highly proliferative cells. Previous studies of human cells indicated that acute depletion of Ki-67 can elicit a delay at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle, dependent on induction of the checkpoint protein p21. Consistent with those observations, we show here that acute Ki-67 depletion causes hallmarks of DNA damage, and the damage occurs even in the absence of checkpoint signaling. This damage is not observed in cells traversing S phase but is instead robustly detected in mitotic cells. The C-terminal chromatin binding domain of Ki-67 is necessary and sufficient to protect cells from this damage. We also observe synergistic effects when Ki-67 and p53 are simultaneously depleted, resulting in increased levels of chromosome bridges at anaphase, followed by the appearance of micronuclei. Therefore, these studies identify the C-terminus of Ki-67 as an important module for genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garwain, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin-binding domain of Ki-67 together with p53 protects human chromosomes from mitotic damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toll-9 interacts with Toll-1 to mediate a feedback loop during apoptosis-induced proliferation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila Toll-1 and all mammalian Toll-like receptors regulate innate immunity. However, the functions of the remaining eight Toll-related proteins in Drosophila are not fully understood. Here, we show that Drosophila Toll-9 is necessary and sufficient for a special form of compensatory proliferation after apoptotic cell loss (undead apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP)). Mechanistically, for AiP, Toll-9 interacts with Toll-1 to activate the intracellular Toll-1 pathway for nuclear translocation of the NF-{kappa}B-like transcription factor Dorsal which induces expression of the pro-apoptotic genes reaper and hid. This activity contributes to the feedback amplification loop that operates in undead cells. Given that Toll-9 also functions in loser cells during cell competition, we define a general role of Toll-9 in cellular stress situations leading to the expression of pro-apoptotic genes which trigger apoptosis and apoptosis-induced processes such as AiP. This work identifies conceptual similarities between cell competition and AiP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shields, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcheslavsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toll-9 interacts with Toll-1 to mediate a feedback loop during apoptosis-induced proliferation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell profiling of tuberculosis lung granulomas reveals functional lymphocyte signatures of bacterial control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection results in a complex multicellular structure, the granuloma. In some granulomas, immune activity promotes bacterial clearance; in others, bacteria persist and grow. We identified correlates of bacterial control in cynomolgus macaque lung granulomas by co-registering longitudinal PET-CT imaging, single-cell RNA-sequencing, and measures of bacterial clearance. We find that bacterial persistence occurs in granulomas enriched for mast, endothelial, fibroblast and plasma cells, signaling amongst themselves via Type II immunity and wound healing pathways. In contrast, these interactions are largely absent in granulomas that drive bacterial control, which are often those that form later in the course of infection; these restrictive lesions are characterized by cellular ecosystems enriched for Type1-Type17, stem-like, and cytotoxic T cells engaged in pro-inflammatory signaling networks that involve diverse myeloid and non-immune cell populations. There is also a temporal aspect to bacterial control, in that granulomas that arise later in infection (in the context of an established immune response) share the functional characteristics of restrictive granulomas and are more capable of killing Mtb. Taken together, our results define the complex multicellular ecosystems underlying (lack of) granuloma resolution and highlight host immune targets that can be leveraged to develop new vaccine and therapeutic strategies for TB.

One-Sentence SummaryBacterial control in TB lung granulomas correlates with distinct cellular immune microenvironments and time of formation after infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gideon, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gierahn, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummerlowe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borish, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganchua, S. K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomko, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordovas-Montanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattila, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madansein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.352492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell profiling of tuberculosis lung granulomas reveals functional lymphocyte signatures of bacterial control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaMKII binds both substrates and effectors at the active site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a signaling protein required for long-term memory. Once activated by Ca2+/CaM, it sustains activity even after the Ca2+ dissipates. In addition to well-known autophosphorylation-mediated mechanism, interaction with specific binding partners also persistently activates CaMKII. A longstanding model invokes two distinct S- and T-sites. If an interactor binds at the T-site, it will preclude autoinhibition and allow substrates to be phosphorylated at the S-site. Here, we specifically test this model with X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemistry. Our data are inconsistent with this model. Co-crystal structures of four different activators or substrates show that they all bind to a single continuous site across the kinase domain. We propose a mechanistic model that persistent CaMKII activity is facilitated by high affinity binding partners, which kinetically compete with autoinhibition by the regulatory segment to allow substrate phosphorylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloutsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaubitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapinskas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.354241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaMKII binds both substrates and effectors at the active site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-apoptotic enteroblast-specific role of the initiator caspase Dronc for development and homeostasis of the Drosophila intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiator caspase Dronc is the only CARD-domain containing caspase in Drosophila and is essential for apoptosis. Here, we report that homozygous dronc mutant adult animals are short-lived due to the presence of a poorly developed, defective and leaky intestine. Interestingly, this mutant phenotype can be significantly rescued by enteroblast-specific expression of dronc+ in dronc mutant animals, suggesting that proper Drone function specifically in enteroblasts, one of four cell types in the intestine, is critical for normal development of the intestine. Furthermore, enteroblast-specific knockdown of dronc in adult intestines triggers hyperplasia and differentiation defects. These enteroblast-specific functions of Drone do not require the apoptotic pathway and thus occur in a non-apoptotic manner. In summary, we demonstrate that an apoptotic initiator caspase has a very critical non-apoptotic function for normal development and for the control of the cell lineage in the adult midgut and therefore for proper physiology and homeostasis.

HighlightsO_LIdronc mutants die from a fragile and leaky intestine
C_LIO_LIdronc has a critical function in enteroblasts of the intestine
C_LIO_LIdronc controls proliferation and differentiation in the intestine
C_LIO_LIdronc performs these functions in an apoptosis-independent (non-apoptotic) manner
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amcheslavsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.354431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-apoptotic enteroblast-specific role of the initiator caspase Dronc for development and homeostasis of the Drosophila intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms produce R-bodies, extendable protein polymers with roles in host colonization and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, an opportunistic pathogen of diverse hosts, contains genes with the potential to confer production of R-bodies (i.e., a "reb cluster"). R-bodies are large, extendable protein polymers best known for their role in killing of paramecia by the bacterium Caedibacter taeniospiralis, and genes in the reb cluster have been implicated in PA14 virulence. Here, we present evidence that PA14 expresses reb cluster genes during colonization of plant and nematode hosts. We identify products of the reb cluster that are R-body-associated and that control stochastic expression of R-body structural genes. We also show that R-body production is required for full virulence in nematodes. Analyses of nematode ribosome content and immune response indicate that R-bodies act via a mechanism involving ribosome cleavage and translational inhibition. These observations provide insight into the biology of R-body production and its consequences during P. aeruginosa infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao McDonald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms produce R-bodies, extendable protein polymers with roles in host colonization and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.360008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis in adipocytes links inflammation to metabolic dysregulation in obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.360008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic metabolic inflammation is a key feature of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, although the initiation and propagation mechanisms of metaflammation are not fully established, particularly in the adipose tissue. Here we show that in adipocytes, altered regulation of the Ca2+ channel inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3Rs) is a key, adipocyte-intrinsic, event involved in the emergence and propagation of inflammatory signaling and the resulting insulin resistance. Inflammation, either induced by cytokine exposure in vitro or by obesity in vivo lead to increased expression and activity of IP3Rs in adipocytes in a JNK-dependent manner. This results in increased cytosolic Ca2+ and impaired insulin action. In mice, adipocyte-specific loss of IP3R1/2 protected against adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance despite significant diet-induced weight gain. Thus, this work reveals that IP3R over-activation and the resulting increase in cytosolic Ca2+ is a key link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, and suggests that approaches to target adipocyte Ca2+ homeostasis may offer new therapeutic opportunities against metabolic diseases, especially since GWAS studies also implicate this locus in human obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlakgul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagampan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaousidou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotamisligil, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.360008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis in adipocytes links inflammation to metabolic dysregulation in obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF-4 and hydrogen sulfide signalling mediate longevity from inhibition of translation or mTORC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibition of the master growth regulator mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) slows ageing across phyla, in part by reducing protein synthesis. Various stresses globally suppress protein synthesis through the integrated stress response (ISR), resulting in preferential translation of the transcription factor ATF-4. Here we show in C. elegans that inhibition of translation or mTORC1 increases ATF-4 expression, and that ATF-4 mediates longevity under these conditions independently of ISR signalling. ATF-4 promotes longevity by activating canonical anti-ageing mechanisms, but also by elevating expression of the transsulfuration enzyme CTH-2 to increase hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. This H2S boost increases protein persulfidation, a protective modification of redox-reactive cysteines. The ATF-4/CTH-2/H2S pathway also mediates longevity and increased stress resistance from mTORC1 suppression. Increasing H2S levels, or enhancing mechanisms that H2S influences through persulfidation, may represent promising strategies for mobilising therapeutic benefits of the ISR, translation suppression, or mTORC1 inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Statzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robida-Stubbs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emsley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morantte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longchamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF-4 and hydrogen sulfide signalling mediate longevity from inhibition of translation or mTORC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and Epigenetic Features of Promoters with Ubiquitous Chromatin Accessibility Support Ubiquitous Transcription of Cell-essential Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression is controlled by regulatory elements with accessible chromatin. Although the majority of regulatory elements are cell type-specific, being in the open chromatin state in only one or a few cell types, approximately 16,000 regions in the human genome and 13,000 regions in the mouse genome are in the open chromatin state in nearly all of the 517 human and 94 mouse cell and tissue types assayed by the ENCODE consortium, respectively. We performed a systematic analysis on the subset of 9,000 human and 8,000 mouse ubiquitously (ubi) open chromatin regions that were also classified as candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) with promoter-like signatures (PLSs) by the ENCODE consortium, which we refer to as ubi-PLSs. We found that these ubi-PLSs had higher levels of CG dinucleotides and corresponded to the genes with ubiquitously high levels of transcriptional activities. Furthermore, the transcription start sites of a vast majority of cell-essential genes are located in ubi-PLSs. ubi-PLSs are enriched in the motifs of ubiquitously expressed transcription factors and preferentially bound by transcriptional cofactors that regulate ubiquitously expressed genes. Finally, ubi-PLSs are highly conserved between human and mouse at the synteny level, but not as conserved at the sequence level, with a high turnover of transcription factor motif sites. Thus, there is a distinct set of roughly 9,000 promoters in the mammalian genome that are actively maintained in the open chromatin state in nearly all cell types to ensure the transcriptional program of cell-essential genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and Epigenetic Features of Promoters with Ubiquitous Chromatin Accessibility Support Ubiquitous Transcription of Cell-essential Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular sterol sensing controls intestinal B cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal B cell responses are critical for the maintenance of gut homeostasis, yet environmental signals that control B cell metabolism and effector function remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that Peyers patches germinal center (GC) B cells are sensitive to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), an oxidized metabolite of cholesterol produced by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). In mice lacking CH25H, antigen-specific GC B cells show an increased cholesterol metabolic signature and preferentially differentiate in plasma cells (PCs), thereby inducing a stronger intestinal IgA response upon immunization or infection. GC B cells express the sterol sensor SREBP2 and use it to sense 25-HC. Deletion of SREBP2 from GC B cells prevents PC differentiation and forces the maintenance of GC identity. GC localized oxysterol production by follicular dendritic cells is central in dictating GC metabolism and imposing B cell fate. Our findings show that the 25-HC-SREBP2 axis shapes B cell effector function in intestinal lymphoid organs and indicate that dietary cholesterol can instruct local B cell response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trindade, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.367177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular sterol sensing controls intestinal B cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.370312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SwarmTCR: a computational approach to predict the specificity of T Cell Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.370312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationComputationally predicting the specificity of T cell receptors can be a powerful tool to shed light on the immune response against infectious diseases and cancers, autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy, and immunopathology. With more T cell receptor sequence data becoming available, the need for bioinformatics approaches to tackle this problem is even more pressing. Here we present SwarmTCR, a method that uses labeled sequence data to predict the specificity of T cell receptors using a nearest-neighbor approach. SwarmTCR works by optimizing the weights of the individual CDR regions to maximize classification performance.

ResultsWe compared the performance of SwarmTCR against a state-of-the-art method (TCRdist) and showed that SwarmTCR performed significantly better on epitopes EBV-BRLF1300, EBV-BRLF1109, NS4B214-222 with single cell data and epitopes EBV-BRLF1300, EBV-BRLF1109, IAV-M158 with bulk sequencing data ( and {beta} chains). In addition, we show that the weights returned by SwarmTCR are biologically interpretable.

AvailabilitySwarmTCR is distributed freely under the terms of the GPL-3 license. The source code and all sequencing data are available at GitHub (https://github.com/thecodingdoc/SwarmTCR)

Contactdghersi@unomaha.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzuriaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.370312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SwarmTCR: a computational approach to predict the specificity of T Cell Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal CRISPR-Cas genome editing and efficient inhibition with anti-CRISPRs in zebrafish embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.07.372151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas universe continues to expand. The type II CRISPR-Cas system from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9) is the most widely used for genome editing due to its high efficiency in cells and organisms. However, concentrating on a single CRISPR-Cas system imposes limits on target selection and multiplexed genome engineering. We hypothesized that CRISPR-Cas systems originating from different bacterial species could operate simultaneously and independently due to their distinct single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) or CRISPR-RNAs (crRNAs), and protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs). Additionally, we hypothesized that CRISPR-Cas activity in zebrafish could be regulated through the expression of inhibitory anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. Here, we use a simple mutagenesis approach to demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas systems from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9), Streptococcus aureus (SauCas9), Lachnospiraceae bacterium (LbaCas12a, previously known as LbCpf1), are orthogonal systems capable of operating simultaneously in zebrafish. CRISPR systems from Acidaminococcus sp. (AspCas12a, previously known as AsCpf1) and Neisseria meningitidis (Nme2Cas9) were also active in embryos. We implemented multichannel CRISPR recording using three CRISPR systems and show that LbaCas12a may provide superior information density compared to previous methods. We also demonstrate that type II Acrs (anti-CRISPRs) are effective inhibitors of SpyCas9 in zebrafish. Our results indicate that at least five CRISPR-Cas systems and two anti-CRISPR proteins are functional in zebrafish embryos. These orthogonal CRISPR-Cas systems and Acr proteins will enable combinatorial and intersectional strategies for spatiotemporal control of genome editing and genetic recording in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takasugi, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drage, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanishka, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higbee, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.07.372151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal CRISPR-Cas genome editing and efficient inhibition with anti-CRISPRs in zebrafish embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cohort of Caenorhabditis species lacking the highly conserved let-7 microRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
let-7 is a highly conserved microRNA with critical functions integral to cell fate specification and developmental progression in diverse animals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, let-7 is a component of the heterochronic (developmental timing) gene regulatory network, and loss-of-function mutations of let-7 result in lethality during the larval to adult transition due to misregulation of the conserved let-7 target, lin-41. To date, no bilaterian animal lacking let-7 has been characterized. In this study, we identify a cohort of nematode species within the genus Caenorhabditis, closely related to C. elegans, that lack the let-7 microRNA, owing to absence of the let-7 gene. Using C. sulstoni as a representative let-7-lacking species to characterize normal larval development in the absence of let-7, we demonstrate that, except for the lack of let-7, the heterochronic gene network is otherwise functionally conserved. We also report that species lacking let-7 contain a group of divergent let-7 orthologs -- also known as the let-7-family of microRNAs -- that have apparently assumed the role of targeting the lin-41 mRNA.

Summary StatementWe have identified a group of Caenorhabditis species that lack let-7a, an otherwise highly conserved and nearly ubiquitous microRNA that was previously thought to be critical to bilaterian animal development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cohort of Caenorhabditis species lacking the highly conserved let-7 microRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Tec kinase ITK differentially optimizes NFAT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling during early T cell activation to regulate graded gene induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The strength of peptide:MHC interactions with the T cell receptor (TCR) is correlated with the time to first cell division, the relative scale of the effector cell response, and the graded expression of activation-associated proteins like IRF4. To regulate T cell activation programming, the TCR and the TCR proximal kinase ITK simultaneously trigger many biochemically separate TCR signaling cascades. T cells lacking ITK exhibit selective impairments in effector T cell responses after activation, but under the strongest signaling conditions ITK activity is dispensable. To gain insight into whether TCR signal strength and ITK activity tune observed graded gene expression through unequal activation of disparate signaling pathways, we examined Erk1/2 activation and NFAT, NF-{kappa}B translocation in naive OT-I CD8+ cell nuclei. We observed consistent digital activation of NFAT1 and Erk-MAPK, but NF-{kappa}B displayed dynamic, graded activation in response to variation in TCR signal strength and was tunable by treatment with an ITK inhibitor. Inhibitor-treated cells showed dampened induction of AP-1 factors Fos and Fosb, NF-{kappa}B response gene transcripts, and survival factor Il2 transcripts. ATAC-seq analysis also revealed genomic regions most sensitive to ITK inhibition were enriched for NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 motifs. Specific inhibition of NF-{kappa}B during peptide stimulation tuned expression of early gene products like c-Fos. Together, these data indicate a key role for ITK in orchestrating optimal activation of separate TCR downstream pathways, specifically aiding NF-{kappa}B activation. More broadly, we revealed a mechanism by which variation in TCR signal strength can produce patterns of graded gene expression in activated T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Tec kinase ITK differentially optimizes NFAT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling during early T cell activation to regulate graded gene induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial respiration contributes to the interferon gamma response in antigen presenting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunological synapse allows antigen presenting cells (APC) to convey a wide array of functionally distinct signals to T cells, which ultimately shape the immune response. The relative effect of stimulatory and inhibitory signals is influenced by the activation state of the APC, which is determined by an interplay between signal transduction and metabolic pathways. While toll-like receptor ligation relies on glycolytic metabolism for the proper expression of inflammatory mediators, little is known about the metabolic dependencies of other critical signals such as interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}). Using CRISPR-Cas9, we performed a series of genome-wide knockout screens in macrophages to identify the regulators of IFN{gamma}-inducible T cell stimulatory or inhibitory proteins MHCII, CD40, and PD-L1. Our multi-screen approach enabled us to identify novel pathways that control these functionally distinct markers. Further integration of these screening data implicated complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the expression of all three markers, and by extension the IFN{gamma} signaling pathway. We report that the IFN{gamma} response requires mitochondrial respiration, and APCs are unable to activate T cells upon genetic or chemical inhibition of complex I. These findings suggest a dichotomous metabolic dependency between IFN{gamma} and toll-like receptor signaling, implicating mitochondrial function as a fulcrum of innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiritsy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial respiration contributes to the interferon gamma response in antigen presenting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the impact of clot fragmentation on the microcirculation after thrombectomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Many ischaemic stroke patients who have a mechanical removal of their clot (thrombectomy) do not get reperfusion of tissue despite the thrombus being removed. One hypothesis for this  no-reperfusion phenomenon is micro-emboli fragmenting off the large clot during thrombectomy and occluding smaller blood vessels downstream of the clot location. This is impossible to observe in-vivo and so we here develop an in-silico model based on in-vitro experiments to model the effect of micro-emboli on brain tissue. Through in-vitro experiments we obtain, under a variety of clot consistencies and thrombectomy techniques, micro-emboli distributions post-thrombectomy. Blood flow through the microcirculation is modelled for statistically accurate voxels of brain microvasculature including penetrating arterioles and capillary beds. A novel micro-emboli algorithm, informed by the experimental data, is used to simulate the impact of micro-emboli successively entering the penetrating arterioles and the capillary bed. Scaled-up blood flow parameters - permeability and coupling coefficients - are calculated under various conditions. We find that capillary beds are more susceptible to occlusions than the penetrating arterioles with a 4x greater drop in permeability per volume of vessel occluded. Individual microvascular geometries determine robustness to micro-emboli. Hard clot fragmentation leads to larger micro-emboli and larger drops in blood flow for a given number of micro-emboli. Thrombectomy technique has a large impact on clot fragmentation and hence occlusions in the microvasculature. As such, in-silico modelling of mechanical thrombectomy predicts that clot specific factors, interventional technique, and microvascular geometry strongly influence reperfusion of the brain. Micro-emboli are likely contributory to the phenomenon of no-reperfusion following successful removal of a major clot.

2 Author summaryAfter an ischaemic stroke - one where a clot blocks a major artery in the brain - patients can undergo a procedure where the clot is removed mechanically with a stent - a thrombectomy. This reopens the blocked vessel, yet some patients dont achieve blood flow returning to their tissue downstream. One hypothesis for this phenomenon is that the clot fragments into smaller clots (called micro-emboli) which block smaller vessels downstream. However, this cant be measured in patients due to the inability of clinical imaging resolving the micro-scale. We therefore develop a computational model here, based on experimental thrombectomy data, to quantify the impact of micro-emboli on blood flow in the brain after the removal of a clot. With this model, we found that micro-emboli are a likely contributor to the no-reflow phenomenon after a thrombectomy. Individual blood vessel geometries, clot composition, and thrombectomy technique all impacted the effect of micro-emboli on blood flow and should be taken into consideration to minimise the impact of micro-emboli in the brain. Furthermore, the computational model developed here allows us to now build large-scale models of blood flow in the brain, and hence simulate stroke and the impact of micro-emboli on the entire brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Bouri, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGowan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jozsa, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the impact of clot fragmentation on the microcirculation after thrombectomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erythroid terminal differentiation entails cell divisions that are coupled to progressive decreases in cell size. EpoR signaling is essential for the survival of erythroid precursors, but it is unclear whether it has other functions in these cells. Here we endowed mouse precursors that lack the EpoR with survival signaling, finding that this was sufficient to support their differentiation into enucleated red cells, but that the process was abnormal. Precursors underwent fewer and slower cell cycles and yet differentiated into smaller red cells. Surprisingly, EpoR further accelerated cycling of early erythroblasts, the fastest cycling cells in the bone marrow, while simultaneously increasing their cell size. EpoR-mediated formation of larger red cells was independent of the established pathway regulating red cell size by iron through Heme-regulated eIF2 kinase (HRI). We confirmed the effect of Epo on red cell size in human volunteers, whose mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased following Epo administration. This increase persisted after Epo declined and was not the result of increased reticulocytes. Our work reveals a unique effect of EpoR signaling on the interaction between the cell cycle and cell growth. Further, it suggests new diagnostic interpretations for increased red cell volume, as reflecting high Epo and erythropoietic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pop, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalf, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuberger, J. A. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-pathogen genetic interactions underlie tuberculosis susceptibility in genetically diverse mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outcome of an encounter with Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on the pathogens ability to adapt to the variable immune pressures exerted by the host. Understanding this interplay has proven difficult, largely because experimentally tractable animal models do not recapitulate the heterogeneity of tuberculosis disease. We leveraged the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse panel in conjunction with a library of Mtb mutants to associate bacterial genetic requirements with host genetics and immunity. We report that CC strains vary dramatically in their susceptibility to infection and produce qualitatively distinct immune states. Global analysis of Mtb mutant fitness across the CC panel revealed that many virulence pathways are only in specific host microenvironments, identifying the large fraction of the pathogens genome that has been maintained to ensure fitness in a diverse population. Both immunological and bacterial traits were associated with genetic variants distributed across the mouse genome, identifying the specific host-pathogen genetic interactions that influence pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiritsy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellerose, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reames, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnertz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnappinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-pathogen genetic interactions underlie tuberculosis susceptibility in genetically diverse mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral Packaging ATPases Utilize a Glutamate Switch to Couple ATPase Activity and DNA Translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses utilize ringed packaging ATPases to translocate double-stranded DNA into procapsids during replication. A critical step in the mechanochemical cycle of such ATPases is ATP binding, which causes a subunit within the motor to grip DNA tightly. Here, we probe the underlying molecular mechanism by which ATP binding is coupled to DNA gripping and show that a glutamate switch residue found in AAA+ enzymes is central to this coupling in viral packaging ATPases. Using free energy landscapes computed through molecular dynamics simulations, we determined the stable conformational state of the ATPase active site in apo, ATP-bound, and ADP-bound states. Our results show that the catalytic glutamate residue transitions from an inactive to an active pose upon ATP binding, and that a residue assigned as the glutamate switch is necessary for regulating the transition. Further, we identified via mutual information analyses the intramolecular signaling pathway mediated by the glutamate switch that is responsible for coupling ATP binding to conformational transitions of DNA-gripping motifs. We corroborated these predictions with both structural and functional experimental data. Specifically, we showed that the crystal structure of the ADP-bound P74-26 packaging ATPase is consistent with the predicted structural coupling from simulations, and we further showed that disrupting the predicted signaling pathway indeed decouples ATPase activity from DNA translocation activity in the {varphi}29 DNA packaging motor. Our work thus establishes a signaling pathway in viral DNA packaging motors that ensures coordination between chemical and mechanical events involved in viral DNA packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral Packaging ATPases Utilize a Glutamate Switch to Couple ATPase Activity and DNA Translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.406835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable production of tissue-like vascularised liver organoids from human PSCs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.406835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A lack of physiological parity between 2D cell culture and in vivo, has paved the way towards more organotypic models. Organoids exist for a number of tissues, including the liver. However, current approaches to generate hepatic organoids suffer drawbacks, including a reliance on extracellular matrices (ECM), the requirement to pattern in 2D culture, costly growth factors and a lack of cellular diversity, structure and organisation. Current hepatic organoid models are generally simplistic, composed of hepatocytes or cholangiocytes, which renders them less physiologically relevant when compared to native tissue. Here we aim to address these drawbacks. To address this, we have developed an approach that does not require 2D patterning, is ECM independent combined with small molecules to mimic embryonic liver development that produces massive quantities of liver like organoids. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence we demonstrate a liver-like cellular repertoire, a higher order cellular complexity, presenting with vascular luminal structures, innervation and a population of resident macrophage - the Kupffer cells. The organoids exhibit key liver functions including drug metabolism, serum protein production, coagulation factor production, bilirubin uptake and urea synthesis. The organoids can be transplanted and maintained in mice producing human albumin long term. The organoids exhibit a complex cellular repertoire reflective of the organ, have de novo vascularization and innervation, enhanced function and maturity. This is a pre-requisite for a myriad of applications from cellular therapy, tissue engineering, drug toxicity assessment, disease modeling, to basic developmental biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asrud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chollet, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandset, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skottvoll, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogen, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweigerdt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.406835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable production of tissue-like vascularised liver organoids from human PSCs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Budding Yeast Model for Human Disease Mutations in the EXOSC2 Cap Subunit of the RNA Exosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.413658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA exosomopathies, a growing family of tissue-specific diseases, are linked to missense mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of the conserved 10-subunit exoribonuclease complex, the RNA exosome. Such mutations in the cap subunit gene EXOSC2 cause the novel syndrome SHRF (Short stature, Hearing loss, Retinitis pigmentosa and distinctive Facies). In contrast, exosomopathy mutations in the cap subunit gene EXOSC3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1b (PCH1b). Though having strikingly different disease pathologies, EXOSC2 and EXOSC3 exosomopathy mutations result in amino acid substitutions in similar, conserved domains of the cap subunits, suggesting that these exosomopathy mutations have distinct consequences for RNA exosome function. We generated the first in vivo model of the SHRF pathogenic amino acid substitutions using budding yeast by introducing the EXOSC2 mutations in the orthologous S. cerevisiae gene RRP4. The resulting rrp4 mutant cells have defects in cell growth and RNA exosome function. We detect significant transcriptomic changes in both coding and non-coding RNAs in the rrp4 variant, rrp4-G226D, which models EXOSC2 p.Gly198Asp. Comparing this rrp4-G226D mutant to the previously studied S. cerevisiae model of EXOSC3 PCH1b mutation, rrp40-W195R, reveals that these mutants have disparate effects on certain RNA targets, providing the first evidence for different mechanistic consequences of these exosomopathy mutations. Congruently, we detect specific negative genetic interactions between RNA exosome cofactor mutants and rrp4-G226D but not rrp40-W195R. These data provide insight into how SHRF mutations could alter the function of the RNA exosome and allow the first direct comparison of exosomopathy mutations that cause distinct pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sterrett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enyenihi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassler, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrai, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hoof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasken, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.413658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Budding Yeast Model for Human Disease Mutations in the EXOSC2 Cap Subunit of the RNA Exosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Neuropeptide-Receptor Modules Regulate a Sex-Specific Behavioral Response to a Pheromone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dioecious species are a hallmark of the animal kingdom, with opposing sexes responding differently to identical sensory cues. Here, we study the response of C. elegans to the small-molecule pheromone, ascr#8, which elicits opposing behavioral valences in each sex. We identify a novel neuropeptide-neuropeptide receptor (NP/NPR) module that is active in males, but not in hermaphrodites. Using a novel paradigm of neuropeptide rescue that we established, we leverage bacterial expression of individual peptides to rescue the sex-specific response to ascr#8. Concurrent biochemical studies confirmed individual FLP-3 peptides differentially activate two divergent receptors, NPR-10 and FRPR-16. Interestingly, the two of the peptides that rescued behavior in our feeding paradigm are related through a conserved threonine, suggesting that a specific NP/NPR combination sets a male state, driving the correct behavioral valence of the ascr#8 response. Receptor expression within pre-motor neurons reveals novel coordination of male-specific and core locomotory circuitries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reilly, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlame, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandewyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robidoux, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northcott, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gegear, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.417857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Neuropeptide-Receptor Modules Regulate a Sex-Specific Behavioral Response to a Pheromone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide investigation of stop codon readthrough in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide is terminated when the release factor eRF1 recognizes a UAA, UAG, or UGA stop codon in the ribosomal A site and stimulates nascent peptide release. However, stop codon readthrough can occur when a near-cognate tRNA outcompetes eRF1 in decoding the stop codon, resulting in the continuation of the elongation phase of protein synthesis. At the end of a conventional mRNA coding region, readthrough allows translation into the mRNA 3-UTR. Previous studies with reporter systems have shown that the efficiency of termination or readthrough is modulated by cis-acting elements other than stop codon identity, including two nucleotides 5 of the stop codon, six nucleotides 3 of the stop codon in the ribosomal mRNA channel, and stem-loop structures in the mRNA 3-UTR. It is unknown whether these elements are important at a genome-wide level and whether other mRNA features proximal to the stop codon significantly affect termination and readthrough efficiencies in vivo. Accordingly, we carried out ribosome profiling analyses of yeast cells expressing wild-type or temperature-sensitive eRF1 and developed bioinformatics strategies to calculate readthrough efficiency, and to identify mRNA and peptide features which influence that efficiency. We found that the stop codon (nt +1 to +3), the nucleotide after it (nt +4), the codon in the P site (nt -3 to -1), and 3-UTR length are the most influential features in the control of readthrough efficiency, while nts +5 to +9 and mRNA secondary structure in the 3-UTR had milder effects. Additionally, we found low readthrough genes to have shorter 3-UTRs compared to high readthrough genes in cells with thermally inactivated eRF1, while this trend was reversed in wild-type cells. Together, our results demonstrated the general roles of known regulatory elements in genome-wide regulation and identified several new mRNA or peptide features affecting the efficiency of translation termination and readthrough.

AUTHOR SUMMARYOf the 64 codons that exist for translation of the genetic code into a polypeptide chain, only UAA, UAG, and UGA signify termination of continued protein synthesis. However, the efficiency of termination is not the same for different mRNAs and is likely influenced by mRNA sequences proximal to these "stop" codons. Here, we sought to expand current understanding of termination efficiency to a genome-wide scale. Our analysis identifies novel mRNA features that may regulate the efficiency of translation termination, including the identities of the stop codon, the penultimate codon, the proximal nucleotides, and the length of mRNA 3-untranslated region. As [~]11% of human diseases are caused by mutations that introduce premature stop codons, resulting in both accelerated mRNA decay and truncated protein product, our findings are valuable for understanding and developing therapeutics targeting the termination step of mRNA translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangkalaphiban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide investigation of stop codon readthrough in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved prime editors enable pathogenic allele correction and cancer modelling in adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime editors (PEs) mediate genome modification without utilizing double-stranded DNA breaks or exogenous donor DNA as a template. PEs facilitate nucleotide substitutions or local insertions or deletions within the genome based on the template sequence encoded within the prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA). However, the efficacy of prime editing in adult mice has not been established. Here we report an NLS-optimized SpCas9-based prime editor that improves genome editing efficiency in both fluorescent reporter cells and at endogenous loci in cultured cell lines. Using this genome modification system, we could also seed tumor formation through somatic cell editing in the adult mouse. Finally, we successfully utilize dual adeno-associated virus (AAVs) for the delivery of a split-intein prime editor and demonstrate that this system enables the correction of a pathogenic mutation in the mouse liver. Our findings further establish the broad potential of this genome editing technology for the directed installation of sequence modifications in vivo, with important implications for disease modeling and correction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnienselvan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flotte, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved prime editors enable pathogenic allele correction and cancer modelling in adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global community effect: large-scale cooperation yields collective survival of differentiating embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can help each other replicate by communicating with diffusible molecules. In cell cultures, molecules may diffuse within a cell colony or between adjacent or distant colonies. Determining which cell helps which cells replication is challenging. We developed a systematic approach, integrating modeling and experiments, for determining the length-scales of cell-cell communication (from microns to centimeters). With this approach, we discovered that differentiating murine ES cells, scattered across centimeters on a dish, communicate over millimeters to form one macroscopic entity that survives if and only if its centimeter-scale population-density is above a threshold value. Single-cell-level measurements, transcriptomics, and modeling revealed that this "macroscopic quorum sensing" arises from differentiating ES cells secreting and sensing survival-promoting FGF4 that diffuses over millimeters and activates YAP1-induced survival mechanisms. Through the same mechanism, a lone macroscopic, but not microscopic, colony survives differentiation. Our work rigorously establishes that in vitro ES-cell differentiation relies on macroscopic cooperation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daneshpour, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bersselaar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.20.423651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global community effect: large-scale cooperation yields collective survival of differentiating embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linker histone H1.8 inhibits chromatin-binding of condensins and DNA topoisomerase II to tune chromosome compaction and individualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.423657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA loop extrusion by condensins and decatenation by DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) are thought to drive mitotic chromosome compaction and individualization. Here, we reveal that the linker histone H1.8 antagonizes condensins and topo II to shape mitotic chromosome organization. In vitro chromatin reconstitution experiments demonstrate that H1.8 inhibits binding of condensins and topo II to nucleosome arrays. Accordingly, H1.8 depletion in Xenopus egg extracts increased condensins and topo II levels on mitotic chromatin. Chromosome morphology and Hi-C analyses suggest that H1.8 depletion makes chromosomes thinner and longer through shortening the average loop size and reducing the DNA amount in each layer of mitotic loops. Furthermore, excess loading of condensins and topo II to chromosomes by H1.8 depletion causes hyper-chromosome individualization and dispersion. We propose that condensins and topo II are essential for chromosome individualization, but their functions are tuned by the linker histone to keep chromosomes together until anaphase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choppakatla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funabiki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.20.423657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linker histone H1.8 inhibits chromatin-binding of condensins and DNA topoisomerase II to tune chromosome compaction and individualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WormPaths: Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic pathway annotation and visualization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our group, we aim to understand metabolism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its relationships with gene expression, physiology and the response to therapeutic drugs. On March 15, 2020, a stay-at-home order was put into effect in the state of Massachusetts, USA, to flatten the curve of the spread of the novel SARS-CoV2 virus that causes COVID-19. For biomedical researchers in our state, this meant putting a hold on experiments for nine weeks until May 18, 2020. To keep the lab engaged and productive, and to enhance communication and collaboration, we embarked on an in-lab project that we all found important but that we never had the time for: the detailed annotation and drawing of C. elegans metabolic pathways. As a result, we present WormPaths, which is composed of two parts: 1) the careful manual annotation of metabolic genes into pathways, categories and levels, and 2) 66 pathway maps that include metabolites, metabolite structures, genes, reactions, and pathway connections between maps. These maps are available on our WormFlux website. We show that WormPaths provides easy-to-navigate maps and that the different levels in WormPaths can be used for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data. In the unfortunate event of additional lockdowns, we envision further developing these maps to be more interactive, with an analogy of road maps that are available on mobile devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holdorf, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WormPaths: Caenorhabditis elegans metabolic pathway annotation and visualization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of chromosome conformation capture assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome conformation capture (3C)-based assays are used to map chromatin interactions genome-wide. Quantitative analyses of chromatin interaction maps can lead to insights into the spatial organization of chromosomes and the mechanisms by which they fold. A number of protocols such as in situ Hi-C and Micro-C are now widely used and these differ in key experimental parameters including cross-linking chemistry and chromatin fragmentation strategy. To understand how the choice of experimental protocol determines the ability to detect and quantify aspects of chromosome folding we have performed a systematic evaluation of experimental parameters of 3C-based protocols. We find that different protocols capture different 3D genome features with different efficiencies. First, the use of cross-linkers such as DSG in addition to formaldehyde improves signal-to-noise allowing detection of thousands of additional loops and strengthens the compartment signal. Second, fragmenting chromatin to the level of nucleosomes using MNase allows detection of more loops. On the other hand, protocols that generate larger multi-kb fragments produce stronger compartmentalization signals. We confirmed our results for multiple cell types and cell cycle stages. We find that cell type-specific quantitative differences in chromosome folding are not detected or underestimated by some protocols. Based on these insights we developed Hi-C 3.0, a single protocol that can be used to both efficiently detect chromatin loops and to quantify compartmentalization. Finally, this study produced ultra-deeply sequenced reference interaction maps using conventional Hi-C, Micro-C and Hi-C 3.0 for commonly used cell lines in the 4D Nucleome Project.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akgol Oksuz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genga, R. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.26.424448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of chromosome conformation capture assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for +1 ribosomal frameshifting during EF-G-catalyzed translocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frameshifting of mRNA during translation provides a strategy to expand the coding repertoire of cells and viruses. Where and how in the elongation cycle +1-frameshifting occurs remains poorly understood. We captured six [~]3.5-[A]-resolution cryo-EM structures of ribosomal elongation complexes formed with the GTPase elongation factor G (EF-G). Three structures with a +1-frameshifting-prone mRNA reveal that frameshifting takes place during translocation of tRNA and mRNA. Prior to EF-G binding, the pre-translocation complex features an in-frame tRNA-mRNA pairing in the A site. In the partially translocated structure with EF-G, the tRNA shifts to the +1-frame codon near the P site, whereas the freed mRNA base bulges between the P and E sites and stacks on the 16S rRNA nucleotide G926. The ribosome remains frameshifted in the nearly post-translocation state. Our findings demonstrate that the ribosome and EF-G cooperate to induce +1 frameshifting during mRNA translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svidritskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for +1 ribosomal frameshifting during EF-G-catalyzed translocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the regulatory role of individual transcription factors in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation often results from the action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) acting at a promoter, with a net regulation that depends on both the direct interactions of TFs with RNA polymerase (RNAP) and the indirect interactions with each other. Here we measure the fundamental regulatory interactions of TFs in E. coli by designing synthetic target genes that isolate the individual TFs regulatory effect. Using a thermodynamic model, the direct regulatory impact of the TF on RNAP is decoupled from TF occupancy and interpreted as acting through two mechanisms: (de)stabilization of RNAP and (de)acceleration of transcription initiation. We find the contributions of each mechanism depends on TF identity and binding location; for the set of TFs profiled, regulation immediately downstream of the promoter is insensitive to TF identity, yet these same TFs regulate by distinct mechanisms upstream of the promoter. Strikingly, we observe two fundamental regulatory paradigms with these two mechanisms acting coherently, to rein-force the observed regulatory role (activation or repression), or incoherently, where the TF regulates two distinct steps with opposing effect. This insight provides critical information on the scope of TF-RNAP regulation allowing for a stronger approach to characterize the endogenous regulatory function of TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guharajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisutham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the regulatory role of individual transcription factors in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERK signaling licenses SKN-1A/NRF1 for proteasome production and proteasomal stress resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is vital for cell growth and homeostasis, but for most cancers proteasomal inhibition has not been effective as a therapy. Normal and cancer cells adapt to proteasomal stress through an evolutionarily conserved recovery response, in which the transcription factor NRF1 upregulates proteasome subunit genes. Starting with a C. elegans screen to identify regulators of the recovery response, here we show that this response depends upon phosphorylation of NRF1 on a single residue by the growth factor-activated kinase ERK1/2. Inhibition of this phosphorylation impairs NRF1 nuclear localization and proteasome gene activation, sensitizes C. elegans and cancer cells to proteasomal stress, and synergizes with proteasome inhibition to retard human melanoma growth in vivo in a mouse model. The evolutionarily conserved ERK1/2-NRF1 axis couples proteasome production to growth signaling, and represents a promising new strategy for expanding the range and efficacy of proteasomal inhibition therapy in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourihan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERK signaling licenses SKN-1A/NRF1 for proteasome production and proteasomal stress resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human antibody immune responses are personalized by selective removal of MHC-II peptide epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human antibody responses are established by the generation of combinatorial sequence diversity in antibody variable domains, followed by iterative rounds of mutation and selection via T cell recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC-II. Here, we report that MHC-II peptide epitope deletion from B cell receptors (BCRs) correlates with antibody development in vivo. Large-scale antibody sequence analysis and experimental validation of peptide binding revealed that MHC-II epitope removal from BCRs is linked to genetic signatures of T cell help, and donor-specific antibody repertoire modeling demonstrated that somatic hypermutation selectively targets the personalized MHC-II epitopes in antibody variable regions. Mining of class-switched sequences and serum proteomic data revealed that MHC-II epitope deletion is associated with antibody class switching and long-term secretion into serum. These data suggest that the MHC-II peptide epitope content of a BCR is an important determinant of antibody maturation that shapes the composition and durability of humoral immunity.

HighlightsO_LIAntibody somatic hypermutation selectively removes MHC-II peptide epitopes from B cell receptors.
C_LIO_LIAntibodies with lower MHC-II epitope content show evidence of greater T cell help, including class-switching.
C_LIO_LIMHC-II peptide epitope removal from a BCR is linked to long-term antibody secretion in serum.
C_LIO_LIMHC-II genotype provides a personalized selection pressure on human antibody development.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahad, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanaware, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Normandin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tivin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboune, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledgerwood, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Groot, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeKosky, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human antibody immune responses are personalized by selective removal of MHC-II peptide epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation and Spontaneous Long-Term Repatterning of Headless Planarian Flatworms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration requires the production of large numbers of new cells, and thus cell division regulators, particularly ERK signaling, are critical in regulating this process. In the highly regenerative planarian flatworm, questions remain as to whether ERK signaling controls overall regeneration or plays a head-specific role. Here we show that ERK inhibition in the 3 days following amputation delays regeneration, but that all tissues except the head can overcome this inhibition, resulting in headless regenerates. This prevention of head regeneration happens to a different degree along the anterior-posterior axis, with very anterior wounds regenerating heads even under ERK inhibition. Remarkably, 4 to 18 weeks after injury, the headless animals induced by ERK inhibition remodel to regain single-headed morphology, in the absence of further injury, in a process driven by Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. Interestingly, headless animals are likely to exhibit unstable axial polarity, and cutting or fissioning prior to remodeling can result in body-wide reversal of anterior-posterior polarity. Our data reveal new aspects of how ERK signaling regulates regeneration in planaria and show anatomical remodeling on very long timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bischof, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPalme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morokuma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation and Spontaneous Long-Term Repatterning of Headless Planarian Flatworms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple RNA regulatory pathways coordinate the activity and expression pattern of a conserved germline RNA-binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA regulation is essential to successful reproduction. Messenger RNAs delivered from parent to progeny govern early embryonic development. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are the key effectors of this process, controlling the translation and stability of parental transcripts to control cell fate specification events prior to zygotic gene activation. The KH-domain RBP MEX-3 is conserved from nematode to human. It was first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, where it is essential for anterior cell fate and embryo viability. Here, we show that mex-3 mRNA is itself regulated by several RBPs to define its unique germline spatiotemporal expression pattern. We also show that both poly(A) tail length control and translational regulation contribute to this expression pattern. Though the 3UTR is sufficient to establish the germline expression pattern, we show that it is not essential for reproduction. An allelic series of 3UTR deletion variants identifies repressing regions of the UTR and show that the expression pattern is not precisely coupled to reproductive health. Together, our results define the pathways that govern the spatiotemporal regulation of this highly conserved germline RBP and suggest that redundant mechanisms control MEX-3 function when RNA regulation is compromised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albarqi, M. M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple RNA regulatory pathways coordinate the activity and expression pattern of a conserved germline RNA-binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endometrial Gap Junction Expression - Early Indicators of Endometriosis and Integral to Invasiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometriosis is an invasive disease, and a leading cause of pain, infertility and disability among women, with an incidence 10 fold that of cancer. A more complete understanding of disease pathogenesis is essential for the development of non-surgical diagnostic assays and non-hormonal therapeutics. Avoidance of immune clearance and implantation of endometrial tissue on peritoneal surfaces are features of endometriosis lesion formation that overlap with cancer metastasis. Connexins, and the gap junctions they form, have been implicated in cancer progression, and may be associated endometriosis pathophysiology. Single cell transcriptomic profiling of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells from women with endometriosis reveals a striking and progressive shift in expression of connexins and related regulatory and junctional genes. We demonstrate that gap junction coupling between endometrial cells and the peritoneal mesothelium is dramatically induced, specifically in endometriosis patients, and is required for invasion by inducing breakdown of the mesothelial barrier function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirma, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burney, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenken, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmulski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaczynska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endometrial Gap Junction Expression - Early Indicators of Endometriosis and Integral to Invasiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single calcium channel nanodomains drive presynaptic calcium entry at individual lamprey reticulospinal presynaptic terminals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synchronous neurotransmission is central to efficient information transfer in neural circuits, requiring precise coupling between action potentials, Ca2+ entry and neurotransmitter release. However, determinations of Ca2+ requirements for release, which may originate from entry through single voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, remain largely unexplored in simple active zone synapses common in the nervous system. Understanding these requirements is key to addressing Ca2+ channel and synaptic dysfunction underlying numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present single channel analysis of evoked active zone Ca2+ entry, using cell-attached patch clamp and lattice light sheet microscopy over active zones at single central lamprey reticulospinal presynaptic terminals. Our findings show a small pool (mean of 23) of Ca2+ channels at each terminal, comprising subtypes N-type (CaV2.2), P/Q-type (CaV2.1) and R-type (CaV2.3), available to gate neurotransmitter release. Significantly, of this pool only 1-6 (mean of 4) channels open upon depolarization. High temporal fidelity lattice light sheet imaging reveals AP-evoked Ca2+ transients exhibiting quantal amplitude variations between action potentials and stochastic variation of precise locations of Ca2+ entry within the active zone. Further, Ca2+ channel numbers at each active zone correlate to the number of presynaptic primed synaptic vesicles. Together, our findings indicate 1:1 association of Ca2+ channels with primed vesicles, suggesting Ca2+ entry via as few as one channel may trigger neurotransmitter release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potcoava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single calcium channel nanodomains drive presynaptic calcium entry at individual lamprey reticulospinal presynaptic terminals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host tropism determination by convergent evolution of immunological evasion in the Lyme disease system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microparasites selectively adapt in some hosts, known as host tropism. Transmitted through ticks and carried mainly by mammals and birds, the Lyme disease (LD) bacterium is a well-suited model to study such tropism. LD bacteria species vary in host ranges through mechanisms eluding characterization. By feeding ticks infected with different LD bacteria species, utilizing feeding chambers and live mice and quail, we found species-level differences of bacterial transmission. These differences localize on the tick blood meal, and complement, a defense in vertebrate blood, and a bacterial polymorphic protein, CspA, which inactivates complement by binding to a host complement inhibitor, FH. CspA selectively confers bacterial transmission to vertebrates that produce FH capable of allele-specific recognition. Phylogenetic analyses revealed convergent evolution as the driver of such findings, which likely emerged during the last glacial maximum. Our results identify LD bacterial determinants of host tropism, defining an evolutionary mechanism that shapes host-microparasite associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufts, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starkey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, R. O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraiczy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diuk-Wasser, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host tropism determination by convergent evolution of immunological evasion in the Lyme disease system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying and Mitigating Motor Phenotypes Induced by Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Central Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are emerging as a promising class of therapeutics for neurological diseases. When injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, ASOs distribute broadly across brain regions and exert long-lasting therapeutic effects. However, many phosphorothioate (PS)-modified gapmer ASOs show transient motor phenotypes when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, ranging from reduced motor activity to ataxia or acute seizure-like phenotypes. The effect of sugar and phosphate modifications on these phenotypes has not previously been systematically studied. Using a behavioral scoring assay customized to reflect the timing and nature of these effects, we show that both sugar and phosphate modifications influence acute motor phenotypes. Among sugar analogues, PS-DNA induces the strongest motor phenotype while 2-substituted RNA modifications improve the tolerability of PS-ASOs. This helps explain why gapmer ASOs have been more challenging to develop clinically relative to steric blocker ASOs, which have a reduced tendency to induce these effects. Reducing the PS content of gapmer ASOs, which contain a stretch of PS-DNA, improves their toxicity profile, but in some cases also reduces their efficacy or duration of effect. Reducing PS content improved the acute tolerability of ASOs in both mice and sheep. We show that this acute toxicity is not mediated by the major nucleic acid sensing innate immune pathways. Formulating ASOs with calcium ions before injecting into the CNS further improved their tolerability, but through a mechanism at least partially distinct from the reduction of PS content. Overall, our work identifies and quantifies an understudied aspect of oligonucleotide toxicology in the CNS, explores its mechanism, and presents platform-level medicinal chemistry approaches that improve tolerability of this class of compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moazami, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rembetsy-Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marosfoi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motwani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Edwards, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying and Mitigating Motor Phenotypes Induced by Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Central Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP and TAZ are transcriptional co-activators of AP-1 proteins and STAT3 during breast cellular transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The YAP and TAZ paralogues are transcriptional co-activators recruited to target sites, primarily by TEAD proteins. Here, we show that YAP and TAZ are also recruited by JUNB and STAT3, key factors that mediate an epigenetic switch linking inflammation to cellular transformation. YAP and TAZ directly interact with JUNB and STAT3 via a WW domain important for transformation, co-occupy many target sites in vivo via AP-1 and (to a lesser extent) STAT3 sequence motifs, and stimulate transcriptional activation by AP-1 proteins. A few target sites are YAP- or TAZ-specific, and they are associated with different sequence motifs and gene classes. YAP/TAZ, JUNB, and STAT3 directly regulate a common set of target genes that overlap, but are distinct from, those regulated by YAP/TAZ and TEADs. The set of genes regulated by YAP/TAZ, STAT3, and JUNB is associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients with the triple-negative form of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP and TAZ are transcriptional co-activators of AP-1 proteins and STAT3 during breast cellular transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopaminergic Ric GTPase activity impacts amphetamine sensitivity and sleep quality in a dopamine transporter-dependent manner in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) is required for movement, sleep, and reward, and DA signaling is tightly controlled by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT). Therapeutic and addictive psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (Ritalin; MPH), cocaine, and amphetamine (AMPH), markedly elevate extracellular DA via their actions as competitive DAT inhibitors (MPH, cocaine) and substrates (AMPH). DAT silencing in mice and invertebrates results in hyperactivity, reduced sleep, and blunted psychostimulant responses, highlighting DATs essential role in DA-dependent behaviors. DAT surface expression is not static; rather it is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking. PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis requires the neuronal GTPase, Rit2, and Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons impacts psychostimulant sensitivity. However, it is unknown whether or not Rit2-mediated changes in psychostimulant sensitivity are DAT-dependent. Here, we leveraged Drosophila melanogaster to test whether the Drosophila Rit2 ortholog, Ric, impacts dDAT function, trafficking, and DA-dependent behaviors. Orthologous to hDAT and Rit2, dDAT and Ric directly interact, and the constitutively active Ric mutant Q117L increased dDAT surface levels and function in cell lines and ex vivo Drosophila brains. Moreover, DAergic RicQ117L expression caused sleep fragmentation in a DAT-dependent manner but had no effect on total sleep and daily locomotor activity. Importantly, we found that Rit2 is required for AMPH-stimulated DAT internalization in mouse striatum, and that DAergic RicQ117L expression significantly increased Drosophila AMPH sensitivity in a DAT-dependent manner, suggesting a conserved impact of Ric-dependent DAT trafficking on AMPH sensitivity. These studies support that the DAT/Rit2 interaction impacts both baseline behaviors and AMPH sensitivity, potentially by regulating DAT trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fagan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luethi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolden, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitte, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikian, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopaminergic Ric GTPase activity impacts amphetamine sensitivity and sleep quality in a dopamine transporter-dependent manner in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis because they produce cytokines including interferon-{gamma}. Whether CD4 T cells act as "helper" cells to promote optimal CD8 T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. Using two independent models, we show that CD4 T cell help enhances CD8 effector functions and prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion. We demonstrate synergy between CD4 and CD8 T cells in promoting the survival of infected mice. Purified helped, but not helpless, CD8 T cells efficiently restrict intracellular bacterial growth in vitro. Thus, CD4 T cell help plays an essential role in generating protective CD8 T cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo. We infer vaccines that elicit both CD4 and CD8 T cells are more likely to be successful than vaccines that elicit only CD4 or CD8 T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreira-Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFNγ and iNOS-mediated alterations in the bone marrow and thymus and its impact on Mycobacterium avium-induced thymic atrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disseminated infection with the high virulence strain of Mycobacterium avium 25291 lead to progressive thymic atrophy. We previously uncovered that M. avium-induced thymic atrophy is due to increased levels of glucocorticoids synergizing with nitric oxide (NO) produced by interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) activated macrophages. Where and how these mediators are playing, was yet to be understood. We hypothesized that IFN{gamma} and NO might be affecting bone marrow (BM) T cell precursors and/or T cell differentiation in the thymus. We show that M. avium infection causes a reduction on the percentage of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPP) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLP). Additionally, BM precursors from infected mice are unable to reconstitute thymi of RAGKO mice in an IFN{gamma}-dependent way. Thymi from infected mice presents a NO-dependent inflammation. When transplanted under the kidney capsule of non-infected mice, thymic stroma from infected mice is unable to sustain T cell differentiation. Finally, we observed increased thymocyte death via apoptosis after infection, independent of both IFN{gamma} and iNOS, and a decrease on activated caspase-3 positive thymocytes, that was not observed in the absence of iNOS expression. Together our data suggests that M. avium-induced thymic atrophy results from a combination of impairments, mediated by IFN{gamma} and NO, affecting different steps of T cell differentiation from T cell precursor cells in the BM to the thymic stroma and thymocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barreira-Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo-Miranda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serre-Miranda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sa Calcada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia-Neves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFNγ and iNOS-mediated alterations in the bone marrow and thymus and its impact on Mycobacterium avium-induced thymic atrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proanthocyanidin-enriched cranberry extract induces resilient bacterial community dynamics in a gnotobiotic mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cranberry consumption has numerous health benefits, with experimental reports showing its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Importantly, microbiome research has demonstrated that the gastrointestinal bacterial community modulates host immunity, raising the question whether the cranberry-derived effect may be related to its ability to modulate the microbiome. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of cranberry products on the microbiome to date. Especially because cranberry is rich in dietary fibers, we do not know the extent of microbiome modulation that is caused solely by polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs). Since previous work has only focused on the long-term effects of cranberry extracts, in this study we investigated the effect of a water-soluble, polyphenol-rich cranberry juice extract (CJE) on the short-term dynamics of human-derived bacterial community in a gnotobiotic mouse model. CJE characterization revealed a high enrichment in PACs (57% PACs), the highest ever utilized in a microbiome study. In a 37-day experiment with a 10-day CJE intervention and 14-day recovery time, we profiled the microbiota via 16 rDNA sequencing and applied diverse time-series analytics methods to identify individual bacterial responses. We show that daily administration of CJE induces distinct dynamical patterns in bacterial abundances during and after treatment before recovering resiliently to pre-treatment levels. Specifically, we observed an increase of the immunomodulatory mucin degrading Akkermansia muciniphila after treatment, suggesting intestinal mucus accumulation due to CJE. Interestingly, this expansion coincided with an increase in the abundance of butyrate-producing Clostridia, a group of microbes known to promote numerous adaptive and innate anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neto, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortzfeld, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turbitt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeliseyev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBenedetto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bry, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proanthocyanidin-enriched cranberry extract induces resilient bacterial community dynamics in a gnotobiotic mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic piRNAs and Transposons are Differentially Regulated During Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Programmed Cell Death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PiWi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small single-stranded RNAs that can repress transposon expression via epigenetic silencing and transcript degradation. They have been identified predominantly in the ovary and testis, where they serve essential roles in transposon silencing in order to protect the integrity of the genome in the germline. The potential expression of piRNAs in somatic cells has been controversial. In the present study we demonstrate the expression of piRNAs derived from both genic and transposon RNAs in the intersegmental muscles (ISMs) from the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta. These piRNAs are abundantly expressed, are ~27 nt long, map antisense to transposons, are oxidation resistant, exhibit a uridine bias at their first nucleotide, and amplify via the canonical ping-pong pathway. An RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that 20 piRNA pathway genes are expressed in the ISMs and are developmentally regulated. The abundance of piRNAs does not change when the muscles initiate developmentally-regulated atrophy, but are repressed when cells become committed to undergo programmed cell death at the end of metamorphosis. This change in piRNA expression is associated with the targeted repression of several retrotransposons and the induction of specific DNA transposons. The developmental changes in the expression of piRNAs, piRNA pathway genes, and transposons are all regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone, the steroid hormone that controls the timing of ISM death. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence for the existence of piRNA in somatic tissues and suggest that they may play roles in developmental processes such as programmed cell death.

Author SummarypiRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that suppress the expression of transposable elements, parasitic DNA that if reintegrated, can harm the integrity of the host genome. The expression of piRNAs and their associated regulatory proteins has been studied predominantly in germ cells and some stem cells. We have found that they are also expressed in skeletal muscles in the moth Manduca sexta that undergo developmentally-regulated atrophy and programmed cell death at the end of metamorphosis. The expression of transposons becomes deregulated when the muscles become committed to die, which may play a functional role in the demise of the cell by inducing genome damage. piRNA-mediated control of transposons may represent a novel mechanism that contributes to the regulated death of highly differentiated somatic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurkauf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic piRNAs and Transposons are Differentially Regulated During Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Programmed Cell Death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWI/SNF senses carbon starvation with a pH-sensitive low complexity sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly appreciated that intracellular pH changes are important biological signals. This motivates the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of pH-sensing. We determined that a nucleocytoplasmic pH oscillation was required for the transcriptional response to carbon starvation in S. cerevisiae. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a key mediator of this transcriptional response. We found that a glutamine-rich low complexity sequence (QLC) in the SNF5 subunit of this complex, and histidines within this sequence, were required for efficient transcriptional reprogramming during carbon starvation. Furthermore, the SNF5 QLC mediated pH-dependent recruitment of SWI/SNF to a model promoter in vitro. Simulations showed that protonation of histidines within the SNF5 QLC lead to conformational expansion, providing a potential biophysical mechanism for regulation of these interactions. Together, our results indicate that that pH changes are a second messenger for transcriptional reprogramming during carbon starvation, and that the SNF5 QLC acts as a pH-sensor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittingham, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadeniz, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWI/SNF senses carbon starvation with a pH-sensitive low complexity sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of accessible chromatin in quiescent and post-myocardial infarction cardiac fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After myocardial infarction, quiescent cardiac fibroblasts are activated and undergo multiple proliferation and differentiation events, which contribute to the extracellular matrix remodeling of the infarcted myocardium. We recently found that cardiac fibroblasts of different differentiation states had distinct expression profiles closely related to their functions. Gene expression is directly regulated by chromatin state. However, the role of chromatin reorganization in the drastic gene expression changes during post-MI differentiation of cardiac fibroblast has not been revealed. In this study, the gene expression profiling and genome-wide mapping of accessible chromatin in mouse cardiac fibroblasts isolated from uninjured hearts and the infarcts at different time points were performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), respectively. ATAC-seq peaks were highly enriched in the promoter area and distal areas where enhancers might be located. A positive correlation was identified between the transcription level and promoter accessibility for many dynamically expressed genes. In addition, it was found that DNA methylation may contribute to the post-MI chromatin remodeling and gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq datasets also identified transcription factors that possibly contributed to the differential gene expression between cardiac fibroblasts of different states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodlapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of accessible chromatin in quiescent and post-myocardial infarction cardiac fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of potency, breadth and resilience to viral escape mutations in SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies elicited in response to infection undergo somatic mutation in germinal centers that can result in higher affinity for the cognate antigen. To determine the effects of somatic mutation on the properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies, we analyzed six independent antibody lineages. As well as increased neutralization potency, antibody evolution changed pathways for acquisition of resistance and, in some cases, restricted the range of neutralization escape options. For some antibodies, maturation apparently imposed a requirement for multiple spike mutations to enable escape. For certain antibody lineages, maturation enabled neutralization of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and heterologous sarbecoviruses. Antibody-antigen structures revealed that these properties resulted from substitutions that allowed additional variability at the interface with the RBD. These findings suggest that increasing antibody diversity through prolonged or repeated antigen exposure may improve protection against diversifying SARS-CoV-2 populations, and perhaps against other pandemic threat coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer-Babajew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLaitsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey-Tubman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.434227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of potency, breadth and resilience to viral escape mutations in SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-silencing induces target gene relocalization toward a specialized nuage domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors wish to withdraw this manuscript and apologize for errors in the initial submission. All the original experiments were performed by YY. Unfortunately, JP and members of the Mello lab have not been able to replicate some aspects of the study. JP has failed to independently reproduce the specific results showing RNAi-triggered relocalization of target RNA, and P granule specific accumulation of (the P granule component GLH-1) as reported. The conditions/strains analyzed by JP were as follows: (1) oma-1 FISH on WT worms [control, 6 hr and 12 hr oma-1(RNAi)]. (2) oma-1 FISH on OMA-1:GFP worms [control, 6 hr oma-1(RNAi), or 6 hr gfp(RNAi)]. (3) oma-1 FISH on WT worms [control, 4hr, 6hr, 8 hr, and 10 hr oma-1(RNAi)]. 10-23 gonads were analyzed per experiment. Fixation conditions were essentially as described, with the only known difference being that gonads were not exposed to detergent prior to fixation. Using YYs reagents and protocol the Mello lab has not observed an obvious relocalization of target RNA to P granules (marked by GFP::GLH-1) after 6 hrs oma-1(RNAi); n=92 gonads. CM, JP and DG consider that the published images accurately represent the image stacks provided by YY as representative, raw data, but JP and CM note configurations of FISH signals in germ nuclei and gonad anatomy that they consider unusual. CM, JP and DG have not detected any evidence of image manipulation.

YY states that none of the raw image data were manipulated beyond standard adjustments for brightness and contrast prior to processing images for publication as described. However, YY reports that the images were not representative of the majority of sample gonads, and instead were pre-selected under low magnification for rare examples with asymmetrical, expanded P granules.

Efforts to identify conditions that explain the rare gonads imaged by YY continue in the Mello lab, as do efforts to reproduce independently each of the other reported results; we plan to provide an update in the near future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-silencing induces target gene relocalization toward a specialized nuage domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FastTomo: A SerialEM Script for Collecting Electron Tomography Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FastTomo is a SerialEM script for collecting tilted specimen images in transmission electron microscopes to be further used in tomographic reconstruction. It achieves a speedup over conventional tracking methods by minimizing the usage of off-target tracking shots, and instead applies proportional control to the specimen images. Movement in the Z coordinate is estimated prior to each tilt series in a separate calibration routine. Overall, this method is fast and reliable when the field of view is at least 1 um, and can tolerate minor errors in setting eucentric height. The implemented tilt series schemes include the unidirectional, bidirectional, and dose-symmetric schemes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FastTomo: A SerialEM Script for Collecting Electron Tomography Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Nuclear DNA ligase III Can Revert PARP Inhibitor Resistance in BRCA1-deficient Cells by Increasing DNA Replication Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARPi) have entered the clinic for the treatment of homologous recombination (HR)-deficient cancers. Despite the success of this approach, preclinical and clinical research with PARPi has revealed multiple resistance mechanisms, highlighting the need for identification of novel functional biomarkers and combination treatment strategies. Functional genetic screens performed in cells and organoids that acquired resistance to PARPi by loss of 53BP1 identified loss of LIG3 as an enhancer of PARPi toxicity in BRCA1-deficient cells. Enhancement of PARPi toxicity by LIG3 depletion is dependent on BRCA1 deficiency but independent of the loss of 53BP1 pathway. Mechanistically, we show that LIG3 loss promotes formation of MRE11-mediated post-replicative ssDNA gaps in BRCA1-deficient and BRCA1/53BP1 double-deficient cells exposed to PARPi, leading to an accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities. LIG3 depletion also enhances efficacy of PARPi against BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors in mice, suggesting LIG3 as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paes Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heijden, I. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolika, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annunziato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieftink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andujar-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ven, M. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beijersbergen, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartkova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rottenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonkers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Nuclear DNA ligase III Can Revert PARP Inhibitor Resistance in BRCA1-deficient Cells by Increasing DNA Replication Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerating vascular mural cells in zebrafish fin blood vessels are not derived from pre-existing ones and differentially require pdgfrb signaling for their development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular networks are comprised of endothelial cells and mural cells, which include pericytes and smooth muscle cells. It is well established that new endothelial cells are derived from pre-existing ones during the angiogenic phase of blood vessel growth. By contrast, mural cell ontogeny is less clear with an ongoing debate whether mural cells possess mesenchymal stem cell properties. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling mural cell recruitment during development and tissue regeneration, we studied the formation of zebrafish caudal fin arteries. Mural cells showed morphological heterogeneity: cells colonizing arteries proximal to the body wrapped around them, while those in more distal regions extended protrusions along the proximo-distal vascular axis. Despite these differences, both cell populations expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (Pdgfrb) and the smooth muscle cell marker myosin heavy chain 11a (Myh11a). Loss of Pdgfrb signalling during development or tissue regeneration resulted in a substantial decrease in mural cells at the vascular front, while those proximal to the body were less affected. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrate that precursor cells located in periarterial regions of the caudal fin and expressing Pgdfrb can give rise to mural cells, while in regeneration newly formed mural cells were not derived from pre-existing ones. Together, our findings reveal conserved roles for pdgfrb signalling in development and regeneration, while at the same time illustrating a limited capacity of mural cells to self-renew or contribute to other cell types during tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siekmann, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amigo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.437334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerating vascular mural cells in zebrafish fin blood vessels are not derived from pre-existing ones and differentially require pdgfrb signaling for their development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical contribution of 3' non-seed base pairing to the in vivo function of the evolutionarily conserved let-7a microRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base-pairing of the seed region (g2-g8) is essential for microRNA targeting, however, the in vivo function of the 3 non-seed region (g9-g22) are less well understood. Here we report the first systematic investigation of the in vivo roles of 3 non-seed nucleotides in microRNA let-7a, whose entire g9-g22 region is conserved among bilaterians. We found that the 3 non-seed sequence functionally distinguishes let-7a from its family paralogs. The complete pairing of g11-g16 is essential for let-7a to fully repress multiple key targets, including evolutionarily conserved lin-41, daf-12 and hbl-1. Nucleotides at g17-g22 are less critical but may compensate for mismatches in the g11-g16 region. Interestingly, the 3 non-seed pairing of let-7a can be critically required with certain minimal complementarity for sites with perfect seed pairing. These results provide evidence that the specific configurations of both seed and 3 non-seed base-pairing can critically influence microRNA-mediated gene regulation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler-Lublinsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical contribution of 3' non-seed base pairing to the in vivo function of the evolutionarily conserved let-7a microRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved and context-dependent roles for Pdgfrb signaling during zebrafish vascular mural cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platelet derived growth factor beta and its receptor, Pdgfrb, play essential roles in the development of vascular mural cells, including pericytes and vascular smooth muscle. To determine if this role was conserved in zebrafish, we analyzed pdgfb and pdgfrb mutant lines. Similar to mouse, pdgfb and pdgfrb mutant zebrafish lack brain pericytes and exhibit anatomically selective loss of vascular smooth muscle coverage. Despite these defects, pdgfrb mutant zebrafish did not otherwise exhibit circulatory defects at larval stages. However, beginning at juvenile stages, we observed severe cranial hemorrhage and vessel dilation associated with loss of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in pdgfrb mutants. Similar to mouse, pdgfrb mutant zebrafish also displayed structural defects in the glomerulus, but normal development of hepatic stellate cells. We also noted defective mural cell investment on coronary vessels with concomitant defects in their development. Together, our studies support a conserved requirement for Pdgfrb signaling in mural cells. In addition, these mutants provide an important model for definitive investigation of mural cells during early embryonic stages without confounding secondary effects from circulatory defects.

Summary statementGenetic analysis in zebrafish demonstrates the conserved role of Pdgfb/Pdgfrb signaling in pericyte and vascular smooth muscle cell formation during vascular development in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebarasi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattonet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainier, D. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochizuki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuhara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betsholtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved and context-dependent roles for Pdgfrb signaling during zebrafish vascular mural cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nucleoporin Nup50 activates the Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 to promote mitotic NPC assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitotic exit, thousands of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) assemble concomitant with the nuclear envelope to build a transport-competent nucleus. We show here that Nup50 plays a crucial role in NPC assembly that is independent of its well-established function in nuclear transport. RNAi-mediated downregulation in cells or immunodepletion of the protein in Xenopus egg extracts interferes with NPC assembly. We define a conserved central region of 46 residues in Nup50 that is crucial for Nup153 and MEL28/ELYS binding, and NPC interaction. Surprisingly, neither NPC interaction nor binding of Nup50 to importin , {beta}, the GTPase Ran or chromatin is crucial for its function in the assembly process. Instead, we discovered that an N-terminal fragment of Nup50 can stimulate the Ran guanine exchange factor RCC1 and NPC assembly, indicating that Nup50 acts via the Ran system in mitotic NPC reformation. In support of this conclusion, Nup50 mutants defective in RCC1 binding and stimulation cannot replace the wild type protein in in vitro NPC assembly assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Magistris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramminger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheufen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennartz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarek-Nossol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutay, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preisinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Andres, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nucleoporin Nup50 activates the Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 to promote mitotic NPC assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific circadian bioluminescence rhythms recorded from Dbp reporter mice reveal circadian oscillator misalignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated physiological and molecular rhythms with a cycle length of about 24 h. Bioluminescent reporters have been exceptionally useful for studying circadian rhythms in numerous species. Here, we report development of a reporter mouse generated by modification of a widely expressed and highly rhythmic gene encoding D-site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp). In this line of mice, firefly luciferase is expressed from the Dbp locus in a Cre-recombinase-dependent manner, allowing assessment of bioluminescence rhythms in specific cellular populations. A mouse line in which luciferase expression was Cre-independent was also generated. The Dbp reporter alleles do not alter Dbp gene expression rhythms in liver or circadian locomotor activity rhythms. In vivo and ex vivo studies show the utility of the reporter alleles for monitoring rhythmicity. Our studies reveal cell-type specific characteristics of rhythms among neuronal populations within the suprachiasmatic nuclei ex vivo. In vivo studies show Dbp-driven bioluminescence rhythms in the liver of Albumin-Cre;DbpKI/+ "liver reporter" mice. After a shift of the lighting schedule, locomotor activity achieved the proper phase relationship with the new lighting cycle more rapidly than hepatic bioluminescence did. As previously shown, restricting food access to the daytime altered the phase of hepatic rhythmicity. Our model allowed assessment of the rate of recovery from misalignment once animals were provided with food ad libitum. These studies confirm the previously demonstrated circadian misalignment following environmental perturbations and reveal the utility of this model for minimally invasive, longitudinal monitoring of rhythmicity from specific mouse tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowie, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leise, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Burgos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molyneux, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbutt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific circadian bioluminescence rhythms recorded from Dbp reporter mice reveal circadian oscillator misalignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The testis-specific transcription factor TCFL5 responds to A MYBto elaborate the male meiotic program in placental mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In male mice, the transcription factor (TF) A-MYB initiates reprogramming of gene expression after spermatogonia enter meiosis. We report that A-MYB activates Tcfl5, a testis-specific TF first produced in pachytene spermatocytes. Subsequently, A-MYB and TCFL5 reciprocally reinforce their own transcription to establish an extensive circuit that regulates meiosis. TCFL5 promotes transcription of genes required for mRNA turnover, pachytene piRNA production, meiotic exit, and spermiogenesis. This transcriptional architecture is conserved in rhesus macaque, suggesting TCFL5 plays a central role in meiosis and spermiogenesis in placental mammals. Tcfl5em1/em1 mutants are sterile, and spermatogenesis arrests at the mid- or late-pachytene stage of meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colpan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriano Biasini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rooij, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The testis-specific transcription factor TCFL5 responds to A MYBto elaborate the male meiotic program in placental mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of LolCDE as a molecular extruder of bacterial triacylated lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Present in all bacteria, lipoproteins are central in bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance. These proteins use lipid acyl chains attached to the N-terminal cysteine residue to anchor on the outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, many lipoproteins are transported to the outer membrane (OM), a process dependent on the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter LolCDE which extracts the OM-targeted lipoproteins from the cytoplasmic membrane for subsequent trafficking across the periplasm. Lipid-anchored proteins pose a unique challenge for transport machinery as they have both hydrophobic lipid moieties and soluble protein component, and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we determined the cryo-EM structures of nanodisc-embedded LolCDE in the nucleotide-free and nucleotide-bound states at 3.8-[A] and 3.5-[A] resolution, respectively. The structural analyses, together with biochemical and mutagenesis studies, uncover how LolCDE specifically recognizes its substrate by establishing multiple interactions with the lipid and N-terminal peptide moieties of the lipoprotein, and identify the amide-linked acyl chain as the key element for LolCDE interaction. Upon nucleotide binding, the transmembrane helices and the periplasmic domains of LolCDE undergo large-scale, asymmetric movements, resulting in extrusion of the captured lipoprotein. Comparison of LolCDE and MacB reveals the conserved mechanism of type VII ABC transporters and emphasizes the unique properties of LolCDE as a molecule extruder of triacylated lipoproteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of LolCDE as a molecular extruder of bacterial triacylated lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic BRAF Induces Whole-Genome Doubling Through Suppression of Cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanomas and other solid tumors commonly have increased ploidy, with near-tetraploid karyotypes being most frequently observed. Such karyotypes have been shown to arise through whole-genome doubling events that occur during early stages of tumor progression. The generation of tetraploid cells via whole-genome doubling is proposed to allow nascent tumor cells the ability to sample various pro-tumorigenic genomic configurations while avoiding the negative consequences that chromosomal gains or losses have in diploid cells. Whereas a high prevalence of whole-genome doubling events has been established, the means by which whole-genome doubling arises is unclear. Here, we find that BRAFV600E, the most common mutation in melanomas, can induce whole-genome doubling via cytokinesis failure in vitro and in a zebrafish melanoma model. Mechanistically, BRAFV600E causes decreased activation and localization of RhoA, a critical cytokinesis regulator. BRAFV600E activity during G1/S phases of the cell cycle is required to suppress cytokinesis. During G1/S, BRAFV600E activity causes inappropriate centriole amplification, which is linked in part to inhibition of RhoA and suppression of cytokinesis. Together these data suggest that common abnormalities of melanomas linked to tumorigenesis - amplified centrosomes and whole-genome doubling events - can be induced by oncogenic BRAF and other mutations that increase RAS/MAPK pathway activity.

Statement of SignificanceWhole-genome doubling is prevalent in many types of solid tumors and important in shaping tumor genomes, yet the causes of whole-genome doubling are not well understood. Here, we discover that oncogenic BRAFV600E can induce whole-genome doubling through suppression of cytokinesis, and BRAFV600E-induced whole-genome doubling can occur in melanocytes and be present in nascent melanoma cells upon tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittoria, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganem, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic BRAF Induces Whole-Genome Doubling Through Suppression of Cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical-genetic interaction mapping links carbon metabolism and cell wall structure to tuberculosis drug efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an important human pathogen, requires a multidrug regimen lasting several months. While efforts have been made to optimize therapy by exploiting drug-drug synergies, testing new drug combinations in relevant host environments remains arduous. In particular, host environments profoundly affect the bacterial metabolic state and drug efficacy, limiting the accuracy of predictions based on in vitro assays alone. In this study, we utilize conditional Mtb knockdown mutants of essential genes as an experimentally-tractable surrogate for drug treatment, and probe the relationship between Mtb carbon metabolism and chemical-genetic interactions (CGI). We examined the anti-tubercular drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and moxifloxacin, and found that CGI are differentially responsive to the metabolic state, defining both environment-independent and -dependent interactions. Specifically, growth on the in vivo-relevant carbon source, cholesterol, reduced rifampicin efficacy by altering mycobacterial cell surface lipid composition. We report that a variety of perturbations in cell wall synthesis pathways restore rifampicin efficacy during growth on cholesterol, and that both environment-independent and cholesterol-dependent in vitro CGI could be leveraged to enhance bacterial clearance in the mouse infection model. Our findings present an atlas of novel chemical-genetic-environmental interactions that can be used to optimize drug-drug interactions as well as provide a framework for understanding in vitro correlates of in vivo efficacy.

SignificanceEfforts to improve tuberculosis therapy include optimizing multi-drug regimens to take advantage of drug-drug synergies. However, the complex host environment has a profound effect on bacterial metabolic state and drug activity, making predictions of optimal drug combinations difficult. In this study, we leverage a newly developed library of conditional knockdown Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants in which genetic depletion of essential genes mimics the effect of drug therapy. This tractable system allowed us to assess the effect of growth condition on predicted drug-drug interactions. We found that these interactions can be differentially sensitive to the metabolic state and select in vitro-defined interactions can be leveraged to accelerate bacterial killing during infection. These findings suggest new strategies for optimizing tuberculosis therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, E.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reames, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslebagh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinn, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnappinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical-genetic interaction mapping links carbon metabolism and cell wall structure to tuberculosis drug efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling gene expression timing through gene regulatory architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene networks typically involve the regulatory control of multiple genes with related function. This connectivity enables correlated control of the levels and timing of gene expression. Here we study how gene expression timing in the single-input module motif can be encoded in the regulatory DNA of a gene. Using stochastic simulations, we examine the role of binding affinity, TF regulatory function and network size in controlling the mean first-passage time to reach a fixed fraction of steady-state expression for both an auto-regulated TF gene and a target gene. We also examine how the variability in first-passage time depends on these factors. We find that both network size and binding affinity can dramatically speed up or slow down the response time of network genes, in some cases predicting more than a 100-fold change compared to that for a constitutive gene. Furthermore, these factors can also significantly impact the fidelity of this response. Importantly, these effects do not occur at "extremes" of network size or binding affinity, but rather in an intermediate window of either quantity.

Author summaryRegulated genes are able to respond to stimuli in order to ramp up or down production of specific proteins. Although there is considerable focus on the magnitude (or fold-change) of the response and how that depends on the architectural details of the regulatory DNA, the dynamics, which dictates the response time of the gene, is another key feature of a gene that is encoded within the DNA. Unraveling the rules that dictate both the response time of a gene and the precision of that response encoded in the DNA poses a fundamental problem. In this manuscript, we systematically investigate how the response time of genes in auto-regulatory networks is controlled by the molecular details of the network. In particular, we find that network size and TF-binding affinity are key parameters that can slow, in the case of auto-activation, or speed up, in the case of auto-repression, the response time of not only the auto-regulated gene but also the genes that are controlled by the auto-regulated TF. In addition, we find that the precision of the response depends crucially on these characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling gene expression timing through gene regulatory architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global mRNA and chromatin accessibility profiling elucidate how HIV-1 perturbs ILC and NK cell subsets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interrelatedness of human blood innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets, and how they are perturbed by HIV-1, remains unclear. Transcriptional and chromatin profiling separated blood ILCs into ILC2s, ILCPs, one cluster that included CD56dim and CD56-NK cells, and CD56hiNK cells that have features of both CD56dim/-NK cells and ILCs. In contrast to mice, human NK cells expressed tissue repair protein amphiregulin (AREG), with greater production by CD56hiNK cells than by ILCs. AREG was induced by TCF7/WNT signaling, IL-2, or IL-15, but not by inflammatory cytokines, and was inhibited by TGFB1, a cytokine elevated in people living with HIV-1. NK cell knockout of the TGFB1-stimulated WNT antagonist RUNX3 increased AREG production. In people living with HIV-1, AREG+NK cell percentage correlated with numbers of ILCs and CD4+T cells, and correlated inversely with inflammatory cytokine IL-6. RNA-Seq showed increased antiviral gene expression in all ILC subsets from people who were HIV-1 viremic, and increased expression of anti-inflammatory gene MYDGF in CD56hiNK cells from elite controllers. Functionally-defective CD56-NK cells were increased in people living with HIV-1 in inverse correlation with CD56dimNK cells, ILCs, and CD4+T cells. Experiments with human PBMCs ex vivo and in humanized mice revealed that CD4+T cells and their production of IL-2 prevented CD56dim transition to CD56-NK cells by activating mTOR, and, in people living with HIV-1, plasma IL-2 correlated with CD4+T cell number but not with CD8+T cells. These studies clarify how ILC subsets are interrelated and provide insight into how HIV-1 infection disrupts NK cells, including homeostatic functions of NK cells discovered here.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/440368v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>StLouis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global mRNA and chromatin accessibility profiling elucidate how HIV-1 perturbs ILC and NK cell subsets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locating Macromolecular Assemblies in Cells by 2D Template Matching with cisTEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last decade, single-particle electron cryo-microscopy has become one of the main techniques contributing to the growing library of high-resolution structures of macromolecules and their assemblies. For a full understanding of molecular mechanisms, however, it is important to place them into the broader context of a cell. Traditionally, this context can be visualized in 3D by electron cryo-tomography, and more recently, has also been studied by template matching of 2D images of cells and viruses. A current limitation of the latter approach is the high computational cost that limits the throughput and widespread adoption of this method. We describe here a GPU-accelerated implementation of 2D template matching in the image processing software cisTEM that allows for easy scaling and improves the accessibility of this approach. We apply 2D template matching to identify ribosomes in images of frozen-hydrated Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells and demonstrate that it can function as a versatile tool for in situ visual proteomics and in situ structure determination. We compare the results with 3D template matching of tomograms acquired on identical sample locations. We identify strengths and weaknesses of both techniques which offer complementary information about target localization and identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himes, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locating Macromolecular Assemblies in Cells by 2D Template Matching with cisTEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards community-driven metadata standards for light microscopy: tiered specifications extending the OME model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1 -Digital light microscopy provides powerful tools for quantitatively probing the real-time dynamics of subcellular structures. While the power of modern microscopy techniques is undeniable, rigorous record-keeping and quality control are required to ensure that imaging data may be properly interpreted (quality), reproduced (reproducibility), and used to extract reliable information and scientific knowledge which can be shared for further analysis (value). Keeping notes on microscopy experiments and quality control procedures ought to be straightforward, as the microscope is a machine whose components are defined and the performance measurable. Nevertheless, to this date, no universally adopted community-driven specifications exist that delineate the required information about the microscope hardware and acquisition settings (i.e., microscopy "data provenance" metadata) and the minimally accepted calibration metrics (i.e., microscopy quality control metadata) that should be automatically recorded by both commercial microscope manufacturers and customized microscope developers. In the absence of agreed guidelines, it is inherently difficult for scientists to create comprehensive records of imaging experiments and ensure the quality of resulting image data or for manufacturers to incorporate standardized reporting and performance metrics. To add to the confusion, microscopy experiments vary greatly in aim and complexity, ranging from purely descriptive work to complex, quantitative and even sub-resolution studies that require more detailed reporting and quality control measures.

To solve this problem, the 4D Nucleome Initiative (4DN) (1, 2) Imaging Standards Working Group (IWG), working in conjunction with the BioImaging North America (BINA) Quality Control and Data Management Working Group (QC-DM-WG) (3), here propose light Microscopy Metadata specifications that scale with experimental intent and with the complexity of the instrumentation and analytical requirements. They consist of a revision of the Core of the Open Microscopy Environment (OME) Data Model, which forms the basis for the widely adopted Bio-Formats library (4-6), accompanied by a suite of three extensions, each with three tiers, allowing the classification of imaging experiments into levels of increasing imaging and analytical complexity (7, 8). Hence these specifications not only provide an OME-based comprehensive set of metadata elements that should be recorded, but they also specify which subset of the full list should be recorded for a given experimental tier. In order to evaluate the extent of community interest, an extensive outreach effort was conducted to present the proposed metadata specifications to members of several core-facilities and international bioimaging initiatives including the European Light Microscopy Initiative (ELMI), Global BioImaging (GBI), and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) - European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). Consequently, close ties were established between our endeavour and the undertakings of the recently established QUAlity Assessment and REProducibility for Instruments and Images in Light Microscopy global community initiative (9). As a result this flexible 4DN-BINA-OME (NBO namespace) framework (7, 8) represents a turning point towards achieving community-driven Microscopy Metadata standards that will increase data fidelity, improve repeatability and reproducibility, ease future analysis and facilitate the verifiable comparison of different datasets, experimental setups, and assays, and it demonstrates the method for future extensions. Such universally accepted microscopy standards would serve a similar purpose as the Encode guidelines successfully adopted by the genomic community (10, 11). The intention of this proposal is therefore to encourage participation, critiques and contributions from the entire imaging community and all stakeholders, including research and imaging scientists, facility personnel, instrument manufacturers, software developers, standards organizations, scientific publishers, and funders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajcsy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faklaris, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laude, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farzam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards community-driven metadata standards for light microscopy: tiered specifications extending the OME model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro efficacy of gentamicin against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: synergy of three gentamicin antimicrobial combinations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTo determine in vitro activities of gentamicin alone and in combination with ceftriaxone, ertapenem and azithromycin against multidrug-resistant (MDR) N. gonorrhoeae isolates.

Methods407 isolates from Nanjing, China, obtained in 2016 and 2017, had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined for gentamicin using the agar dilution method. Antimicrobial combinations were also tested in 97 MDR strains using the antimicrobial gradient epsilometer test (Etest); results ranging from synergy to antagonism were interpreted using the fractional inhibitory concentration (FICI).

ResultsAll 407 gonococcal isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. MICs ranged from 2 mg/L to 16 mg/L. Synergy was demonstrated in 16.5%(16/97), 27.8%(27/97) and 8.2%(8/97) MDR strains when gentamicin was combined with ceftriaxone [geometric mean (GM) FICI; 0.747], ertapenem (GM FICI; 0.662) and azithromycin (GM FICI; 1.021), respectively. No antimicrobial antagonism was observed with any combination. The three antimicrobial combinations were indifferent overall. The overall GM MICs of gentamicin were reduced by 2.63-, 3.80- and 1.98-fold when tested in combination with ceftriaxone, ertapenem and azithromycin, respectively. The GM MICs of the three antimicrobials by themselves were reduced by 3-, 2.57- and 1.98-fold respectively, when each was tested in combination with gentamicin. No antimicrobial antagonism was observed with any combination.

ConclusionsGentamicin alone was effective in vitro against MDR N. gonorrhoeae and in combination with ceftriaxone, ertapenem or azithromycin. Combination testing of resistant strains, overall, showed lower effective MICs against gentamicin itself and each of the three antimicrobials when used in combination with gentamicin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genco, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro efficacy of gentamicin against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: synergy of three gentamicin antimicrobial combinations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous pdgfrβ+ cells regulate coronary vessel development and revascularization during heart regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells emerge from the atrioventricular canal (AVC) to form nascent coronary blood vessels in the juvenile zebrafish heart. We found that pdgfr{beta} is first expressed in the epicardium around the AVC and later becomes localized mainly in the mural cells. pdgfr{beta} mutant fish display severe defects in mural cell recruitment and coronary vessel development. pdgfr{beta}+ mural cells are heterogeneous and those associated with coronary arteries also express cxcl12b. Mural cells positive for both pdgfr{beta} and cxcl12b transgenic reporters had elevated expression of smooth muscle cell genes. Interestingly, these mural cells were associated with coronary arteries even in the absence of Pdgfr{beta}, although smooth muscle gene expression was downregulated in these cells. We found that pdgfr{beta} expression dynamically changes in the epicardium derived cells, which we found to be a heterogeneous population. mdka was identified as a gene upregulated in subpopulations of pdgfr{beta}+ cells during heart regeneration. However, pdgfr{beta} but not mdka mutants showed defects in heart regeneration. Our results demonstrated that pdgfr{beta}+ cells and Pdgfr{beta} signaling are essential for coronary development and heart regeneration.

SUMMARY STATEMENTHeterogeneous pdgfr{beta} positive cells are present in developing and regenerating zebrafish hearts and are required for development of mural cells and their association with the nascent coronary vessels during zebrafish heart development and regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lien, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapuria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous pdgfrβ+ cells regulate coronary vessel development and revascularization during heart regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic GABA Transporter controls sleep by modulating GABAergic signaling in Drosophila circadian neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A precise balance between sleep and wakefulness is essential to sustain a good quality of life and optimal brain function. GABA is known to play a key and conserved role in sleep control, and GABAergic tone should therefore be tightly controlled in sleep circuits. Here we examined the role of the astrocytic GABA transporter (GAT) in sleep regulation using Drosophila melanogaster. We found that a hypomorphic gat mutation (gat33-1) increased sleep amount, decreased sleep latency, and increased sleep consolidation. Interestingly, sleep defects were suppressed when gat33-1 was combined with a mutation disrupting wide-awake (wake), a gene that regulates the cell-surface levels of the GABAA receptor Resistance to Dieldrin (RDL) in the wake-promoting large ventral lateral neurons (l-LNvs). Moreover, RNAi knockdown of rdl and its modulator dnlg4 in these circadian neurons also suppressed gat33-1 sleep phenotypes. Brain immunohistochemistry showed that GAT-expressing astrocytes were located near RDL-positive l-LNvs cell bodies and dendritic processes. We conclude that astrocytic GAT decreases GABAergic tone and RDL activation in arousal promoting LNvs, thus determining proper sleep amount and quality in Drosophila
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stork, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic GABA Transporter controls sleep by modulating GABAergic signaling in Drosophila circadian neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous profiling of multiple chromatin proteins in the same cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods derived from CUT&RUN and CUT&Tag enable genome-wide mapping of the localization of proteins on chromatin from as few as one cell. These and other mapping approaches focus on one protein at a time, preventing direct measurements of colocalization of different chromatin proteins in the same cells and requiring prioritization of targets where samples are limiting. Here we describe multi-CUT&Tag, an adaptation of CUT&Tag that overcomes these hurdles by using antibody-specific barcodes to simultaneously map multiple proteins in the same cells. Highly specific multi-CUT&Tag maps of histone marks and RNA Polymerase II uncovered sites of co-localization in the same cells, active and repressed genes, and candidate cis-regulatory elements. Single-cell multi-CUT&Tag profiling facilitated identification of distinct cell types from a mixed population and characterization of cell type-specific chromatin architecture. In sum, multi-CUT&Tag increases the information content per cell of epigenomic maps, facilitating direct analysis of the interplay of different proteins on chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous profiling of multiple chromatin proteins in the same cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultraspecific somatic SNV and indel detection in single neurons using primary template-directed amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary template-directed amplification (PTA) is an improved amplification technique for single-cell DNA sequencing. We generated whole-genome analysis of 76 single neurons and developed SCAN2, a computational method to accurately identify both clonal and non-clonal somatic (i.e., limited to a single neuron) single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) using PTA data. Our analysis confirms an increase in non-clonal somatic mutation in single neurons with age, but revises estimates for the rate of this accumulation to be 15 SNVs per year. We also identify artifacts in other amplification methods. Most importantly, we show that somatic indels also increase by at least 2 indels per year per neuron and that indels may have a larger impact on gene function than somatic SNVs in human neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luquette, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodato, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultraspecific somatic SNV and indel detection in single neurons using primary template-directed amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tiny, conserved zinc-finger protein GTSF1helps PIWI proteins achieve their full catalytic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute proteins use nucleic acid guides to find and bind specific DNA or RNA target sequences. Argonaute proteins can be found in all kingdoms of life, and play diverse biological functions including genome defense, gene regulation, and chromosome partitioning. Many Argonautes retain their ancestral endoribonuclease activity, cleaving the phosphodiester bond between target nucleotides t10 and t11. In animals, a specialized class of Argonautes, the PIWI proteins, use 21-35 nt PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) to direct transposon silencing, protect the germline genome, and regulate gene expression during gametogenesis1. The piRNA pathway is required for fertility in one or both sexes of nearly all animals. Both piRNA production and function require RNA cleavage catalyzed by PIWI proteins. Spermatogenesis in mice and other placental mammals requires three distinct, developmentally regulated PIWI proteins: MIWI (PIWIL1), MILI (PIWIL2), and MIWI2 (PIWIL4)2-4. The piRNA-guided endoribonuclease activities of MIWI and MILI are essential to produce functional sperm5, 6. piRNA-directed silencing in mice and insects also requires Gametocyte-Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1), a PIWI-associated protein of unknown function7-12. Here, we report that GTSF1 potentiates the weak, intrinsic, piRNA-directed RNA cleavage activities of PIWI proteins, transforming them into efficient endoribonucleases. GTSF1 represents the first example of an auxiliary protein that potentiates the catalytic activity of an Argonaute protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tiny, conserved zinc-finger protein GTSF1helps PIWI proteins achieve their full catalytic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin-3 mediated delivery of presynaptic neurexin stabilizes growing dendritic spines and postsynaptic components in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional properties of neural circuits are defined by the patterns of synaptic connections between their partnering neurons, but the mechanisms that stabilize circuit connectivity are poorly understood. We systemically examined this question at synapses onto newly characterized dendritic spines of C. elegans GABAergic motor neurons. We show that the presynaptic adhesion protein, neurexin/NRX-1, is required for stabilization of postsynaptic structure. We find that early postsynaptic developmental events proceed without a strict requirement for synaptic activity and are not disrupted by deletion of neurexin/nrx-1. However, in the absence of presynaptic NRX-1, dendritic spines and receptor clusters become destabilized and collapse prior to adulthood. We demonstrate that kinesin-3/UNC-104 delivers NRX-1 to presynaptic terminals and show that ongoing delivery is required for postsynaptic maintenance in mature animals. By defining the dynamics and temporal order of synapse formation events in vivo, we describe a mechanism for stabilizing mature circuit connectivity through neurexin-based adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philbrook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin-3 mediated delivery of presynaptic neurexin stabilizes growing dendritic spines and postsynaptic components in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programming large target genomic deletion and concurrent insertion via a prime editing-based method: PEDAR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic insertions, duplications, and insertion/deletions (indels) account for ~14% of human pathogenic mutations. Current gene editing methods cannot accurately or efficiently correct these abnormal genomic rearrangements, especially larger alterations (>100 bp). Thus, developing a method to accurately delete insertions/duplications and repair the deletion junction could improve the scope of gene therapies. Here, we engineer a novel gene editor, PE-Cas9, by conjugating Cas9 nuclease to reverse transcriptase. Combined with two prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) targeting complementary DNA strands, PE-Cas9 can direct the replacement of a genomic fragment, ranging from to ~1-kb to >10-kb, with a desired sequence at the target site without requiring an exogenous DNA template. In a reporter cell line, this PE-Cas9-based deletion and repair (PEDAR) method restored mCherry expression through in-frame deletion of a disrupted GFP sequence. We further show that PEDAR efficiency could be enhanced by using pegRNAs with high cleavage activity or increasing transfection efficiency. In tyrosinemia mice, PEDAR removed a 1.38-kb pathogenic insertion within the Fah gene and precisely repaired the deletion junction to restore FAH expression in liver. This study highlights PEDAR as a tool for correcting pathogenic mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programming large target genomic deletion and concurrent insertion via a prime editing-based method: PEDAR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A catalog of transcription start sites across 115 human tissue and cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate transcription start site (TSS) annotations are essential for understanding transcriptional regulation and its role in human disease. Gene collections such as GENCODE contain annotations for tens of thousands of TSSs, but not all of these annotations are experimentally validated nor do they contain information on cell type-specific usage. Therefore, we sought to generate a collection of experimentally validated TSSs by integrating RNA Annotation and Mapping of Promoters for the Analysis of Gene Expression (RAMPAGE) data from 115 cell and tissue types, which resulted in a collection of approximately 50 thousand representative RAMPAGE peaks. These peaks were primarily proximal to GENCODE-annotated TSSs and were concordant with other transcription assays. Because RAMPAGE uses paired-end reads, we were then able to connect peaks to transcripts by analyzing the genomic positions of the 3 ends of read mates. Using this paired-end information, we classified the vast majority (37 thousand) of our RAMPAGE peaks as verified TSSs, updating TSS annotations for 20% of GENCODE genes. We also found that these updated TSS annotations were supported by epigenomic and other transcriptomic datasets. To demonstrate the utility of this RAMPAGE rPeak collection, we intersected it with the NHGRI/EBI GWAS catalog and identified new candidate GWAS genes. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of integrating experimental data to further refine TSS annotations and provides a valuable resource for the biological community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A catalog of transcription start sites across 115 human tissue and cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human genetic diversity modifies therapeutic gene editing off-target potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR gene editing holds great promise to modify somatic genomes to ameliorate disease. In silico prediction of homologous sites coupled with biochemical evaluation of possible genomic off-targets may predict genotoxicity risk of individual gene editing reagents. However, standard computational and biochemical methods focus on reference genomes and do not consider the impact of genetic diversity on off-target potential. Here we developed a web application called CRISPRme that explicitly and efficiently integrates human genetic variant datasets with orthogonal genomic annotations to nominate and prioritize off-target sites at scale. The method considers both single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels, accounts for bona fide haplotypes, accepts spacer:protospacer mismatches and bulges, and is suitable for personal genome analyses. We tested the tool with a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the BCL11A erythroid enhancer that has shown therapeutic promise in clinical trials for sickle cell disease (SCD) and {beta}-thalassemia1. We find that the top candidate off-target site is produced by a non-reference allele common in African-ancestry populations (rs114518452, minor allele frequency (MAF)=4.5%) that introduces a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for SpCas9. We validate that SpCas9 generates indels ([~]9.6% frequency) and chr2 pericentric inversions in a strictly allele-specific manner in edited CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), although a high-fidelity Cas9 variant mitigates this off-target. The CRISPRme tool highlights alternative allele-specific off-target editing as a prevalent risk of gRNAs considered for therapeutic gene editing. Our report illustrates how population and private genetic variants should be considered as modifiers of genome editing outcomes. We suggest that variant-aware off-target assessment should be considered in therapeutic genome editing efforts going forward and provide a powerful approach for comprehensive off-target nomination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cancellieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombieri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciuculescu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giugno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human genetic diversity modifies therapeutic gene editing off-target potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNF146/OZF and ZNF507 target LINE-1 sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive sequences including transposable elements (TEs) and transposon-derived fragments account for nearly half of the human genome. While transposition-competent TEs must be repressed to maintain genomic stability, mutated and fragmented TEs comprising the bulk of repetitive sequences can also contribute to regulation of host gene expression and broader genome organization. Here we analyzed published ChIP-seq data sets to identify proteins broadly enriched on TEs in the human genome. We show two of the proteins identified, C2H2 zinc finger-containing proteins ZNF146 (also known as OZF) and ZNF507, are targeted to distinct sites within LINE-1 ORF2 at thousands of locations in the genome. ZNF146 binding sites are found at old and young LINE-1 elements. In contrast, ZNF507 preferentially binds at young LINE-1 sequences correlated to sequence changes in LINE-1 elements at ZNF507s binding site. To gain further insight into ZNF146 and ZNF507 function, we disrupt their expression in HEK293 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and perform RNA sequencing, finding modest gene expression changes in cells where ZNF507 has been disrupted. We further identify a physical interaction between ZNF507 and PRMT5, suggesting ZNF507 may target arginine methylation activity to LINE-1 sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creamer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNF146/OZF and ZNF507 target LINE-1 sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCARF1-induced efferocytosis plays an immunomodulatory role in humans, and autoantibodies targeting SCARF1 are produced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficiency in the clearance of cellular debris is a major pathogenic factor in the emergence of autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that mice deficient for scavenger receptor class F member 1 (SCARF1) develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs). Therefore, we hypothesized that SCARF1 will be important for clearance of ACs and maintenance of self-tolerance in humans, and that dysregulation of this process could contribute to SLE. Here, we show that SCARF1 is highly expressed on phagocytic cells, where it functions as an efferocytosis receptor. In healthy individuals, we discovered that engagement of SCARF1 by ACs on BDCA1+ dendritic cells (DCs) initiates an interleukin-10 (IL-10) anti-inflammatory response mediated by the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in SCARF1 expression in SLE patient samples compared to healthy donor samples. However, we detected anti-SCARF1 autoantibodies in 26% of SLE patients, which was associated with dsDNA antibody positivity. Furthermore, our data shows a direct correlation of the levels of anti-SCARF1 in the serum and defects in the removal of ACs. Depletion of immunoglobulin restores efferocytosis in SLE serum, suggesting that defects in the removal of ACs is partially mediated by SCARF1 pathogenic autoantibodies. Our data demonstrate that human SCARF1 is an AC receptor in DCs and plays a role in maintaining tolerance and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jorge, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licciardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkhoury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luster, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Means, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Ortiz, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCARF1-induced efferocytosis plays an immunomodulatory role in humans, and autoantibodies targeting SCARF1 are produced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the immunogenic regions of HIV-1 envelope reduce mucosal infection and virus burden in humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are principal immune components elicited by vaccines to induce protection from microbial pathogens. In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, vaccine efficacy was 31% and the sole primary correlate of reduced risk was shown to be vigorous antibody response targeting the V1V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies against V3 also were inversely correlated with infection risk in subsets of vaccinees. Antibodies recognizing these regions, however, do not exhibit potent neutralizing activity. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of poorly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immunodominant V1V2 and V3 sites by passive administration of human mAbs to humanized mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by mucosal challenge with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone (IMC) expressing the envelope of a tier 2 resistant HIV-1 strain. Treatment with anti-V1V2 mAb 2158 or anti-V3 mAb 2219 did not prevent infection, but both reduced the virus burden, and V3 mAb 2219 displayed a superior potency compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. While these mAbs had no or weak neutralizing activity and elicited undetectable levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V3 mAb 2219 displayed a greater capacity to bind virus- and cell-associated HIV-1 envelope and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and C1q complement binding as compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. Mutations in the Fc region of 2219 abolished these effector activities and abrogated virus control in humanized mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Fc functions other than ADCC for antibodies without potent neutralizing activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hioe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsahouridis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyznezhad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heindel, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hessell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolla-Pazner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the immunogenic regions of HIV-1 envelope reduce mucosal infection and virus burden in humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct allosteric mechanisms of first-generation MsbA inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Present in all kingdoms of life, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple ATP hydrolysis to mechanical force and facilitate trafficking of diverse substrates across biological membranes. Although many ABC transporters are promising drug targets, their mechanisms of regulation by small molecule inhibitors remain largely unknown. Herein, we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flippase MsbA, a prototypical ABC exporter, as a model system to probe mechanisms of allosteric modulation by compounds binding to the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Recent chemical screens have identified intriguing LPS transport inhibitors targeting MsbA: the ATPase stimulator TBT1 and the ATPase inhibitor G247. Despite preliminary biochemical and structural data, it is unclear how TBT1 and G247 bind to the MsbA TMDs yet induce opposite allosteric effect in the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Through single-particle EM, mutagenesis and activity assay, we show that TBT1 and G247 bind adjacent yet separate locations in the TMDs, inducing drastic changes in TMD conformation and NBD positioning. Two TBT1 molecules asymmetrically occupy the LPS binding site to break the symmetry of MsbA, resulting in disordered transmembrane helices and decreased NBD distance. In this novel inhibited ABC transporter state, decreased distance between the NBDs causes stimulation of ATP hydrolysis yet LPS transport blockage. In contrast, G247 acts as a TMDs wedge, symmetrically increasing NBD separation and preventing conformational transition of MsbA. Our study uncovers the distinct mechanisms of the first-generation MsbA-specific inhibitors and demonstrates that rational design of substrate-mimicking compounds can be exploited to develop useful ABC transporter modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thelot, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct allosteric mechanisms of first-generation MsbA inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGC1α Regulates the Endothelial Response to Fluid Shear Stress via Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Control of Heme Oxygenase-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is known to mediate multiple phenotypic changes in the endothelium. Laminar FSS (undisturbed flow) is known to promote endothelial alignment to flow that is key to stabilizing the endothelium and rendering it resistant to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The molecular pathways responsible for endothelial responses to FSS are only partially understood. Here we have identified peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) as a flow-responsive gene required for endothelial flow alignment in vitro and in vivo. Compared to oscillatory FSS (disturbed flow) or static conditions, laminar FSS (undisturbed flow) increased PGC-1 expression and its transcriptional co-activation. PGC-1 was required for laminar FSS-induced expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in vitro and in vivo via its association with ERR and KLF4 on the TERT promoter. We found that TERT inhibition attenuated endothelial flow alignment, elongation, and nuclear polarization in response to laminar FSS in vitro and in vivo. Among the flow-responsive genes sensitive to TERT status was heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), a gene required for endothelial alignment to laminar FSS. Thus, these data suggest an important role for a PGC-1-TERT-HMOX1 axis in the endothelial stabilization response to laminar FSS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvandova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Learnard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craige, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Hilaire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroller-Schon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaney, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGC1α Regulates the Endothelial Response to Fluid Shear Stress via Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Control of Heme Oxygenase-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread occurrence of hybrid internal-terminal exons in human transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative RNA processing is a major mechanism for diversifying the human transcriptome. Messenger RNA isoform differences are predominantly driven by alternative first exons, cassette internal exons and alternative last exons. Despite the importance of classifying exons to understand isoform structure, there is a lack of tools to look at isoform-specific exon usage using RNA-sequencing data. We recently observed that alternative transcription start sites often arise near annotated internal exons, creating "hybrid" exons that can be used as both first or internal exons. To investigate the creation of hybrid exons, we built the HIT (Hybrid-Internal-Terminal) exon pipeline that systematically classifies exons depending on their isoform-specific usage. Using a combination of junction reads coverage and probabilistic modeling, the HIT index identified thousands of hybrid first-internal and internal-last exons that were previously misclassified. Hybrid exons are enriched in long genes with at least ten internal exons, have longer flanking introns and strong splice sites. The usage of hybrid exons varies considerably across human tissues, but they are predominantly used in brain, testis and colon cells. Notably, genes involved in RNA splicing have the highest fraction of intra-tissue hybrid exons. Further, we found more than 100,000 inter-tissue hybrid exons that changed from internal to terminal exons across tissues. By developing the first method that can classify exons according to their isoform contexts, our findings demonstrate the existence of hybrid exons, expand the repertoire of tissue-specific terminal exons and uncover unexpected complexities of the human transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiszbein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGurk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread occurrence of hybrid internal-terminal exons in human transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-Meta App: an interactive software tool to facilitate the collection of microscopy metadata based on community-driven specifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For the information content of microscopy images to be appropriately interpreted, reproduced, and meet FAIR (Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reusable) principles, they should be accompanied by detailed descriptions of microscope hardware, image acquisition settings, image pixel and dimensional structure, and instrument performance. Nonetheless, the thorough documentation of imaging experiments is significantly impaired by the lack of community-sanctioned easy-to-use software tools to facilitate the extraction and collection of relevant microscopy metadata. Here we present Micro-Meta App, an intuitive open-source software designed to tackle these issues that was developed in the context of nascent global bioimaging community organizations, including BioImaging North America (BINA) and QUAlity Assessment and REProducibility in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi), whose goal is to improve reproducibility, data quality and sharing value for imaging experiments. The App provides a user-friendly interface for building comprehensive descriptions of the conditions utilized to produce individual microscopy datasets as specified by the recently proposed 4DN-BINA-OME tiered-system of Microscopy Metadata model. To achieve this goal the App provides a visual guide for a microscope-user to: 1) interactively build diagrammatic representations of hardware configurations of given microscopes that can be easily reused and shared with colleagues needing to document similar instruments. 2) Automatically extracts relevant metadata from image files and facilitates the collection of missing image acquisition settings and calibration metrics associated with a given experiment. 3) Output all collected Microscopy Metadata to interoperable files that can be used for documenting imaging experiments and shared with the community. In addition to significantly lowering the burden of quality assurance, the visual nature of Micro-Meta App makes it particularly suited for training users that have limited knowledge of the intricacies of light microscopy experiments. To ensure wide-adoption by microscope-users with different needs Micro-Meta App closely interoperates with MethodsJ2 and OMERO.mde, two complementary tools described in parallel manuscripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehmsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balashov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellve, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faklaris, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilbert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamacher, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itano, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeley, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laude, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero-Llopis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidtkamp-Peters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-Meta App: an interactive software tool to facilitate the collection of microscopy metadata based on community-driven specifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved cryo-EM visualizes ribosomal translocation with EF-G and GTP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During translation, a conserved GTPase elongation factor--EF-G in bacteria or eEF2 in eukaryotes--translocates tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G has been proposed to act as a flexible motor that propels tRNA and mRNA movement, as a rigid pawl that biases unidirectional translocation resulting from ribosome rearrangements, or by various combinations of motor- and pawl-like mechanisms. Using time-resolved cryo-EM, we visualized GTP-catalyzed translocation without inhibitors, capturing elusive structures of ribosome*EF-G intermediates at near-atomic resolution. Prior to translocation, EF-G binds near peptidyl-tRNA, while the rotated 30S subunit stabilizes the EF-G GTPase center. Reverse 30S rotation releases Pi and translocates peptidyl-tRNA and EF-G by [~]20 [A]. An additional 4-[A] translocation initiates EF-G dissociation from a transient ribosome state with highly swiveled 30S head. The structures visualize how nearly rigid EF-G rectifies inherent and spontaneous ribosomal dynamics into tRNA-mRNA translocation, whereas GTP hydrolysis and Pi release drive EF-G dissociation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved cryo-EM visualizes ribosomal translocation with EF-G and GTP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Coding Genetic Analysis Implicates Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-coding genome is substantially larger than the protein-coding genome but is largely unexplored by genetic association studies. Here, we performed region-based burden analysis of >25,000 variants in untranslated regions of 6,139 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) whole-genomes and 70,403 non-ALS controls. We identified Interleukin-18 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL18RAP) 3'UTR variants significantly enriched in non-ALS genomes, replicated in an independent cohort, and associated with a five-fold reduced risk of developing ALS. Variant IL18RAP 3'UTR reduces mRNA stability and the binding of RNA-binding proteins. Variant IL18RAP 3'UTR further dampens neurotoxicity of human iPSC-derived C9orf72-ALS microglia that depends on NF-{kappa}B signaling. Therefore, the variant IL18RAP 3'UTR provides survival advantage for motor neurons co-cultured with C9-ALS microglia. The study reveals direct genetic evidence and therapeutic targets for neuro-inflammation, and emphasizes the importance of non-coding genetic association studies.

One Sentence SummaryNon-coding genetic variants in IL-18 receptor 3UTR decrease ALS risk by modifying IL-18-NF-{kappa}B signaling in microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moisse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacovzada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Spek, R. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproviero, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapnik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichida, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Coding Genetic Analysis Implicates Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors drive biphasic dopamine transporter trafficking that modulates dopamine clearance and motor function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular dopamine (DA) levels are constrained by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT), a major psychostimulant target. Despite its necessity for DA neurotransmission, DAT regulation in situ is poorly understood, and it is unknown whether regulated DAT trafficking impacts dopaminergic signaling and/or behaviors. Leveraging chemogenetics and conditional gene silencing, we found that activating presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors, either hM3Dq or mGluR5, drove rapid biphasic DAT membrane trafficking, with region-specific differences in ventral and dorsal striata. DAT insertion required DRD2 autoreceptors and intact retromer, whereas DAT retrieval required PKC activation and Rit2. Ex vivo voltammetry revealed that DAT trafficking impacts DA clearance. Importantly, dopaminergic mGluR5 silencing elevated surface DAT, which abolished motor learning and was rescued by inhibiting DAT. We found that presynaptic DAT trafficking is complex, multimodal, and region-specific, and identify cell autonomous mechanisms governing presynaptic DAT tone. Importantly, the findings suggest regulated DAT trafficking impacts both DA clearance and motor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikian, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors drive biphasic dopamine transporter trafficking that modulates dopamine clearance and motor function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of Antisense Oligonucleotides by Splint Ligation and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reliable detection and quantification of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in experimental and clinical specimens is essential to understand the biological function of novel oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. In this study, we describe a method to detect and quantify ASOs in biological samples, whereby the ASO acts as a splint to direct the ligation of complementary probes and quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor ligation products. Low levels of 2'-O-MOE gapmer ASO in serum, liver, kidney, lung, heart, muscle, and brain tissues can be detected over a 6-log linear range for detection using this method. This method allows quantification of various types of chemically modified ASOs, including PS linkage, 2'-OMe, 2'-O-MOE, locked nucleic acid (LNA), and siRNA. This method does not require probe modifications, and can be performed using standard laboratory equipment; making it a fast, sensitive, and reliable technique that can be widely applied. This detection method may find potential applications in detection of therapeutic oligonucleotides in biological samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.447195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of Antisense Oligonucleotides by Splint Ligation and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)-based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of Tfh cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell-B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, non-canonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both Tfh-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 as well as influenza A virus. Tfh-independent responses were mediated by a population we call lymph node (LN)-Th1 cells, which remain in the LN and interact with B cells outside of GCs to promote high-affinity but broad-spectrum antibodies. Strikingly, antibodies generated in the presence and absence of Tfh cells displayed similar neutralization potency against homologous SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.351 variant of concern. These data support a new paradigm for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GCs and even compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.

One-Sentence SummaryComplementary pathways of antibody production mediate neutralizing responses to SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozekowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowthaman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural organization of the C1b projection within the ciliary central apparatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
9+2 motile cilia contain 9 doublet microtubules and a central apparatus (CA) composed of two singlet microtubules with associated projections. The CA plays crucial roles in regulating ciliary motility. Defects in CA assembly or function usually result in motility-impaired or paralyzed cilia, which in humans causes disease. Despite their importance, the protein composition and functions of most CA projections remain largely unknown. Here, we combined genetic approaches and quantitative proteomics with cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to compare the CA of wild-type Chlamydomonas with those of two CA mutants. Our results show that two conserved proteins, FAP42 and FAP246, are localized to the L-shaped C1b projection of the CA. We also identified another novel CA candidate protein, FAP413, which interacts with both FAP42 and FAP246. FAP42 is a large protein that forms the peripheral  beam of the C1b projection, and the FAP246-FAP413 subcomplex serves as the  bracket between the beam (FAP42) and the C1b  pillar that attaches the projection to the C1 microtubule. The FAP246-FAP413-FAP42 complex is essential for stable assembly of both the C1b and C1f projections, and loss of any of these proteins leads to ciliary motility defects. Our results provide insight into the subunit organization and 3D structure of the C1b projection, suggesting that the FAP246-FAP413-FAP42 subcomplex is part of a large interconnected CA-network that provides mechanical support and may play a role in mechano-signaling between the CA and radial spokes to regulate dynein activity and ciliary beating.

Summary StatementThe present work provides insight into the subunit organization and 3D structure of the C1b projection of CA and the mechanism by which it regulates dynein activity and ciliary beating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural organization of the C1b projection within the ciliary central apparatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dystrophin regulates peripheral circadian SRF signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dystrophin is a sarcolemmal protein essential for muscle contraction and maintenance, absence of which leads to the devastating muscle wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)[1, 2]. Dystrophin has an actin-binding domain [3-5], which specifically binds and stabilises filamentous (F)-actin[6], an integral component of the RhoA-actin-serum response factor (SRF)-pathway[7]. The RhoA-actin-SRF-pathway plays an essential role in circadian signalling whereby the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, transmits systemic cues to peripheral tissues, activating SRF and transcription of clock target genes[8, 9]. Given dystrophin binds F-actin and disturbed SRF-signalling disrupts clock entrainment, we hypothesised that dystrophin loss causes circadian deficits. Here we show for the first time alterations in the RhoA-actin-SRF-signalling-pathway, in both dystrophin-deficient myotubes and dystrophic mouse models. Specifically, we demonstrate reduced F/G-actin ratios and nuclear MRTF, dysregulation of core clock and downstream target-genes, and down-regulation of key circadian genes in muscle biopsies from DMD patients harbouring an array of mutations. Further, disrupted circadian locomotor behaviour was observed in dystrophic mice indicative of disrupted SCN signalling, and indeed dystrophin protein was absent in the SCN of dystrophic animals. Dystrophin is thus a critically important component of the RhoA-actin-SRF-pathway and a novel mediator of circadian signalling in peripheral tissues, loss of which leads to circadian dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betts, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Westering, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falzarano, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClorey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijboom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhomra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Counsell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chwalenia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gait, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferlini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dystrophin regulates peripheral circadian SRF signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MethodsJ2: A Software Tool to Improve Microscopy Methods Reporting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper reporting of metadata is essential to reproduce microscopy experiments, interpret results and share images. Experimental scientists can report details about sample preparation and imaging conditions while imaging scientists have the expertise required to collect and report the image acquisition, hardware and software metadata information. MethodsJ2 is an ImageJ/Fiji based software tool that gathers metadata and automatically generates text for the methods section of publications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pengo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero-Llopis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itano, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MethodsJ2: A Software Tool to Improve Microscopy Methods Reporting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitogen Kinase Kinase (MKK7) controls cytokine production in vitro and in vivo in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitogen kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and Mitogen kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) are members of the MAP2K family which can activate downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). MKK4 has been implicated in the activation of both, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK, whereas MKK7 only activates JNK in response to different stimuli. The stimuli as well as cell type determine the choice of MAP2K member that mediates the response. In a variety of cell types, the MKK7 contributes to the activation of downstream MAPKs, JNK, which is known to regulate essential cellular processes, such as cell death, differentiation, stress response, and cytokine secretion. Previous studies have implicated the role of MKK7 in stress signaling pathways and cytokine production. However, little is known about the degree to which MKK7 and MKK4 contributes to innate immune response in macrophages as well as during inflammation in vivo. To address this question and elucidate the role of MKK7 and MKK4 in macrophage and in vivo, we developed MKK7- and MKK4-deficient mouse models with tamoxifen-inducible Rosa26 CreERT. This study reports that MKK7 is required for JNK activation both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrated that MKK7 in macrophages is necessary for LPS induced cytokine production and migration which appears to be a major contributor to the inflammatory response in vivo. Whereas MKK4 plays a significant but minor role in cytokine production in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caliz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaney, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitogen Kinase Kinase (MKK7) controls cytokine production in vitro and in vivo in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.449895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA-202 prevents precocious spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation during mouse spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.449895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation during spermatogenesis are tightly regulated by a number of genes including those coding enzymes for miRNA biogenesis. However, whether and how single miRNAs regulate these processes remain unclear. Here, we report that miR-202, a member of the let-7 family, prevents precocious spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation in spermatogenesis by regulating the timely expression of many genes including those for other key regulators. In miR-202 knockout (KO) mice, the undifferentiated spermatogonial pool is reduced, ultimately causing agametic seminiferous tubules. SYCP3, STRA8 and DMRT6 are expressed earlier in KO mice than in wild-type (WT) littermates, and Dmrt6 mRNA is a direct target of miR-202-5p. Moreover, the precocious spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation were also observed in KO spermatogonial stem cells when cultured and induced in vitro, and could be rescued by the knockdown of Dmrt6. Therefore, we have not only shown that miR-202 is a novel regulator of meiotic initiation but also added a new module to the underlying regulatory network.

Summary statementA single miRNA, miR-202, prevents precocious differentiation and meiotic initiation during spermatogenesis. miR-202, DMRT6 and STRA8 act together as a novel module in the regulatory network of meiotic initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.449895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA-202 prevents precocious spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic initiation during mouse spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling site-specific nucleotide biases affecting Himar1 transposon insertion frequencies in TnSeq datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacterial TnSeq experiments, a library of transposons insertion mutants is generated, selected under various growth conditions, and sequenced to determine the profile of insertions at different sites in the genome, from which the fitness of mutant strains can be inferred. The widely used Himar1 transposon is known to be restricted to insertions at TA dinucleotides, but otherwise, few site-specific biases have been identified. As a result, most analytical approaches assume that insertion counts are expected a priori to be randomly distributed among TA sites in non-essential regions. However, recent analyses of independent Himar1 Tn libraries in M. tuberculosis have identified a local sequence pattern that is non-permissive for Himar1 insertion. This suggests there are site-specific biases that affect the frequency of insertions of the Himar1 transposon at different TA sites. In this paper, we use statistical and machine learning models to characterize patterns in the nucleotides surrounding TA sites associated with high and low insertion counts. We not only affirm that the previously discovered non-permissive pattern (CG)GnTAnC(CG) suppresses insertions, but conversely show that an A in the -3 position or T in the +3 position from the TA site encourages them. We demonstrate that these insertion preferences exist in Himar1 TnSeq datasets other than M. tuberculosis, including mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial species. We build predictive models of Himar1 insertion preferences as a function of surrounding nucleotides. The final predictive model explains about half of the variance in insertion counts, presuming the rest comes from stochastic variability between libraries or due to sampling differences during sequencing. Based on this model, we present a new method, called the TTN-Fitness method, to improve the identification of conditionally essential genes or genetic interactions, i.e., to better distinguish true biological fitness effects by comparing the observed counts to expected counts using a site-specific model of insertion preferences. Compared to previous methods like Hidden Markov Models, the TTN-Fitness method can make finer distinctions among genes whose disruption causes a fitness defect (or advantage), separating them out from the large pool of non-essentials, and is able to classify the essentiality of many smaller genes (with few TA sites) that were previously characterized as uncertain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling site-specific nucleotide biases affecting Himar1 transposon insertion frequencies in TnSeq datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Members of the CUGBP Elav-Like Family of RNA-Binding Proteins are Expressed in Distinct Populations of Primary Sensory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sensory Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neurons are diverse, with distinct populations that respond to specific stimuli. Previously, we observed that functionally distinct populations of DRG neurons express mRNA transcript variants with different 3 untranslated regions (3UTRs). 3UTRs harbor binding sites for interaction with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) for transporting mRNAs to subcellular domains, modulating transcript stability and regulating the rate of translation. In the current study, analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data generated from adult mice revealed that 17 3UTR-binding RBPs were enriched in specific populations of DRG neurons. This included 4 members of the CUGBP Elav-Like Family (CELF): CELF2 and CELF4 were enriched in peptidergic, CELF6 in both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic and CELF3 in tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons.

Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that 60% of CELF4+ neurons are small diameter C fibers and 33% medium diameter myelinated (likely A{delta}) fibers and showed that CELF4 is distributed to peripheral termini. Co-expression analyses using transcriptomic data and immunofluorescence revealed that CELF4 is enriched in nociceptive neurons that express GFRA3, CGRP and the capsaicin receptor TRPV1. Re-analysis of published transcriptomic data from macaque DRG revealed a highly similar distribution of CELF members, and re-analysis of single-nucleus RNA sequencing data derived mouse and rat DRG after sciatic injury revealed differential expression of CELFs in specific populations of sensory neurons. We propose that CELF RNA-binding proteins may regulate the fate of mRNAs in populations of nociceptors, and may play a role in pain and/or neuronal regeneration following nerve injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grlickova-Duzevik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath-Conwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimonn, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molliver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Members of the CUGBP Elav-Like Family of RNA-Binding Proteins are Expressed in Distinct Populations of Primary Sensory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct mitochondrial remodeling during early cardiomyocyte development in a human-based stem cell model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the considerable interest in using stem cells for modelling and treating disease, it is essential to understand what regulates self-renewal and differentiation. Remodeling of mitochondria and metabolism, with the shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), play a fundamental role in maintaining pluripotency and stem cell fate. It has been suggested that metabolic  switch from glycolysis to OXPHOS is germ-layer specific as during early ectoderm commitment, glycolysis remains active while during the transition to mesoderm and endoderm lineages, it is downregulated. How mitochondria adapt during these metabolic changes and whether mitochondria remodeling is tissue specific remains unclear. Here we address the question of mitochondrial adaption by examining the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to cardiac progenitors and further to functional cardiomyocytes. Contrary to recent findings in neuronal differentiation, we found that mitochondrial content decreases continuously during mesoderm differentiation, despite clear mitochondrial remodeling giving increased mitochondrial activity and higher levels of ATP-linked respiration. Thus, our work both highlights similarities in mitochondrial remodeling during the transition from pluripotent to multipotent state in ectodermal and mesodermal lineages, while at the same time demonstrating cell-lineage-specific adaptions upon further differentiation. Our results improve understanding of how mitochondria remodeling and the metabolism interact during differentiation and show that it is erroneous to assume that increased OXPHOS activity during differentiation requires a simultaneous expansion of mitochondrial content.

Summary statementWe found that mitochondrial content decreases continuously during mesoderm differentiation, despite clear mitochondrial remodeling giving increased mitochondrial activity and higher levels of ATP-linked respiration during mesoderm differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balafkan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersen, I. K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nido, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzoulis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindoff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct mitochondrial remodeling during early cardiomyocyte development in a human-based stem cell model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-associated changes to neuronal dynamics involve a loss of inhibitory signaling in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the aging brain, many of the alterations underlying cognitive and behavioral decline remain opaque. C. elegans offers a powerful model for aging research, with a simple, well-studied nervous system to further our understanding of the cellular modifications and functional alterations accompanying senescence. We perform multi-neuronal functional imaging across the aged C. elegans nervous system, measuring an age-associated breakdown in system-wide functional organization. At single-cell resolution, we detect shifts in activity dynamics toward higher frequencies. In addition, we measure a specific loss of inhibitory signaling that occurs early in the aging process and alters the systems critical excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are recapitulated with mutation of the calcium channel subunit UNC-2/CaV2. We find that manipulation of inhibitory GABA signaling can partially ameliorate or accelerate the effects of aging. The effects of aging are also partially mitigated by disruption of the insulin signaling pathway, known to increase longevity, or by a reduction of caspase activation. Data from mammals are consistent with our findings, suggesting a conserved shift in the balance of excitatory/inhibitory signaling with age that leads to breakdown in global neuronal dynamics and functional decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirak, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-associated changes to neuronal dynamics involve a loss of inhibitory signaling in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing human genome assemblies have almost entirely excluded highly repetitive sequences within and near centromeres, limiting our understanding of their sequence, evolution, and essential role in chromosome segregation. Here, we present an extensive study of newly assembled peri/centromeric sequences representing 6.2% (189.9 Mb) of the first complete, telomere-to-telomere human genome assembly (T2T-CHM13). We discovered novel patterns of peri/centromeric repeat organization, variation, and evolution at both large and small length scales. We also found that inner kinetochore proteins tend to overlap the most recently duplicated subregions within centromeres. Finally, we compared chromosome X centromeres across a diverse panel of individuals and uncovered structural, epigenetic, and sequence variation at single-base resolution across these regions. In total, this work provides an unprecedented atlas of human centromeres to guide future studies of their complex and critical functions as well as their unique evolutionary dynamics.

One-sentence summaryDeep characterization of fully assembled human centromeres reveals their architecture and fine-scale organization, variation, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes de Lima, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerpedjiev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpen, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling contributes to cystic burden in polycystic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycystic kidney disease is an inherited degenerative disease in which the uriniferous tubules are replaced by expanding fluid-filled cysts that ultimately destroy organ function. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common form, afflicting approximately 1 in 1,000 people. It primarily is caused by mutations in the transmembrane proteins polycystin-1 (Pkd1) and polycystin-2 (Pkd2). The most proximal effects of Pkd mutations leading to cyst formation are not known, but pro-proliferative signaling must be involved for the tubule epithelial cells to increase in number over time. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway promotes proliferation and is activated in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Using a mouse model of cystic kidney disease caused by Pkd2 loss, we observe JNK activation in cystic kidneys and observe increased nuclear phospho c-Jun in cystic epithelium. Genetic removal of Jnk1 and Jnk2 suppresses the nuclear accumulation of phospho c-Jun, reduces proliferation and reduces the severity of cystic disease. While Jnk1 and Jnk2 are thought to have largely overlapping functions, we find that Jnk1 loss is nearly as effective as the double loss of Jnk1 and Jnk2. Jnk pathway inhibitors are in development for neurodegeneration, cancer, and fibrotic diseases. Our work suggests that the JNK pathway should be explored as a therapeutic target for ADPKD.

Author SummaryAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a leading cause of end stage renal disease requiring dialysis or kidney transplant. During disease development, the cells lining the kidney tubules proliferate. This proliferation transforms normally small diameter tubules into fluid-filled cysts that enlarge with time, eventually destroying all kidney function. Despite decades of research, polycystic kidney disease remains incurable. Furthermore, the precise signaling events involved in cyst initiation and growth remain unclear. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), is a major pathway regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation but its importance to polycystic kidney disease was not known. We show that JNK activity is elevated in cystic kidneys and that reducing JNK activity decreases cyst growth pointing to JNK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for treating polycystic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonassen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preval, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling contributes to cystic burden in polycystic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAF4b transcription networks regulating early oocyte differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment of a healthy ovarian reserve is contingent upon numerous regulatory pathways during embryogenesis. Previously, mice lacking TBP-associated factor 4b (Taf4b) were shown to exhibit a diminished ovarian reserve. However, potential oocyte-intrinsic functions of TAF4b have not been examined. Here we use a combination of gene expression profiling and chromatin mapping to characterize the TAF4b gene regulatory network in mouse oocytes. We find that Taf4b-deficient oocytes display inappropriate expression of meiotic, chromatin, and X-linked genes, and unexpectedly we found a connection with Turner Syndrome pathways. Using Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN), we observed TAF4b enrichment at genes involved in meiosis and DNA repair, some of which are differentially expressed in Taf4b-deficient oocytes. Interestingly, TAF4b target genes were enriched for Sp/KLF family motifs rather than TATA-box, suggesting an alternate mode of promoter interaction. Together, our data connects several gene regulatory nodes that contribute to the ovarian reserve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gura, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relovska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seymour, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiman, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAF4b transcription networks regulating early oocyte differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ASC Speck And NLRP3 Inflammasome Function Are Spatially And Temporally Distinct 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although considered the ternary inflammasome structure, whether the singular, perinuclear NLRP3:ASC speck is synonymous with the NLRP3 inflammasome is unclear. Herein we report that the NLRP3:ASC speck is not required for nigericin-induced inflammasome activation, but facilitates and maximizes IL-1{beta} processing. Further, the NLRP3 agonists H2O2 and MSU elicited IL-1{beta} maturation without inducing specks. Notably, caspase-1 activity is spatially distinct from the speck, occurring at multiple cytoplasmic sites. Additionally, caspase-1 activity negatively regulates speck frequency and speck size while speck numbers and IL-1{beta} processing are negatively correlated, cyclical, and can be uncoupled by NLRP3 mutations or inhibiting microtubule polymerization. Finally, when specks are present, caspase-1 is likely activated after leaving the speck structure. Thus, the speck is not the NLRP3 inflammasome itself, but is instead a dynamic structure which may amplify the NLRP3 response to weak stimuli by facilitating the formation and release of small NLRP3:ASC complexes which in turn activate caspase-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ASC Speck And NLRP3 Inflammasome Function Are Spatially And Temporally Distinct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epithelial-specific ER stress sensor IRE1β enables host-microbiota crosstalk to affect colon goblet cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts uniquely express IRE1{beta} (Ern2), a paralogue of the most evolutionarily conserved endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1. How IRE1{beta} functions at the host-environment interface and why a second IRE1 paralogue evolved remain incompletely understood. Using conventionally raised and germ-free Ern2-/- mice, we found that IRE1{beta} was required for microbiota-induced goblet cell maturation and mucus barrier assembly in the colon. This occurred only after colonization of the alimentary tract with normal gut microflora, which induced IRE1{beta} expression. IRE1{beta} acted by splicing Xbp1 mRNA to expand ER function and prevent ER stress in goblet cells. Although IRE1 can also splice Xbp1 mRNA, it did not act redundantly to IRE1{beta} in this context. By regulating assembly of the colon mucus layer, IRE1{beta} further shaped the composition of the gut microbiota. Mice lacking IRE1{beta} had a dysbiotic microbial community that failed to induce goblet cell development when transferred into germ-free wild type mice. These results show that IRE1{beta} evolved at mucosal surfaces to mediate crosstalk between gut microbes and the colonic epithelium required for normal homeostasis and host defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luca, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreulen, I. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiagarajah, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencer, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.453864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epithelial-specific ER stress sensor IRE1β enables host-microbiota crosstalk to affect colon goblet cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cohesin traffic pattern genetically linked to gene regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin-mediated loop extrusion folds interphase chromosomes at the ten to hundreds kilobases scale. This process produces structural features such as loops and topologically associating domains. We identify three types of cis-elements that define the chromatin folding landscape generated by loop extrusion. First, CTCF sites form boundaries by stalling extruding cohesin, as shown before. Second, transcription termination sites form boundaries by acting as cohesin unloading sites. RNA polymerase II contributes to boundary formation at transcription termination sites. Third, transcription start sites form boundaries that are mostly independent of cohesin, but are sites where cohesin can pause. Together with cohesin loading at enhancers, and possibly other cis-elements, these loci create a dynamic pattern of cohesin traffic along the genome that guides enhancer-promoter interactions. Disturbing this traffic pattern, by removing CTCF barriers, renders cells sensitive to knock-out of genes involved in transcription initiation, such as the SAGA and TFIID complexes, and RNA processing such DEAD-Box RNA helicases. In the absence of CTCF, several of these factors fail to be efficiently recruited to active promoters. We propose that the complex pattern of cohesin movement along chromatin contributes to appropriate promoter-enhancer interactions and localization of transcription and RNA processing factors to active genes.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAt least three types of chromatin boundaries regulate a cohesin traffic pattern.
C_LIO_LIThe cohesin traffic pattern guides enhancer-promoter interactions.
C_LIO_LIRemoving CTCF renders cells sensitive to deletion of RNA processing and gene regulation genes.
C_LIO_LIDepleting CTCF affects localization of RNA processing and gene regulatory proteins.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cohesin traffic pattern genetically linked to gene regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of protection after maternal immunization for respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibodies acquired by the fetus through the placenta protect neonates from RSV disease through the first weeks of life. In the cotton rat model of RSV infections, we previously reported that immunization of dams during pregnancy with virus-like particles assembled with mutation stabilized pre-fusion F protein as well as the wild type G protein resulted in robust protection of their offspring from RSV challenge (Blanco, et al Journal of Virology 93: e00914-19, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00914-19). Here we describe the durability of those protective responses in dams, the durability of protection in offspring, and the transfer of that protection to offspring of two consecutive pregnancies without a second boost immunization. We report that four weeks after birth, offspring of the first pregnancy were significantly protected from RSV replication in both lungs and nasal tissues after RSV challenge, but protection was reduced in pups at 6 weeks after birth. However, the overall protection of offspring of the second pregnancy was considerably reduced, even at four weeks of age. This drop in protection occurred even though the levels of total anti-pre-F IgG and neutralizing antibody titers in dams remained at similar, high levels before and after the second pregnancy. The results are consistent with an evolution of antibody properties in dams to populations less efficiently transferred to offspring or the less efficient transfer of antibodies in elderly dams.

Author SummaryRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection of infants. Because there is no licensed vaccine for RSV as well as potential safety issues with any new vaccine, protection of infants from RSV is problematic. A possible safe approach for infant protection is the transfer of maternal anti-RSV antibodies, induced by immunization, across the placenta to the fetus serving to protect the newborn for months after birth. In a cotton rat model, we have previously shown that maternal immunization with virus-like particles assembled with the RSV F and G proteins protects offspring from RSV infection. Here we describe protection of offspring, following a single immunization, through two pregnancies showing that offspring of the first were well protected from RSV challenge. However, offspring of the second pregnancy were very weakly protected although the levels of total anti-pre-F antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers in the dams remained at constant and high levels before and after the second pregnancy. This result is consistent with an evolution of antibody properties in the dams to those less efficiently transferred to offspring and highlights the importance of appropriate strategies for maternal immunization, such as immunization during each pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanco, J. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnes-Cullen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukhavalova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of protection after maternal immunization for respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-level overexpression of wild type TDP-43 causes late-onset, progressive neurodegeneration and paralysis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modestly increased expression of transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43) gene have been reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and other neuromuscular diseases. However, whether this modest elevation triggers neurodegeneration is not known. Although high levels of TDP-43 overexpression have been modeled in mice and shown to cause early death, models with low-level overexpression that mimic the human condition have not been established. In this study, transgenic mice overexpressing wild type TDP-43 at less than 60% above the endogenous CNS levels were constructed, and their phenotypes analyzed by a variety of techniques, including biochemical, molecular, histological, behavioral techniques and electromyography. The TDP-43 transgene was expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the cortex and predominantly in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord. The mice developed a reproducible progressive weakness ending in paralysis in mid-life. Detailed analysis showed [~]30% loss of large pyramidal neurons in the layer V motor cortex; in the spinal cord, severe demyelination was accompanied by oligodendrocyte injury, protein aggregation, astrogliosis and microgliosis, and elevation of neuroinflammation. Surprisingly, there was no loss of lower motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord despite the complete paralysis of the hindlimbs. However, denervation was detected at the neuromuscular junction. These results demonstrate that low-level TDP-43 overexpression can cause diverse aspects of ALS, including late-onset and progressive motor dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that persistent modest elevations in TDP-43 expression can lead to ALS and other neurological disorders involving TDP-43 proteinopathy. Because of the predictable and progressive clinical paralytic phenotype, this transgenic mouse model will be useful in preclinical trial of therapeutics targeting neurological disorders associated with elevated levels of TDP-43.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salameh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metterville, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-level overexpression of wild type TDP-43 causes late-onset, progressive neurodegeneration and paralysis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sterol scarcity primes p38 immune defenses through a TIR-1/SARM1 phase transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular signaling regulators can be concentrated into membrane-free, higher-ordered protein assemblies to initiate protective responses during stress -- a process known as phase transition. Here, we show that a phase transition of the Caenorhabditis elegans Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain protein (TIR-1), an NAD+ glycohydrolase homologous to mammalian sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), underlies p38 PMK-1 immune pathway activation in C. elegans intestinal epithelial cells. Through visualization of fluorescently labeled TIR-1/SARM1 protein, we demonstrate for the first time that physiologic stresses, both pathogen and non-pathogen, induce multimerization of TIR-1/SARM1 into visible puncta within intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that, like mammalian SARM1, the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of C. elegans TIR-1 is dramatically potentiated by protein oligomerization and a phase transition. Accordingly, C. elegans with genetic mutations that specifically block either multimerization or the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of TIR-1/SARM1 fail to induce p38 PMK phosphorylation, are unable to increase immune effector expression, and are dramatically susceptible to bacterial infection. Finally, we demonstrate that the TIR-1/SARM1 phase transition is modified by dietary cholesterol, revealing a new adaptive response that allows a metazoan host to anticipate pathogen threats during micronutrient deprivation, a time of relative susceptibility to infection. When cholesterol is limited, TIR-1/SARM1 oligomerizes into puncta in intestinal epithelial cells and engages its NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, which increases p38 PMK-1 phosphorylation, and primes immune effector induction in a manner that promotes pathogen clearance from the intestine during a subsequent infection. Thus, a phase transition of TIR-1/SARM1 as a prerequisite for its NAD+ glycohydrolase activity is strongly conserved across millions of years of evolution and is essential for diverse physiological processes in multiple cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icso, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sterol scarcity primes p38 immune defenses through a TIR-1/SARM1 phase transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterochromatin diversity modulates genome compartmentalization and loop extrusion barriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two dominant processes organizing chromosomes are loop extrusion and the compartmental segregation of active and inactive chromatin. The molecular players involved in loop extrusion during interphase, cohesin and CTCF, have been extensively studied and experimentally validated. However, neither the molecular determinants nor the functional roles of compartmentalization are well understood. Here, we distinguish three inactive chromatin states using contact frequency profiling, comprising two types of heterochromatin and a previously uncharacterized inactive state exhibiting a neutral interaction preference. We find that heterochromatin marked by long continuous stretches of H3K9me3, HP1 and HP1{beta} correlates with a conserved signature of strong compartmentalization and is abundant in HCT116 colon cancer cells. We demonstrate that disruption of DNA methyltransferase activity dramatically remodels genome compartmentalization as a consequence of the loss of H3K9me3 and HP1 binding. Interestingly, H3K9me3-HP1/{beta} is replaced by the neutral inactive state and retains late replication timing. Furthermore, we show that H3K9me3-HP1/{beta} heterochromatin is permissive to loop extrusion by cohesin but refractory to CTCF, explaining a paucity of visible loop extrusion-associated patterns in Hi-C. Accordingly, CTCF loop extrusion barriers are reactivated upon loss of H3K9me3-HP1/{beta}, not as a result of canonical demethylation of the CTCF binding motif but due to an intrinsic resistance of H3K9me3-HP1/{beta} heterochromatin to CTCF binding. Together, our work reveals a dynamic structural and organizational diversity of the inactive portion of the genome and establishes new connections between the regulation of chromatin state and chromosome organization, including an interplay between DNA methylation, compartmentalization and loop extrusion.

HighlightsO_LIThree inactive chromatin states are distinguishable by long-range contact frequencies in HCT116, respectively associated with H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and a H3K9me2 state with neutral contact preferences.
C_LIO_LIH3K9me3-HP1/{beta} heterochromatin has a high degree of homotypic affinity and is permissive to loop extrusion but depleted in extrusion barriers.
C_LIO_LIDisrupting DNA methylation causes widespread loss of H3K9me3-HP1/{beta} and dramatic remodeling of genome compartmentalization.
C_LIO_LIH3K9me3-HP1/{beta} is replaced by the neutral inactive state, which gains CTCF loop extrusion barriers and associated contact frequency patterns.
C_LIO_LIDNA methylation suppresses CTCF binding via two distinct mechanisms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spracklin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imakaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterochromatin diversity modulates genome compartmentalization and loop extrusion barriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.455997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sciviewer enables interactive visual interrogation of single-cell RNA-Seq data from the Python programming environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.455997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryVisualizing two-dimensional (2D) embeddings (e.g. UMAP or tSNE) is a key step in interrogating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data. Subsequently, users typically iterate between programmatic analyses (e.g. clustering and differential expression) and visual exploration (e.g. coloring cells by interesting features) to uncover biological signals in the data. Interactive tools exist to facilitate visual exploration of embeddings such as performing differential expression on user-selected cells. However, the practical utility of these tools is limited because they dont support rapid movement of data and results to and from the programming environments where the bulk of data analysis takes place, interrupting the iterative process. Here, we present the Single-cell Interactive Viewer (Sciviewer), a tool that overcomes this limitation by allowing interactive visual interrogation of embeddings from within Python. Beyond differential expression analysis of user-selected cells, Sciviewer implements a novel method to identify genes varying locally along any user-specified direction on the embedding. Sciviewer enables rapid and flexible iteration between interactive and programmatic modes of scRNA-Seq exploration, illustrating a useful approach for analyzing high-dimensional data.

Availability and implementationCode and examples are provided at https://github.com/colabobio/sciviewer
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotliar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colubri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.455997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sciviewer enables interactive visual interrogation of single-cell RNA-Seq data from the Python programming environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type I interferon modulates Langerhans cell ADAM17 to promote photosensitivity in lupus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus (lupus) is characterized by photosensitivity, where even ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure inflames skin. Beneficial effects of anifrolumab (anti-interferon /breceptor (anti-IFNAR)) on lupus skin disease support a pathogenic role for IFN-I, but mechanistic understanding is limited. We have shown that Langerhans cell (LC) dysfunction contributes to photosensitivity. Healthy LCs act via a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) to release epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands that limit UVR-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and photosensitivity. However, LC ADAM17 activity is reduced in non-lesional lupus model skin, and data point to reduced LC-mediated protection in human lupus. Here, we asked about the role of the IFN-rich lupus skin environment in LC dysfunction and the implications of this regulation for photosensitivity.

MethodsGene expression patterns in non-lesional skin from human lupus and multiple murine models were examined. We used MRL/lpr, B6.Sle1yaa, and imiquimod models of lupus in in vivo studies to assess the role of IFN-I in LC ADAM17 dysfunction and photosensitivity.

ResultsWe show a shared IFN-rich environment in non-lesional skin across human and murine model systems, that IFN-I inhibits LC ADAM17 activity, and that anti-IFNAR in lupus models restores LC ADAM17 function and reduces photosensitivity in EGFR and LC ADAM17-dependent manners. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate ADAM17 activity, and we show reduced LC ROS expression in lupus models that is restored by anti-IFNAR.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest that IFN-I promotes photosensitivity by causing LC ADAM17 dysfunction and that anifrolumab ameliorates lupus skin disease at least in part by restoring LC function. This work provides insight into IFN-I-mediated disease mechanisms, LC regulation, and a mechanism of action for anifrolumab in lupus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veiga, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinenov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollohub, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambler, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandasabapathy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type I interferon modulates Langerhans cell ADAM17 to promote photosensitivity in lupus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loops, TADs, Compartments, and Territories are Elastic and Robust to Dramatic Nuclear Volume Swelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layers of genome organization are becoming increasingly better characterized, but less is known about how these structures respond to perturbation or shape changes. Low-salt swelling of isolated chromatin fibers or nuclei has been used for decades to investigate the structural properties of chromatin. But, visible changes in chromatin appearance have not been linked to known building blocks of genome structure or features along the genome sequence. We combine low-salt swelling of isolated nuclei with genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and imaging approaches to probe the effects of chromatin extension genome-wide. Photoconverted patterns on nuclei during expansion and contraction indicate that global genome structure is preserved after dramatic nuclear volume swelling, suggesting a highly elastic chromosome topology. Hi-C experiments before, during, and after nuclear swelling show changes in average contact probabilities at short length scales, reflecting the extension of the local chromatin fiber. But, surprisingly, during this large increase in nuclear volume, there is a striking maintenance of loops, TADs, active and inactive compartments, and chromosome territories. Subtle differences after expansion are observed, suggesting that the local chromatin state, protein interactions, and location in the nucleus can affect how strongly a given structure is maintained under stress. From these observations, we propose that genome topology is robust to extension of the chromatin fiber and isotropic shape change, and that this elasticity may be beneficial in physiological circumstances of changes in nuclear size and volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golloshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCord, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loops, TADs, Compartments, and Territories are Elastic and Robust to Dramatic Nuclear Volume Swelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemically distinct cohesin complexes mediate positioned loops between CTCF sites and dynamic loops within chromatin domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ring-like cohesin complex mediates sister chromatid cohesion by encircling pairs of sister chromatids. Cohesin also extrudes loops along chromatids. Whether the two activities involve similar mechanisms of DNA engagement is not known. We implemented an experimental approach based on isolated nuclei carrying engineered cleavable RAD21 proteins to precisely control cohesin ring integrity so that its role in chromatin looping could be studied under defined experimental conditions. This approach allowed us to identify cohesin complexes with distinct biochemical, and possibly structural properties, that mediate different sets of chromatin loops. When RAD21 is cleaved and the cohesin ring is opened, cohesin complexes at CTCF sites are released from DNA and loops at these elements are lost. In contrast, cohesin-dependent loops within chromatin domains and that are not anchored at CTCF sites are more resistant to RAD21 cleavage. The results show that the cohesin complex mediates loops in different ways depending on genomic context and suggests that it undergoes structural changes as it dynamically extrudes and encounters CTCF sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemically distinct cohesin complexes mediate positioned loops between CTCF sites and dynamic loops within chromatin domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hsp70 interactions are critical for cellular viability and the response to stress. Previous attempts to characterize Hsp70 interactions have been limited by their transient nature and inability of current technologies to distinguish direct vs bridged interactions. We report the novel use of cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to comprehensively characterize the budding yeast Hsp70 protein interactome. Using this approach, we have gained fundamental new insights into Hsp70 function, including definitive evidence of Hsp70 self-association as well as multi-point interaction with its client proteins. In addition to identifying a novel set of direct Hsp70 interactors which can be used to probe chaperone function in cells, we have also identified a suite of PTM-associated Hsp70 interactions. The majority of these PTMs have not been previously reported and appear to be critical in the regulation of client protein function. These data indicate that one of the mechanisms by which PTMs contribute to protein function is by facilitating interaction with chaperones. Taken together, we propose that XL-MS analysis of chaperone complexes may be used as a unique way to identify biologically-important PTMs on client proteins.

O_LIIn vivo confirmation of Hsp70 dimerization
C_LIO_LIComprehensive direct interactome of Hsp70
C_LIO_LIMulti-domain interactions between Hsp70 and client proteins
C_LIO_LIIdentification of novel biologically-important client protein PTMs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitika,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takakuwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segarra, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatebayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel multifunctional role for Hsp70 in binding post-translational modifications on clients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a flexible split prime editor using truncated reverse transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime Editor (PE) has tremendous promise for gene therapy. However, it remains a challenge to deliver PE (>6.3 kb) in vivo. Although PE can be split into two fragments and delivered using dual adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), choice of split sites within Cas9 - which affects editing efficiency - is limited due to the large size of PE. Furthermore, the potential effect of overexpressing RT in mammalian cells is largely unknown. Here, we developed a compact PE with complete deletion of the RNase H domain of reverse transcriptase (RT), which showed comparable editing to full-length PE. Using compact PE, we tested the effect of 4 different Cas9 split sites and found that the Glu 573 split site supports robust editing (up to 93% of full-length PE). The compact PE, but not PE2, abolished its binding to eRF1 and showed minimal effect on stop codon readthrough, which therefore might reduce the effects on protein biosynthesis. This study identifies a safe and efficient compact PE2 that enables flexible split-PE design to facilitate efficient delivery in vivo and advance the utility of prime editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIANG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a flexible split prime editor using truncated reverse transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cytosolic Reductase Pathway is Required for Complete N-Glycosylation of an STT3B-Dependent Acceptor Site. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-linked glycosylation of proteins entering the secretory pathway is an essential post-translational modification required for protein stability and function. Previously, it has been shown that there is a temporal relationship between protein folding and glycosylation, which influences the occupancy of specific glycosylation sites. Here we use an in vitro translation system that reproduces the initial stages of secretory protein translocation, folding and glycosylation under defined redox conditions. We found that the efficiency of glycosylation of hemopexin was dependent upon a robust NADPH-dependent cytosolic reductive pathway, which could also be mimicked by the addition of a membrane impermeable reducing agent. The identified hypoglycosylated acceptor site is adjacent to a cysteine involved in a short range disulfide bond, which has been shown to be dependent on the STT3B-containing oligosaccharyl transferase. We also show that efficient glycosylation at this site is dependent on the STT3A-containing oligosaccharide transferase. Our results provide further insight into the important role of the ER redox conditions in glycosylation site occupancy and demonstrate a link between redox conditions in the cytosol and glycosylation efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Lith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pringle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaeta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulleid, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cytosolic Reductase Pathway is Required for Complete N-Glycosylation of an STT3B-Dependent Acceptor Site.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ether Lipid Biosynthesis Promotes Lifespan Extension and Enables Diverse Prolongevity Paradigms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biguanides, including the worlds most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes, metformin, not only lower blood sugar, but also promote longevity in preclinical models. Epidemiologic studies in humans parallel these findings, indicating favorable effects of metformin on longevity and on reducing the incidence and morbidity associated with aging-related diseases. In spite of this promise, the full spectrum of molecular effectors responsible for these health benefits remains elusive. Through unbiased screening in C. elegans, we uncovered a role for genes necessary for ether lipid biosynthesis in the favorable effects of biguanides. We demonstrate that biguanides prompt lifespan extension by stimulating ether lipid biogenesis. Loss of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery also mitigates lifespan extension attributable to dietary restriction, target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibition, and mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition. A possible mechanistic explanation for this finding is that ether lipids are required for activation of longevity-promoting, metabolic stress defenses downstream of the conserved transcription factor Nrf2/skn-1. In alignment with these findings, overexpression of a single, key, ether lipid biosynthetic enzyme, fard-1/FAR1, is sufficient to promote lifespan extension. These findings illuminate the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery as a novel therapeutic target to promote healthy aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cedillo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adedoja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soukas, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.457410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ether Lipid Biosynthesis Promotes Lifespan Extension and Enables Diverse Prolongevity Paradigms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial TGFβ activity promotes axon survival in peripheral nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons can represent the majority of the volume of a neuron and are energetically very demanding. Specialized glia ensheathe axons and are believed to support axon function and maintenance throughout life, but molecular details of glia-neuron support mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here we identify a collection of secreted and transmembrane genes that are required in glia for long-term axon survival in vivo. We show that key components of the TGF{beta} superfamily are required cell-autonomously in glia for peripheral nerve maintenance, although their loss does not disrupt glial morphology. We observe age-dependent neurodegeneration in the absence of glial TGF{beta} signaling that can be rescued by genetic blockade of Wallerian degeneration. Our data argue that glial TGF{beta} signaling normally acts to promote axon survival and suppress neurodegeneration.

Significance StatementAxon maintenance is critical to preserving the functional integrity of the nervous system across animal lifespan. Glia contribute to axon maintenance, but their precise roles remain to be fully characterized. We identify glial genes that regulate axon support and provide new molecular insight into the means by which glia promote axon survival, which may help explain why neurodegeneration occurs when glia are lost in disease. We show that TGF{beta} signaling in mature glia is essential for long-term maintenance of axons, and that loss of TGF{beta} signaling activates an axon death signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lassetter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial TGFβ activity promotes axon survival in peripheral nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus transcriptomic analyses reveal microglial activation underlying cerebellar degeneration in Ataxia Telangiectasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While ATM loss-of-function has long been identified as the genetic cause of Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T), how this genetic mutation leads to selective and progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons remains unclear. ATM expression is enriched in microglia, the resident immune cell of the central nervous system, throughout cerebellar development and adulthood. Microglial activation has been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disease and observed in rodent and cellular models of ATM deficiency. Here, we find evidence of prominent inflammation of microglia in cerebellum from A-T patients using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing. A-T microglia have transcriptomic signatures of aging and neurodegenerative disease associated microglia. Pseudotime analysis revealed that activation of A-T microglia preceded upregulation of apoptosis related genes in granule and Purkinje neurons, and microglia exhibited increased neurotoxic cytokine signaling to granule and Purkinje neurons in A-T. To confirm these findings experimentally, we studied microglia and neurons that we generated from A-T patient vs. control induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Transcriptomic profiling of A-T iPSC-derived microglia revealed cell-intrinsic microglial activation of cytokine production and innate immune response pathways compared to controls. Furthermore, adding A-T microglia to co-cultures with either control or A-T iPSC-derived neurons was sufficient to induce cytotoxicity. Taken together, these studies reveal that cell-intrinsic microglial activation may play a critical role in the development and progression of neurodegeneration in Ataxia Telangiectasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittenden, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodato, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus transcriptomic analyses reveal microglial activation underlying cerebellar degeneration in Ataxia Telangiectasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated molecular analysis identifies a conserved pericyte gene signature in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.459947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pericytes reside in capillary beds where they share a basement membrane with endothelial cells and regulate their function. However, little is known about embryonic pericyte development, in part, due to lack of specific molecular markers and genetic tools. Here, we applied single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of platelet derived growth factor beta (pdgfrb)-positive cells to molecularly characterize pericytes in zebrafish larvae. scRNA-seq revealed zebrafish cells expressing mouse pericyte gene orthologs while comparison to bulk RNA-seq from wild type and pdgfrb mutant larvae further refined a pericyte geneset. Subsequent integration with mouse pericyte scRNA-seq profiles revealed a core set of conserved pericyte genes. Using transgenic reporter lines, we validated pericyte expression of two genes identified in our analysis: NDUFA4 mitochondrial complex associated like 2a (ndufa4l2a), and potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 4 (kcne4). Both reporter lines exhibited pericyte expression in multiple anatomical locations, while kcne4 was also detected in a subset of vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, our integrated molecular analysis revealed a molecular profile for zebrafish pericytes and allowed us to develop new tools to observe these cells in vivo.

SUMMARY STATEMENTAn integrated molecular analysis in zebrafish identifies new molecular markers for pericytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.459947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated molecular analysis identifies a conserved pericyte gene signature in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of the Tweak/Fn14 pathway in skeletal muscle of spinal muscular atrophy mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a childhood neuromuscular disorder caused by depletion of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA is characterized by the selective death of spinal cord motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle wasting. Loss of skeletal muscle in SMA is a combination of denervation-induced muscle atrophy and intrinsic muscle pathologies. Elucidation of the pathways involved is essential to identify the key molecules that contribute to and sustain muscle pathology. The tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/TNF receptor superfamily member fibroblast growth factor inducible 14 (Fn14) pathway has been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of denervation-induced muscle atrophy as well as muscle proliferation, differentiation and metabolism in adults. However, it is not clear whether this pathway would be important in highly dynamic and developing muscle. We thus investigated the potential role of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in SMA muscle pathology, using the severe Taiwanese Smn-/-;SMN2 and the less severe Smn2B/- SMA mice, which undergo a progressive neuromuscular decline in the first three post-natal weeks. Here, we report significantly dysregulated expression of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway during disease progression in skeletal muscle of the two SMA mouse models. In addition, siRNA-mediated Smn knockdown in C2C12 myoblasts suggests a genetic interaction between Smn and the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway. Further analyses of SMA, Tweak-/- and Fn14-/- mice revealed dysregulated myopathy, myogenesis and glucose metabolism pathways as a common skeletal muscle feature, and providing further evidence in support of a relationship between the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway and Smn. Finally, a pharmacological intervention (Fc-TWEAK) to upregulate the activity of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway improved disease phenotypes in the two SMA mouse models. Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the molecular players that contribute to muscle pathology in SMA and into the role of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in developing muscle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meijboom, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlskog, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of the Tweak/Fn14 pathway in skeletal muscle of spinal muscular atrophy mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single residue substitution in protamine 1 disrupts sperm genome packaging and embryonic development in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional dogma presumes that protamine-mediated DNA compaction in sperm is achieved by passive electrostatics between DNA and the arginine-rich core of protamines. However, phylogenetic analysis reveals several non-arginine residues that are conserved within, but not across, species. The functional significance of these residues or post-translational modifications are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functional role of K49, a rodent-specific lysine residue in mouse protamine 1 (P1) that is acetylated early in spermiogenesis and retained in sperm. In vivo, an alanine substitution (P1 K49A) results in ectopic histone retention, decreased sperm motility, decreased male fertility, and in zygotes, premature P1 removal from paternal chromatin. In vitro, the P1 K49A substitution decreases protamine-DNA binding and alters DNA compaction/decompaction kinetics. Hence, a single amino acid substitution outside the P1 arginine core is sufficient to profoundly alter protein function and developmental outcomes, suggesting that protamine non-arginine residues are essential to ensure reproductive fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moritz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendlebury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragunathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orwig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single residue substitution in protamine 1 disrupts sperm genome packaging and embryonic development in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibody-independent immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters and hACE-2 transgenic mice immunized with a RBD/Nucleocapsid fusion protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) proteins elicit robust antibody and T cell responses either in vaccinated or COVID-19 convalescent individuals. We generated a chimeric protein that comprises the sequences of RBD from S and N antigens (SpiN). SpiN was highly immunogenic and elicited a strong IFN{gamma} response from T cells and high levels of antibodies to the inactivated virus, but no neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, hamsters and the human Angiotensin Convertase Enzyme-2-transgenic mice immunized with SpiN were highly resistant to challenge with the wild type SARS-CoV-2, as indicated by viral load, clinical outcome, lung inflammation and lethality. Thus, the N protein should be considered to induce T-cell-based immunity to improve SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and eventually to circumvent the immune scape by variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hojo-Souza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augusto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, R. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassaro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durigon, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Fonseca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzinelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing antibody-independent immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters and hACE-2 transgenic mice immunized with a RBD/Nucleocapsid fusion protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule screen employing patient-derived iPS hepatocytes identifies LRRK2 as a novel therapeutic target for Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a life-threatening condition caused by inheritance of the SERPINA1 gene  Z variant. This single base pair mutation leads to protein misfolding, ER entrapment and gain of toxic function. Despite the significant unmet medical need presented by this disorder, there remain no approved medicines and the only curative option is liver transplantation. We hypothesized that an unbiased screen of human hepatocytes harbouring the Z mutation (ATZ) using small molecules targeted against protein degradation pathways would uncover novel biological insights of therapeutic relevance. Here we report the results of that screen performed in a patient-derived iPSC model of ATZ. Starting from 1,041 compounds we identified 14 targets capable of reducing polymer burden, including Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), a well-studied target in Parkinsons. Genetic deletion of LRRK2 in ATZ mice reduced polymers and associated fibrotic liver disease leading us to test a library of commercially available LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in both patient iPSC and CHO cell models. One of the molecules tested, CZC-25146, reduced polymer load, increased normal AAT secretion and reduced inflammatory cytokines with pharmacokinetic properties supporting its potential use for treating liver diseases. We therefore tested CZC-25146 in the ATZ mouse model and confirmed its efficacy for polymer reduction without signs of toxicity. Mechanistically, in both human and mouse models, our data show CZC-25146 inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity and induces autophagy. Cumulatively, these findings support the use of CZC-25146 and LRRK2 inhibitors in general in hepatic proteopathy disease research and as potential new treatment approaches for patients.

One Sentence SummaryA small molecule screen in patient iPSCs with in vivo validation in mice identifies LRRK2 as a new therapeutic target for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kent, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkenar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syanda, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, S. J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdary, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danovi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahdeo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule screen employing patient-derived iPS hepatocytes identifies LRRK2 as a novel therapeutic target for Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures reveal high-resolution mechanism of a DNA polymerase sliding clamp loader 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sliding clamps are ring-shaped protein complexes that are integral to the DNA replication machinery of all life. Sliding clamps are opened and installed onto DNA by clamp loader AAA+ ATPase complexes. However, how a clamp loader opens and closes the sliding clamp around DNA is still unknown. Here, we describe structures of the S. cerevisiae clamp loader Replication Factor C (RFC) bound to its cognate sliding clamp Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) en route to successful loading. RFC first binds to PCNA in a dynamic, closed conformation that blocks both ATPase activity and DNA binding. RFC then opens the PCNA ring through a large-scale  crab-claw expansion of both RFC and PCNA that explains how RFC prefers initial binding of PCNA over DNA. Next, the open RFC:PCNA complex binds DNA and interrogates the primer-template junction using a surprising base-flipping mechanism. Our structures indicate that initial PCNA opening and subsequent closure around DNA do not require ATP hydrolysis, but are driven by binding energy. ATP hydrolysis, which is necessary for RFC release, is triggered by interactions with both PCNA and DNA, explaining RFCs switch-like ATPase activity. Our work reveals how a AAA+ machine undergoes dramatic conformational changes for achieving binding preference and substrate remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaubitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures reveal high-resolution mechanism of a DNA polymerase sliding clamp loader]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flygenvectors: The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the spatial and temporal scales of brainwide neuronal activity, and how do activities at different scales interact? We used SCAPE microscopy to image a large fraction of the central brain of adult Drosophila melanogaster with high spatiotemporal resolution while flies engaged in a variety of behaviors, including running, grooming and flailing. This revealed neural representations of behavior on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The activity of most neurons across the brain correlated (or, in some cases, anticorrelated) with running and flailing over timescales that ranged from seconds to almost a minute. Grooming elicited a much weaker global response. Although these behaviors accounted for a large fraction of neural activity, residual activity not directly correlated with behavior was high dimensional. Many dimensions of the residual activity reflect the activity of small clusters of spatially organized neurons that may correspond to genetically defined cell types. These clusters participate in the global dynamics, indicating that neural activity reflects a combination of local and broadly distributed components. This suggests that microcircuits with highly specified functions are provided with knowledge of the larger context in which they operate, conferring a useful balance of specificity and flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vancura, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paninski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flygenvectors: The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dcp2 C-terminal Cis-Binding Elements Control Selective Targeting of the Decapping Enzyme by Forming Distinct Decapping Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single Dcp1-Dcp2 decapping enzyme targets diverse classes of yeast mRNAs for decapping-dependent 5 to 3 decay, but the molecular mechanisms controlling selective mRNA targeting by the enzyme remain elusive. Through extensive genetic analyses we uncover cis-regulatory elements in the Dcp2 C-terminal domain that control selective targeting of the decapping enzyme by forming distinct decapping complexes. Two Upf1-binding motifs target the decapping enzyme to NMD substrates, and a single Edc3-binding motif targets both Edc3 and Dhh1 substrates. Pat1-binding leucine-rich motifs target Edc3 and Dhh1 substrates under selective conditions. Although it functions as a unique targeting component of specific complexes, Edc3 is a common component of multiple complexes. Xrn1 also has a specific Dcp2 binding site, allowing it to be directly recruited to decapping complexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Upf1, Edc3, and Pat1 function as regulatory subunits of the holo-decapping enzyme, controlling both its targeting specificity and enzymatic activation.

HighlightsLoss of Dcp2 cis-binding elements causes selective stabilization of distinct decapping substrates

Dcp2 cis-binding elements promote the assembly of target-specific decapping complexes in vivo

Xrn1 binds to Dcp2, and both Edc3 and Xrn1 are common components of multiple decapping complexes

Upf1, Edc3, and Pat1 function as unique targeting subunits of the yeast holo-decapping enzyme
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dcp2 C-terminal Cis-Binding Elements Control Selective Targeting of the Decapping Enzyme by Forming Distinct Decapping Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular structure and conformation of stereocilia tip-links elucidated by cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory transduction (MT), the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals, underpins hearing and balance and is carried out within hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells harbor actin-filled stereocilia, arranged in rows of descending heights, where the tips of stereocilia are connected to their taller neighbors by a filament composed of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23 (CDH23), deemed the  tip-link. Tension exerted on the tip-link opens an ion channel at the tip of the shorter stereocilia, thus converting mechanical force into an electrical signal. While biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the molecular composition and structure of isolated portions of the tip-link, the architecture, location and conformational states of intact tip-links, on stereocilia, remains unknown. Here we report in situ cryo-electron microscopy imaging of the tip-link in mouse stereocilia. We observe individual PCDH15 molecules at the tip and shaft of stereocilia and determine their stoichiometry, conformational heterogeneity, and their complexes with CDH23. The PCDH15/CDH23 complexes occur in clusters, frequently with more than one copy of PCDH15 at the tip of stereocilia, suggesting that tip-links might consist of more than one copy of the PCDH15/CDH23 heterotetramer and by extension, might include multiple MT complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular structure and conformation of stereocilia tip-links elucidated by cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factorbook: an Updated Catalog of Transcription Factor Motifs and Candidate Regulatory Motif Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome contains roughly 1,600 transcription factors (TFs) (1), DNA-binding proteins recognizing characteristic sequence motifs to exert regulatory effects on gene expression. The binding specificities of these factors have been profiled both in vitro, using techniques such as HT-SELEX (2), and in vivo, using techniques including ChIP-seq (3, 4). We previously developed Factorbook, a TF-centric database of annotations, motifs, and integrative analyses based on ChIP-seq data from Phase II of the ENCODE Project. Here we present an update to Factorbook which significantly expands the breadth of cell type and TF coverage. The update includes an expanded motif catalog derived from thousands of ENCODE Phase II and III ChIP-seq experiments and HT-SELEX experiments; this motif catalog is integrated with the ENCODE registry of candidate cis-regulatory elements to annotate a comprehensive collection of genome-wide candidate TF binding sites. The database also offers novel tools for applying the motif models within machine learning frameworks and using these models for integrative analysis, including annotation of variants and disease and trait heritability. We will continue to expand the resource as ENCODE Phase IV data are released.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phalke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcaro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Velde, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factorbook: an Updated Catalog of Transcription Factor Motifs and Candidate Regulatory Motif Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Recombinant Multivalent Vaccine (rCpa1) Induces Protection for C57BL/6 and HLA Transgenic Mice Against Pulmonary Infection with Both Species of Coccidioides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides posadasii (Cp) and Coccidioides immitis (Ci) that have 4-5% differences in their genomic sequences. There is an urgent need to develop a human vaccine against both species. A previously created recombinant antigen (rCpa1) that contains multiple peptides derived from Cp isolate C735 is protective against the autologous isolate. The focus of this study is to evaluate cross-protective efficacy and immune correlates by the rCpa1- based vaccine against both species of Coccidioides. DNA sequence analyses of the homologous genes for the rCpa1 antigen were conducted for 39 and 17 clinical isolates of Cp and Ci, respectively. Protective efficacy and vaccine-induced immunity were evaluated for both C57BL/6 and human HLA-DR4 transgenic mice against 5 highly virulent isolates of Cp and Ci. There are a total of 7 amino acid substitutions in the rCpa1 antigen between Cp and Ci. Both C57BL/6 and HLA-DR4 mice that were vaccinated with a rCpa1 vaccine resulted in significant reduction of fungal burden and increased numbers of IFN-{gamma}- and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in the first 2 weeks post-challenge. These data support that rCpa1 has cross-protection activity against Cp and Ci pulmonary infection through activation of early Th1 and Th17 responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campuzano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentakota, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiederhold, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Recombinant Multivalent Vaccine (rCpa1) Induces Protection for C57BL/6 and HLA Transgenic Mice Against Pulmonary Infection with Both Species of Coccidioides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARP2/3- and resection-coupled genome reorganization facilitates translocations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA end-resection and nuclear actin-based movements orchestrate clustering of double-strand breaks (DSBs) into homology-directed repair (HDR) domains. Here, we analyze how actin nucleation by ARP2/3 affects damage-dependent and -independent 3D genome reorganization and facilitates pathologic repair. We observe that DNA damage, followed by ARP2/3-dependent establishment of repair domains enhances local chromatin insulation at a set of damage-proximal boundaries and affects compartment organization genome-wide. Nuclear actin polymerization also promotes interactions between DSBs, which in turn facilitates aberrant intra- and inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Notably, BRCA1 deficiency, which decreases end-resection, DSB mobility, and subsequent HDR, nearly abrogates recurrent translocations between AsiSI DSBs. In contrast, loss of functional BRCA1 yields unique translocations genome-wide, reflecting a critical role in preventing spontaneous genome instability and subsequent rearrangements. Our work establishes that the assembly of DSB repair domains is coordinated with multiscale alterations in genome architecture that enable HDR despite increased risk of translocations with pathologic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrank, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARP2/3- and resection-coupled genome reorganization facilitates translocations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis reveals the long-term co-evolutionary history of parvoviruses and vertebrates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are small DNA viruses that cause numerous diseases of medical, veterinary, and agricultural significance and have important applications in gene and anticancer therapy. DNA sequences derived from ancient parvoviruses are common in animal genomes and analysis of these endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) has demonstrated that the family, which includes twelve vertebrate-specific genera, arose in the distant evolutionary past. So far, however, such  paleovirological analysis has only provided glimpses into biology of parvoviruses and their long-term evolutionary interactions with hosts. Here, we comprehensively map EPV diversity in 752 published vertebrate genomes, revealing defining aspects of ecology and evolution within individual parvovirus genera. We identify 364 distinct EPV sequences and show these represent [~]200 unique germline incorporation events, involving at least five distinct parvovirus genera, that took place at points throughout the Cenozoic Era. We use the spatiotemporal and host range calibrations provided by these sequences to infer defining aspects of long-term evolution within individual parvovirus genera, including mammalian vicariance for genus Protoparvovirus, and inter-class transmission for genus Dependoparvovirus. Moreover, our findings support a model of virus evolution in which the long-term co-circulation of multiple parvovirus genera in vertebrates reflects the adaptation of each viral genus to fill a distinct ecological niche. Our discovery that parvovirus diversity can be understood in terms of genus-specific adaptations acquired over millions of years has important implications for their development as therapeutic tools - we show that these endeavours can now be approached from a rational foundation based on comparative evolutionary analysis. To support this, we published our data in the form of an open, extensible, and cross-platform database designed to facilitate the wider utilisation of evolution-related domain knowledge in parvovirus research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loncar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis reveals the long-term co-evolutionary history of parvoviruses and vertebrates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell wall damage reveals spatial flexibility in peptidoglycan synthesis and a non-redundant role for RodA in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell wall peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric mesh that protects the bacteria from internal turgor and external insults. In many rod-shaped bacteria, peptidoglycan synthesis for normal growth is achieved by two distinct pathways: the Rod complex, comprised of MreB, RodA and a cognate class B PBP, and the class A PBPs. In contrast to laterally-growing bacteria, pole-growing mycobacteria do not encode an MreB homolog and do not require SEDS protein RodA for in vitro growth. However, RodA contributes to survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in some infection models, suggesting that the protein could have a stress-dependent role in maintaining cell wall integrity. Under basal conditions, we find here that the subcellular distribution of RodA largely overlaps with that of the aPBP PonA1, and that both RodA and the aPBPs promote polar peptidoglycan assembly. Upon cell wall damage, RodA fortifies M. smegmatis against lysis and, unlike aPBPs, contributes to a shift in peptidoglycan assembly from the poles to the sidewall. Neither RodA nor PonA1 relocalize; instead, the redistribution of nascent cell wall parallels that of peptidoglycan precursor synthase MurG. Our results support a model in which mycobacteria balance polar growth and cell-wide repair via spatial flexibility in precursor synthesis and extracellular insertion.

ImportancePeptidoglycan synthesis is a highly successful target for antibiotics. The pathway has been extensively studied in model organisms under laboratory-optimized conditions. In natural environments, bacteria are frequently under attack. Moreover the vast majority of bacterial species are unlikely to fit a single paradigm because of differences in growth mode and/or envelope structure. Studying cell wall synthesis under non-optimal conditions and in non-standard species may improve our understanding of pathway function and suggest new inhibition strategies. Mycobacterium smegmatis, a relative of several notorious human and animal pathogens, has an unusual polar growth mode and multi-layered envelope. In this work we challenged M. smegmatis with cell wall-damaging enzymes to characterize the roles of cell wall-building enzymes when the bacterium is under attack.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melzer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Heredia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meniche, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, E. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegrist, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell wall damage reveals spatial flexibility in peptidoglycan synthesis and a non-redundant role for RodA in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Structure and Functional Adaptations of the Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) mediate the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules. Here we provide a structure of the yeast NPC in which the inner ring is resolved by cryo-EM at - helical resolution to show how flexible connectors tie together different structural and functional layers in the spoke. These connectors are targets for phosphorylation and regulated disassembly in cells with an open mitosis. Moreover, some nucleoporin pairs and karyopherins have similar interaction motifs, which suggests an evolutionary and mechanistic link between assembly and transport. We also provide evidence for three major NPC variants that foreshadow functional specializations at the nuclear periphery. Cryo-electron tomography extended these studies to provide a comprehensive model of the in situ NPC with a radially-expanded inner ring. Our model reveals novel features of the central transporter and nuclear basket, suggests a role for the lumenal ring in restricting dilation and highlights the structural plasticity required for transport by the NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumbart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unruh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludke, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Structure and Functional Adaptations of the Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric modulation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells through binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This interaction is mediated by the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike (S) glycoprotein. Structural and dynamic data have shown that S can adopt multiple conformations, which controls the exposure of the ACE2-binding site in the RBD. Here, using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging we report the effects of ACE2 and antibody binding on the conformational dynamics of S from the Wuhan-1 strain and the B.1 variant (D614G). We find that D614G modulates the energetics of the RBD position in a manner similar to ACE2 binding. We also find that antibodies that target diverse epitopes, including those distal to the RBD, stabilize the RBD in a position competent for ACE2 binding. Parallel solution-based binding experiments using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) indicate antibody-mediated enhancement of ACE2 binding. These findings inform on novel strategies for therapeutic antibody cocktails.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Salinas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric modulation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania amazonensis sabotages host cell SUMOylation for intracellular survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania parasites use elaborate virulence mechanisms to invade and thrive in macrophages. These virulence mechanisms inhibit host cell defense responses and generate a specialized replicative niche, the parasitophorous vacuole. In this work, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila macrophage-like cells to identify host factors necessary for Leishmania amazonensis infection. This screen identified 52 conserved genes required specifically for parasite entry, including several components of the SUMOylation machinery. Further studies in mammalian macrophages found that L. amazonensis infection inhibited SUMOylation within infected macrophages and this inhibition enhanced parasitophorous vacuole growth and parasite proliferation through modulation of multiple genes especially ATP6V0D2, which in turn effects CD36 expression and cholesterol levels. Together, these data suggest that parasites actively sabotage host SUMOylation and alter host transcription to improve their intracellular niche and enhance their replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasunaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzinelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania amazonensis sabotages host cell SUMOylation for intracellular survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-induced P-bodies become detrimental and shorten the lifespan of yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is an irreversible process characterized by a progressive loss of homeostasis in cells, which often manifests as protein aggregates. Recently, it has been speculated that aggregates of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may go through pathological transitions during aging and drive the progression of ageassociated neurodegenerative diseases. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system of aging, we find that P-bodies --an RBP granule that is formed and can be beneficial for cell growth during stress conditions -- naturally form during aging without any external stresses and an increase in P-body intensity is negatively correlated with the future lifespan of yeast cells. When mother cells transfer age-induced P-bodies to daughter cells, the mother cells extend lifespan, while the daughter cells grow poorly, suggesting that these age-induced P-bodies may be directly pathological. Furthermore, we find that suppressing acidification of the cytosol during aging slows down the increase in the intensity of P-body foci and extends lifespan. Our data suggest that acidification of the cytosol may facilitate the pathological transition of RBP granules during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zid, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-induced P-bodies become detrimental and shorten the lifespan of yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria modulate tamoxifen-induced death via host fatty acid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator that is used to treat ER-positive breast cancer, but that at high doses kills both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells. We recapitulate this off-target effect in Caenorhabditis elegans, which does not have an ER ortholog. We find that different bacteria dramatically modulate tamoxifen toxicity in C. elegans, with a three-order of magnitude difference between animals fed Escherichia coli, Comamonas aquatica, and Bacillus subtilis. Remarkably, host fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis mitigates tamoxifen toxicity, and different bacteria provide the animal with different FAs, resulting in distinct FA profiles. Surprisingly these bacteria modulate tamoxifen toxicity by different death mechanisms, some of which are modulated by FA supplementation and others by antioxidants. Together, this work reveals a complex interplay between microbiota, FA metabolism and tamoxifen toxicity that may provide a blueprint for similar studies in more complex mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria modulate tamoxifen-induced death via host fatty acid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.467968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WormCat 2.0 defines characteristics and conservation of poorly annotated genes in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.467968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide measurement of mRNA or protein levels provides broad data sets for biological discovery. However, subsequent computational methods are essential for uncovering the functional implications of the data as well as intuitively visualizing the findings. Current computational tools are biased toward well-described pathways, limiting their utility for novel discovery. Recently, we developed an annotation and category enrichment tool for Caenorhabditis elegans genomic data, WormCat, that provides an intuitive visualization output. Unlike GO, which excludes genes with no annotation information, WormCat 2.0 retains these genes as a special UNASSIGNED category. Here, we show that the UNASSIGNED gene category enrichment exhibits tissue-specific expression patterns and include genes with biological functions. Poorly annotated genes have previously been considered to lack homologs in closely related species. Instead, we find that around 3% of the UNASSIGNED genes have poorly characterized human orthologs. These human orthologs are themselves have little annotation information. A recently developed method that incorporates lineage relationships (abSENSE) indicates that failure of BLAST to detect homology explains the apparent lineage specificity for many UNASSIGNED genes, suggesting that a larger subset could be related to human genes. WormCat provides an annotation strategy that allows association of UNASSIGNED genes with specific phenotypes and known pathways. Our analysis indicates that the UNASSIGNED gene category contains candidates that merit further functional study which could yield insight into understudied areas of biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Agostino, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.467968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WormCat 2.0 defines characteristics and conservation of poorly annotated genes in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of precocious B-cell aging in European adolescences living with perinatally acquired HIV-1 after over 10 years of suppressive therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV infection results in a state of chronic immune activation leading to premature immune aging, B-cells dysfunction, that persists despite prolonged virological suppression. In this scenario, adolescence living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV), deserve a peculiar attention since potentially exposed for their entire life to chronic immune activation. Here we identified determinants of precocious aging B cells in 40 PHIV undergoing suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) for median 13.5 years. All individuals started ART by 2nd year of life and achieved virus suppression within the 1st year of ART, with majority of patient maintaining suppression until analysis and 5/40 experiencing viral Spike (transient elevation of HIV-1 VL, 50-999 copies/ml). We employed a multiomics approach including deep immunological B and T cell phenotype in PBMC, with aging B cells defined by the expression of T-bet and CD11c; plasma proteomics analysis by mass spectrometry and serum level of anti-measles antibodies as correlates of humoral response. We found that individuals with expansion of aging B cell, defined by the expression of T-bet+CD11c+, were those starting treatment later, presenting detectable levels of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, history of Spikes, and a higher frequency of exhausted T-cells, including those expressing PD-1, LAG3, TIGIT. Accordingly, the proteomic analysis revealed that subjects with expansion of aging B cells and exhausted T cells had enrichment of proteins involved in immune inflammation and complement activation pathways, such as CLU and APCS which are also involved in tumor progression. Signs of precocious aging were associated with a reduced capacity to maintain virological memory against measles vaccination. To our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on precocious B-cell aging and dysfunctionality in PHIV with long-term virological suppression. Our experimental strategy enabled identification of clinical, viral, cellular and plasma soluble markers associated with B-cells aging. Our results pave the way to further define risk of disease progression or lymphoproliferative disorders in PHIV.

Author summaryDespite a successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), adolescence living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) experience B-cells dysfunction, including loss of vaccine-induced immunological memory and higher risk of developing B-cells associated tumors. It is thus paramount to define novel and precise correlates of precious aging B cell for the definition of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we studied 40 PHIV who started treatment by 2nd year of life and maintain virological suppression for 13.5 years, with 5/40 patients experiencing transient elevation of the HIV-1 load in the plasma (Spike). We applied a multi-omics approach including immunological B and T cell phenotype, plasma proteomics analysis and serum level of anti-measles antibodies as functional correlates of vaccine-induced immunity. We found that levels of aging B cells were positively associated with age at ART start, cell associated HIV-1 RNA (caHIV-1 RNA) and the presence of Spikes. Individuals with increased proportions of aging B cells had concomitant expansion of exhausted T cells and were unable to maintain vaccine-induced immunity over time. B-cell aging, and T-cell exhaustion were also associated with proteins involved in immune inflammation. The factors found here to be associated with aging B-cell could inform further therapeutic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruggiero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascucci, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotugno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagarro Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>included in the manuscript,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of precocious B-cell aging in European adolescences living with perinatally acquired HIV-1 after over 10 years of suppressive therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction during stroke is prevented by rapamycin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglial phagocytosis is rapidly emerging as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. An efficient removal of cellular debris is necessary to prevent buildup damage of neighbor neurons and the development of an inflammatory response. As the brain professional phagocytes, microglia are equipped with an array of mechanisms that enable them to recognize and degrade several types of cargo, including neurons undergoing apoptotic cell death. While microglia are very competent phagocytes of apoptotic cells under physiological conditions, here we report their dysfunction in mouse and monkey (Macaca fascicularis and Callithrix jacchus) models of stroke by transient occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (tMCAo). The impairment of both engulfment and degradation was related to energy depletion triggered by oxygen and nutrients deprivation (OND), which led to reduced process motility, lysosomal depletion, and the induction of a protective autophagy response in microglia. Basal autophagy, which is in charge of removing and recycling intracellular elements, was critical to maintain microglial physiology, including survival and phagocytosis, as we determined both in vivo and in vitro using knock-out models of autophagy genes and the autophagy inhibitor MRT68921. Notably, the autophagy inducer rapamycin partially prevented the phagocytosis impairment induced by tMCAo in vivo but not by OND in vitro. These results suggest a more complex role of microglia in stroke than previously acknowledged, classically related to the inflammatory response. In contrast, here we demonstrate the impairment of apoptotic cell phagocytosis, a microglial function critical for brain recovery. We propose that phagocytosis is a therapeutic target yet to be explored and provide evidence that it can be modulated in vivo using rapamycin, setting the stage for future therapies for stroke patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beccari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra-Torre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Zaballa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carretero-Guillen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capetillo-Zarate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domercq, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramonet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touzani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canet-Soulas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomgren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza-Zabala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction during stroke is prevented by rapamycin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by synthesized peptides delivered in glucan particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high global burden of cryptococcosis has made development of a protective vaccine a public health priority. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine composed of recombinant Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylase 2 (Cda2) delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice from an otherwise lethal challenge with a highly virulent C. neoformans strain. An immunoinformatic analysis of Cda2 revealed a peptide sequence predicted to have strong binding to the MHC Class II (MHC II) H2-IAd allele found in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with GPs containing a 32 amino acid peptide (Cda2-Pep1) that included this strong binding region were protected from cryptococcosis. Protection was lost with GP-based vaccines containing versions of recombinant Cda2 protein and Cda2-Pep1 with mutations predicted to greatly diminish MHC II binding. Cda2 has homology to the three other C. neoformans chitin deacetylases, Cda1, Cda3 and Fpd1, in the high MHC II binding region. GPs loaded with homologous peptides of Cda1, Cda3 and Fpd1 protected BALB/c mice from experimental cryptococcosis, albeit not as robustly as the Cda2-Pep1 vaccine. Finally, seven other peptides were synthesized based on regions in Cda2 predicted to contain promising CD4+ T cell epitopes in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. While five peptide vaccines significantly protected BALB/c mice, only one protected C57BL/6 mice. Thus, GP-based vaccines containing a single peptide can protect mice against cryptococcosis. However, given the diversity of human MHC II alleles, a peptide-based Cryptococcus vaccine for use in humans would be challenging and likely need to contain multiple peptide sequences.

ImportanceCryptococcosis, due to infection by fungi of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised persons, particularly those with AIDS. Cryptococcal vaccines are a public health priority yet are not available for human use. We previously demonstrated mice could be protected from experimental cryptococcosis with vaccines composed of recombinant cryptococcal proteins encased in hollow highly purified yeast cell walls (glucan particles). Here, we examined one such protective protein, Cda2, and using bioinformatics, identified a region predicted to stimulate strong T cell responses. A peptide containing this region formulated in glucan particle-based vaccines protected mice as well as the recombinant protein. Other peptide vaccines also protected, including peptides containing sequences from proteins homologous to Cda2. These preclinical mouse studies provide a proof of principle that peptides can be effective as vaccines to protect against cryptococcosis and that bioinformatic approaches can guide peptide selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Specht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by synthesized peptides delivered in glucan particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable Transcription Factor Library for Robust Quantification of Gene Expression Dynamics in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the quantitative regulatory function of a TF based on factors such as binding sequence, binding location and promoter type is not possible. The interconnected nature of gene networks and the difficulty in tuning individual TF concentrations makes the isolated study of TF function challenging. Here we present a library of E. coli strains designed to allow for precise control of the concentration of individual TFs enabling the study of the role of TF concentration on physiology and regulation. We demonstrate the usefulness of this resource by measuring the regulatory function of the zinc responsive TF, ZntR and the paralogous TF pair, GalR/GalS. For ZntR, we find that zinc alters ZntR regulatory function in a way that enables activation of the regulated gene to be robust with respect to ZntR concentration. For GalR and GalS, we are able to demonstrate that these parlogous TFs have fundamentally distinct regulatory roles beyond differences in binding affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parisutham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable Transcription Factor Library for Robust Quantification of Gene Expression Dynamics in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation of immunity-linked genes by membrane disruption is linked to Golgi function and the ARF-1 GTPase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunity-linked genes (ILGs) are activated by pathogens but also may respond to imbalances in lipids. Why pathogen attack and metabolic changes both impact ILG activation is unclear. We find that ILGs are activated when membrane phosphatidylcholine ratios change in secretory organelles in C. elegans. RNAi targeting of the ADP-ribosylation factor ARF-1, which disrupts the Golgi, also activates ILG expression, suggesting that activation of this membrane stress response could occur outside the ER. Our data argue that ILG upregulation is a coordinated response to changes in trafficking resulting from intrinsic cues (changes in membrane lipids) or extrinsic stimulation (increased secretion during immune response). Indeed, a focused RNAi screen of ILGs uncovered defects in secretion of two GFP reporters as well as accumulation of a pathogen-responsive CUB-domain fusion protein. These results also suggests that genes shared between the classical pathogen responses and lipid stress may act to counteract stress on secretory function.

TeaserPathogen response genes are also activated by lipid imbalances, which we suggest occurs because both processes put stress on the secretory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smulan, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanelli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation of immunity-linked genes by membrane disruption is linked to Golgi function and the ARF-1 GTPase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third generation Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PIs), glecaprevir and voxilaprevir, are highly effective across genotypes and against many resistant variants. Unlike earlier PIs, these compounds have fluorine substitutions on the P2-P4 macrocycle and P1 moieties. Fluorination has long been used in medicinal chemistry as a strategy to improve physicochemical properties and potency. However, the molecular basis by which fluorination improves potency and resistance profile of HCV NS3/4A PIs is not well understood. To systematically analyze the contribution of fluorine substitutions to inhibitor potency and resistance profile, we used a multi-disciplinary approach involving inhibitor design and synthesis, enzyme inhibition assays, co-crystallography, and structural analysis. A panel of inhibitors in matched pairs were designed with and without P4 cap fluorination, tested against WT protease and the D168A resistant variant, and a total of 22 high-resolution co-crystal structures were determined. While fluorination did not significantly improve potency against the WT protease, PIs with fluorinated P4 caps retained much better potency against the D168A protease variant. Detailed analysis of the co-crystal structures revealed that PIs with fluorinated P4 caps can sample alternate binding conformations that enable adapting to structural changes induced by the D168A substitution. Our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of fluorine-specific inhibitor interactions that can be leveraged in avoiding drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zephyr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovrasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level reference genomes for two strains of Caenorhabditis briggsae: an improved platform for comparative genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The publication of the Caenorhabditis briggsae reference genome in 2003 enabled the first comparative genomics studies between C. elegans and C. briggsae, shedding light on the evolution of genome content and structure in the Caenorhabditis genus. However, despite being widely used, the currently available C. briggsae reference genome is substantially less complete and structurally accurate than the C. elegans reference genome. Here, we used high-coverage Oxford Nanopore long-read and chromosome conformation capture data to generate chromosomally resolved reference genomes for two C. briggsae strains: QX1410, a new reference strain closely related to the laboratory AF16 strain, and VX34, a highly divergent strain isolated in China. We also sequenced 99 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from reciprocal crosses between QX1410 and VX34 to create a recombination map and identify chromosomal domains. Additionally, we used both short- and long-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to generate high-quality gene annotations. By comparing these new reference genomes to the current reference, we reveal that hyper-divergent haplotypes cover large portions of the C. briggsae genome, similar to recent reports in C. elegans and C. tropicalis. We also show that the genomes of selfing Caenorhabditis species have undergone more rearrangement than their outcrossing relatives, which has biased previous estimates of rearrangement rate in Caenorhabditis. These new genomes provide a substantially improved platform for comparative genomics in Caenorhabditis and narrow the gap between the quality of genomic resources available for C. elegans and C. briggsae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanny, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrakar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level reference genomes for two strains of Caenorhabditis briggsae: an improved platform for comparative genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.468909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSC-independent definitive hematopoietic cells persist into adult life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.468909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stem cell theory that all blood cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a central dogma in hematology. However, various types of blood cells are already produced from hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) before the first HSCs appear at embryonic day (E)11 in the mouse embryo. This early blood cell production from HECs, called HSC-independent hematopoiesis, includes primitive and definitive erythromyeloid progenitors that transiently support fetal blood homeostasis until HSC-derived hematopoiesis is established. Lymphoid potential has traditionally been detected in the extra-embryonic yolk sac (YS) and/or embryos before HSC emergence, but the actual presence of lymphoid progenitors at this stage remains unknown. In addition, whether HSCs in the fetal liver are the main source of innate-like B-1a cells has been controversial. Here, using complementary lineage tracing mouse models, we show that HSC-independent multipotent progenitors (MPPs) and HSC-independent adoptive B-lymphoid progenitors persist into adult life. Furthermore, HSCs minimally contribute to the peritoneal B-1a cell pool; most B-1a cells are originated directly from ECs in the YS and embryo and HSC-independent for life. Our discovery of extensive HSC-independent MPP and B-lymphoid progenitors in adults attests to the complex blood developmental dynamics through embryo to adult that underpin the immune system and challenges the paradigm of HSC theory in hematology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portilho, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiente, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.468909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSC-independent definitive hematopoietic cells persist into adult life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HIV-1 capsid core is an opportunistic nuclear import receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The movement of viruses and other large macromolecular cargo through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is poorly understood. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) provides an attractive model to interrogate this process due to the genetic and cell biological assays to score virus nuclear entry in living cells. Although initial studies of HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells focused on karyophilic virion proteins, subsequent work revealed the viral capsid (CA), the chief structural component of the pre-integration complex (PIC), to be a critical determinant in nuclear transport1. In support of this model, HIV-1 interactions with NPCs can be altered through CA mutation2, which makes direct contact with nucleoporins (Nups)3-5. Here we identify Nup35, Nup153, and POM121 to coordinately support HIV-1 nuclear entry. For Nup35 and POM121, this dependence was strongly dependent cyclophilin A (CypA) interaction with CA. Mutation of CA or removal of soluble host factors changed the interaction with the NPC. Collectively, these findings implicate the HIV-1 CA hexameric lattice that encapsulates the viral genome as a macromolecular nuclear transport receptor (NTR) that exploits soluble host factors to modulate NPC requirements during nuclear invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gres, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guney, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarafianos, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KewalRamani, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HIV-1 capsid core is an opportunistic nuclear import receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive polysomal association of Upf1, Upf2, and Upf3 as ribosomes traverse mRNA coding regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upf1, Upf2, and Upf3 are the central regulators of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), the eukaryotic mRNA quality control pathway generally triggered when a premature termination codon is recognized by the ribosome. The NMD-related functions of the Upf proteins likely commence while these factors are ribosome-associated, but little is known of the timing of their ribosome binding, their specificity for ribosomes translating NMD substrates, or the nature and role of any ribosome:Upf complexes. Here, we have elucidated details of the ribosome-associated steps of NMD. By combining yeast genetics with selective ribosome profiling and co-sedimentation analyses of polysomes with wild-type and mutant Upf proteins, our approaches have identified distinct states of ribosome:Upf association. All three Upf factors manifest progressive polysome association as mRNA translation proceeds, but these events appear to be preceded by formation of a Upf1:80S complex as mRNAs initiate translation. This complex is likely executing an early mRNA surveillance function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangkalaphiban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive polysomal association of Upf1, Upf2, and Upf3 as ribosomes traverse mRNA coding regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWR1C catalyzes H2A.Z deposition by coupling ATPase activity to the nucleosome acidic patch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SWR1C chromatin remodeling enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent exchange of nucleosomal histone H2A for the histone variant H2A.Z, a key variant involved in a multitude of nuclear functions. How the 14-subunit SWR1C engages the nucleosomal substrate remains largely unknown. Studies on the ISWI, CHD1, and SWI/SNF families of chromatin remodeling enzymes have demonstrated key roles for the nucleosomal acidic patch for remodeling activity, however a role for this nucleosomal epitope in nucleosome editing by SWR1C has not been tested. Here, we employ a variety of biochemical assays to demonstrate an essential role for the acidic patch in the H2A.Z exchange reaction. Utilizing asymmetrically assembled nucleosomes, we demonstrate that the acidic patches on each face of the nucleosome are required for SWR1C-mediated dimer exchange, suggesting SWR1C engages the nucleosome in a "pincer-like" conformation, engaging both patches simultaneously. Loss of a single acidic patch results in loss of high affinity nucleosome binding and nucleosomal stimulation of ATPase activity. We identify a conserved arginine-rich motif within the Swc5 subunit that binds the acidic patch and is key for dimer exchange activity. In addition, our cryoEM structure of a Swc5-nucleosome complex suggests that promoter proximal, histone H2B ubiquitinylation may regulate H2A.Z deposition. Together these findings provide new insights into how SWR1C engages its nucleosomal substrate to promote efficient H2A.Z deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gioacchini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWR1C catalyzes H2A.Z deposition by coupling ATPase activity to the nucleosome acidic patch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurexins in serotonergic neurons regulate serotonin transmission and complex mouse behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive serotonin (5-HT) innervation throughout the brain corroborates 5-HTs modulatory role in numerous cognitive activities. Volume transmission is the major mode for 5-HT transmission but mechanisms underlying 5-HT signaling are still largely unknown. Abnormal brain 5-HT levels and function have been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurexin (Nrxn) genes encode presynaptic cell adhesion molecules important for the regulation of synaptic neurotransmitter release, notably glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Mutations in Nrxn genes are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD. However, the role of Nrxn genes in the 5-HT system is poorly understood. Here, we generated a mouse model with all three Nrxn genes disrupted specifically in 5-HT neurons to study how Nrxns affect 5-HT transmission. Loss of Nrxns in 5-HT neurons reduced the number of serotonin neurons in the early postnatal stage, impaired 5-HT release, and decreased 5-HT release sites and serotonin transporter expression. Furthermore, 5-HT neuron-specific Nrxn knockout reduced sociability and increased depressive-like behavior. Our results highlight functional roles for Nrxns in 5-HT neurotransmission, 5-HT neuron survival, and the execution of complex behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uemura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamura Kawasawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurexins in serotonergic neurons regulate serotonin transmission and complex mouse behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.472010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Structural Analysis of Influenza Virus by Cryo-electron Tomography and Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.472010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses pose severe public health threats; they cause millions of infections and tens of thousands of deaths annually in the US. Influenza viruses are extensively pleomorphic, in both shape and size as well as organization of viral structural proteins. Analysis of influenza morphology and ultrastructure can help elucidate viral structure-function relationships as well as aid in therapeutics and vaccine development. While cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) can depict the 3D organization of pleomorphic influenza, the low signal-to-noise ratio inherent to cryoET and extensive viral heterogeneity have precluded detailed characterization of influenza viruses. In this report, we developed a cryoET processing pipeline leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to characterize the morphological architecture of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza strain. Our pipeline improved the throughput of cryoET analysis and accurately identified viral components within tomograms. Using this approach, we successfully characterized influenza viral morphology, glycoprotein density, and conduct subtomogram averaging of HA glycoproteins. Application of this processing pipeline can aid in the structural characterization of not only influenza viruses, but other pleomorphic viruses and infected cells.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.472010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Structural Analysis of Influenza Virus by Cryo-electron Tomography and Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenine Base Editing in vivo with a Single Adeno-Associated Virus Vector 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base editors (BEs) have opened new avenues for the treatment of genetic diseases. However, advances in delivery approaches are needed to enable disease targeting of a broad range of tissues and cell types. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors remain one of the most promising delivery vehicles for gene therapies. Currently, most BE/guide combinations and their promoters exceed the packaging limit (~5 kb) of AAVs. Dual-AAV delivery strategies often require high viral doses that impose safety concerns. In this study, we engineered an adenine base editor using a compact Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis (Nme2Cas9). Compared to the well-characterized Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9-containing ABEs, Nme2-ABE possesses a distinct PAM (N4CC) and editing window, exhibits fewer off-target effects, and can efficiently install therapeutically relevant mutations in both human and mouse genomes. Importantly, we show that in vivo delivery of Nme2-ABE and its guide RNA by a single-AAV vector can efficiently edit mouse genomic loci and revert the disease mutation and phenotype in an adult mouse model of tyrosinemia. We anticipate that Nme2-ABE, by virtue of its compact size and broad targeting range, will enable a range of therapeutic applications with improved safety and efficacy due in part to packaging in a single-vector system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojelabi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenine Base Editing in vivo with a Single Adeno-Associated Virus Vector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are a powerful tool for studying development and disease, but the considerable phenotypic variation between lines makes it challenging to replicate key findings and integrate data across research groups. To address this issue, we sub-cloned candidate iPSC lines and deeply characterised their genetic properties using whole genome sequencing, their genomic stability upon CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, and their phenotypic properties including differentiation to commonly-used cell types. These studies identified KOLF2.1J as an all-around well-performing iPSC line. We then shared KOLF2.1J with groups around the world who tested its performance in head-to-head comparisons with their own preferred iPSC lines across a diverse range of differentiation protocols and functional assays. On the strength of these findings, we have made KOLF2.1J and hundreds of its gene-edited derivative clones readily accessible to promote the standardization required for large-scale collaborative science in the stem cell field.

SummaryThe authors of this collaborative study deeply characterized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to rationally select a clonally-derived cell line that performs well across multiple modalities. KOLF2.1J was identified as a candidate reference cell line based on single-cell analysis of its gene expression in the pluripotent state, whole genome sequencing, genomic stability after highly efficient CRISPR-mediated gene editing, integrity of the p53 pathway, and the efficiency with which it differentiated into multiple target cell populations. Since it is deeply characterized and can be readily acquired, KOLF2.1J is an attractive reference cell line for groups working with iPSCs.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebesta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockwick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinner-Bibeau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papademetriou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coccia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrafha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahfeldt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanellati, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basundra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDITRE: scalable and interpretable machine learning for predicting host status from temporal microbiome dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal microbiome datasets are being generated with increasing regularity, and there is broad recognition that these studies are critical for unlocking the mechanisms through which the microbiome impacts human health and disease. Yet, there is a dearth of computational tools for analyzing microbiome time-series data. To address this gap, we developed an open-source software package, MDITRE, which implements a new highly efficient method leveraging deep-learning technologies to derive human-interpretable rules that predict host status from longitudinal microbiome data. Using semi-synthetic and a large compendium of publicly available 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenomics sequencing datasets, we demonstrate that in almost all cases, MDITRE performs on par or better than popular uninterpretable machine learning methods, and orders-of-magnitude faster than the prior interpretable technique. MDITRE also provides a graphical user interface, which we show through use cases can readily derive biologically meaningful interpretations linking patterns of microbiome changes over time with host phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maringanti, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDITRE: scalable and interpretable machine learning for predicting host status from temporal microbiome dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.466282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RFX6-mediated dysregulation defines human β cell dysfunction in early type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.466282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a major cause of world-wide morbidity and mortality, is dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet {beta} cells1-3. T2D genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of signals, mostly in the non-coding genome and overlapping {beta} cell regulatory elements, but translating these into biological mechanisms has been challenging4-6. To identify early disease-driving events, we performed single cell spatial proteomics, sorted cell transcriptomics, and assessed islet physiology on pancreatic tissue from short-duration T2D and control donors. Here, through integrative analyses of these diverse modalities, we show that multiple gene regulatory modules are associated with early-stage T2D {beta} cell-intrinsic defects. One notable example is the transcription factor RFX6, which we show is a highly connected {beta} cell hub gene that is reduced in T2D and governs a gene regulatory network associated with insulin secretion defects and T2D GWAS variants. We validated the critical role of RFX6 in {beta} cells through direct perturbation in primary human islets followed by physiological and single nucleus multiome profiling, which showed reduced dynamic insulin secretion and large-scale changes in the {beta} cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscape. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of complex, systemic diseases necessitates integration of signals from multiple molecules, cells, organs, and individuals and thus we anticipate this approach will be a useful template to identify and validate key regulatory networks and master hub genes for other diseases or traits with GWAS data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettway, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventresca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Pancreas Analysis Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.466282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RFX6-mediated dysregulation defines human β cell dysfunction in early type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microcin MccI47 selectively inhibits enteric bacteria and reduces carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in vivo when administered via an engineered live biotherapeutic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the reservoir for multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, specifically carbapenem-resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae, which often lead to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes, severe extraintestinal infections, and lethal outcomes. Selective GI decolonization has been proposed as a new strategy for preventing transmission to other body sites and minimizing spreading to susceptible individuals.

ResultsHere, we purify the to-date uncharacterized class IIb microcin I47 (MccI47) and demonstrate potent inhibition of numerous Enterobacteriaceae, including multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, in vitro at concentrations resembling those of commonly prescribed antibiotics. We then genetically modify the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to produce MccI47 from a stable multicopy plasmid by using MccI47 toxin production in a counterselection mechanism to engineer one of the native EcN plasmids, which renders provisions for inducible expression and plasmid selection unnecessary. We then test the clinical relevance of the MccI47-producing engineered EcN in a murine CR K. pneumoniae colonization model and demonstrate significant MccI47-dependent reduction of CR K. pneumoniae abundance after seven days of daily oral live biotherapeutic administration without disruption of the resident microbiota.

ConclusionsThis study provides the first demonstration of MccI47 as a potent antimicrobial against certain Enterobacteriaceae, and its ability to significantly reduce the abundance of CR K. pneumoniae in a preclinical animal model, when delivered from an engineered live biotherapeutic product. This study serves as the foundational step towards the use of engineered live biotherapeutic products aimed at the selective removal of MDR pathogens from the GI tract
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortzfeld, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado-Lubo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silby, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microcin MccI47 selectively inhibits enteric bacteria and reduces carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in vivo when administered via an engineered live biotherapeutic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PERIOD phosphoclusters control temperature compensation of the Drosophila circadian clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature compensation is a critical feature of circadian rhythms, but how it is achieved remains elusive. Here, we uncovered the important role played by the Drosophila PERIOD (PER) phosphodegron in temperature compensation. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we introduced a series of mutations that altered three Serines (S44, 45 and 47) belonging to the PER phosphodegron, the functional homolog of mammalian PER2s S487 phosphodegron, which impacts temperature compensation. While all three Serine to Alanine substitutions lengthened period at all temperatures tested, temperature compensation was differentially affected. S44A and S45A substitutions caused decreased temperature compensation, while S47A resulted in overcompensation. These results thus reveal unexpected functional heterogeneity of phosphodegron residues in thermal compensation. Furthermore, mutations impairing phosphorylation of the pers phosphocluster decreased thermal compensation, consistent with its inhibitory role on S47 phosphorylation. Interestingly, the S47A substitution caused increased accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated PER at warmer temperatures. This finding was corroborated by cell culture assays in which S47A resulted in excessive temperature compensation of phosphorylation-dependent PER degradation. Thus, we show a novel role of the PER phosphodegron in temperature compensation through temperature-dependent modulation of the abundance of hyper-phosphorylated PER. Our work also reveals interesting mechanistic convergences and differences between mammalian and Drosophila temperature compensation of the circadian clock.

Author summaryCircadian rhythms are critical adaptive mechanisms that enable most organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to the changes that occur in their environment every day. Ambient temperature varies constantly, but interestingly molecular circadian pacemakers do not accelerate with increasing temperature, while most biochemical reactions are sensitive to temperature. This phenomenon of circadian temperature compensation is poorly understood. Using genome editing and transgenic approaches, we found that two phosphorylated motifs in the Drosophila PERIOD protein, which regulate stability, impact temperature compensation. Moreover, we observed that mutation of a key Serine residue controlling PER degradation, S47, affects the accumulation of phosphorylated PER in a temperature-dependent manner, and causes PER degradation kinetics to become overly protected from increased temperature. As a result, the circadian clock of S47 mutant flies is excessively temperature-compensated. Our work thus reveals an interesting mechanism that controls temperature compensation in Drosophila. Moreover, comparison with mammals reveal interesting similarities, but also important differences in how temperature compensation of the circadian clock is achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PERIOD phosphoclusters control temperature compensation of the Drosophila circadian clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A NEUROGENIC GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE SUPPORTS HUMAN THERMOGENIC ADIPOSE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN VIVO. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms that control "beige/brite" thermogenic adipose tissue development may be harnessed to improve human metabolic health. To define these mechanisms, we developed a species-hybrid model in which human mesenchymal progenitor cells were used to develop white or thermogenic/beige adipose tissue in mice. The hybrid adipose tissue developed distinctive features of human adipose tissue, such as larger adipocyte size, despite its neurovascular architecture being entirely of murine origin. Thermogenic adipose tissue recruited a denser, qualitatively distinct vascular network, differing in genes mapping to circadian rhythm pathways, and denser sympathetic innervation. The enhanced thermogenic neurovascular network was associated with human adipocyte expression of THBS4, TNC, NTRK3 and SPARCL1, which enhance neurogenesis, and decreased expression of MAOA and ACHE, which control neurotransmitter tone. Systemic inhibition of MAOA, which is present in human but absent in mouse adipocytes, induced browning of human but not mouse adipose tissue, revealing the physiological relevance of this pathway. Our results reveal species-specific cell type dependencies controlling the development of thermogenic adipose tissue and point to human adipocyte MAOA as a potential target for metabolic disease therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solivan-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang Loureiro, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skritakis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A NEUROGENIC GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE SUPPORTS HUMAN THERMOGENIC ADIPOSE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN VIVO.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell culture model system utilizing engineered A549 cells to express high levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 for investigating SARS-CoV-2 infection and antivirals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to pose an imminent global threat since its initial outbreak in December 2019. A simple in vitro model system using cell lines highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical to facilitate the study of the virus cycle and to discover effective antivirals against the virus. Human lung alveolar A549 cells are regarded as a useful and valuable model for respiratory virus infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 as receptor for viral entry and the TMPRSS2 to prime the Spike protein, both of which are negligibly expressed in A549 cells. Here, we report the generation of a robust human lung epithelial cell-based model by transducing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 into A549 cells and show that the ACE2 enriched A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cells (ACE2plus) and its single-cell-derived subclone (ACE2plusC3) are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These engineered ACE2plus showed higher ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression levels than currently used Calu3 and commercial A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cells. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins were also highly and ubiquitously expressed in ACE2plusC3 cells. Additionally, antiviral drugs like Camostat mesylate, EIDD-1931, and Remdesivir strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication. Notably, multinucleated syncytia, a clinical feature commonly observed in severe COVID-19 patients was induced in ACE2plusC3 cells either by virus infection or by overexpressing the Spike proteins of different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Syncytial process was effectively blocked by the furin protease inhibitor, Decanoyl-RVKR-CMK. Taken together, we have developed a robust human A549 lung epithelial cell-based model that can be applied to probe SARS-CoV-2 replication and to facilitate the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderleeden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell culture model system utilizing engineered A549 cells to express high levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 for investigating SARS-CoV-2 infection and antivirals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbial Trimethylamine is Elevated in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis and Contributes to Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDThere is mounting evidence that microbes resident in the human intestine contribute to diverse alcohol-associated liver diseases (ALD) including the most deadly form known as alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH). However, mechanisms by which gut microbes synergize with excessive alcohol intake to promote liver injury are poorly understood. Furthermore, whether drugs that selectively target gut microbial metabolism can improve ALD has never been tested.

METHODSWe used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the levels of microbe and host choline co-metabolites in healthy controls and AH patients, finding elevated levels of the microbial metabolite trimethylamine (TMA) in AH. In subsequent studies, we treated mice with non-lethal bacterial choline TMA lyase (CutC/D) inhibitors to blunt gut microbe-dependent production of TMA in the context of chronic ethanol administration. Indices of liver injury were quantified by complementary RNA sequencing, biochemical, and histological approaches. In addition, we examined the impact of ethanol consumption and TMA lyase inhibition on gut microbiome structure via 16S rRNA sequencing.

RESULTSWe show the gut microbial choline metabolite trimethylamine (TMA) is elevated in AH patients and correlates with reduced hepatic expression of the TMA oxygenase flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). Provocatively, we find that small molecule inhibition of gut microbial CutC/D activity protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury. CutC/D inhibitor-driven improvement in ethanol-induced liver injury is associated with distinct reorganization of the gut microbiome and host liver transcriptome.

CONCLUSIONSThe microbial metabolite TMA is elevated in patients with AH, and inhibition of TMA production from gut microbes can protect mice from ethanol-induced liver injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helsley, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateshwari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schugar, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrdjen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClain, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radaeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotroff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allende, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbial Trimethylamine is Elevated in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis and Contributes to Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Dynamics of DNA Translocation by FtsK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial FtsK motor harvests energy from ATP to translocate double-stranded DNA during cell division. Here, we probe the molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated DNA translocation in FtsK by performing long timescale simulations of its hexameric assembly and individual subunits. From these simulations we predict signaling pathways that connect the ATPase active site to DNA-gripping residues, which allows the motor to coordinate its translocation activity with its ATPase activity. Additionally, we utilize well-tempered metadynamics simulations to compute free-energy landscapes that elucidate the extended-to-compact transition involved in force generation. We show that nucleotide binding promotes a compact conformation of a motor subunit, whereas the apo subunit is flexible. Together, our results support a mechanism whereby each ATP-bound subunit of the motor conforms to the helical pitch of DNA, and ATP hydrolysis/product release causes a subunit to lose grip of DNA. By ordinally engaging and disengaging with DNA, the FtsK motor unidirectionally translocates DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Dynamics of DNA Translocation by FtsK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput analysis of ANRIL circRNA isoforms in human pancreatic islets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antisense non-coding RNA in the INK locus (ANRIL) is a hotspot for genetic variants associated with cardiometabolic disease. We recently found increased ANRIL abundance in human pancreatic islets from donors with certain Type II Diabetes (T2D) risk-SNPs, including a T2D risk-SNP located within ANRIL exon 2 associated with beta cell proliferation. Recent studies have found that expression of circular species of ANRIL is linked to the regulation of cardiovascular phenotypes. Less is known about how the abundance of circular ANRIL may influence T2D phenotypes. Herein, we sequence circular RNA in pancreatic islets to characterize circular isoforms of ANRIL. We identify highly expressed circular ANRIL isoforms whose expression is correlated across dozens of individuals and characterize ANRIL splice sites that are commonly involved in back-splicing. We find that samples with the T2D risk allele in ANRIL exon 2 had higher ratios of circular to linear ANRIL compared to protective-allele carriers, and that higher circular:linear ANRIL was associated with decreased beta cell proliferation. Our study points to a combined involvement of both linear and circular ANRIL species in T2D phenotypes and opens the door for future studies of the molecular mechanisms by which ANRIL impacts cellular function in pancreatic islets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacMillan, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput analysis of ANRIL circRNA isoforms in human pancreatic islets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compartmentalized Cell Envelope Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intracellular membrane domain (IMD) is a metabolically active and laterally discrete membrane domain initially discovered in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The IMD correlates both temporally and spatially with the polar cell envelope elongation in M. smegmatis. Whether or not a similar membrane domain exists in pathogenic species remains unknown. Here we show that the IMD is a conserved membrane structure found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We used two independent approaches, density gradient fractionation of membrane domains and visualization of IMD-associated proteins through fluorescence microscopy, to determine the characteristics of the plasma membrane compartmentalization in M. tuberculosis. Proteomic analysis revealed that the IMD is enriched in metabolic enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of conserved cell envelope components such as peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Using a fluorescent protein fusion of IMD-associated proteins, we demonstrated that this domain is concentrated in the polar region of the rod-shaped cells, where active cell envelope biosynthesis is taking place. Proteomic analysis further revealed the enrichment of enzymes involved in synthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids in the IMD. We validated the IMD association of two enzymes, 1,3-fucosyltransferase and fucosyl 4- O-methyltransferase, which are involved in the final maturation steps of phenolic glycolipid biosynthesis. Taken together, these data indicate that functional compartmentalization of membrane is an evolutionarily conserved feature found in both M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis, and M. tuberculosis utilizes this membrane location for the synthesis of its surface- exposed lipid virulence factors.

IMPORTANCEM. tuberculosis remains an important public health threat, with more than one million deaths every year. The pathogens ability to survive in the human host for decades highlights the importance of understanding how this bacterium regulates and coordinates its metabolism, cell envelope elongation, and growth. The IMD is a membrane structure that associates with the subpolar growth zone of actively growing mycobacteria, but its existence is only known in a non- pathogenic model, M. smegmatis. Here, we demonstrated the presence of the IMD in M. tuberculosis, making the IMD an evolutionarily conserved plasma membrane compartment in mycobacteria. Furthermore, our study revealed that the IMD is the factory for synthesizing phenolic glycolipids, virulence factors produced by slow-growing pathogenic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puffal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszyk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compartmentalized Cell Envelope Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrpA1 is a shear stress mechanosensing channel regulating intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells are essential for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis and supporting tissue repair. Although genetic and biochemical programs controlling adult stem cell behavior have been extensively investigated, how mechanosensing regulates stem cells and tissue homeostasis is not well understood. Here, we show that shear stress can activate enteroendocrine cells, but not other gut epithelial cell types, to regulate intestine stem cell-mediated gut homeostasis. This shear stress sensing is mediated by transient receptor potential A1 (TrpA1), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel that expressed only in enteroendocrine cells among all gut epithelial cells. Genetic depletion of TrpA1 or modification of its shear stress sensing function causes reduced intestine stem cell proliferation and intestine growth. We further show that among the TrpA1 splice variants, only select isoforms are activated by shear stress. Altogether, our results suggest the naturally occurring mechanical force such as fluid passing generated shear stress regulates intestinal stem cell-mediated tissue growth by activating enteroendocrine cells, and Drosophila TrpA1 as a new shear stress sensor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirala, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrpA1 is a shear stress mechanosensing channel regulating intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2A.Z deposition by SWR1C involves multiple ATP-dependent steps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The histone variant H2A.Z is a conserved feature of nucleosomes flanking protein-coding genes. Deposition of H2A.Z requires ATP-dependent replacement of nucleosomal H2A by a chromatin remodeler related to the multi-subunit enzyme, yeast SWR1C. How these enzymes use ATP to promote this nucleosome editing reaction remains unclear. Here we use single-molecule and ensemble methodologies to identify three ATP-dependent phases in the H2A.Z deposition reaction. Real-time analysis of single nucleosome remodeling events reveals an initial, priming step that occurs after ATP addition that likely involves transient DNA unwrapping from the nucleosome. Priming is followed by rapid loss of histone H2A, which is subsequently released from the H2A.Z nucleosomal product. Surprisingly, the rates of both priming and the release of the H2A/H2B dimer are sensitive to ATP concentration. This complex reaction pathway provides multiple opportunities to regulate the timely and accurate deposition of H2A.Z at key genomic locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loparo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2A.Z deposition by SWR1C involves multiple ATP-dependent steps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.475644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exocyst is a conserved multimeric complex that participates in the final steps of the secretion of vesicles. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the exocyst is crucial for polar growth, morphology, and the organization of the Spitzenkorper (Spk), the apical body where secretory vesicles accumulate before being delivered to the plasma membrane. In the highly polarized cells of N. crassa, the exocyst subunits SEC-3, SEC-5, SEC-6, SEC-8, and SEC-15 were previously found localized at the plasma membrane of the cells apices, while EXO-70 and EXO-84 occupied the frontal outer layer of the Spk, occupied by vesicles. The localization of SEC-10 had remained so far elusive. In this work, SEC-10 was tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) either at its N- or C-terminus and found localized at the plasma membrane of growing hyphal tips, similar to what was previously observed for some exocyst subunits. While expression of an N-terminally tagged version of SEC-10 at its native locus was fully viable, expression of a C-terminally tagged version at its native locus resulted in severe hyphal growth and polarity defects. Additionally, a sec-10 knockout mutant in a heterokaryotic state (with genetically different nuclei) was viable but showed a strongly aberrant phenotype, confirming that this subunit is essential to maintain hyphal morphogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the lack of a Spk in the SEC-10-GFP strain, suggesting a critical role of the exocyst in the vesicular organization at the Spk. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed fewer peptides of exocyst subunits interacting with SEC-10-GFP than with GFP-SEC-10, suggesting an essential role of the C-terminus of SEC-10 in exocyst assembly and/or stability. Altogether, our data suggest that an unobstructed C-terminus of SEC-10 is indispensable for the exocyst complex function and that a GFP tag could be blocking important subunit-subunit interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa-Melendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Nunez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico-Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Andrade, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.475644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminal domain of SEC-10 is fundamental for exocyst function, Spitzenkorper organization and cell morphogenesis in Neurospora crassa.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exocyst stimulates each step of exocytic SNARE complex assembly and vesicle fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exocyst is a large multisubunit tethering complex essential for targeting and fusion of secretory vesicles in eukaryotic cells. Although the assembled exocyst complex is proposed to tether vesicles to the plasma membrane and activate the SNARE proteins for membrane fusion, only little is known about the key biochemical steps that exocyst stimulates in the course of SNARE complex assembly, a critical question defining the essential molecular role of the exocyst complex. Here, we use a combination of single molecule and bulk fluorescence assays with purified octameric yeast exocyst complexes to examine the role of exocyst in a reconstituted SNARE assembly and fusion system. We show that the exocyst complex simulates multiple steps spanning from SNARE protein activation to ternary complex assembly, rather than affecting only a specific subset of steps. We also observed that the exocyst has important downstream roles in driving membrane fusion, up to full content mixing of vesicle lumens. Our results suggest that the exocyst complex provides extensive chaperoning functions for the entire process of SNARE complex assembly, presumably using its multi-faceted structure provided by the eight subunits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exocyst stimulates each step of exocytic SNARE complex assembly and vesicle fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of C. elegans VASA homologs control Argonaute pathway specificity and promote transgenerational silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline Argonautes direct transcriptome surveillance within peri-nuclear membraneless organelles called nuage. In C. elegans, a family of Vasa-related Germ Line Helicase (GLH) proteins localize in, and promote the formation of nuage called P granules. Previous studies have implicated GLH proteins in inherited silencing but direct roles in amplification of small RNAs, or in target mRNA or Argonatue binding have not been identified. Here we show that GLH proteins compete with each other to control Argonaute pathway specificity, bind directly to Argonaute-target mRNAs and act to promote the amplification of small RNAs required for transgenerational inheritance. We show that the ATPase cycle of GLH-1 regulates its direct binding to the Argonaute WAGO-1 which engages amplified small RNAs. Our findings support a dynamic and direct role for GLH proteins in inherited silencing beyond their role as structural components of nuage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishidate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, E.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of C. elegans VASA homologs control Argonaute pathway specificity and promote transgenerational silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly-recognized, cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 CD4 T cell epitopes are highly conserved across human coronaviruses and presented by common HLA alleles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence homology between SARS-CoV-2 and common-cold human coronaviruses (HCoVs) raises the possibility that memory responses to prior HCoV infection can impact the T cell response in COVID-19. We studied T cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in convalescent COVID-19 donors, and identified a highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 sequence S811-831, with two overlapping epitopes presented by common MHC-II proteins HLA-DQ5 and HLA-DP4. These epitopes were recognized by CD4+ T cells from convalescent COVID-19 donors, mRNA vaccine recipients, and by low-abundance CD4+ T cells in uninfected donors. TCR sequencing revealed a diverse repertoire with public TCRs. CD4+ T cell cross-reactivity was driven by the remarkably strong conservation of T cell contact residues in both HLA-DQ5 and HLA-DP4 binding frames, with distinct patterns of HCoV cross-reactivity explained by MHC-II binding preferences and substitutions at secondary TCR contact sites. These data highlight S811-831 as a highly-conserved CD4+ T cell epitope broadly recognized across human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becerra-Artiles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Calle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Co, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanaware, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly-recognized, cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 CD4 T cell epitopes are highly conserved across human coronaviruses and presented by common HLA alleles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired ERK MAPK activation in mature osteoblasts enhances bone formation via the mTOR pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence supports that osteogenic differentiation of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) is a key determinant of overall bone formation and bone mass. Despite extensive studies showing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) function in osteoblast differentiation, none of these studies properly show in vivo evidence of impacting post-lineage commitment and subsequent maturation. Here, we describe how the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in osteoblasts controls bone formation by suppressing the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We also show that, while ERK inhibition blocks the differentiation of osteogenic precursors when initiated at an early stage, ERK inhibition surprisingly promotes the later stages of osteoblast differentiation. Accordingly, inhibition of the ERK pathway using a small compound inhibitor or conditional deletion of the MAP2Ks Mek1 and Mek2, in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes (Mek1/2Dmp1), markedly increased bone formation due to augmented osteoblast differentiation. Mice with inducible deletion of the ERK pathway in mature osteoblasts (Mek1/2Ocn-Ert) also displayed similar phenotypes, demonstrating that this phenotype reflects continuous postnatal inhibition of late-stage osteoblast maturation. Mechanistically, ERK inhibition increases mitochondrial function and SGK1 phosphorylation via mTOR2 activation, which leads to osteoblast differentiation and production of angiogenic and osteogenic factors to promote bone formation. This phenotype was partly reversed by inhibiting mTOR. Our study uncovers a surprising dichotomy of ERK pathway functions in osteoblasts, whereby ERK activation promotes the early differentiation of osteoblast precursors, but inhibits the subsequent differentiation of committed osteoblasts via mTOR-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function and SGK1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaugule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meulen, M. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblatt, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired ERK MAPK activation in mature osteoblasts enhances bone formation via the mTOR pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Substrate Envelope of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease to Predict and Avoid Drug Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses, as exemplified by SARS-CoV-2, can evolve and spread rapidly to cause severe disease morbidity and mortality. Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective in decreasing disease burden especially when they target essential viral enzymes, such as proteases and polymerases, as demonstrated in HIV-1 and HCV and most recently SARS-CoV-2. Optimization of these DAAs through iterative structure-based drug design has been shown to be critical. Particularly, the evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication can be leveraged to develop robust antivirals against rapidly evolving viral targets. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, which is evolutionarily constrained to recognize and cleave 11 specific sites to promote viral maturation, exemplifies one such target. In this study we define the substrate envelope of Mpro by determining the molecular basis of substrate recognition, through nine high-resolution cocrystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with the viral cleavage sites. These structures enable identification of evolutionarily vulnerable sites beyond the substrate envelope that may be susceptible to drug resistance and compromise binding of the newly developed Mpro inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockbaum, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandeske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Substrate Envelope of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease to Predict and Avoid Drug Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro activity of ertapenem against Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates with decreased susceptibility or resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins in Nanjing, China (2013-2019) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveNeisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Nanjing, China, that possessed decreased susceptibility (or resistance) to extended spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), were examined for susceptibility to ertapenem and their sequence types determined.

MethodsCeftriaxone and cefixime minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) [&ge;] 0.125 mg/L and [&ge;] 0.25 mg/L, respectively, were first determined in 259 strains isolated between 2013 and 2019 and then MICs of ertapenem were measured using the antimicrobial gradient epsilometer test (Etest). Genetic determinants of ESC resistance and multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) were also determined to analyze associations with ertapenem susceptibility.

ResultsAll isolates displayed ertapenem MICs between 0.006 mg/L-0.38 mg/L; the overall MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.032 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L. 44 (17.0%) isolates displayed ertapenem MICs of [&ge;] 0.125 mg/L; 10 (3.9%) had MICs [&ge;] 0.25 mg/L. The proportion of isolates with ertapenem MICs [&ge;] 0.125 mg/L increased from 4.0% in 2013, to 20.0% in 2019 ({chi}2= 24.144, P<0.001; Chi square test for linear trend). The penA mosaic allele was present in a significantly higher proportion of isolates with ertapenem MICs [&ge;] 0.125 mg/L compared to isolates with MICs [&le;] 0.094 mg/L) (97.7% vs. 34.9%, respectively; {chi}2=58.158, P<0.001). ST5308 was the most prevalent NG-MAST type (8.5%); ST5308 was also significantly more common among isolates with ertapenem MICs [&ge;] 0.125 mg/L vs. isolates with MICs [&le;] 0.094mg/L (22.7% and 5.6% respectively; {chi}2=13.815, P=0.001).

ConclusionsErtapenem may be effective therapy for gonococcal isolates with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ESCs and isolates with identifiable genetic resistance determinants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genco, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro activity of ertapenem against Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates with decreased susceptibility or resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins in Nanjing, China (2013-2019)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive fitness landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro reveals insights into viral resistance mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the continual evolution of new strains of SARS-CoV-2 that are more virulent, transmissible, and able to evade current vaccines, there is an urgent need for effective anti-viral drugs. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is a leading target for drug design due to its conserved and indispensable role in the viral life cycle. Drugs targeting Mpro appear promising but will elicit selection pressure for resistance. To understand resistance potential in Mpro, we performed a comprehensive mutational scan of the protease that analyzed the function of all possible single amino acid changes. We developed three separate high-throughput assays of Mpro function in yeast, based on either the ability of Mpro variants to cleave at a defined cut-site or on the toxicity of their expression to yeast. We used deep sequencing to quantify the functional effects of each variant in each screen. The protein fitness landscapes from all three screens were strongly correlated, indicating that they captured the biophysical properties critical to Mpro function. The fitness landscapes revealed a non-active site location on the surface that is extremely sensitive to mutation making it a favorable location to target with inhibitors. In addition, we found a network of critical amino acids that physically bridge the two active sites of the Mpro dimer. The clinical variants of Mpro were predominantly functional in our screens, indicating that Mpro is under strong selection pressure in the human population. Our results provide predictions of mutations that will be readily accessible to Mpro evolution and that are likely to contribute to drug resistance. This complete mutational guide of Mpro can be used in the design of inhibitors with reduced potential of evolving viral resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Nachum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive fitness landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro reveals insights into viral resistance mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensation of a nuclear mRNA export factor regulates mRNA transport during stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear mRNA export via nuclear pore complexes is an essential step in eukaryotic gene expression. Although factors involved in mRNA transport have been characterized, a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of this process and its regulation is lacking. Here, we use single-RNA imaging in yeast to show that cells use mRNA retention to control mRNA export during stress. We demonstrate that upon glucose withdrawal the essential RNA-binding factor Nab2 forms RNA-dependent condensate-like structures in the nucleus. This coincides with a reduced abundance of the DEAD-box ATPase Dbp5 at the nuclear pore. Depleting Dbp5, and consequently blocking mRNA export, is necessary and sufficient to trigger Nab2 condensation. The state of Nab2 condensation influences the extent of nuclear mRNA accumulation and can be recapitulated in vitro, where Nab2 forms RNA-dependent liquid droplets. We hypothesize that cells use condensation to regulate mRNA export and to control gene expression during stress.

HighlightsO_LIThe nuclear poly(A)-binding protein Nab2 forms RNA-containing condensate-like structures upon glucose starvation and upon acute cellular depletion of the DEAD-box ATPase Dbp5
C_LIO_LIThe Nab2 multimerization interface but not the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are essential for condensation in vitro and in vivo
C_LIO_LIGlucose stress leads to poly(A) RNA retention in the nucleus, which is affected by the state of the Nab2 condensate
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hondele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrer, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zedan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensation of a nuclear mRNA export factor regulates mRNA transport during stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A second DNA binding site on RFC facilitates clamp loading at gapped or nicked DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clamp loaders place circular sliding clamp proteins onto DNA so that clamp-binding partner proteins can synthesize, scan, and repair the genome. DNA with nicks or small single-stranded gaps are common clamp-loading targets in DNA repair, yet these substrates would be sterically blocked given the known mechanism for binding of primer-template DNA. Here, we report the discovery of a second DNA binding site in the yeast clamp loader Replication Factor C (RFC) that aids in binding to nicked or gapped DNA. This DNA binding site is on the external surface and is only accessible in the open conformation of RFC. Initial DNA binding at this site thus provides access to the primary DNA binding site in the central chamber. Furthermore, we identify that this site can partially unwind DNA to create an extended single-stranded gap for DNA binding in RFCs central chamber and subsequent ATPase activation. Finally, we show that deletion of the BRCT domain, a major component of the external DNA binding site, results in defective yeast growth in the presence of DNA damage where nicked or gapped DNA intermediates occur. We propose that RFCs external DNA binding site acts to enhance DNA binding and clamp loading, particularly at DNA architectures typically found in DNA repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaubitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A second DNA binding site on RFC facilitates clamp loading at gapped or nicked DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization of NLS Composition Improves CRISPR-Cas12a Editing Rates in Human Primary Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type V CRISPR-Cas12a systems are an attractive alternative nuclease platform for specific genome editing applications. However, previous studies demonstrate that there is a gap in overall activity between Cas12a and Cas9 in primary cells. Here we describe optimization to the nuclear localization signal composition and architecture of Cas12a to facilitate highly efficient targeted mutagenesis in mammalian cell lines (HEK293T, Jurkat, and K562 cells) and primary cells (NK cells and CD34+ HSPCs), regardless of Cas12a ortholog. A 3xNLS Cas12a architecture resulted in the most robust editing platform. The improved editing activity of Cas12a in both NK cells and CD34+ HSPCs resulted in pronounced phenotypic changes associated with target gene editing. Lastly, we demonstrated that optimization of the NLS composition and architecture of Cas12a did not decrease the specificity of editing in HEK293T and CD34+ HSPCs. Our new Cas12a NLS variant provides an improved nuclease platform for therapeutic genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitland, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrizi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnienselvan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization of NLS Composition Improves CRISPR-Cas12a Editing Rates in Human Primary Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the major classes of RNAs in the cell, tRNAs remain the most difficult to characterize via deep sequencing approaches, as tRNA secondary structure and nucleotide modifications can both interfere with cDNA synthesis by commonly-used reverse transcriptases (RTs). Here, we benchmark a recently-developed RNA cloning protocol, termed Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR), to characterize intact tRNAs and tRNA fragments in budding yeast and in mouse tissues. We find that OTTR robustly captures full-length tRNAs in budding yeast and in mouse testis, with relatively low levels of premature termination at known barriers - 1-methylguanine, N2,N2-dimethylguanine, and 1-methyladenine - to typical reverse transcriptases. Moreover, these and several other nucleotide modifications leave misincorporation signatures in OTTR datasets which enables their detection without any additional protocol steps. Turning to analysis of small RNAs such as tRNA cleavage products, we compare OTTR with several standard small RNA-Seq protocols, finding that OTTR provides the most accurate picture of tRNA fragment levels by comparison to "ground truth" Northern blots. Applying this protocol to mature mouse spermatozoa, our data dramatically alter our understanding of the small RNA cargo of mature mammalian sperm, revealing a far more complex population of tRFs - including both 5 and 3 tRNA halves derived from the majority of tRNAs - than previously appreciated. Taken together, our data confirm the superior performance of OTTR to commercial protocols in analysis of tRNA fragments, and force a reappraisal of potential epigenetic functions of the sperm small RNA payload.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaymak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sequencing of yeast and mouse tRNAs and tRNA fragments using OTTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human XIST RNA acts early to condense architecture which facilitates A-repeat density-dependent initiation of gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
XIST RNA triggers gene silencing chromosome-wide and transforms a euchromatic chromosome into a condensed Barr body. XIST is heavily studied in mouse ES cells, but here an inducible iPSC system allows analysis of initial steps in human chromosome silencing, revealing key points not known in either system. XIST RNA distribution was examined relative to biochemical and transcriptional changes directly within architecture of individual chromosome territories. Within a few hours of induction, XIST transcripts distribute as a large "sparse zone" and a smaller "dense zone", which, importantly, exhibit different effects on chromatin. Very sparse transcripts immediately trigger bright staining for H2AK119ub and CIZ1, a structural matrix protein. In contrast, H3K27me3 enrichment comes hours later and is much more restricted to the smaller dense RNA zone, which enlarges as the chromosome condenses. Importantly, silencing of several genes examined occurred well after architectural condensation, suggesting a possibly separable step. Surprisingly, we show the small A-repeat fragment of XIST can alone silence endogenous genes; however, results indicate this requires high local RNA density for effective histone deacetylation. Results support a concept whereby XIST RNA acts directly to condense the chromosome territory, comprised largely of non-coding DNA, which facilitates a required step to initiate gene silencing by the A-repeat. Hence, compacted architecture is not a consequence of collective gene silencing, but an early step required for chromosome-wide gene silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valledor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human XIST RNA acts early to condense architecture which facilitates A-repeat density-dependent initiation of gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IgD+ Age-Associated B cells are the progenitors of the main T-independent B cell response to infection that generates protective Ab and can be induced by an inactivated vaccine in the aged 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-associated B cells (ABC) accumulate with age and are associated with autoimmunity and chronic infection. However, their contributions to acute infection in the aged and their developmental pathways are unclear. We find that the response against influenza A virus infection in aged mice is dominated by a Fas+GL7- effector B cell population we call infection-induced-ABC (iABC). Most iABC express IgM and include antibody-secreting cells in the spleen, lung and bone marrow. We find that in response to influenza, IgD+CD21-CD23-ABC are the precursors of iABC. These IgD+ABC develop in germ free mice, so are independent of foreign antigen recognition, suggesting they arise from an intrinsic age-associated developmental program. The response of ABC to influenza infection, resulting in iABC, is T cell independent and requires both extrinsic TLR7 and TLR9 signals. In response to influenza infection, IgD+ABC can induce a faster recovery of weight and higher total anti-influenza IgG and IgM titers that can neutralize virus. Immunization with whole inactivated virus also generates iABC in aged mice. Thus, in unimmunized aged mice, whose other B and T cell responses have waned, IgD+ABC are likely the naive B cells with the potential to become Ab-secreting cells and to provide protection from infection in the aged.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kugler-Umana, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonkonogy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IgD+ Age-Associated B cells are the progenitors of the main T-independent B cell response to infection that generates protective Ab and can be induced by an inactivated vaccine in the aged]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for RNA or protein transport from somatic tissues to the male reproductive tract in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of tools to manipulate the mouse genome, including knockout and transgenic technology, revolutionized our ability to explore gene function in mammals. Moreover, for genes that are expressed in multiple tissues or at multiple stages of development, the use of tissue-specific expression of the Cre recombinase allows gene function to be perturbed in specific cell types and/or at specific times. However, it is well known that putative tissue-specific promoters often drive unanticipated "off target" expression. In our efforts to explore the biology of the male reproductive tract, we unexpectedly found that expression of Cre in the central nervous system resulted in recombination in the epididymis, a tissue where sperm mature for ~1-2 weeks following the completion of testicular development. Remarkably, we not only observed reporter expression in the epididymis when Cre expression was driven from neuron-specific transgenes, but also when Cre expression in the brain was induced from an AAV vector carrying a Cre expression construct. A surprisingly wide range of Cre drivers - including six different neuronal promoters as well as the adipose-specific AdipoQ Cre promoter - exhibited off target recombination in the epididymis, with a subset of drivers also exhibiting unexpected activity in other tissues such as the reproductive accessory glands. Finally, using a combination of parabiosis and serum transfer experiments, we find evidence supporting the hypothesis that Cre may be trafficked from its cell of origin to the epididymis through the circulatory system. Together, our findings should motivate extreme caution when interpreting conditional alleles, and suggest the exciting possibility of inter-tissue RNA or protein trafficking in modulation of reproductive biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messemer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desevin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukreja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for RNA or protein transport from somatic tissues to the male reproductive tract in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioframe: Operations on Genomic Intervals in Pandas Dataframes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenomic intervals are one of the most prevalent data structures in computational genome biology, and used to represent features ranging from genes, to DNA binding sites, to disease variants. Operations on genomic intervals provide a language for asking questions about relationships between features. While there are excellent interval arithmetic tools for the command line, they are not smoothly integrated into Python, one of the most popular general-purpose computational and visualization environments.

ResultsBioframe is a library to enable flexible and performant operations on genomic interval dataframes in Python. Bioframe extends the Python data science stack to use cases for computational genome biology by building directly on top of two of the most commonly-used Python libraries, numpy and pandas. The bioframe API enables flexible name and column orders, and decouples operations from data formats to avoid unnecessary conversions, a common scourge for bioinformaticians. Bioframe achieves these goals while maintaining high performance and a rich set of features.

Availability and implementationBioframe is open-source under MIT license, cross-platform, and can be installed from the Python package index. The source code is maintained by Open2C on Github at https://github.com/open2c/bioframe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Open2C,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyamer, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galitsyna, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imakaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioframe: Operations on Genomic Intervals in Pandas Dataframes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MafB, WDR77, and ss-catenin interact with each other and have similar genome association profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MafB (a bZIP transcription factor), {beta}-catenin (the ultimate target of the Wnt signal transduction pathway that acts as a transcriptional co-activator of LEF/TCF proteins), and WDR77 (a transcriptional co-activator of multiple hormone receptors) are important for breast cellular transformation. Unexpectedly, these proteins interact directly with each other, and they have similar genomic binding profiles. Furthermore, while some of these common target sites coincide with those bound by LEF/TCF, the majority are located just downstream of transcription initiation sites at a position near paused RNA polymerase (Pol II) and the +1 nucleosome. Occupancy levels of these factors at these promoter-proximal sites are strongly correlated with the level of paused Pol II and transcriptional activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MafB, WDR77, and ss-catenin interact with each other and have similar genome association profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.480995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation E525K in human beta-cardiac myosin stabilizes the interacting heads motif and super-relaxed state of myosin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.480995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The auto-inhibited, super-relaxed (SRX) state of cardiac myosin is thought to be crucial for regulating contraction, relaxation, and energy conservation in the heart. We used single ATP turnover experiments to demonstrate that a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mutation (E525K) in human beta-cardiac myosin increases the fraction of myosin heads in the SRX state (with slow ATP turnover), especially in physiological ionic strength conditions. We also utilized FRET between a C-terminal GFP tag on the myosin tail and Cy3ATP bound to the active site of the motor domain to estimate the fraction of heads in the closed, interacting-heads motif (IHM); we found a strong correlation between the IHM and SRX state. Negative stain EM and 2D class averaging of the construct demonstrated that the E525K mutation increased the fraction of molecules adopting the IHM. Overall, our results demonstrate that the E525K DCM mutation may reduce muscle force and power by stabilizing the auto-inhibited SRX state. Our studies also provide direct evidence for a correlation between the SRX biochemical state and the IHM structural state in cardiac muscle myosin. Furthermore, the E525 residue may be implicated in crucial electrostatic interactions that modulate this conserved, auto-inhibited conformation of myosin.

Significance StatementDilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by single point mutations in cardiac muscle myosin, the motor protein that powers contraction of the myocardium. We found that the E525K DCM mutation in the cardiac myosin heavy chain stabilizes the auto-inhibited, super-relaxed state, suggesting a mechanism by which this mutation reduces muscle force and power. The E525K mutation also highlights critical electrostatic interactions important for forming the conserved, auto-inhibited conformational state of striated muscle myosins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasicci, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desetty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadler, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.480995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation E525K in human beta-cardiac myosin stabilizes the interacting heads motif and super-relaxed state of myosin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling Through Arih2-Mediated Smoothened Ubiquitination and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During Hedgehog signaling, the ciliary levels of Ptch1 and Smo are regulated by pathway activity. At the basal state, Ptch1 localizes to cilia and prevents the ciliary accumulation and activation of Smo. Upon stimulation with Hedgehog ligand, Ptch1 exits cilia and relieves the inhibition of Smo. Uninhibited Smo concentrates in cilia, becomes activated, and activates the downstream steps of the pathway. Loss of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Arih2 elevates the cellular level of Smo, causes Smo to inappropriately localize to cilia at the at the basal state, and elevates basal expression of Hedgehog responsive genes. Mice express two isoforms of Arih2 with different N-termini, but neither isoform localizes to cilia. Instead, Arih2 is found in the nucleus and Arih2{beta} is found on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Re-expression of endoplasmic reticulum-localized Arih2{beta}, but not nuclear-localized Arih2 returns the cellular Smo levels back to normal and rescues the ciliary Smo accumulation phenotype. When Arih2{beta} is missing, protein aggregates accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response is activated. Inhibitor studies suggest that Arih2{beta} functions to mark excess or misfolded Smo for degradation by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. When Arih2{beta} is defective, excess Smo, possibly misfolded, is delivered to the cell surface and cilium where it interferes with pathway regulation. These findings add another level of complexity to the Hedgehog pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lv, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling Through Arih2-Mediated Smoothened Ubiquitination and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) specifically potentiates c-MYC-mediated transcription independently of the canonical heat-shock response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its pivotal roles in biology, how the transcriptional activity of c-MYC is attuned quantitatively remain poorly defined. Here, we show that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the master transcriptional regulator of the heat-shock, or proteotoxic stress, response, acts as a key modifier of the c-MYC-mediated transcription. HSF1 deficiency diminishes c-MYC DNA binding and dampens its transcriptional activity genome-widely. Mechanistically, c-MYC, MAX, and HSF1 assemble into a transcription factor complex on genomic DNAs and, surprisingly, the DNA binding of HSF1 is dispensable. Instead, HSF1 physically recruits the histone acetyltransferase GCN5, thereby promoting histone acetylation and augmenting c-MYC transcriptional activity. Thus, our studies reveal that HSF1 specifically potentiates the c-MYC-mediated transcription, distinct from its role in the canonical heat-shock response. Importantly, this mechanism of action engenders two distinct c-MYC activation states, primary and advanced, which may be important to accommodate diverse physiological and pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) specifically potentiates c-MYC-mediated transcription independently of the canonical heat-shock response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agent-based models help interpret patterns of clinical drug resistance by contextualizing competition between distinct drug failure modes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSIntroductionC_ST_ABSModern targeted cancer therapies are carefully crafted small molecules. These exquisite technologies exhibit an astonishing diversity of failure modes (drug resistance mechanisms) in the clinic. This diversity is surprising because back of the envelope calculations and classic modeling results in evolutionary dynamics suggest that the diversity in the modes of clinical drug resistance should be considerably smaller than what is observed. These same calculations suggest that known microenvironmental resistance mechanisms should not be able to compete for outgrowth with genetic resistance within a tumor, and yet evidence of microenvironmental resistance is often observed in the clinic. Quantitatively understanding the underlying biological mechanisms of failure mode diversity may improve the next generation of targeted anticancer therapies. It also provides insights into how intratumoral heterogeneity might shape interpatient diversity during clinical relapse.

Materials and MethodsWe employed spatial agent-based models to explore regimes where spatial constraints enable microenvironmental resistance to significantly compete with genetically resistant subclones. In order to parameterize a model of microenvironmental resistance, BT20 cells were cultured in the presence and absence of fibroblasts from 16 different tissues. The degree of resistance conferred by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment was quantified by treating mono- and co-cultures with letrozole and then measuring the death rates.

Results and DiscussionOur simulations indicate that, even when a mutation is more drug resistant, its outgrowth can be delayed by abundant, low magnitude microenvironmental resistance across large regions of a tumor. These observations hold for different modes of microenvironmental resistance, including juxtacrine signaling, soluble secreted factors, and remodeled ECM. This result helps to explain the remarkable diversity of resistance mechanisms observed in solid tumors, which subverts the presumption that the failure mode that causes the quantitatively fastest growth in the presence of drug should occur most often in the clinic.

ConclusionOur model results demonstrate that spatial effects can interact with low magnitude of resistance microenvironmental effects to successfully compete against genetic resistance that is orders of magnitude larger. Clinical outcomes of solid tumors are intrinsically connected to their spatial structure, and the tractability of spatial agent-based models like the ones presented here enable us to understand this relationship more completely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leighow, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agent-based models help interpret patterns of clinical drug resistance by contextualizing competition between distinct drug failure modes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keratinocyte-tethering modification for biologics enables location-precise treatment in mouse vitiligo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the central role of IFN{gamma} in vitiligo pathogenesis, systemic IFN{gamma} neutralization is an impractical treatment option due to strong immunosuppression. However, most vitiligo patients present with less than 20% affected body surface area, which provides an opportunity for localized treatments that avoid systemic side effects. After identifying keratinocytes as key cells that amplify IFN{gamma} signaling during vitiligo, we hypothesized that tethering an IFN{gamma} neutralizing antibody to keratinocytes would limit anti-IFN{gamma} effects to the treated skin for the localized treatment. To that end, we developed a bispecific antibody (BsAb) capable of blocking IFN{gamma} signaling while binding to desmoglein expressed by keratinocytes. We characterized the effect of the BsAb in vitro, ex vivo, and in a mouse model of vitiligo. SPECT/CT biodistribution and serum assays after local footpad injection revealed that the BsAb had improved skin retention, faster elimination from the blood, and less systemic IFN{gamma} inhibition than the non-tethered version. Furthermore, the BsAb conferred localized protection almost exclusively to the treated footpad during vitiligo that was not possible by local injection of the non-tethered anti-IFN{gamma} antibody. Thus, keratinocyte-tethering proved effective while significantly diminishing off-tissue effects of IFN{gamma} blockade, offering a new treatment strategy for localized skin diseases, including vitiligo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riding, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalano, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusckowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keratinocyte-tethering modification for biologics enables location-precise treatment in mouse vitiligo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skates are cartilaginous fish whose novel body plan features remarkably enlarged wing-like pectoral fins that allow them to thrive in benthic environments. The molecular underpinnings of this unique trait, however, remain elusive. Here we investigate the origin of this phenotypic innovation by developing the little skate Leucoraja erinacea as a genomically enabled model. Analysis of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome sequence for the little skate shows that it preserves many ancestral jawed vertebrate features compared with other sequenced genomes, including numerous ancient microchromosomes. Combining genome comparisons with extensive regulatory datasets in developing fins - gene expression, chromatin occupancy and three-dimensional (3D) conformation - we find skate-specific genomic rearrangements that alter the 3D regulatory landscape of genes involved in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Functional inhibition of PCP signaling resulted in marked reduction of anterior fin size, confirming this pathway as a major contributor of batoid fin morphology. We also identified a fin-specific enhancer that interacts with 3 HOX genes, consistent with the redeployment of Hox gene expression in anterior pectoral fins, and confirmed the potential of this element to activate transcription in the anterior fin using zebrafish reporter assays. Our findings underscore the central role of genome reorganizations and regulatory variation in the evolution of phenotypes, shedding light on the molecular origin of an enigmatic trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Calle-Mustienes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acemel, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paliou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cases, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleight, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrescavage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckett, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sospedra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbellay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupianez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ACLY depletion in obese mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic steatosis associated with high fat diets, obesity and type 2 diabetes is thought to be the major driver of severe liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA), a central metabolite and substrate for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is produced from citrate by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and from acetate through AcCoA synthase short chain family member 2 (ACSS2). However, the relative contributions of these two enzymes to hepatic AcCoA pools and DNL rates in response to high fat feeding is unknown. We report here that hepatocyte-selective depletion of either ACSS2 or ACLY caused similar 50% decreases in liver AcCoA levels in obese mice, showing that both pathways contribute to generation of this DNL substrate. Unexpectedly however, the hepatocyte ACLY depletion in obese mice paradoxically increased total DNL flux measured by D2O incorporation into palmitate, while in contrast ACSS2 depletion had no effect. The increase in liver DNL upon ACLY depletion was associated with increased expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and of its target DNL enzymes. This upregulated DNL enzyme expression explains the increased rate of palmitate synthesis in ACLY depleted livers. Furthermore, this increased flux through DNL may also contribute to the observed depletion of AcCoA levels due to its increased conversion to Malonyl CoA (MalCoA) and palmitate. Together, these data indicate that in HFD fed obese mice, hepatic DNL is not limited by its immediate substrates AcCoA or MalCoA, but rather by activities of DNL enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkayeva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical activation of SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ACLY depletion in obese mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EPHierStats: a statistical tool to model the hierarchical relationships in electrophysiological data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological datasets are typically analyzed under the assumption that repeated measurements of the same unit of analysis (i.e. neuron or animal) can be treated as statistically independent. Recently, this assumption has been questioned and our data confirms and quantifies this skepticism using ex vivo slice recordings of synaptic currents in D1R+ medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. We therefore present EPHierStats as a statistical framework to analyze electrophysiological datasets with large numbers of measurements (>100) per unit of analysis. This novel analysis framework enables encoding of the full hierarchical relationships between measurements in a mixed-effects general linear model while also analyzing the distribution of values in assessed variables. Our method can easily be adapted to analyze a wide range of repeated-measures electrophysiological experiments. Implementation of the EPHierStats tool will aid the adaption of modern statistical approaches that prevent pseudoreplication and its associated false discovery rate while enabling statistical assessments of the complex relationships inherent to the field of neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolpakova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvel-Zuccola, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EPHierStats: a statistical tool to model the hierarchical relationships in electrophysiological data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-induced exon skipping of β-catenin reveals tumorigenic mutants driving distinct subtypes of liver cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-driven cancer modeling studies are based on disruption of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by small insertions or deletions (indels) that lead to frame-shift mutations. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used to define the significance of cancer oncogenes and genetic dependencies in loss-of function studies. However, how CRISPR/Cas9 influences gain-of-function oncogenic mutations is elusive. Here, we demonstrate that single guide RNA targeting exon 3 of {beta}-catenin results in exon skipping and generates gain-of-function isoforms in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon skipping of {beta}-catenin induces liver tumor formation in synergy with YAPS127A in mice. We define two distinct exon skipping-induced tumor subtypes with different histological and transcriptional features. Notably, ectopic expression of two exon-skipped {beta}-catenin transcript isoforms together with YAPS127A phenocopies the two distinct subtypes of liver cancer. Moreover, we identify similar {beta}-catenin exon skipping events in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Collectively, our findings advance our understanding of {beta}-catenin-related tumorigenesis and reveal that CRISPR/Cas9 can be repurposed, in vivo, to study gain-of-function mutations of oncogenes in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-induced exon skipping of β-catenin reveals tumorigenic mutants driving distinct subtypes of liver cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of the Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca Fascicularis) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNon-human primates (NHP) are desirable as animal models of human disease because they share behavioral, physiological, and genomic traits with people. Hence, NHP recapitulate manifestations of disease not observed in other animal species. The Macaca fascicularis (i.e., Cynomolgus macaque) is an NHP species extensively used for biomedical research, but the TCR repertoire hasnt been characterized yet.

ResultWe used the genomic sequences to design primers to identify the expressed TCR repertoire by single cell RNAseq. The data analysis from 22 unique samples were used to assign a functional status to each TCR genes. We identified and analyzed the TRA/D, TRB and TRG loci of the Cynomolgus macaque.

ConclusionThe genomic organization of the Cynomolgus macaque has great similarity with Macaca mulatta (i.e., Rhesus macaque) and they shared >90% sequence similarity with the human TCR repertoire. These data will facilitate the analysis of T cell immunity in Cynomolgus macaques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyquist, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jivanjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatter, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gideon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganchua, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of the Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca Fascicularis)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S-adenosylmethionine synthases specify distinct H3K4me3 populations and gene expression patterns during heat stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation is a widely occurring modification that requires the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and acts in regulation of gene expression and other processes. SAM is synthesized from methionine, which is imported or generated through the 1-carbon cycle (1CC). Alterations in 1CC function have clear effects on lifespan and stress responses, but the wide distribution of this modification has made identification of specific mechanistic links difficult. Exploiting a dynamic stress-induced transcription model, we find that two SAM synthases in Caenorhabditis elegans, SAMS-1 and SAMS-4, contribute differently to modification of H3K4me3, gene expression and survival. We find that sams-4 enhances H3K4me3 in heat shocked animals lacking sams-1, however, sams-1 cannot compensate for sams-4, which is required to survive heat stress. This suggests that the regulatory functions of SAM depend on its enzymatic source and that provisioning of SAM may be an important regulatory step linking 1CC function to phenotypes in aging and stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godbole, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S-adenosylmethionine synthases specify distinct H3K4me3 populations and gene expression patterns during heat stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different olfactory neuron classes use distinct temporal and molecular programs to complete synaptic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing neurons must meet core molecular, cellular, and temporal requirements to ensure the correct formation of synapses, resulting in functional circuits. However, because of the vast diversity in neuronal class and function, it is unclear whether or not all neurons use the same organizational mechanisms to form synaptic connections and achieve functional and morphological maturation. Moreover, it remains unknown if neurons united in a common goal and comprising the same sensory circuit develop on similar timescales and using identical molecular approaches to ensure the formation of the correct number of synapses. To begin to answer these questions, we took advantage of the Drosophila antennal lobe, a model olfactory circuit with remarkable genetic access and synapse-level resolution. Using tissue-specific genetic labeling of active zones, we performed a quantitative analysis of synapse formation in multiple classes of neurons throughout development and adulthood. We found that olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), projection neurons (PNs), and local interneurons (LNs) each have unique time-courses of synaptic development, addition, and refinement, demonstrating that each class follows a distinct developmental program. This raised the possibility that these classes may also have distinct molecular requirements for synapse formation. We genetically altered neuronal activity in each neuronal subtype and observed differing effects on synapse number based on the neuronal class examined. Silencing neuronal activity in ORNs, PNs, and LNs impaired synaptic development but only in ORNs did enhancing neuronal activity influence synapse formation. ORNs and LNs demonstrated similar impairment of synaptic development with enhanced activity of a master kinase, GSK-3{beta}, suggesting that neuronal activity and GSK-3{beta} kinase activity function in a common pathway. ORNs also, however, demonstrated impaired synaptic development with GSK-3{beta} loss-of-function, suggesting additional activity-independent roles in development. Ultimately, our results suggest that the requirements for synaptic development are not uniform across all neuronal classes with considerable diversity existing in both their developmental timeframes and molecular requirements. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of synaptic development and lay the foundation for future work determining their underlying etiologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aimino, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePew, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosca, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different olfactory neuron classes use distinct temporal and molecular programs to complete synaptic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centriolar satellites expedite mother centriole remodeling to promote ciliogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosomes are orbited by centriolar satellites, dynamic multiprotein assemblies nucleated by PCM1. To study the requirement for centriolar satellites, we generated mice lacking PCM1. Pcm1-/- mice display partially penetrant perinatal lethality with survivors exhibiting hydrocephalus, oligospermia and cerebellar hypoplasia, as well as variable expressivity of other ciliopathy features including cystic kidneys. Pcm1-/- multiciliated ependymal cells and PCM1-/- retinal pigmented epithelial 1 (RPE1) cells showed reduced ciliogenesis. PCM1-/- RPE1 cells displayed reduced docking of the mother centriole to the ciliary vesicle and removal of CP110 and CEP97 from the distal mother centriole, indicating compromized early ciliogenesis. We show these molecular cascades are maintained in vivo, and we suggest that the cellular threshold to trigger ciliogenesis varies between cell types. We propose that PCM1 and centriolar satellites facilitate efficient trafficking of proteins to and from centrioles, inducing the departure of CP110 and CEP97 to initiate ciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeyati, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz-Pérez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Verdugo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennant, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megaw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quidwai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centriolar satellites expedite mother centriole remodeling to promote ciliogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microclimate is a strong predictor of the native and invasive plant-associated soil microbiota on San Cristobal Island, Galapagos archipelago 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the major drivers that influence soil bacterial and fungal communities is essential to mitigate the impacts of human activity on vulnerable ecosystems, like those found on the Galapagos Islands. Located ~1000 km off the coast of Ecuador, the volcanically formed islands are situated within distinct oceanic currents, which provide seasonal weather patterns and unique microclimates within small spatial scales across the islands. Although much is known about the impacts of human activity, such as climate change and invasive plant species, on above ground biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands, little is known about the resident soil microbial communities and the drivers that shape these communities. Here, our goal was to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities found in soil located in three distinct microclimates: Mirador (arid), Cerro Alto (transition zone), and El Junco (humid), and associated with native and invasive plant types. At each site, we collected soil at three depths (rhizosphere, 5 cm, and 15 cm) associated with the invasive plant, Psidium guajava (guava), and native plant types. We determined that the sampling location (microclimate) was the strongest driver of both bacterial and fungal communities (74 and 38%, respectively), with additional minor but significant impacts from plant type and soil depth. This study highlights the continued need to explore microbial communities across diverse environments and demonstrates the weight of different abiotic and biotic factors impacting soil microbial communities across San Cristobal Island in the Galapagos archipelago.

IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFICANCEHuman activity such as climate change, pollution, introduction of invasive species, and deforestation, poses a huge threat to biodiverse environments. Soil microbiota are an essential component to maintaining healthy ecosystems. However, a greater understanding of factors that alter these microbial communities is needed in order to find ways to mitigate and reverse the impacts imposed by human activity. The Galapagos Islands are a unique real-world laboratory, in that the islands biogeography and physical locations in the Pacific Ocean provide distinct microclimates within small geographic distances. Harnessing these distinct environments allowed us to investigate the influence of microclimates, soil depth, and vegetation cover on bacterial and fungal community composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoenborn, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yannarell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacVicar, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, N. N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markellie, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon-Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klepac-Ceraj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shank, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microclimate is a strong predictor of the native and invasive plant-associated soil microbiota on San Cristobal Island, Galapagos archipelago]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood oxygenation-level dependent cerebrovascular reactivity imaging as strategy to monitor CSF-hemoglobin toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeCell-free hemoglobin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-Hb) may be one of the main drivers of secondary brain injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Haptoglobin scavenging of CSF-Hb has been shown to mitigate cerebrovascular disruption. Using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and blood oxygenation-level dependent cerebrovascular reactivity imaging (BOLD-CVR) the aim was to assess the acute toxic effect of CSF-Hb on cerebral blood flow and autoregulation, as well as to test the protective effects of haptoglobin.

MethodsDSA imaging was performed in eight anesthetized and ventilated sheep (mean weight: 80.4 kg) at baseline, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after infusion of hemoglobin (Hb) or co-infusion with haptoglobin (Hb:Haptoglobin) into the left lateral ventricle. Additionally, 10 ventilated sheep (mean weight: 79.8 kg) underwent BOLD-CVR imaging to assess the cerebrovascular reserve capacity.

ResultsDSA imaging did not show a difference in mean transit time or cerebral blood flow. Wholebrain BOLD-CVR compared to baseline decreased more in the Hb group after 15 minutes (Hb vs Hb:Haptoglobin: -0.03 {+/-}0.01 vs -0.01 {+/-}0.02) and remained diminished compared to Hb:Haptoglobin group after 30 minutes (Hb vs Hb:Haptoglobin: -0.03 {+/-}0.01 vs 0.0 {+/-}0.01), 45 minutes (Hb vs Hb:Haptoglobin: -0.03 {+/-}0.01 vs 0.01 {+/-}0.02) and 60 minutes (Hb vs Hb:Haptoglobin: -0.03 {+/-}0.02 vs 0.01 {+/-}0.01).

ConclusionIt is demonstrated that CSF-Hb toxicity leads to rapid cerebrovascular reactivity impairment, which is blunted by haptoglobin co-infusion. BOLD-CVR may therefore be further evaluated as a monitoring strategy for CSF-Hb toxicity after aSAH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeret, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzzi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostakou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Niftrik, B. H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwendinger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulcsar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronen, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierstra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugelshofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood oxygenation-level dependent cerebrovascular reactivity imaging as strategy to monitor CSF-hemoglobin toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ single particle classification reveals distinct 60S maturation intermediates in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) can generate high-resolution views of cells with faithful preservation of molecular structure. In situ cryo-EM, therefore, has enormous potential to reveal the atomic details of biological processes in their native context. However, in practice, the utility of in situ cryo-EM is limited by the difficulty of reliably locating and confidently identifying molecular targets (particles) and their conformational states in the crowded cellular environment. We recently showed that 2DTM, a fine-grained template-based search applied to cryo-EM micrographs, can localize particles in two-dimensional views of cells with high precision. Here we demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observed with 2DTM can be used to differentiate related complexes in focused ion beam (FIB)-milled cell sections. We apply this method in two contexts to locate and classify related intermediate states of 60S ribosome biogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell nucleus. In the first, we separate the nuclear pre-60S population from the cytoplasmic mature 60S population, using the subcellular localization to validate assignment. In the second, we show that relative 2DTM SNRs can be used to separate mixed populations of nuclear pre-60S that are not visually separable. We use a maximum likelihood approach to define the probability of each particle belonging to each class, thereby establishing a statistic to describe the confidence of our classification. Without the need to generate 3D reconstructions, 2DTM can be applied even when only a few target particles exist in a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loerch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ single particle classification reveals distinct 60S maturation intermediates in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.487930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pet cockatoo was the suspected source of Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of an immunocompromised patient with cryptococcosis based on the molecular analyses available in 2000. Here we report whole genome sequence analysis of the clinical and cockatoo strains. Both are closely related MAT strains belonging to the VNII lineage, confirming that the human infection likely originated from pet bird exposure. The two strains differ by 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 8 nonsynonymous changes involving 7 genes. To ascertain whether changes in these genes are selected during mammalian infection, we passaged the cockatoo strain in mice. Remarkably, isolates obtained from mouse tissue possess a frame-shift mutation in one of the seven genes altered in the human sample, a gene predicted to encode a SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex protein. Both cockatoo and patient strains as well as mouse passaged isolates obtained from brain tissue had a premature stop codon in a homolog of ZFC3, a predicted single-zinc finger containing protein, which is associated with larger capsules when deleted and appears to have reverted to a full-length protein in the mouse passaged isolates obtained from lung tissue. The patient strain and mouse passaged isolates show variability in the expression of virulence factors, with differences in capsule size, melanization, and rates on non-lytic expulsion from macrophages observed. Our results establish that environmental strains undergo genomic and phenotypic changes during mammalian passage, suggesting that animal virulence can be a mechanism for genetic change and that the genomes of clinical isolates may provide a readout of mutations acquired during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sephton-Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragotakes, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardwick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosanchuk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stempinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.487930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human and murine Cryptococcus neoformans infection selects for common genomic changes in an environmental isolate.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete mutational mapping of a GTPase switch in vivo reveals novel allosteric regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allosteric regulation is central to protein function in cellular networks1. However, despite technological advances2,3 most studies of allosteric effects on function are conducted in heterologous environments2,4,5, limiting the discovery of allosteric mechanisms that rely on endogenous binding partners or posttranslational modifications to modulate activity. Here we report an approach that enables probing of new sites of allosteric regulation at residue-level resolution in essential eukaryotic proteins in their native biological context by comprehensive mutational scanning. We apply our approach to the central GTPase Gsp1/Ran. GTPases are highly regulated molecular switches that control signaling, with switching occurring via catalyzed GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange. We find that 28% of 4,315 assayed mutations in Gsp1/Ran are highly deleterious, showing a toxic response identified by our assay as gain-of-function (GOF). Remarkably, a third of all positions enriched for GOF mutations (20/60) are outside the GTPase active site. Kinetic analysis shows that these distal sites are allosterically coupled to the active site, including a novel cluster of sites that alter the nucleotide preference of Gsp1 from GDP to GTP. We describe multiple distinct mechanisms by which allosteric mutations alter Gsp1/Ran cellular function by modulating GTPase switching. Our systematic discovery of new regulatory sites provides a functional map relevant to other GTPases such as Ras that could be exploited for targeting and reprogramming critical biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathy, C. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perica, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete mutational mapping of a GTPase switch in vivo reveals novel allosteric regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence dependencies and biophysical features both govern cleavage of diverse cut-sites by HIV protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The infectivity of HIV-1 requires its protease cleave multiple cut-sites with low sequence similarity. The diversity of cleavage sites has made it challenging to investigate the underlying sequence properties that determine binding and turnover of substrates by PR. We engineered a mutational scanning approach utilizing yeast display, flow cytometry, and deep sequencing to systematically measure the impacts of all individual amino acid changes at 12 positions in three different cut-sites (MA/CA, NC/p1, and p1/p6). The resulting fitness landscapes revealed common physical features that underlie cutting of all three cut-sites at the amino acid positions closest to the scissile bond. In contrast, positions more than two amino acids away from the scissile bond exhibited a strong dependence on the sequence background of the rest of the cut-site. We observed multiple amino acid changes in cut-sites that led to faster cleavage rates, including a preference for negative charge five and six amino acids away from the scissile bond at locations where the surface of protease is positively charged. Analysis of individual cut sites using full-length matrix-capsid proteins indicate that long-distance sequence context can contribute to cutting efficiency such that analyses of peptides or shorter engineered constructs including those in this work should be considered carefully. This work provides a framework for understanding how diverse substrates interact with HIV-1 protease and can be extended to investigate other viral proteases with similar properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsepal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.18.488666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence dependencies and biophysical features both govern cleavage of diverse cut-sites by HIV protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of MicroRNA Biogenesis by Dicer-1 and Its Partner Protein Loqs-PB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals and plants, Dicer enzymes collaborate with double-stranded RNA-binding proteins to convert precursor-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) into miRNA duplexes. We report six cryo-EM structures of Drosophila Dicer-1 and its partner Loqs-PB. The structures show Dicer-1*Loqs-PB (1) before binding pre-miRNA, (2) after binding and in a catalytically competent state, (3) after nicking one arm of the pre-miRNA, (4) following complete dicing and initial product release. Our reconstructions suggest that pre-miRNA binds a rare, open conformation of the Dicer-1*Loqs-PB heterodimer, enabling conformational proofreading. The Dicer-1 dsRBD and three Loqs-PB dsRBD domains form a tight belt around the pre-miRNA, distorting the RNA helix to place the scissile phosphodiester bonds in the RNase III active sites. Pre-mRNA cleavage shifts the RNA- binding domains and tightens Dicer-1, promoting product release. Our data suggest a model for how the Dicer-1*Loqs-PB complex effects a complete cycle of pre-miRNA recognition, stepwise endonuclease cleavage, and sequential product release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jourevleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutcher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of MicroRNA Biogenesis by Dicer-1 and Its Partner Protein Loqs-PB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell heterogeneity and reiteration of developmental signaling underlie melanocyte regeneration in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident stem cells are present in many adult organs, where they are important for organ homeostasis and repair in response to injury. However, the signals that activate these cells and the mechanisms governing how these cells self-renew or differentiate are highly context-dependent and incompletely understood, particularly in non-hematopoietic tissues. In the skin, melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are responsible for replenishing mature pigmented melanocytes. In mammals, these cells reside in the hair follicle bulge and bulb niches where they are activated during homeostatic hair follicle turnover and following melanocyte destruction, as occurs in vitiligo and other skin hypopigmentation disorders. Recently, we identified adult McSCs in the zebrafish. To elucidate mechanisms governing McSC self-renewal and differentiation we analyzed individual transcriptomes from thousands of melanocyte lineage cells during the regeneration process. We identified transcriptional signatures for McSCs, deciphered transcriptional changes and intermediate cell states during regeneration, and analyzed cell-cell signaling changes to discover mechanisms governing melanocyte regeneration. We identified KIT signaling via the RAS/MAPK pathway as a regulator of McSC direct differentiation. Analysis of the scRNAseq dataset also revealed a population of mitfa/aox5 co-expressing cells that divides following melanocyte destruction, likely corresponding to cells that undergo self-renewal. Our findings show how activation of different subpopulations of mitfa-positive cells underlies self-renewal and differentiation to properly reconstitute the melanocyte pigmentary system following injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frantz, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiswender, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell heterogeneity and reiteration of developmental signaling underlie melanocyte regeneration in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fc-engineered antibodies leverage neutrophils to drive control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel vaccination and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. While extensive efforts have focused on potentiating cell-mediated immunity to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, less effort has been invested in exploiting the humoral immune system to combat Mtb. Emerging data point to a role for antibodies in microbial control of Mtb, however the precise mechanism(s) of this control remain incompletely understood. Here we took an antibody Fc-engineering approach to determine whether Fc-modifications could improve the ability of antibodies to restrict Mtb, and to define Fc-mediated mechanism(s) antibodies leverage for this restriction. Using an antibody specific to the capsular polysaccharide -glucan, we engineer a panel of Fc variants to augment or dampen select antibody effector functions, rationally building antibodies with enhanced capacity to promote Mtb restriction in a human whole blood model of infection. Surprisingly, restrictive Fc-engineered antibodies drive Mtb control in a neutrophil, not monocyte, dependent manner. Using single cell RNA sequencing, we show that restrictive antibodies promote neutrophil survival and expression of cell intrinsic antimicrobial programs. These data provide a roadmap for exploiting Fc-engineered antibodies as a novel class of TB therapeutics able to harness the protective functions of neutrophils to achieve disease control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpinski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Woudenbergh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fc-engineered antibodies leverage neutrophils to drive control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATXN2 is a target of N-terminal proteolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of the poly-glutamine (polyQ) tract of Ataxin-2 (ATXN2). Other polyQ-containing proteins such as ATXN7 and huntingtin are associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases when their N-terminal polyQ domains are expanded. Furthermore, they undergo proteolytic processing events that produce N-terminal fragments that include the polyQ stretch, which are implicated in pathogenesis. Interestingly, N-terminal ATXN2 fragments were reported in a brain extract from a SCA2 patient, but it is currently unknown whether an expanded polyQ domain contributes to ATXN2 proteolytic susceptibility. Here, we used transient expression in HEK293 cells to determine whether ATXN2 is a target for specific N-terminal proteolysis. We found that ATXN2 proteins with either normal or expanded polyQ stretches undergo proteolytic cleavage releasing an N-terminal polyQ-containing fragment. We identified a short amino acid sequence downstream of the polyQ domain that is necessary for N-terminal cleavage of full-length ATXN2 and sufficient to induce proteolysis of a heterologous protein. However, this sequence is not required for cleavage of a short ATXN2 isoform produced from an alternative start codon located just upstream of the CAG repeats encoding the polyQ domain. Our study extends our understanding of ATXN2 posttranslational regulation by revealing that this protein can be the target of specific proteolytic cleavage events releasing polyQ-containing products that are modulated by the N-terminal domain of ATXN2. N-terminal ATXN2 proteolysis of expanded polyQ domains might contribute to SCA2 pathology, as observed in other neurodegenerative disorders caused by polyQ domain expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.491020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATXN2 is a target of N-terminal proteolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Avidity for TCR on CD4 Effectors Determines the Extent of Memory Generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of initial peptide antigen affinity for TCR in driving memory fate has been studied previously, however its contributions when effectors contract to memory is unclear. To become memory, effector CD4 T cells must recognize antigen at 5-8 days post-infection, at what we call the "effector checkpoint." We examined whether peptide affinity for the TCR of effectors impacts the extent of memory and degree of protection against rechallenge. We made an influenza A virus (IAV) nucleoprotein (NP)-specific TCR transgenic strain, FluNP, and generated NP-peptide variants that bind FluNP TCR with a broad range of avidity. To vary avidity in vivo, we primed naive donor FluNP in IAV-infected hosts, purified 6d FluNP effectors and co-transferred them with peptide-pulsed APC into uninfected second hosts. Higher affinity peptides yielded higher numbers of FluNP memory cells in the spleen and most dramatically in the lung and dLN, and drove better protection against lethal influenza infection. The major impact of avidity was on memory cell number, not cytokine production, and was already apparent within several days of transfer. We previously showed that autocrine IL-2 production during the effector checkpoint prevented default effector apoptosis and supported memory formation. Here, peptide avidity determined the level of IL-2 produced by effectors. IL-2R expression by APC drove more memory cell formation, suggesting that transpresentation of IL-2 by APC at this checkpoint enhanced CD4 memory generation. Secondary memory generation was also avidity-dependent. We propose this pathway selects CD4 effectors of highest affinity to progress to memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanaware, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugler-Umana, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huseby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarajan, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Avidity for TCR on CD4 Effectors Determines the Extent of Memory Generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stromal Hippo-YAP signaling in stem cell niche controls intestinal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal homeostasis is tightly regulated by the reciprocal interaction between gut epithelium and adjacent mesenchyme. The mammalian Hippo-YAP pathway is intimately associated with intestinal epithelial homeostasis and re-generation; however, its role in postnatal gut mesenchyme remains poorly defined. We find that, although removal of the core Hippo kinases Lats1/2 or activation of YAP in adult intestinal smooth muscle has largely no effect; Hippo-YAP signaling in Gli1/PDGFR-expressing intestinal stromal cells is critical to maintain the stem cell niche. We show that YAP/TAZ activation drives over-proliferation and suppresses smooth muscle actin expression in the niche-forming Gli1+ mesenchymal progenitors. In addition, mesenchymal YAP/TAZ activation disrupts the epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk by promoting Wnt ligand production, leading to epithelial Wnt pathway activation. Our data also reveal that YAP/TAZ are upregulated in the stroma during DSS-induced injury and stromal YAP activation promotes intestinal epithelial regeneration. Altogether, our data identify an essential requirement for stromal Hippo-YAP signaling in the stem cell niche during intestinal homeostasis.

HIGHTLIGHTSO_LILats1/2 control proliferation and differentiation of adult gut mesenchymal progenitors.
C_LIO_LIMesenchymal YAP/TAZ promotes Wnt ligand production in intestinal stem cell niche.
C_LIO_LIYAP/TAZ is up-regulated in the mesenchyme during intestinal injury.
C_LIO_LIStromal YAP activation promotes intestinal epithelial regeneration.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stromal Hippo-YAP signaling in stem cell niche controls intestinal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-2-Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase connects the propionate shunt to ketone body metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, mutations in D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) dehydrogenase (D2HGDH) result in D-2HG accumulation, delayed development, seizures, and ataxia. While the mechanisms of 2HG-associated diseases have been studied extensively, the endogenous metabolism of D-2HG remains unclear in any organism. Here, we find that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, D-2HG is produced in the propionate shunt, which is transcriptionally activated when flux through the canonical, vitamin B12-dependent propionate breakdown pathway is perturbed. Deletion of the D2HGDH ortholog, dhgd-1, results in embryonic lethality, mitochondrial defects, and the upregulation of ketone body metabolism genes. Viability can be rescued by RNAi of hphd-1, which encodes the enzyme that produces D-2HG, or by supplementing either vitamin B12 or the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB). Altogether, our findings support a model in which C. elegans relies on ketone bodies for energy when vitamin B12 levels are low, and in which a loss of dhgd-1 causes lethality by limiting ketone body production.

HIGHLIGHTS- D-2-hydroxyglutarate is produced by HPHD-1 in the propionate shunt pathway
- DHGD-1 recycles 2-hydroxyglutarate to sustain flux through the propionate shunt
- dhgd-1 loss perturbs ketone body metabolism and causes embryonic lethality
- 3-Hydroxybutyrate, vitamin B12 or hphd-1 RNAi rescue dhgd-1 mutant lethality
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leland, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-2-Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase connects the propionate shunt to ketone body metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Excision of ALS/FTD-Causing Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion in C9ORF72 rescues major disease mechanisms in vivo and in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) consisting of GGGGCC24+ in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Both are fatal neurodegenerative diseases with no current approved treatments that significantly slow disease progression or extend life expectancy. Several hypotheses have emerged to explain how this HRE causes neuronal death, including C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency, sequestration of RNA-binding proteins in the nucleus, and production of dipeptide repeat proteins. In the present study we used a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing approach to remove the HRE from the C9ORF72 genomic locus, designing guide RNAs (gRNAs) flanking the HRE, and delivered Cas9 and gRNAs using adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors. Here, we demonstrate successful excision of the HRE in C9ORF72 in primary cortical neurons and brains of three mouse models containing the C9ORF72 expanded HRE (ranging from 500-600 repeats) as well as in patient-derived iPSC motor neurons and brain organoids (450 repeats). This resulted in a reduction of RNA foci, poly-dipeptides and haploinsufficiency, the major hallmarks of C9-ALS/FTD, making this an extremely attractive therapeutic approach to these diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meijboom, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordham, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esanov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edraki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwood, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahriman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, J.-P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benatar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Excision of ALS/FTD-Causing Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion in C9ORF72 rescues major disease mechanisms in vivo and in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genome recovery by ATFS-1 is essential for development following starvation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient availability regulates the C. elegans life cycle as well as mitochondrial physiology. Food deprivation significantly reduces mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) number and leads to aging-related phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate that the bZIP protein ATFS-1, a mediator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), is required to promote growth and establish a functional germline following prolonged starvation. Surprisingly, we found that the recovery of mtDNA copy number and development following starvation required mitochondrial-localized ATFS-1 but not its nuclear transcription activity. Lastly, we found that the insulin-like receptor DAF-2, functions upstream of ATFS-1 to modulate mtDNA content. We demonstrate that reducing DAF-2 activity represses ATFS-1 nuclear function while causing an increase in mtDNA content partly mediated by mitochondrial-localized ATFS-1. Combined, our data indicate the importance of the UPRmt in recovering mitochondrial mass and suggests that atfs-1-dependent mtDNA replication precedes mitochondrial network expansion following starvation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naresh, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shpilka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial genome recovery by ATFS-1 is essential for development following starvation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purified cytosolic crystals from Bacillus thuringiensis as a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt is a Gram-positive soil bacterium, widely and safely applied in the environment as an insecticide for combatting insect pests that damage crops and vector diseases. Dominant active ingredients made by Bt are insect-killing crystal (Cry) proteins released as crystalline inclusions upon bacterial sporulation. Some Bt Cry proteins, e.g., Cry5B, target nematodes (roundworms) and show exceptional promise as anthelmintics (cures for parasitic nematode diseases). We have recently described IBaCC (for Inactivated Bacteria with Cytosolic Crystal(s)) in which bioactive Bt Cry crystals (containing Cry5B) are fully contained within the cytosol of dead bacterial ghosts. Here we demonstrate that these IBaCC-trapped Cry5B crystals can be liberated and purified away from cellular constituents yielding Purified Cytosolic Crystals (PCC). Cry5B PCC contains [~]95% Cry5B protein out of the total protein content. Cry5B PCC is highly bioactive against parasitic nematode larvae and adults in vitro. Cry5B PCC is also highly active in vivo against experimental human hookworm and Ascaris infections in rodents. The process was scaled up to the 100 liter scale to produce PCC for a pilot study to treat two foals infected with the Ascarid, Parascaris spp. Single dose Cry5B PCC brought the fecal egg counts of both foals to zero. These studies describe the process for the scalable production of purified Bt crystals and define a new active pharmaceutical ingredient form of Bt Cry proteins.

NON-TECHNICAL IMPORTANCE PARAGRAPHBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins are widely and safely used as insecticides. Recent studies show they also can cure gastrointestinal parasitic worm (nematode) infections when ingested. However, reproducible, scalable, and practical techniques for purifying these proteins have been lacking. Here, we address this severe limitation and present scalable and practical methods for large-scale purification of potently bioactive B. thuringiensis crystals and crystal proteins. The resultant product, called Purified Cytosolic Crystals (PCC), is highly compatible with ingestible drug delivery and formulation. Furthermore, there are growing applications in agriculture and insect control where access to large quantities of purified crystal proteins are desirable and where these methods will find great utility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chicca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazeault, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garceau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purified cytosolic crystals from Bacillus thuringiensis as a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a new class of reversible TEA-domain transcription factor inhibitors with a novel binding mode 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor forms a transcription co-activation complex with the key downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, YAP/TAZ. TEAD-YAP controls the expression of Hippo-responsive genes involved in cell proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis. Hyperactivation of TEAD-YAP activities is observed in many human cancers, and is associated with cancer cell proliferation, survival and immune evasion. Therefore, targeting the TEAD-YAP complex has emerged as an attractive therapeutic approach. We previously reported that the mammalian TEAD transcription factors (TEAD1-4) possess auto-palmitoylation activities and contain an evolutionarily conserved palmitate-binding pocket (PBP), which allows small molecule modulation. Since then, several reversible and irreversible inhibitors have been reported by binding to PBP. Here, we report a new class of TEAD inhibitors with a novel binding mode. Representative analog TM2 shows potent inhibition of TEAD auto-palmitoylation both in vitro and in cells. Surprisingly, the co-crystal structure of the human TEAD2 YAP-binding domain (YBD) in complex with TM2 reveals that TM2 adopts an unexpected binding mode by occupying not only the hydrophobic PBP, but also a new side binding pocket formed by hydrophilic residues. RNA-seq analysis shows that TM2 potently and specifically suppresses TEAD-YAP transcriptional activities. Consistently, TM2 exhibits strong anti-proliferation effects as a single agent or in combination with a MEK inhibitor in YAP-dependent cancer cells. These findings establish TM2 as a promising small molecule inhibitor against TEAD-YAP activities and provide new insights for designing novel TEAD inhibitors with enhanced selectivity and potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a new class of reversible TEA-domain transcription factor inhibitors with a novel binding mode]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutation in human Oxidation Resistance gene 1 disrupts the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in early brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a loss-of-function mutation in the TLDc domain of human Oxidation Resistance 1 (OXR1) gene, resulting in early-onset epilepsy, developmental delay, cognitive disabilities, and cerebellar atrophy. Patient lymphoblasts show impaired cell survival, proliferation, and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. These phenotypes are rescued by TLDc domain replacement. We generated patient derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealing impaired neural differentiation along with dysregulation of genes essential for neurodevelopment. We identified that OXR1 influences histone arginine methylation by activating protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), suggesting OXR1 dependent mechanisms regulating gene expression during neurodevelopment. We modeled the function of OXR1 in early human brain development using patient derived brain organoids revealing that OXR1 contributes to the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in specific brain regions. Our work provides new insights into pathological features and molecular underpinnings associated with OXR1 deficiency, highlighting the therapeutic potential of OXR1 in numerous neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damseh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, M. M. L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusnierczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahrour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ashhab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Libdeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slupphaug, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elpeleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boe, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinholm, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edvardson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function mutation in human Oxidation Resistance gene 1 disrupts the spatial-temporal regulation of histone arginine methylation in early brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo lipogenesis fuels adipocyte autophagosome membrane dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a homeostatic degradative process for cell components that enables stress resilience and can determine cellular fate and function. However, lipid sources for the rapid membrane expansions of autophagosomes, the workhorses of autophagy, are poorly understood. Here, we identify de novo lipogenesis (DNL) as a critical source of fatty acids (FA) to fuel autophagosome dynamics in adipocytes. Adipocyte fatty acid synthase (Fasn) deficiency markedly impairs autophagy, evident by autophagosome accumulation, and severely compromises degradation of the autophagic substrate p62. Autophagy dependence on FA produced by Fasn is not fully alleviated by exogenous FA in cultured adipocytes even though lipid droplet size is restored. Imaging studies reveal that Fasn colocalizes with nascent autophagosomes, while loss of Fasn decreases certain membrane phosphoinositides known to be required for autophagosome assembly. Together, our studies highlight a newly appreciated function for adipocyte DNL in autophagosome membrane formation and provide evidence that localized FA synthesis contributes to autophagosome dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowland, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUILHERME, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetoska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkayeva, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo lipogenesis fuels adipocyte autophagosome membrane dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Down syndrome neurodevelopment with isogenic cerebral organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a model of early fetal brain development in Down syndrome, this study examines cortical organoids generated from isogenic trisomic and disomic iPSC lines. Initially pools of organoids from a trisomic versus disomic line found broad transcriptomic differences and modest differences in cell-type representation, suggesting a potential neurodevelopmental phenotype due to Trisomy 21. To better control for multiple sources of variation, we undertook a very robust study of ~1,200 organoids, using an expanded panel of six isogenic subclones (three disomic and three trisomic). The power of the experimental design was indicated by exceptionally strong detection of the ~1.5-fold difference in most chr21 genes. Despite some variability in secreted A{beta}-40 levels between "identical" cell lines, this Alzheimer-related phenotype was detected as clearly correlated with Trisomy 21. However, the many statistically significant non-chr21 DEGs found in the small experiment fell away in the expanded study design, such that just three non-chr21 DEGs correlated to T21 status. Similarly, differences in cell-type representation of organoids varied somewhat between the six isogenic lines, but did not correlate with T21 status. Overall, our results indicate that even when organoid and batch variability are better controlled, common, subtle differences between isogenic cell lines (even subclones) may obscure, or be confused with, differences due to Trisomy 21. Interestingly, the neurodegenerative increase in A{beta} due to T21 was strong enough to be evident in "fetal" organoids. In contrast, any neurodevelopmental phenotype that may be present in the ~2nd trimester of DS brain development may be more subtle, and within the range of variability in neurodifferentiation potential (unrelated to Trisomy 21) of our isogenic iPSC lines. The potential significance of two non-Chr21 DEGs that results suggest correlate with T21 is discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czerminski, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Down syndrome neurodevelopment with isogenic cerebral organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicellular Aligned Bands Disrupt Global Collective Cell Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical stress patterns emerging from collective cell behavior have been shown to play critical roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. In our previous work utilizing microcontact printing to geometrically constrain valvular interstitial cell monolayers into specific shapes, we demonstrated that the general patterns of observed cell alignment, size, and apoptosis correlate with predicted mechanical stress fields if nonuniform cell properties are used in the computational models. However, these radially symmetric models did not predict the substantial heterogeneity in cell behavior observed in individual circular aggregates. The goal of this study is to determine how the heterogeneities in cell behavior emerge over time and diverge from the predicted collective cell behavior. Cell-cell interactions in circular multicellular aggregates of valvular interstitial cells were studied with time-lapse imaging ranging from hours to days, and migration, proliferation, and traction stresses were measured. Our results indicate that individual elongated cells create strong local alignment within pre-confluent cell populations on the microcontact printed protein islands. These cells influence the alignment of additional cells to create dense, locally aligned bands of cells which disrupt the global behavior. Cells are highly elongated at the endpoints of the bands yet have decreased spread area in the middle and reduced mobility. Although traction stresses at the endpoints of bands are enhanced, even to the point of detaching aggregates from the culture surface, the cells in dense bands exhibit reduced proliferation, less nuclear YAP, and increased apoptotic rates indicating a low stress environment. These findings suggest that strong local cell-cell interactions between primary fibroblastic cells can disrupt the global collective cellular behavior leading to substantial heterogeneity of cell behaviors in constrained monolayers. This local emergent behavior within aggregated fibroblasts may play an important role in development and disease of connective tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jebeli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldblatt, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mana-Capelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billiar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicellular Aligned Bands Disrupt Global Collective Cell Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome silencing in vitro reveals trisomy 21 causes cell-autonomous deficits in angiogenesis and early dysregulation in Notch signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the prevalence and clinical importance of Down syndrome, little is known as to the specific cell pathologies that underlie this multi-system disorder. To understand which cell types and pathways are more directly impacted by trisomy 21, we used an inducible-XIST system to silence the extra chromosome 21 in a panel of patient-derived iPSCs. Transcriptomic analysis showed significant dysregulation of Notch signaling occurring as early as pluripotent stem cells, potentially impacting programming of multiple cell-types. Unbiased analysis from iPSCs revealed prominent dysregulation in two major cell type processes: neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is important for many systems impacted in Down syndrome but has been understudied; therefore, we focused on investigating whether trisomy 21 impacts endothelial cells. An in vitro assay for microvasculature formation used in a tightly controlled system reveals a novel cellular pathology involving delays in angiogenic response during tube formation. Results demonstrate that this is a cell-autonomous effect of trisomy 21, and transcriptomic analysis of differentiated endothelial cells shows deficits in known angiogenesis regulators. This study reveals a major unknown cell pathology caused by trisomy 21 and highlights the importance of endothelial cell function for Down syndrome comorbidities, with wide reaching implications for development and disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome silencing in vitro reveals trisomy 21 causes cell-autonomous deficits in angiogenesis and early dysregulation in Notch signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to differentiate stem cells into human cell types is essential to define basic mechanisms and therapeutics, especially for cell types not routinely accessible by biopsies. But while engineered expression of transcription factors (TFs) identified through TF screens has been found to rapidly and efficiently produce some cell types, generation of other cell types that require complex combinations of TFs has been elusive. Here we develop an iterative, pooled single-cell TF screening method that improves the identification of effective TF combinations using the generation of human microglia-like cells as a testbed: Two iterations identified a combination of SPI1, CEBPA, FLI1, MEF2C, CEBPB, and IRF8 as sufficient to differentiate human iPSC into microglia-like cells in 4 days. Characterization of TF-induced microglia demonstrated molecular and functional similarity to primary microglia. We explore the use of single-cell atlas reference datasets to confirm identified TFs and how combining single-cell TF perturbation and gene expression data can enable the construction of causal gene regulatory networks. We describe what will be needed to fashion these methods into a generalized integrated pipeline, further ideas for enhancement, and possible applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sambeek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshakhlagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Corral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Caenorhabditis elegans nck-1 and filamentous actin-regulating protein pathway mediates a key cellular defense against bacterial pore-forming proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) comprise the largest single class of bacterial protein virulence factors and are expressed by many human and animal bacterial pathogens. Cells that are attacked by these virulence factors activate epithelial intrinsic cellular defenses (or INCEDs) to prevent the attendant cellular damage, cellular dysfunction, osmotic lysis, and organismal death. Several conserved PFP INCEDs have been identified using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the nematicidal PFP Cry5B, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Here we demonstrate that the gene nck-1, which has homologs from Drosophila to humans and links cell signaling with localized F-actin polymerization, is required for INCED against small-pore PFPs in C. elegans. Reduction/loss of nck-1 function results in C. elegans hypersensitivity to PFP attack, a hallmark of a gene required for INCEDs against PFPs. This requirement for nck-1-mediated INCED functions cell-autonomously in the intestine and is specific to PFPs but not other tested stresses. Genetic interaction experiments indicate that nck-1-mediated INCED against PFP attack is independent of the major MAPK PFP INCED pathways. Proteomics and cell biological and genetic studies further indicate that nck-1 functions with F-actin cytoskeleton modifying genes like arp2/3, erm-1, and dbn-1 and that nck-1/arp2/3 promote pore repair at the membrane surface and protect against PFP attack independent of p38 MAPK. Consistent with these findings, PFP attack causes significant changes in the amount of actin cytoskeletal proteins and in total amounts of F-actin in the target tissue, the intestine. nck-1 mutant animals appear to have lower F-actin levels than wild-type C. elegans. Studies on nck-1 and other F-actin regulating proteins have uncovered a new and important role of this pathway and the actin cytoskeleton in PFP INCED and protecting an intestinal epithelium in vivo against PFP attack.

Author SummaryThe mechanism of action for a significant number of bacterial protein toxins is the formation of pores in the membrane of target cells. Host cells contain programmed defenses against such attacks. Here we use the model system of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and crystal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis to demonstrate a new defense pathway mediated by the activity of the NCK-1 protein. Consistent with its known function in mammalian cells, the NCK-1-mediated defense involves various actin-interacting proteins and affects the kinetics of pore repair. This pathway is novel in its independence from MAPK signaling. Furthermore, the NCK-1 activity is found to be generally needed for defense against multiple pore-forming proteins and yet is specific to defense against such proteins but not against other environmental stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sitaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamaitis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Caenorhabditis elegans nck-1 and filamentous actin-regulating protein pathway mediates a key cellular defense against bacterial pore-forming proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fundamental limits to progression of cellular life in frigid environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life on Earth, including for microbes and cold-blooded animals, often occurs in frigid environments. At frigid temperatures, nearly all intracellular processes slow down which is colloquially said to decelerate lifes pace and, potentially, aging. But even for one cell, an outstanding conceptual challenge is rigorously explaining how the slowed-down intracellular processes collectively sustain a cells life and set its pace. Here, by monitoring individual yeast cells for months at near-freezing temperatures, we show how global gene-expression dynamics and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) act together as the primary factors that dictate and constrain the pace at which a budding yeasts life can progresses in frigid environments. We discovered that yeast cells help each other in surviving and dividing at frigid temperatures. By investigating the underlying mechanism, involving glutathione secretion, we discovered that ROS is the primary determinant of yeasts ability to survive and divide at near-freezing temperatures. Observing days-to-months-long cell-cycle progression in individual cells revealed that ROS inhibits S-G2-M (replicative) phase while elongating G1 (growth) phase up to a temperature-dependent threshold duration, beyond which yeast cannot divide and bursts as an unsustainably large cell. We discovered that an interplay between global gene-expression speed and ROS sets the threshold G1-duration by measuring rates of genome-wide transcription and protein synthesis at frigid temperatures and then incorporating them into a mathematical model. The same interplay yields unbeatable "speed limits" for cell cycling - shortest and longest allowed doubling times - at each temperature. These results establish quantitative principles for engineering cold-tolerant microbes and reveal how frigid temperatures can fundamentally constrain microbial life and cell cycle at the systems-level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laman Trip, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fundamental limits to progression of cellular life in frigid environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase variation as a major mechanism of adaptation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase variation induced by insertions and deletions (INDELs) in genomic homopolymeric tracts (HT) can silence and regulate genes in pathogenic bacteria but this process is not characterized in MTBC adaptation. We leverage 31,428 diverse clinical isolates to identify genomic regions including phase-variants under positive selection. Of 87,651 INDEL events that emerge repeatedly across the phylogeny, 12.4% are phase-variants within HTs (0.02% of the genome by length). We estimated the in-vitro frameshift rate in a neutral HT at 100x the neutral substitution rate at 1.1 x 10-5 frameshifts/HT/year. Using neutral evolution simulations, we identified 4,098 substitutions and 45 phase-variants to be putatively adaptive to MTBC (P<0.002). We experimentally confirm that a putatively adaptive phase-variant alters the expression of espA, a critical mediator of ESX-1 dependent virulence. Our evidence supports a new hypothesis that phase variation in the ESX-1 system of MTBC can act as a toggle between antigenicity and survival in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase variation as a major mechanism of adaptation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defocus Corrected Large Area Cryo-EM (DeCo-LACE) for Label-Free Detection of Molecules across Entire Cell Sections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of biological imaging is localization of biomolecules inside a cell. Fluorescence microscopy can lo-calize biomolecules inside whole cells and tissues, but its ability to count biomolecules and accuracy of the spatial coordinates is limited by the wavelength of visible light. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) provides highly accurate position and orientation information of biomolecules but is often confined to small fields of view inside a cell, limiting biological context. In this study we use a new data-acquisition scheme called "Defocus-Corrected Large-Area cryo-EM" (DeCo-LACE) to collect high-resolution images of entire sections (100 - 200 nm thick lamel-lae) of neutrophil-like mouse cells, representing 1-2% of the total cellular volume. We use 2D template matching (2DTM) to determine localization and orientation of the large ribosomal subunit in these sections. These data provide "maps" of ribosomes across entire sections of mammalian cells. This high-throughput cryo-EM data collection approach together with 2DTM will advance visual proteomics and provide biological insight that cannot be obtained by other methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiroli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scadden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defocus Corrected Large Area Cryo-EM (DeCo-LACE) for Label-Free Detection of Molecules across Entire Cell Sections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse-spectral microendoscopy for real-time visualization of tumor cell phenotype and microenvironment spatial heterogeneity in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer heterogeneity and its transformation with time propels treatment resistance and confounds patient outcomes. The inability to monitor in vivo the low abundance, heterocellular phenotypes that resist treatment and ultimately lead to patient death limits the ability to design precision therapies. Here we overcome limitations in multiplexed fluorescence phenotyping to introduce real-time, cellular resolution visualization of tumor heterogeneity in vivo. This method was performed to simultaneously map for the first time 5 individual biomarkers of stemness, proliferation, metabolism, leukocytes and angiogenesis deep within the peritoneal cavities of micrometastatic cancer mouse models at 17 frames per second (fps). The newly developed imaging system revealed distinct cancer cell phenotype-immune cell spatial correlations and clearly visualized the dynamic spatial response of resistant cancer cell niches following treatment. Furthermore, wide-field datasets were generated to facilitate derivation of a mathematical framework for quantifying biomarker spatial variation and thereby overcoming the area restrictions of conventional tumor biopsy. These results pave the way for real-time identification of cancer cell phenotypes in a clinical setting, on which optimized treatment regimens can be based for personalized treatment and precision therapy e.g., tumor margin determination during surgical resection. Additionally, this modality can be used to obtain more fundamental insights into tumor heterogeneity and how treatments affect the molecular and cellular responses of patient-specific disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spring, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanisami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kercher, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse-spectral microendoscopy for real-time visualization of tumor cell phenotype and microenvironment spatial heterogeneity in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.495523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZH2 inhibition remodels the inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype to potentiate pancreatic cancer immune surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.495523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell-activating immunotherapies that produce durable and even curative responses in some malignancies have failed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to rampant immune suppression and poor tumor immunogenicity. We and others have demonstrated that induction of cellular senescence and its accompanying senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can be an effective approach to activate not only T cell but also cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Here we found that the pancreas tumor microenvironment (TME) suppresses NK and T cell surveillance following therapy-induced senescence through EZH2-mediated repression of pro-inflammatory SASP genes. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 or its methyltransferase activity stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory SASP chemokines CCL2 and CXCL9/10 that led to enhanced NK and T cell infiltration and tumor eradication in preclinical PDAC mouse models. EZH2 activity was also associated with suppression of SASP-associated inflammatory chemokines and cytotoxic lymphocyte immunity and reduced overall survival in a PDAC patient cohort. These results demonstrate that EZH2 mediates epigenetic repression of the pro-inflammatory SASP in the pancreas TME, and that EZH2 blockade in combination with senescence-inducing therapies could be a powerful means to potentiate NK and T cell surveillance in PDAC to achieve immune-mediated tumor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chibaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Diaz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarco, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.495523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZH2 inhibition remodels the inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype to potentiate pancreatic cancer immune surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 depends in part upon the evolutionary dynamics within individual hosts with varying immune histories. To characterize the within-host evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, we deep sequenced saliva and nasal samples collected daily from immune and unvaccinated individuals early during infection. We show that longitudinal sampling facilitates high-confidence genetic variant detection and reveals evolutionary dynamics missed by less-frequent sampling strategies. Within-host dynamics in both naive and immune individuals appeared largely stochastic; however, we identified clear mutational hotspots within the viral genome, consistent with selection and differing between naive and immune individuals. In rare cases, minor genetic variants emerged to frequencies sufficient for forward transmission. Finally, we detected significant genetic compartmentalization of virus between saliva and nasal swab sample sites in many individuals. Altogether, these data provide a high-resolution profile of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farjo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walden, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manabe, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host evolutionary dynamics and tissue compartmentalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binge alcohol drinking alters the differential control of cholinergic interneurons over nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVentral striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) play a central role in basal ganglia function by regulating associative learning and reward processing. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc), ChIs regulate glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission. However, it is unclear how ChIs orchestrate the control of these neurotransmitters to determine the excitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing either dopamine D1 or D2 receptors. Additionally, the effects of binge alcohol drinking on ChIs-mediated modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in NAc MSNs are also undefined.

MethodsWe optogenetically stimulated ChIs while recording evoked and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in D1- and D2-MSN of ChAT.ChR2.eYFPxDrd1.tdtomato mice. To determine the effect of ChIs on mouse behavior and alcohol consumption, we implanted ChAT.ChR2.eYFP mice with fiber optic cannulas and stimulated ChIs while mice were allowed to drink 20% alcohol using the binge alcohol drinking- in-the-dark (DID) paradigm.

ResultsWe demonstrated that NAc ChIs decrease the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in both D1- and D2-MSNs. While inhibition of D1-MSNs glutamate release by ChIs depends on dopamine release, that of D2-MSNs results from a direct interactions between ChIs and glutamatergic terminals. Interestingly, after two weeks of binge alcohol drinking, the effect of ChIs stimulation on glutamate release was reversed in D1-MSNs, while its effect on D2-MSNs remained unchanged. Finally, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of NAc ChIs significantly increased alcohol consumption.

ConclusionsThese results identify ChIs as a key target for the regulation of NAc circuitry and as a potential treatment of alcohol addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolpakova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez-Gomez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binge alcohol drinking alters the differential control of cholinergic interneurons over nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing of ApoE with Divalent siRNAs Drives Activation of Immune Clearance Pathways and Improves Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most common genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD) is the APOE4 allele, with evidence for gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms. ApoE knockout in mice abrogates AD phenotypes but causes severe atherosclerosis due to the role of liver ApoE in cholesterol homeostasis. Previous attempts to inhibit brain-specific ApoE with anti-sense oligonucleotides only modestly reduced ApoE expression and had no effect on amyloid burden in adult AD mice. Here, we optimized a divalent small interfering RNA (di-siRNA) to selectively and potently silence ApoE in the brain. Silencing brain ApoE in AD mice significantly reduced amyloid plaque formation without affecting systemic cholesterol levels, confirming that brain and liver APOE pools are spatially and functionally distinct. Mechanistically, APOE appears to be a scaffold for beta-amyloid aggregation that limits clearance by microglia. Di-siRNAs from this study can be taken to pre-clinical and clinical trials to accelerate development of AD-modifying therapies and establish siRNA-based modulation of ApoE as a viable path towards therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, B. M. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanjielli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heneka, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing of ApoE with Divalent siRNAs Drives Activation of Immune Clearance Pathways and Improves Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical engineering of therapeutic siRNAs for allele-specific gene silencing in vivo in CNS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are a new class of drugs, exhibiting sequence-driven, potent, and sustained silencing of gene expression in vivo. We recently demonstrated that siRNA chemical architectures can be optimized to provide efficient delivery to the CNS. Many genetically-defined neurodegenerative disorders are autosomal dominant favoring selective silencing of the mutant allele. In some cases, successful targeting of the mutant allele requires targeting of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heterozygosity. Using Huntingtons disease as a model, we demonstrate allele-specific RNAi-based silencing of gene expression in vivo and in neurons differentiated from HD patient-derived iPSCs. A series of in vitro screens, with chemical and thermodynamic optimization, identified compounds with >50-fold selectivity for the mutant HD-causing allele, based on a single nucleotide difference. The optimized compound exhibits selective silencing of mutant huntingtin (HTT) protein in patient derived cells and throughout the HD mouse brain, providing a demonstration of SNP-based allele-specific RNAi silencing of gene expression in vivo in the CNS. The ability to target a disease-causing allele using RNAi-based therapies could be applied to a wide range of dominant CNS disorders, where maintenance of wild-type expression is essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, B. M. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kegel-Gleason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical engineering of therapeutic siRNAs for allele-specific gene silencing in vivo in CNS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II and PARP1 shape enhancer-promoter contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How enhancers control target gene expression over long genomic distances remains an important unsolved problem. Here we studied enhancer-promoter contact architecture and communication by integrating data from nucleosome-resolution genomic contact maps, nascent transcription, and perturbations to transcription-associated proteins and thousands of candidate enhancers. Contact frequency between functionally validated enhancer-promoter pairs was most enriched near the +1 and +2 nucleosomes at enhancers and target promoters, indicating that functional enhancer-promoter pairs spend time in close physical proximity. Blocking RNA polymerase II (Pol II) caused major disruptions to enhancer-promoter contacts. Paused Pol II occupancy and the enzymatic activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) stabilized enhancer-promoter contacts. Based on our findings, we propose an updated model that couples transcriptional dynamics and enhancer-promoter communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barshad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivu, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuhashem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjantonakis, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danko, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase II and PARP1 shape enhancer-promoter contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric trichotomous data partitioning enables development of predictive machine learning models using limited siRNA efficacy datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemically modified small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are promising therapeutics guiding sequence-specific silencing of disease genes. However, identifying chemically modified siRNA sequences that effectively silence target genes is a challenge. Such determinations necessitate computational algorithms. Machine Learning (ML) is a powerful predictive approach for tackling biological problems, but typically requires datasets significantly larger than most available siRNA datasets. Here, we describe a framework for applying ML to a small dataset (356 modified sequences) for siRNA efficacy prediction. To overcome noise and biological limitations in siRNA datasets, we apply a trichotomous (using two thresholds) partitioning approach, producing several combinations of classification threshold pairs. We then test the effects of different thresholds on random forest (RF) ML model performance using a novel evaluation metric accounting for class imbalances. We identify thresholds yielding a model with high predictive power outperforming a simple linear classification model generated from the same data. Using a novel method to extract model features, we observe target site base preferences consistent with current understanding of the siRNA-mediated silencing mechanism, with RF providing higher resolution than the linear model. This framework applies to any classification challenge involving small biological datasets, providing an opportunity to develop high-performing design algorithms for oligonucleotide therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monopoli, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric trichotomous data partitioning enables development of predictive machine learning models using limited siRNA efficacy datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial pattern recognition in C. elegans by a nuclear hormone receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern recognition of bacterial products by host receptors is essential for innate immunity in many metazoans. Curiously, the nematode lineage lost canonical mechanisms of bacterial pattern recognition. Whether other immune receptors evolved in their place is not known. Here, we characterize the first bacterial pattern recognition receptor and its natural ligand in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that the C. elegans nuclear hormone receptor NHR-86/HNF4 senses phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), a metabolite produced by pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PCN binds to the ligand-binding domain of NHR-86/HNF4, a ligand-gated transcription factor, and activates an anti-pathogen transcriptional program in intestinal epithelial cells that provides protection against P. aeruginosa. These data de-orphan a nuclear hormone receptor and demonstrate that surveillance of metabolite signals from bacteria allows nematodes to identify virulent pathogens in their environment that are poised to cause disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial pattern recognition in C. elegans by a nuclear hormone receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of a RAS/RAF recruitment complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of a KRAS/BRAF/MEK1/14-3-3 complex reveal KRAS bound to the flexible Ras-binding domain of BRAF, captured in two orientations. Autoinhibitory interactions are unperturbed by binding of KRAS and in vitro activation studies confirm that KRAS binding is insufficient to activate BRAF, absent membrane recruitment. These structures illustrate the separability of binding and activation of BRAF by Ras and suggest stabilization of this pre-activation intermediate as an alternative to blocking binding of KRAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eck, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmoker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of a RAS/RAF recruitment complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical Wnt Signaling Maintains Human Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Multipotency During Adipose Tissue Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue development and repair throughout life depends on the availability of multipotent mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells capable of differentiating into specialized cell types. How an appropriately sized pool of such multipotent progenitors is maintained under varied signals for tissue growth and repair is unknown. We addressed this question by monitoring fate trajectories of human adipose tissue-derived multipotent progenitor cells using single-cell transcriptomics. Homogenous multipotent progenitors underwent two distinct fate trajectories rapidly upon induction of adipose differentiation- one toward the adipocyte fate, and the other towards a distinct, non-differentiated state characterized by up-regulation of canonical Wnt target genes. Upon isolation, this latter cell population was able to resume proliferation and display multipotency. Using canonical Wnt agonists and antagonists we find Wnt signaling is required for the maintenance of this multipotent pool under differentiation stimulus. In vivo, these cells are retained in adipose tissue developed from human multipotent progenitor cells in immunocompromised mice, and their transcriptomic signature is detected in human adult adipose tissue. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism for maintaining a functional pool of human mesenchymal progenitor cells under conditions of differentiation pressure, driven by Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loureiro, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solivan-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skritakis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDougald, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical Wnt Signaling Maintains Human Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Multipotency During Adipose Tissue Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoids Activate the Insulin Pathway to Modulate Mobilization of Cholesterol in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans requires exogenous cholesterol to survive and its depletion leads to early development arrest. Thus, tight regulation of cholesterol storage and distribution within the organism is critical. Previously, we demonstrated that the endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) plays a key role in C. elegans modulating sterol mobilization, but the mechanism is unknown. Here we show that mutations in the ocr-2 and osm-9 genes coding for transient receptors potential V (TRPV) ion channels, dramatically reduces the effect of 2-AG in cholesterol mobilization. Through genetic analysis combined with the rescuing of larval arrest induced by sterol starvation we found that the insulin/IGF-1signaling (IIS) pathway and UNC-31/CAPS, a calcium-activated regulator of neural dense-core vesicles release, are essential for 2-AG-mediated stimulation of cholesterol mobilization. These findings indicate that 2-AG-dependent cholesterol trafficking requires the release of insulin peptides and signaling through the DAF-2 insulin receptor. These results suggest that 2-AG acts as an endogenous modulator of TRPV signal transduction to control intracellular sterol traffic through modulation of the IGF-1 signaling pathway.

Author summaryAlthough cannabis extracts have been used in folklore medicine for centuries, the past few years have seen an increased interest in the medicinal uses of cannabinoids, the bioactive components of the cannabis plant, for treatment of many diseases of the nervous system. However, the human body naturally produces endocannabinoids that are similar to the cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa. Our goal is to understand how endocannabinoids maintain cholesterol homeostasis in animals, underscoring the importance of cholesterol balance for healthy life. Both cholesterol excess and cholesterol deficiency can have detrimental effects on health, and a myriad of regulatory processes have thus evolved to control the metabolic pathways of sterol metabolism. The nematode C. elegans is auxotroph for sterols, that is; contrary to mammals they cannot synthesize sterols, therefore, dietary supply is essential for survival. The aim of our study was to elucidate the mechanism by which endocannabinoids abolish larval arrest of C. elegans induced by cholesterol depletion. We discovered that endocannabinoids stimulate the insulin pathway, which affects development, reproduction and life span, to modulate mobilization of cholesterol in C. elegans. Our studies have important implications for a better understanding of human pathological conditions associated with impaired cholesterol homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cravero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vranich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgoyhen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego De Mendoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoids Activate the Insulin Pathway to Modulate Mobilization of Cholesterol in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FMRP-Regulated RNA Splicing is Mediated by Multiple Splicing Factors and Translational Control of Mbnl1 RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often modeled in Fmr1 knockout mice where the RNA binding protein FMRP is absent. Here we show that in Fmr1-deficient mice, RNA mis-splicing occurs in several brain regions and peripheral tissues. To assess molecular mechanisms of splicing mis-regulation, we employed N2A cells depleted of Fmr1. In the absence of FMRP, RNA-specific exon skipping events are linked to the splicing factors hnRNPF, PTBP1, and MBNL1. FMRP regulates the translation of Mbnl1 mRNA as well as Mbnl1 RNA auto-splicing. Elevated Mbnl1 auto-splicing in FMRP-deficient cells results in the loss of a nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing exon. This in turn alters the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio of MBNL1. This re-distribution of MBNL1 isoforms in Fmr1-deficient cells could result in downstream splicing changes in other RNAs. Indeed, further investigation revealed that splicing distruptions resulting from Fmr1 depletion could be rescued by overexpression of nuclear MBNL1. Altered Mbnl1 auto-splicing also occurs in human FXS post-mortem brain. These data suggest that FMRP-controlled translation and RNA processing may cascade into a general dys-regulation of splicing in Fmr1-deficient cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FMRP-Regulated RNA Splicing is Mediated by Multiple Splicing Factors and Translational Control of Mbnl1 RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flnc: Machine Learning Improves the Identification of Novel Full-length Long Noncoding RNAs from RNA Sequencing Data Without Transcriptional Initiation Profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in human development and disease. However, many lncRNAs have yet to be annotated. The conventional approach to identifying novel lncRNAs from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data is to find transcripts without coding potential. This approach has a false discovery rate of 30-75%. The majority of these misidentified lncRNAs are RNA fragments or transcriptional noise and lack defined transcription start sites, which are marked by H3K4me3 histone modifications. Therefore, the accuracy of lncRNA identification can be improved by incorporating H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data. However, because of cost, time, and limited sample availability, most RNA-seq data lacks such data. This paucity of H3K4me3 data greatly hinders the efforts to accurately identify novel lncRNAs. To address this problem, we have developed software, Flnc, to identify both novel and annotated full-length lncRNAs from RNA-seq data without H3K4me3 profiles. Flnc integrates machine learning models built incorporating four types of features: transcript length, promoter signature, multiple exons, and genomic location. Flnc achieves state-of-the-art prediction power with an AUROC score over 0.92. Flnc significantly improves the prediction accuracy from less than 50% using the conventional approach to over 85%. Flnc is available via https://github.com/CZhouLab/Flnc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flnc: Machine Learning Improves the Identification of Novel Full-length Long Noncoding RNAs from RNA Sequencing Data Without Transcriptional Initiation Profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relaxed targeting rules allow PIWI-clade Argonaute proteins to silence ever-mutating transposons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, piRNAs direct PIWI-clade Argonaute proteins to slice complementary transposon transcripts. Transposons can evade silencing through target site mutations. We report that PIWIs efficiently cleave transcripts only partially paired to their piRNA guide. Measurements of mouse PIWI protein affinity and cleavage rates for thousands of RNAs in vitro and in vivo show that PIWI slicing tolerates mismatches to any target nucleotide, including those flanking the scissile phosphate. Although piRNA 5 terminal nucleotides accelerate target finding, they are dispensable for binding or catalysis--unlike AGO-clade Argonautes, which require uninterrupted siRNA:target pairing from the seed to the nucleotides past the scissile bond. PIWIs are thus better equipped than AGOs to target newly acquired or rapidly diverging endogenous transposons without recourse to novel small RNA guides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Badillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colpan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relaxed targeting rules allow PIWI-clade Argonaute proteins to silence ever-mutating transposons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphosite Scanning reveals a complex phosphorylation code underlying CDK-dependent activation of Hcm1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ordered cell cycle progression is coordinated by cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs often phosphorylate substrates at multiple sites clustered within disordered regions. However, for most substrates, it is not known which phosphosites are functionally important. We developed a high-throughput approach, Phosphosite Scanning, that tests the importance of each phosphosite within a multisite phosphorylated domain. We show that Phosphosite Scanning identifies multiple combinations of phosphosites that can regulate protein function and reveals specific phosphorylations that are required for phosphorylation at additional sites within a domain. We applied this approach to the yeast transcription factor Hcm1, a conserved regulator of mitotic genes that is critical for accurate chromosome segregation. Phosphosite Scanning revealed a complex CDK-regulatory circuit that mediates processive phosphorylation of key activating sites in vivo. These results illuminate the mechanism of Hcm1 activation by CDK and establish Phosphosite Scanning as a powerful tool for decoding multisite phosphorylated domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvaez Ramos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benanti, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphosite Scanning reveals a complex phosphorylation code underlying CDK-dependent activation of Hcm1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.500520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable multiplex generation of pooled induced pluripotent stem cells for genetic testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.500520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inducing somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides an excellent model for studying systems in-vitro. Understanding the impact of individual donor genetic backgrounds on reprogramming ability would allow researchers to harness these genetic differences and increase the efficiency of the reprogramming process. To better understand the genetic basis of reprogramming cells into iPSCs, we present Induction of Pluripotency from Pooled Cells (iPPC) - an efficient, scalable, and reliable reprogramming procedure. Using our deconvolution algorithm that employs low-coverage pooled sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we estimate individual donor proportions of cell lines within large cohorts. With iPPC, we concurrently reprogrammed over one hundred donor LCLs into iPSCs and found strong correlations of individual donors reprogramming ability across multiple experiments. We note that individual donors reprogramming ability remains consistent across both same-day replicates and multiple experimental runs, and that the expression of certain immunoglobulin precursor genes (IGLV10-54, IGLV3-9, IGLV1-17, IGLV1-6, and IGLV3-1) may impact reprogramming ability. Our process enables a multiplex framework to study the reprogramming ability of different donor cells into iPSCs and also provides a reliable method along with a pooled library of donor iPSCs for downstream research and investigation of other in-vitro phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smullen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Readhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.500520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable multiplex generation of pooled induced pluripotent stem cells for genetic testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the catalytically active APOBEC3G bound to a DNA oligonucleotide inhibitor reveals tetrahedral geometry of the transition state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.504001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOBEC3 proteins (A3s) are enzymes that catalyze deamination of cytidine to uridine in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) substrates, thus playing a key role in innate antiviral immunity. However, APOBEC3 family has also been linked to many mutational signatures in cancer cells, which has led to intense interest to develop inhibitors of A3s catalytic activity as therapeutics as well as tools to study A3s biochemistry, structure and cellular function. Recent studies have shown that ssDNA containing 2'-deoxy-zebularine (dZ-ssDNA) is an inhibitor of A3s such as A3A, A3B and A3G, although atomic determinants of this activity remained unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we determined a 1.5 [A] resolution structure of a dZ-ssDNA inhibitor bound to active A3G. The crystal structure revealed that the activated dZ/H2O mimics the transition state by coordinating the active site Zn2+ and engaging in additional stabilizing interactions, such as the one with the catalytic residues E259. Therefore, this structure allowed us to capture the first snapshot of the A3s transition state, and suggests that developing transition-state mimicking inhibitors may provide a new opportunity to design more targeted molecules for A3s in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maiti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myint, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.504001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the catalytically active APOBEC3G bound to a DNA oligonucleotide inhibitor reveals tetrahedral geometry of the transition state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel batokine Breg controls adipose thermogenesis and glucose homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Batokines selectively expressed in brown and beige adipocytes remain to be identified and their potential signaling role in adipose thermogenesis are largely unknown. Here we identified a batokine we named as Breg acting as a key regulator for adipose thermogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Breg expression is adipose-specific and highly brown fat-enriched, and its secretion is stimulated by {beta}3-adrenergic activation. Gain-of-functional studies collectively showed that secreted Breg promotes adipose thermogenesis, lowers glucose level, and protects against obesity. Adipose-specific Breg knockout mice are defective in white fat browning, and are susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia, demonstrating the physiological importance of this batokine in energy metabolism. Mechanistically, Breg binds to a putative receptor on adipocyte surface and activates protein kinase A independently of {beta}-adrenergic signaling. These results establish Breg as a major upstream signaling component in thermogenesis and offer a potential avenue for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel batokine Breg controls adipose thermogenesis and glucose homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimeric G-quadruplex motifs determine a large fraction of strong replication origins in vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication of vertebrate genomes is tightly regulated to ensure accurate duplication, but our understanding of the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors in this regulation remains incomplete. Here, we investigated the involvement of three elements enriched at gene promoters and replication origins: guanine-rich motifs potentially forming G-quadruplexes (pG4s), nucleosome-free regions (NFRs), and the histone variant H2A.Z, in the firing of origins of replication in vertebrates. We show that two pG4s on the same DNA strand (dimeric pG4s) are sufficient to induce assembly of an efficient minimal replication origin without inducing transcription. Dimeric pG4s in replication origins trigger formation of an NFR next to precisely-positioned nucleosomes enriched in H2A.Z on this minimal origin and genome-wide. Thus, our data suggest a crucial role for dimeric pG4s in the organization and duplication of vertebrate genomes. It supports the hypothesis that a nucleosome close to an NFR is a shared signal for the formation of replication origins in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poulet-Benedetti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonnerre-Doncarli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barinova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massip, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prioleau, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimeric G-quadruplex motifs determine a large fraction of strong replication origins in vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies and biobanks are rapidly generating a multitude of coding and non-coding variants. They provide an unprecedented resource for illuminating the genetic basis of human diseases. Variant functional annotations play a critical role in WGS analysis, result interpretation, and prioritization of disease- or trait-associated causal variants. Existing functional annotation databases have limited scope to perform online queries or are unable to functionally annotate the genotype data of large WGS studies and biobanks for downstream analysis. We develop the Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resources (FAVOR) to meet these pressing needs. FAVOR provides a comprehensive online multi-faceted portal with summarization and visualization of all possible 9 billion single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the genome, and allows for rapid variant-, gene-, and region-level online queries. It integrates variant functional information from multiple sources to describe the functional characteristics of variants and facilitates prioritizing plausible causal variants influencing human phenotypes. Furthermore, a scalable annotation tool, FAVORannotator, is provided for functionally annotating and efficiently storing the genotype and variant functional annotation data of a large-scale sequencing study in an annotated GDS file format to facilitate downstream analysis. FAVOR and FAVORannotator are available at https://favor.genohub.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implications of the 375W mutation for HIV-1 tropism and vaccine development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 vaccines need to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) against conserved epitopes in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) to protect against diverse HIV-1 clades. To achieve this, we need to understand how different amino acids affect the Env trimer structure to find a common strategy to readily produce Env vaccines of different subtypes. Previously, using a saturation mutagenesis strategy we identified single Env substitutions that open the CD4bs without modifying the trimer apex. One of these substitutions was a tryptophan residue introduced at position 375. Here, we introduced 375W into a large panel of 27 T/F, acute stage, chronic infection, and AIDS M-tropic, and non-M-tropic primary isolates from clades A, B, C, D and G, and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) (CRF02_AG, and CRF01_AE), and a complex (cpx) (CRF13_cpx). To understand the effect of 375W mutation on Env trimer structure and tropism, we evaluated soluble (sCD4) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) neutralization of wt and mutant Env+ pseudovirions using bnAbs (b6, 17b, b12, VCR01, 3BNC117, PGT128, 10-1074, PGT145, PG9 and PG16), as well as macrophage infection. Broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) such VCR01, and 3BNC117 neutralized almost all the primary isolates tested while the other bnAbs neutralized many but not all of our panel. In general, 375W did not impair or abrogate neutralization of potent bnAbs. However, b12 and VCR01 showed some tendencies to neutralize 375W macrophage-tropic (mac-tropic) and intermediate mac-tropic mutants more efficiently compared with non-mac-tropic mutants. We identify wt and 375W mutant Envs in our panel that infected macrophages more efficiently than non-mac-tropic variants but did not reach the levels of highly macrophage-tropic brain reference Envs. These partial mac-tropic Envs were classified as intermediate mac-tropic variants. Surprisingly, we observed a mac-tropic (clade G) and intermediate mac-tropic (clade C, and D) primary isolates wt Envs that were not derived from the central nervous system (CNS). The 375W substitution increased sensitivity to sCD4 in all Envs of our panel and increased macrophage infection in many Envs tested including a CRF01_AE X4 variant. However, variants already highly mac-tropic were compromised indicating the presence of other factors implicated in mac-tropism. Increased sCD4 sensitivity and enhanced macrophage infection provide strong evidence that 375W confers exposure of the CD4bs across Envs from different clades/CRF/cpx and disease stages. Enhanced exposure of the CD4bs by 375W had little or no effect on exposure and sensitivity of CD4bs epitopes targeted by potent bnAbs. In summary, we show that 375W consistently increases Env binding to CD4 for diverse Envs from different clades and disease stages, 375W exposure of CD4 receptor is a biologically functional substitution that alone confers mac-tropism on non-mac-tropic Envs and 3) 375W is an ideal substitution for inclusion into HIV vaccines constructed from different subtype Envs, with the aim to elicit neutralizing antibodies that target the CD4bs while maintaining exposure of other Env broad neutralization sites, and 4) we found mac-tropic and intermediate mac-tropic Envs from blood indicating that these Envs could evolve outside of CNS or be released from Brain.

SignificanceSubstitutions exposing the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1 trimers, but still occluding non-neutralizing, immunogenic epitopes are desirable to develop HIV-1 vaccines. If such substitutions induce similar structural changes in trimers across diverse clades, they could be exploited in development of multi-clade Envelope vaccines. We show the 375W substitution increases CD4 affinity for Envelopes of all clades, circulating recombinant forms and complex Envs tested, independent of disease stage. Clade B and C Envs with an exposed CD4bs were described for macrophage-tropic strains from central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that intermediate (clade C, and D) and macrophage-tropic (clade G) Envelopes can be detected outside CNS. Vaccines targeting the CD4bs will be particularly effective against such strains and CNS disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verdejo-Torres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Pavia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duenas-Decamp, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implications of the 375W mutation for HIV-1 tropism and vaccine development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive cellular multitasking within Bacillus subtilis biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus subtilis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that can form biofilms, or communities of cells surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix. In biofilms, genetically identical cells often exhibit heterogeneous transcriptional phenotypes so that only subpopulations of cells carry out essential yet costly cellular processes that allow the entire community to thrive. Surprisingly, the extent of phenotypic heterogeneity and the relationships between subpopulations of cells within biofilms of even in well-studied bacterial systems like B. subtilis remains largely unknown. To determine relationships between these subpopulations of cells, we created 182 strains containing pairwise combinations of fluorescent transcriptional reporters for the expression state of 14 different genes associated with potential cellular subpopulations. We determined the spatial organization of the expression of these genes within biofilms using confocal microscopy, which revealed that many reporters localized to distinct areas of the biofilm, some of which were co-localized. We used flow cytometry to quantify reporter co-expression, which revealed that many cells  multi-task, simultaneously expressing two reporters. These data indicate that prior models describing B. subtilis cells as differentiating into specific cell-types, each with a specific task or function, were oversimplified. Only a few subpopulations of cells, including surfactin and plipastatin producers, as well as sporulating and competent cells, appear to have distinct roles based on the set of genes examined here. These data will provide us with a framework with which to further study and make predictions about the roles of diverse cell phenotypes in B. subtilis biofilms.

IMPORTANCEMany microbes differentiate, expressing diverse phenotypes to ensure their survival in various environments. However, studies on phenotypic differentiation have typically examined only a few phenotypes at one time, thus limiting our knowledge about the extent of differentiation and phenotypic overlap in the population. We investigated the spatial organization and gene expression relationships for genes important in B. subtilis biofilms. In doing so, we mapped spatial gene expression patterns and expanded the number of cell populations described in the B. subtilis literature. It is likely that other bacteria also display complex differentiation patterns within their biofilms. Studying the extent of cellular differentiation in other microbes may be important when designing therapies for disease-causing bacteria, where studying only a single phenotype may be masking underlying phenotypic differentiation relevant to infection outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yannarell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talley, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenborn, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderton, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrisler, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shank, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive cellular multitasking within Bacillus subtilis biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Di-valent siRNA Mediated Silencing of MSH3 Blocks Somatic Repeat Expansion in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons Disease (HD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat tract in the huntingtin gene. Inheritance of expanded CAG repeats is needed for HD manifestation, but further somatic expansion of the repeat tract in non-dividing cells, particularly striatal neurons, hastens disease onset. Called somatic repeat expansion, this process is mediated by the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. Among MMR components identified as modifiers of HD onset, MutS Homolog 3 (MSH3) has emerged as a potentially safe and effective target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we identify fully chemically modified short interfering RNA (siRNA) that robustly silence MSH3 in vitro and in vivo. When synthesized in a di-valent scaffold, siRNA-mediated silencing of MSH3 effectively blocked CAG repeat expansion in striatum of two HD mouse models without impacting tumor-associated microsatellite instability. Our findings establish a novel paradigm for treating patients with HD and other repeat expansion diseases.

One Sentence SummarySilencing MSH3 in the CNS of two models of Huntingtons disease using di-valent siRNA blocks disease-accelerating somatic expansion of CAG repeats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria Moreno, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monopoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Di-valent siRNA Mediated Silencing of MSH3 Blocks Somatic Repeat Expansion in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin B12 produced by gut bacteria modulates excitatory neurotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of evidence indicates that gut microbiota influence brain function and behavior. However, the molecular basis of how gut bacteria modulate host nervous system function is largely unknown. Here we show that vitamin B12-producing bacteria that colonize the intestine can modulate excitatory synaptic transmission and behavior in the host Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that vitamin B12 reduces cholinergic signaling in the nervous system through rewiring of the methionine (Met)/S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle in the intestine. We identify a conserved metabolic crosstalk between the Met/SAM cycle and the choline oxidation pathway. We show that metabolic rewiring of these pathways by vitamin B12 reduces cholinergic transmission by limiting the availability of free choline required by neurons to synthesize acetylcholine. Our study reveals a gut-brain communication pathway by which enteric bacteria modulate host behavior and may affect mental health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackeray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin B12 produced by gut bacteria modulates excitatory neurotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of floxed alleles for cell-specific knockout in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A benefit of the zebrafish as a model is its amenability to genetic approaches. However, a lack of conditional deletion alleles makes it a challenge to perform stage- or cell-specific knockout. Here, we initially applied an existing protocol to establish a floxed allele for gata2a and encountered several issues, including off-target integration and incomplete knock-in. To address these problems, we developed a protocol incorporating simultaneous co-targeting with Cas12a to insert loxP sites in cis, together with transgenic counter-screening to identify off-target insertions. We applied this protocol to establish a floxed allele of foxc1a in a single generation. We demonstrate the utility of our floxed alleles by verifying Cre-dependent deletion, which yielded expected phenotypes in each case. Finally, we used the floxed gata2a allele to demonstrate an endothelial autonomous requirement in lymphatic valve development. Together, our results provide a framework for straightforward generation and application of floxed alleles in zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toles, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isogai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanasaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of floxed alleles for cell-specific knockout in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolved bacterial resistance to the chemotherapy gemcitabine modulates its efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug metabolism by the microbiome can influence anti-cancer treatment success. We previously suggested that chemotherapies with antimicrobial activity can select for adaptations in bacterial drug metabolism that can inadvertently influence the hosts chemoresistance. We demonstrated that evolved resistance against fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy lowered its efficacy in worms feeding on drug-evolved bacteria (Rosener et al., 2020). Here we examine a model system that captures local interactions that can occur in the tumor microenvironment. Gammaproteobacteria colonizing pancreatic tumors can degrade the nucleoside-analog chemotherapy gemcitabine and, in doing so, can increase the tumors chemoresistance. Using a genetic screen in Escherichia coli, we mapped all loss-of-function mutations conferring gemcitabine resistance. Surprisingly, we found that one third of resistance mutations increase or decrease bacterial drug breakdown and therefore can either lower or raise the gemcitabine load in the local environment. Experiments in three E. coli strains revealed that evolved adaptation converged to inactivation of the nucleoside permease NupC, an adaptation that increased the drug burden on co-cultured cancer cells. The two studies provide complementary insights on the potential impact of microbiome adaptation to chemotherapy by showing that bacteria-drug interactions transpire locally and systemically and can influence chemoresistance in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolved bacterial resistance to the chemotherapy gemcitabine modulates its efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATFS-1 regulates peroxisome assembly genes and protects both mitochondria and peroxisomes during peroxin perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders lead to a myriad of clinical manifestations, among which is the dysfunction of the mitochondria. Mitochondria dysfunction is typically sensed by the UPRmt, a broad protective transcriptional response governed by the transcription factor ATFS-1. Here, we investigated the role of the UPRmt during peroxisomal stress. We show that mutations or knockdown of peroxins, the genes required for peroxisome assembly, lead to mitochondria dysfunction and the induction of the UPRmt in C.elegans. The UPRmt induced the transcription of the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase mspn-1 (ATAD-1), that in turn alleviated mitochondrial stress most likely by extracting mislocalized proteins. Importantly, ATFS-1 regulated the transcription of peroxins and the peroxisomal transporter pmp-4. A prx-5 loss of function strain induced a retrograde response that resulted in the transcriptional induction of peroxins, peroxisomal transporters, chaperons and proteases. And was dependent on ATFS-1 and on the peroxisome proliferator activator receptor alpha, NHR-49. Knockout of atfs-1 during peroxisomal stress resulted in severe developmental delays, import defects to peroxisomes and the appearance of large peroxisomal structures. We propose that ATFS-1 regulates the biogenesis of peroxisomes and protects the organism by alleviating the stress of both peroxisomes and mitochondria during peroxisomal stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shpilka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uma Naresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATFS-1 regulates peroxisome assembly genes and protects both mitochondria and peroxisomes during peroxin perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) direct PIWI proteins to silence complementary targets such as transposons. In animals with a maternally specified germline, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, maternally deposited piRNAs initiate piRNA biogenesis in the progeny. Normal fertility in D. melanogaster males requires repression of tandemly repeated Stellate genes by piRNAs from Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)]. Because the Su(Ste) loci are on the Y chromosome, Su(Ste) piRNAs are not deposited in oocytes. How the male germline produces Su(Ste) piRNAs in the absence of maternally deposited Su(Ste) piRNAs is unknown. Here, we show that Su(Ste) piRNAs are made in the early male germline via 5'-to-3' phased piRNA biogenesis triggered by maternally deposited 1360/Hoppel transposon piRNAs. Strikingly, deposition of Su(Ste) piRNAs from XXY mothers obviates the need for phased piRNA biogenesis in sons. Together, our study uncovers the developmentally programmed mechanism that allows fly mothers to protect their sons using a Y-linked piRNA locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkei, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila Males Use 5'-to-3' Phased Biogenesis to Make Stellate-silencing piRNAs that Lack Homology to Maternally Deposited piRNA Guides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative regulation of C. elegans innate immunity by orphan nuclear receptor NHR-42 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positive and negative regulators of innate immunity work together to maintain immune homeostasis. We previously discovered that HLH-30/TFEB is a critical transcription factor that positively regulates host defense genes upon S. aureus infection in C. elegans. However, repression of host defense genes and negative regulation of immunity remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified nhr-42 as a negative regulator of host defense genes functioning downstream of HLH-30/TFEB, with major implications in host survival and metabolism after infection. nhr-42 expression is induced in an HLH-30/TFEB dependent manner mostly in the pharynx upon infection. We find that animals lacking nhr-42 have higher expression of host defense genes, which enables enhanced survival after infection. Antimicrobials expressed in the pharynx such as abf-2, function downstream of nhr-42 to confer resistance to infection by mitigating pathogen burden. Furthermore, nhr-42 deficient animals are defective in lipid mobilization, having higher lipid stores compared to wild type animals after infection. nhr-42 therefore enables C. elegans to limit the host defense response and reallocate energy resources through lipid mobilization after infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a transcription factor that represses host defense genes in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goswamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative regulation of C. elegans innate immunity by orphan nuclear receptor NHR-42]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Enhances the Immune Responses to the RSV F Protein in an Enveloped Virus-like Particle Vaccine Candidate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious human respiratory pathogen, but no RSV vaccine has been licensed. Many of the vaccine candidates are focused on the viral F protein. However, it is the G protein that binds the likely receptor, CX3CR1, in human alveolar lung cells raising the question of the importance of the G protein in vaccine candidates. Using virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates, we have directly compared VLPs containing only the pre-fusion F protein, only the G protein, or both glycoproteins. We report that VLPs containing both glycoproteins bind to anti-F protein specific monoclonal antibodies differently than VLPs containing only the pre-fusion F protein. Using RSV naive cotton rats as an animal model, we have found that VLPs assembled only with the pre-F protein stimulated extremely weak neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers as did VLPs assembled with G protein. However, VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins stimulated quite robust neutralizing antibody titers, titers that were significantly higher than the combined titers induced by pre-F only or G only VLPs. VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins induced improved protection of the animals from RSV challenge compared to pre-F VLPs and induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for F protein antigenic sites 0, site III, and AM14 binding site compared with VLPs containing only the pre-F protein. These combined results indicate that assembly of pre-F protein with G protein in VLPs further stabilized the pre-fusion conformation or otherwise altered the conformation of the F protein increasing the induction of protective antibodies.

ImportanceRSV causes significant disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Thus, development of an effective vaccine for these populations is a priority. Most ongoing efforts in RSV vaccine development have focused on the viral fusion (F) protein, however, the importance of inclusion of G in vaccine candidates is unclear. Here, using VLPs assembled with only the F protein or only the G protein or both glycoproteins, we show that VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins are a far superior vaccine, in a cotton rat model, than VLPs containing only F protein or only G protein. The results show that the presence of G protein in the VLPs influences the conformation of the F protein and the immune responses to F protein resulting in significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers and better protection from RSV challenge. These results suggest that inclusion of G protein in a vaccine candidate may improve its effectiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinnes-Cullen, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Enhances the Immune Responses to the RSV F Protein in an Enveloped Virus-like Particle Vaccine Candidate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host genetic background is a barrier to vaccine-induced protection against infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of immune responses observed in humans is difficult to model in standard inbred laboratory mice. To capture the diversity inherent in mice and better understand how host variation affects BCG-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 24 unique Collaborative Cross (CC) recombinant inbred mouse strains and the C57BL/6 reference strain were vaccinated with or without BCG, and then challenged with low-dose aerosolized virulent M. tuberculosis. In contrast to standard lab strains, BCG protected only half of the CC strains tested. Furthermore, BCG efficacy is dissociable from inherent susceptibility to TB. As these strains differed primarily in the genes and alleles they inherited from the CC founder strains, we conclude that the host genetic background has a major influence on whether BCG confers protection against M. tuberculosis infection and indicates that host genetics should be considered as an important barrier to vaccine-mediated protection. Importantly, we wished to identify the components of the immune response stimulated by BCG, which were subsequently recalled after Mtb infection and associated with protection. The T cell immune response following BCG vaccination and Mtb challenge was extensively characterized. Although considerable diversity was observed, BCG vaccination had little impact on the composition of T cells recruited and maintained in the lung after infection. Instead, the variability was largely shaped by the genetic background. We developed models to detect vaccine-induced differences, which identified immune signatures associated with BCG-elicited protection against TB. Importantly, even when categorized as susceptible vs. resistant, and protected vs. unprotected, many of the protected CC strains had unique flavors of immunity, indicating multiple paths to protection. Thus, CC mice can be used to define correlates of protection and to identify vaccine strategies that protect a larger fraction of genetically diverse individuals instead of optimizing protection for a single genotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogunsola, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlehamn, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beamer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host genetic background is a barrier to vaccine-induced protection against infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methotrexate inhibition of muropeptide transporter SLC46A2 controls psoriatic skin inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosolic innate immune sensing is critical for protecting barrier tissues. NOD1 and NOD2 are cytosolic sensors of small peptidoglycan fragments (muropeptides) derived from the bacterial cell wall. These muropeptides enter cells, especially epithelial cells, through unclear mechanisms. We previously implicated SLC46 transporters in muropeptide transport in Drosophila immunity. Here we focus on Slc46a2, which is highly expressed in mammalian epidermal keratinocytes, and show that it is critical for delivery of DAP-muropeptides and activation of NOD1 in keratinocytes, while the related transporter Slc46a3 is critical for responding to MDP, the NOD2 ligand. In a mouse model, Slc46a2 and Nod1 deficiency strongly suppressed psoriatic inflammation, while methotrexate, a commonly used psoriasis therapeutic, inhibited Slc46a2-dependent transport of DAP-muropeptides. Collectively these studies define SLC46A2 as a transporter of NOD1 activating muropeptides, with critical roles in the skin barrier, and identify this transporter as an important target for anti-inflammatory intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusi, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malireddi, R. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodzanowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anonick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanneganti, T.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzalli, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atukorale, P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.509906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methotrexate inhibition of muropeptide transporter SLC46A2 controls psoriatic skin inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.509517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) are common sources of structural variation, and insertions originating from spontaneous DNA lesions are frequent in cancer. We developed a highly sensitive assay in human cells (Indel-Seq) to monitor rearrangements at the TRIM37 acceptor locus which reports indels stemming from experimentally-induced and spontaneous genome instability. Templated insertions derive from sequences genome-wide and are enriched within 100 kb of donor regions flanking a DSB. Insertions require contact between donor and acceptor loci as well as DNA-PK catalytic activity. Notably, these templated insertions originate from actively transcribed loci, underscoring transcription as a critical source of spontaneous genome instability. Transcription-coupled insertions involve a DNA/RNA hybrid intermediate and are stimulated by DNA end-processing. Using engineered Cas9 breaks, we establish that ssDNA overhangs at the acceptor site greatly stimulate insertions. Indel-Seq revels that insertions are generated via at least three distinct pathways. Our studies indicate that insertions result from movement and subsequent contact between acceptor and donor loci followed invasion or annealing, then by non-homologous end-joining at the acceptor site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.509517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of insertions at a DNA double-strand break]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential limitations of micro-dystrophin gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) expressing versions of truncated dystrophin (micro-dystrophins) are being delivered at high doses to patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in clinical trials. We examined this strategy with two different micro-dystrophins, similar to those currently in clinical trials, in a severe mouse model of DMD, the D2.mdx mouse, using doses of AAV comparable to those used in the clinical trials. We achieved high levels of micro-dystrophin expression in striated muscle with cardiac expression [~]10 fold higher than that observed in skeletal muscle. Significant, albeit incomplete, correction of the skeletal muscle disease is observed. Surprisingly, a lethal acceleration of cardiac disease progression occurs with one of the micro-dystrophins, while the second appears to benefit the heart. The detrimental impact on the heart in the first case appears to be caused by the high levels of micro-dystrophin in the heart resulting in competition between micro-dystrophin and utrophin at the cardiomyocyte membrane. While the significance of these observations for patients currently being treated with AAV-micro-dystrophin therapies is unclear since the levels of expression being achieved in the DMD hearts are unknown, it suggests that micro-dystrophin treatments may need to be carefully titrated to avoid high levels of expression in the heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammers, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential limitations of micro-dystrophin gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and assembly of an extremely long bacteriophage tail tube 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tail tube assembly is an essential step in the assembly of long-tailed bacteriophages. Limited structural and biophysical information has impeded an understanding of assembly and stability of their long, flexible tail tubes. The hyperthermophilic phage P74-26 is particularly intriguing as it has the longest tail of any known virus (nearly 1 m) and is the most stable known phage. Here, we present the structure of the P74-26 tail tube and introduce an in vitro system for studying the kinetics of tube assembly. Our high resolution cryo-EM structure provides insight into how the P74-26 phage achieves its flexibility and thermostability through assembly of flexible loops into neighboring rings through tight "ball-and-socket"-like interactions. Guided by this structure, and in combination with mutational, light scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations data, we propose a model for the assembly of conserved tube-like structures across phage and other entities possessing Tail Tube-like proteins. Our model proposes that formation of a full ring licenses the adoption of a tube elongation-competent conformation among the flexible loops and their corresponding sockets, which is further stabilized by an adjacent ring. Tail assembly is controlled by the cooperative interaction of dynamic intra- and inter-ring contacts. Given the structural conservation among tail tube proteins and tail-like structures, our model can explain the mechanism of high-fidelity assembly of long, stable tubes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agnello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and assembly of an extremely long bacteriophage tail tube]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treg cells drive MYCN-mediated immunosuppression and tumor aggressiveness in high-risk neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solid tumors, especially those with aberrant MYCN activation, harbor an immunosuppressive microenvironment to fuel malignant growth and trigger treatment resistance1,2, yet the underlying mechanisms are elusive and effective strategies to tackle this challenge are lacking. Here we demonstrated the crucial role of T regulatory (Treg) cells in MYCN-mediated immune repression and tumor aggression using high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) as a model system. Human MYCN-activated NB attracts CD4+ Treg cells, which are also found enriched in MYCN-high primary patient samples. Zebrafish MYCN-overexpressing neural crests recruit Cd4+ cells before tumor formation and induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby promoting tumor onset and progression. Strikingly, disruption of Treg cells through depletion of forkhead box protein 3a restores anti-tumor immunity and impairs NB development. Together, our studies establish Treg cells as the key driver of MYCN-mediated immunosuppression and tumor aggressiveness, providing mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorgulescu, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floru, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meara, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraju, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrescu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treg cells drive MYCN-mediated immunosuppression and tumor aggressiveness in high-risk neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 directs target gene re-localization and shuttles to nuage to promote small RNA mediated inherited silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute small-RNA pathways engage heterochromatin-silencing co-factors to promote transgenerational inheritance in animals. However, little is known about how heterochromatin and small-RNA pathways interact to transmit silencing. Here we show that the induction of heterochromatin silencing in C. elegans by RNAi or by artificially tethering pathway components to target RNA correlates with the co-localization of the target alleles in pachytene nuclei. Tethering the nuclear Argonaute WAGO-9/HRDE-1 induces heterochromatin formation, but also functions independently to induce small-RNA amplification. We show that HRDE-1 shuttles to nuage domains called mutator foci where amplification is thought to occur. Tethering a heterochromatin-silencing factor, NRDE-2, induces heterochromatin silencing and also induces the de-novo synthesis of HRDE-1 guide RNAs, and through HRDE-1 acts to further amplify downstream small-RNA silencing. Our findings support a model in which HRDE-1 functions both upstream, to initiate heterochromatin silencing, and downstream, to stimulate small-RNA amplification, establishing a self-enforcing mechanism that propagates silencing to offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishidate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 directs target gene re-localization and shuttles to nuage to promote small RNA mediated inherited silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restricted effects of the sole C. elegans Daughterless/E homolog, HLH-2, on nervous system development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Are there common mechanisms of neurogenesis used throughout an entire nervous system? Making use of the well-defined and relatively small size of the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, we explored to what extent canonical proneural class I/II bHLH complexes are responsible for neurogenesis throughout the entire C. elegans nervous system. Distinct, lineage-specific proneural "class II" bHLH factors are generally thought to operate via interaction with a common, "class I" bHLH subunit, encoded by Daugtherless in flies, the E (E2A, E2-2, HEB) proteins in vertebrates, and hlh-2 in C. elegans. To eliminate function of all proneuronal class I/II bHLH complexes, we therefore genetically removed maternal and zygotic hlh-2 gene activity. We observed broad effects on neurogenesis, but still detected normal neurogenesis in many distinct neuron-producing lineages of the central and peripheral nervous system. Moreover, we find that hlh-2 selectively affects some aspects of neuron differentiation while leaving others unaffected. While our studies confirm the function of proneuronal class I/II bHLH complexes in many different lineages throughout a nervous system, we conclude that their function is not universal, but rather restricted by lineage, cell type and components of differentiation programs affected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restricted effects of the sole C. elegans Daughterless/E homolog, HLH-2, on nervous system development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data Descriptor: Human whole exome genotype data for Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bigger sample size can help to identify new genetic variants contributing to an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease. However, the heterogeneity of the whole-exome sequencing (WES) data generation methods presents a challenge to a joint analysis. Here we present a bioinformatics strategy for joint calling 20,504 WES samples collected across nine studies and sequenced using ten different capture kits in fourteen sequencing centers in the Alzheimers Disease Sequencing Project. gVCFs of samples were joint-called by the Genome Center for Alzheimers Disease into a single VCF, containing only positions within the union of capture kits. The VCF was then processed using specific strategies to account for the batch effects arising from the use of different capture kits from different studies.

We identified 8.2 million autosomal variants. 96.82% of the variants are high-quality, and are located in 28,579 Ensembl transcripts. 41% of the variants are intronic and 15% are missense variants. 1.8% of the variants are with CADD>30.

Our new strategy for processing these diversely generated WES samples has shown to generate high-quality data. The improved ability to combine data sequenced in different batches benefits the whole genomics research community. The WES data are accessible to the scientific community via https://dss.niagads.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantwell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicaretta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brkanac, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data Descriptor: Human whole exome genotype data for Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.511838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome decompaction and cohesin direct Topoisomerase II activity to establish and maintain an unentangled interphase genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.511838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The topological state of chromosomes determines their mechanical properties, dynamics, and function. Recent work indicated that interphase chromosomes are largely free of entanglements. Here, we use Hi-C, polymer simulations and multi-contact 3C, and propose that, in contrast, mitotic chromosomes are self-entangled. We explore how a mitotic self-entangled state is converted into an unentangled interphase state during mitotic exit. Most mitotic entanglements are removed during anaphase/telophase, with remaining ones removed during early G1, in a Topoisomerase II-dependent process. Polymer models suggest a two-stage disentanglement pathway: first, decondensation of mitotic chromosomes with remaining condensin loops produces entropic forces that bias Topoisomerase II activity towards decatenation. At the second stage, the loops are released, and formation of new entanglements is prevented by lower Topoisomerase II activity, allowing the establishment of unentangled and territorial G1 chromosomes. When mitotic entanglements are not removed, in experiment and models, a normal interphase state cannot be acquired.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polovnikov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafontaine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.511838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome decompaction and cohesin direct Topoisomerase II activity to establish and maintain an unentangled interphase genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradomic identification of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14) as an ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 substrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secreted metalloproteases ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 are implicated in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and primary cilium biogenesis. Here, we show that clonal gene-edited RPE-1 cells in which ADAMTS9 was inactivated, and which constitutively lack ADAMTS20 expression, have morphologic characteristics distinct from parental RPE-1 cells. To investigate underlying proteolytic mechanisms, a quantitative N-terminomics method, terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) was used to compare parental and gene-edited cells and their medium to identify ADAMTS9 substrates. Among differentially abundant N-terminally labeled internal peptides arising from secreted and transmembrane proteins, a peptide with lower abundance in the medium of gene-edited cells suggested cleavage at the Tyr314-Gly315 bond in the ectodomain of the transmembrane metalloprotease MT1-MMP, whose mRNA was also reduced in gene-edited cells. This cleavage, occurring in the MT1-MMP hinge i.e., between the catalytic and hemopexin domains, was orthogonally validated both by lack of an MT1-MMP catalytic domain fragment in the medium of gene-edited cells and restoration of its release from the cell surface by re-expression of ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20, and was dependent on hinge O-glycosylation. Since MT1-MMP is a type I transmembrane protein, identification of an N-terminally labeled peptide in the medium suggested additional downstream cleavage sites in its ectodomain. Indeed, a C-terminally semi-tryptic MT1-MMP peptide with greater abundance in wild-type RPE-1 medium identified by a targeted search indicated a cleavage site in the hemopexin domain. Consistent with retention of MT1-MMP catalytic domain on the surface of gene-edited cells, pro-MMP2 activation, which requires cell-surface MT1-MMP, was increased. MT1-MMP knockdown in gene-edited ADAMTS9/20-deficient cells restored focal adhesions but not ciliogenesis. The findings expand the web of interacting proteases at the cell-surface, suggest a role for ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 in regulating cell-surface activity of MT1-MMP and indicate that MT1-MMP shedding does not underlie their observed requirement in ciliogenesis.

HighlightsO_LIADAMTS9-deficient RPE-1 cells have impaired substrate attachment
C_LIO_LIADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 release the MT1-MMP catalytic domain from the cell-surface
C_LIO_LIIncreased cell-surface MT1-MMP increases pro-MMP2 activation and collagenolysis
C_LIO_LIMT1-MMP knockdown restores substrate attachment of ADAMTS9-deficient RPE-1 cells.
C_LI

In BriefADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 are homologous secreted proteases implicated in ECM proteolysis and ciliogenesis, but few relevant substrates of these proteases are currently known. Quantitative N-terminomics comparison of RPE-1 cells with ADAMTS9 inactivation and parental RPE-1 cells identified transmembrane protease MT1-MMP (MMP14) as a novel ADAMTS9 substrate. The resulting enhanced cell-surface MT1-MMP activity in the gene-edited cells contributes to their adhesion defect, but not lack of cilia. A key physiological function of ADAMTS9/20 may be to dampen cell-surface MT1-MMP activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stack, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>APTE, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradomic identification of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14) as an ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20 substrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a clot-adhesive coating to improve the performance of thrombectomy devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe first-pass complete recanalization by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for the treatment of stroke remains limited due to the poor integration of the clot within current devices. Aspiration can help retrieval of the main clot but fails to prevent secondary embolism in the distal arterial territory. The dense meshes of extracellular DNA, recently described in stroke-related clots, might serve as an anchoring platform for MT devices.

ObjectiveEvaluate the potential of DNA reacting surface to aid the retention of the main clot as well as of its small fragments within the thrombectomy device and improve the potential of MT procedures.

MethodsDevice-suitable alloy experimental samples were coated with 15 different compounds and contacted with extracellular DNA or with human peripheral whole blood, to compare their binding to DNA versus flowing blood elements, in vitro. Clinical-grade MT devices were coated with two selected compounds and evaluated in functional bench tests aiming to studying clot retrieval and distal emboli release, concomitant with contact aspiration, using an M1 occlusion model.

ResultsBinding properties of samples coated with all compounds were increased for DNA ({approx} 3-fold) and decreased ({approx} 5-fold) for blood elements, essentially platelet, as compared to the bare alloy samples, in vitro. Functional testing showed that surface modification with DNA-binding compounds improved clot retrieval and significantly reduced secondary embolism during experimental recanalization of occluded artery 3D model by thrombectomy procedures.

ConclusionOur results suggest that device coating with DNA-binding compounds can considerably improve the outcome of MT procedures in stroke patients.

What is already known on this topic - New mechanical thrombectomy device are being improved on the conformation and shape to increase the interaction clot on the physical point of view. However, none interact specifically with the structure or composition of the clot.

What this study adds - The design of a chemical surface modification of the device opens the way for a specific targeting tool to increase the interaction with the clot on the molecular level.

How this study might affect research, practice or policy - This new surface modification, which can be applied to all commercially available mechanical thrombectomy devices, leads to a decrease in secondary embolization which cannot and is not monitored during the procedure and responsible for new territory damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skarbek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostakou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procopio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epshtein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raskett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romagnoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iviglia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoletti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caligiuri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a clot-adhesive coating to improve the performance of thrombectomy devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical CDK4 signaling rescues diabetes in a mouse model by promoting beta cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expanding beta cell mass is a critical goal in the fight against diabetes. CDK4, an extensively characterized cell cycle activator, is required to establish and maintain beta cell number. Beta cell failure in the IRS2-deletion mouse type 2 diabetes model is in part due to loss of CDK4 regulator Cyclin D2. We set out to determine whether replacement of endogenous CDK4 with the inhibitor-resistant mutant CDK4-R24C rescued the loss of beta cell mass in Irs2-deficient mice. Surprisingly, not only beta cell mass but also beta cell dedifferentiation status was effectively rescued, despite no improvement in insulin sensitivity. Ex vivo studies in primary islet cells revealed a novel mechanism in which CDK4 intervened downstream in the insulin signaling pathway to prevent FOXO1-mediated transcriptional repression of critical beta cell transcription factor Pdx1. FOXO1 inhibition was not related to E2F1 activity, to FOXO1 phosphorylation, or even to FOXO1 subcellular localization, but rather was related to deacetylation of FOXO1 and reduced FOXO1 abundance. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel differentiation-promoting activity of the classical cell cycle activator CDK4 and support the concept that beta cell mass can be expanded without compromising function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stamateris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landa-Galvan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rane, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical CDK4 signaling rescues diabetes in a mouse model by promoting beta cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High bacillary burden and the ESX-1 type VII secretion system promote MHC class I presentation to CD8 T-cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) subverts host defenses to persist in macrophages despite immune pressure. CD4 T-cells can recognize macrophages infected with a single bacillus in vitro. Under identical conditions, CD8 T-cells inefficiently recognize infected macrophages and fail to restrict Mtb growth, although they can inhibit Mtb growth during high burden intracellular infection. We show that high intracellular Mtb numbers cause macrophage death, leading other macrophages to scavenge cellular debris and cross-present the TB10.4 antigen to CD8 T-cells. Presentation by infected macrophages requires Mtb to have a functional ESX-1 type VII secretion system. These data indicate that phagosomal membrane damage and cell death promote class I MHC presentation of the immunodominant antigen TB10.4 by macrophages. Although this mode of antigen-presentation stimulates cytokine production that we presume would be host beneficial; killing of uninfected cells could worsen immunopathology. We suggest that shifting the focus of CD8 T-cell recognition to uninfected macrophages would limit the interaction of CD8 T-cells with infected macrophages and impair CD8 T-cell mediated resolution of tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High bacillary burden and the ESX-1 type VII secretion system promote MHC class I presentation to CD8 T-cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the rapid and reductive cleavage divisions of early embryogenesis, subcellular structures such as the nucleus and mitotic spindle scale to decreasing cell size. Mitotic chromosomes also decrease in size during development, presumably to coordinately scale with mitotic spindles, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine in vivo and in vitro approaches using eggs and embryos from the frog Xenopus laevis to show that mitotic chromosome scaling is mechanistically distinct from other forms of subcellular scaling. We found that mitotic chromosomes scale continuously with cell, spindle and nuclear size in vivo. However, unlike for spindles and nuclei, mitotic chromosome size cannot be re-set by cytoplasmic factors from earlier developmental stages. In vitro, increasing nucleo-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is sufficient to recapitulate mitotic chromosome scaling, but not nuclear or spindle scaling, through differential loading of maternal factors during interphase. An additional pathway involving importin  scales mitotic chromosomes to cell surface area/volume (SA/V) during metaphase. Finally, single-chromosome immunofluorescence and analysis of Hi-C data suggest that mitotic chromosomes scale through decreased recruitment of condensin I, resulting in major rearrangements of DNA loop architecture to accommodate the same amount of DNA on a shorter axis. Together, our findings demonstrate how mitotic chromosome size is set by spatially and temporally distinct developmental cues in the early embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes scale to nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and cell size in Xenopus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study examines racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in career self-efficacy amongst 6077 US citizens and US naturalized graduate and postdoctoral trainees. Respondents from biomedical fields completed surveys administered by the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) programs across 17 US institutional sites. Graduate and postdoctoral demographic and survey response data were examined to evaluate the impact of intersectional identities on trainee career self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that race, ethnicity and gender, and the relations between these identities, would impact trainee career self-efficacy. The analysis demonstrated that racial and ethnic group, gender, specific career interests (academic principal investigator vs. other careers), and seniority (junior vs. senior trainee level) were, to various degrees, all associated with trainee career self-efficacy and the effects were consistent across graduate and postdoctoral respondents. Implications for differing levels of self-efficacy are discussed, including factors and events during training that may contribute to (or undermine) career self-efficacy. The importance of mentorship for building research and career self-efficacy of trainees is discussed, especially with respect to those identifying as women and belonging to racial/ethnic populations underrepresented in biomedical sciences. The results underscore the need for change in the biomedical academic research community in order to retain a diverse biomedical workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Converging pathways direct synapse elimination through the homeodomain transcriptional regulator DVE-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important step in brain development is the remodeling of juvenile neural circuits to establish mature connectivity. The elimination of juvenile synapses is a critical step in this process; however, the molecular mechanisms directing synapse elimination activities and their timing are not fully understood. We identify here a conserved transcriptional regulator, DVE-1, that shares homology with mammalian special AT-rich sequence-binding (SATB) family members and directs the elimination of juvenile synaptic inputs onto remodeling C. elegans GABAergic neurons. Dorsally localized juvenile acetylcholine receptor clusters and apposing presynaptic sites are eliminated during maturation of wild type GABAergic neurons but persist into adulthood in dve-1 mutants. The persistence of juvenile synapses in dve-1 mutants does not impede synaptic growth during GABAergic remodeling and therefore produces heightened motor connectivity and a turning bias during movement. DVE-1 is localized to GABAergic nuclei prior to and during remodeling and DVE-1 nuclear localization is required for synapse elimination to proceed, consistent with DVE-1s function as a transcriptional regulator. Pathway analysis of DVE-1 targets and proteasome inhibitor experiments implicate transcriptional control of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in synapse elimination. Together, our findings demonstrate a new role for a SATB family member in the control of synapse elimination during circuit remodeling through transcriptional regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome signaling.

Contributions SummaryKDA generated strains, transgenic lines, molecular constructs, confocal microscopy images and analysis, performed optogenetic behavioral experiments, photoconversion experiments, modencode ChIP-seq analysis and pathway analysis. SR performed all calcium imaging experiments/analysis and conducted single worm tracking. KB performed all Bortezomib inhibitor experiments and analysis. CL generated most vectors and constructs. JR assisted with generation of CRISPR/Cas9 generated strains. WA and MR assisted with aldicarb behavioral assay. DO assisted with EMS screen and isolation of dve-1 mutant. CB and MD aided in CloudMap bioinformatic analysis of the uf171 mutant. MMF and KDA designed and interpreted results of all experiments and wrote the manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doitsidou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Converging pathways direct synapse elimination through the homeodomain transcriptional regulator DVE-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes the adipocyte thermogenic program and adipose tissue browning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=137 SRC="FIGDIR/small/514130v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ce743org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@122f339org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e3013org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f65311_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractsC_FLOATNO C_FIG ObjectiveNorepinephrine stimulates the adipose tissue thermogenic program through a {beta}-adrenergic receptor ({beta}AR) - cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade. We discovered that a noncanonical activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by PKA is required for the {beta}AR-stimulation of adipose tissue browning. However, the downstream events triggered by PKA-phosphorylated mTORC1 activation that drive this thermogenic response are not well understood.

MethodsWe used a proteomic approach of Stable Isotope Labeling by/with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) to characterize the global protein phosphorylation profile in brown adipocytes treated with the {beta}AR agonist. We identified salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) as a candidate mTORC1 substrate and further tested the effect of SIK3 deficiency or SIK inhibition on the thermogenic gene expression program in brown adipocytes and in mouse adipose tissue.

ResultsSIK3 interacts with RAPTOR, the defining component of the mTORC1 complex, and is phosphorylated at Ser884 in a rapamycin-sensitive manner. Pharmacological SIK inhibition by a pan-SIK inhibitor (HG-9-91-01) in brown adipocytes increases basal Ucp1 gene expression and restores its expression upon blockade of either mTORC1 or PKA. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of Sik3 augments, while overexpression of SIK3 suppresses, Ucp1 gene expression in brown adipocytes. The regulatory PKA phosphorylation domain of SIK3 is essential for its inhibition. CRISPR-mediated Sik3 deletion in brown adipocytes increases type IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and enhances the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis such as Ucp1, Pgc1, and mitochondrial OXPHOS complex protein. We further show that HDAC4 interacts with PGC1 after {beta}AR stimulation and reduces lysine acetylation in PGC1. Finally, a SIK inhibitor well-tolerated in vivo (YKL-05-099) can stimulate the expression of thermogenesis-related genes and browning of mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue.

ConclusionsTaken together, our data reveal that SIK3, with the possible contribution of other SIKs, functions as a phosphorylation switch for {beta}-adrenergic activation to drive the adipose tissue thermogenic program and indicates that more work to understand the role of the SIKs is warranted. Our findings also suggest that maneuvers targeting SIKs could be beneficial for obesity and related cardiometabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Fatima Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes the adipocyte thermogenic program and adipose tissue browning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Singletrome: A method to analyze and enhance the transcriptome with long noncoding RNAs for single cell analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized the study of gene expression in individual cell types, but scRNA-seq studies have focused primarily on expression of protein-coding genes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are more diverse than protein-coding genes, yet remain underexplored in part because they are under-represented in reference annotations applied to scRNA-seq. Merging annotations containing protein-coding and lncRNA genes is not sufficient, because the addition of lncRNA genes that overlap in sense and antisense with protein-coding genes will affect how reads are counted for both protein-coding and lncRNA genes. Here, we introduce Singletrome, a Singularity image that integrates protein-coding and lncRNA gene transfer format (GTF) annotations to generate enhanced annotations that take into account the sense and antisense overlap of annotated genes, maps scRNA-seq data, and produces files for downstream analysis and visualization. With Singletrome, we observed an increase in the number of reads mapped to exons, detected thousands of lncRNAs not included in GENCODE, and observed a decrease in uniquely mapped reads, indicating improved mapping specificity. Moreover, we were able to cluster cell types based solely on lncRNAs expression, and lncRNAs alone were able to predict cell types and human disease pathology through machine learning. This comprehensive annotation will allow mapping of lncRNA expression across cell types of the human body, facilitating the development of an atlas of human lncRNAs in health and disease with the ability to integrate new lncRNA annotations as they become available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, R.-U. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Singletrome: A method to analyze and enhance the transcriptome with long noncoding RNAs for single cell analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooltools: enabling high-resolution Hi-C analysis in Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome conformation capture (3C) technologies reveal the incredible complexity of genome organization. Maps of increasing size, depth, and resolution are now used to probe genome architecture across cell states, types, and organisms. Larger datasets add challenges at each step of computational analysis, from storage and memory constraints to researchers time; however, analysis tools that meet these increased resource demands have not kept pace. Furthermore, existing tools offer limited support for customizing analysis for specific use cases or new biology. Here we introduce cooltools (https://github.com/open2c/cooltools), a suite of computational tools that enables flexible, scalable, and reproducible analysis of high-resolution contact frequency data. Cooltools leverages the widely-adopted cooler format which handles storage and access for high-resolution datasets. Cooltools provides a paired command line interface (CLI) and Python application programming interface (API), which respectively facilitate workflows on high-performance computing clusters and in interactive analysis environments. In short, cooltools enables the effective use of the latest and largest genome folding datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Open 2C,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyamer, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galitsyna, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imakaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooltools: enabling high-resolution Hi-C analysis in Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BRCA1 isoform, BRCA1-IRIS, operates independently of the full-length BRCA1 in the Fanconi anemia pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor suppressor BRCA1 encodes multiple protein products including the canonical BRCA1-p220 (p220), which plays important roles in repair of diverse types of DNA damage. However, contributions of other BRCA1-encoded protein isoforms to DNA damage repair are less clear. Here, we report that the BRCA1-IRIS (IRIS) isoform has critical functions in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and in repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Loss of IRIS expression sensitizes cells to ICLs and impairs ICL repair. ICL formation stimulates association of IRIS with both FANCD2 and the FA core complex, which promotes FANCD2 recruitment to damage sites. The unique, BRCA1 intron 11-encoded C-terminal tail of IRIS is required for complex formation with FANCD2 and for ICL-inducible FANCD2 mono-ubiquitylation. Collectively, our findings reveal that IRIS plays an essential role, upstream of the p220-directed HR, in the FA pathway through a previously unrecognized mechanism that depends on the IRIS-FANCA-FANCD2 interaction.

HighlightsO_LIBRCA1 splicing isoform BRCA1-IRIS is required for interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair.
C_LIO_LIBRCA1-IRIS interacts with FANCD2 and promotes its recruitment to sites of ICL damage.
C_LIO_LIBRCA1-IRIS, but not BRCA1-p220, promotes ICL-inducible FANCD2 mono-ubiquitylation.
C_LIO_LIThe unique C-terminal tail of BRCA1-IRIS is essential for its function in ICL repair.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ors, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugge, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BRCA1 isoform, BRCA1-IRIS, operates independently of the full-length BRCA1 in the Fanconi anemia pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRMT5 links lipid metabolism to contractile function of skeletal muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skeletal muscle plays a key role in systemic energy homeostasis besides its canonical contractile function, but what couples these functions is poorly defined. Protein Arginine MethylTransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a well-known oncoprotein but also expressed in healthy tissues with unclear physiological functions. As adult muscles express high levels of Prmt5, we generated myocyte-specific Prmt5 knockout (Prmt5MKO) mice. We observed reduced muscle mass, oxidative capacity, force production and exercise performance in Prmt5MKO mice. The motor deficiency is associated with scarce lipid droplets in myofibers due to defects in lipid biosynthesis and degradation. First, Prmt5MKO reduced demethylation and stability of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Transcription Factor 1a (SREBP1a), a master regulator of de novo lipogenesis. Second, Prmt5MKO impaired the repressive H4R3Me2s (histone H4 arginine-3 symmetric demethylation) at the Pnpla2 gene, elevating the level of its encoded protein ATGL, the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing lipolysis. Accordingly, myocyte-specific double knockout of Pnpla2 and Prmt5 normalized muscle mass and function. Together, our findings delineate a physiological function of PRMT5 in linking lipid metabolism to contractile function of myofibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strange, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oprescu, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseguini, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRMT5 links lipid metabolism to contractile function of skeletal muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems-level transcriptional regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism is precisely controlled to ensure organismal development and homeostasis. Several mechanisms regulate metabolism, including allosteric control and transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters. So far, metabolism regulation has mostly been described for individual genes and pathways, and the extent of transcriptional regulation of the entire metabolic network remains largely unknown. Here, we find that more than three-quarters of all metabolic genes are transcriptionally regulated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that many annotated metabolic pathways are coexpressed, and we use gene expression data and the iCEL1314 metabolic network model to define coregulated sub-pathways in an unbiased manner. Using a large gene expression compendium, we determine the conditions where sub-pathways exhibit strong coexpression. Finally, we develop  WormClust, a web application that enables a gene-by-gene query of genes to view their association with metabolic (sub)-pathways. Overall, this study sheds light on the ubiquity of transcriptional regulation of metabolism and provides a blueprint for similar studies in other organisms, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems-level transcriptional regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential requirement for IRGM proteins during tuberculosis infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterium that exclusively resides in human hosts and remains a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases worldwide. Host protection against Mtb infection is dependent on the function of immunity-related GTPase clade M (IRGM) proteins. Polymorphisms in human IRGM associate with altered susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, and human IRGM promotes the delivery of Mtb into degradative autolysosomes. Among the three murine IRGM orthologs, Irgm1 has been singled out as essential for host protection during Mtb infections in cultured macrophages and in vivo. However, whether the paralogous murine Irgm genes, Irgm2 and Irgm3, play roles in host defense against Mtb or exhibit functional relationships with Irgm1 during Mtb infection remains undetermined. Here, we report that Irgm1-/- mice are indeed acutely susceptible to aerosol infection with Mtb, yet the additional deletion of the paralogous Irgm3 gene restores protective immunity to Mtb infections in Irgm1-deficient animals. Mice lacking all three Irgm genes (panIrgm-/-) are characterized by shifted lung cytokine profiles at 4 and 24 weeks post infection, but control disease until the very late stages of the infection, when panIrgm-/- mice display increased mortality compared to wild type mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that disruptions in the balance between Irgm isoforms is more detrimental to the Mtb-infected host than total loss of Irgm-mediated host defense, a concept that also needs to be considered in the context of human Mtb susceptibility linked to IRGM polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilburn, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckenberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential requirement for IRGM proteins during tuberculosis infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nematode model to evaluate microdeletion phenotype expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microdeletion syndromes are genetic diseases caused by chromosomal deletions too small to be detected by karyotyping. They are typified by complex pleiotropic developmental phenotypes that depend both on the extent of the deletion and variations in genetic background. Microdeletion alleles disrupt several genes simultaneously, often as the result of a single mutagenic event, causing a wide array of consequences across multiple systems involving multiple pathways. How simultaneous haploinsufficiency of numerous adjacent genes leads to complex and variable pleiotropic phenotypes is not well understood. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been shown to induce microdeletion-like alleles at a meaningful rate. Here, we describe a microdeletion allele in Caenorhabditis elegans recovered during a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing experiment. We mapped the allele to chromosome V, balanced it with a reciprocal translocation crossover suppressor, and precisely defined the breakpoint junction. The allele simultaneously removes 32 protein-coding genes, yet animals homozygous for this mutation are viable as adults. Homozygous animals display a complex phenotype including maternal effect lethality, producing polynucleated embryos that grow into uterine tumors, vulva morphogenesis defects, body wall distensions, uncoordinated movement, and a shortened life span typified by death by bursting. Our work provides an opportunity to explore the complexity and penetrance of microdeletion phenotypes in a simple genetic model system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antkowiak, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noronha, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nematode model to evaluate microdeletion phenotype expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell autonomous requirement of imprinted XCI inextra-embryonic polar trophoblast cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In female mice the gene dosage from X chromosomes is adjusted by a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI) that occurs in two steps. An imprinted form of XCI (iXCI) silencing the paternally inherited X chromosome (Xp) is initiated at the 2-4 cell stages. As extraembryonic cells including trophoblasts keep the Xp silenced, epiblast cells that give rise to the embryo proper reactivate the Xp and undergo a random form of XCI (rXCI) during peri-implantation stages. Lack of X dosage compensation leads to peri-implantation lethality due to inhibition of trophoblast stem cells. However, as the epiblast regulates the trophoblast lineage, the roles of iXCI vs rXCI in the early lethal phenotype remains unclear. We have investigated functions and expression of Rlim (Rnf12), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its target protein Rex1 (Zfp42) that control iXCI. Consistent with functions specifically for iXCI, we show an inverse correlation in the expression of Rlim and Rex1 throughout pre-implantation development, but an Rlim-independent downregulation of Rex1 in epiblast cells upon implantation. Moreover, disturbing the functional Rlim-Rex1 dynamics in females leads to cell fate confusion and premature differentiation specifically of the polar trophoblast stem cell pool. Thus, controlled by the Rlim-Rex1 axis, female mouse development requires iXCI in the polar trophoblast cell lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espejo-Serrano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.515976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell autonomous requirement of imprinted XCI inextra-embryonic polar trophoblast cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formamide significantly enhances the efficiency of chemical adenylation of RNA sequencing ligation adaptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-adenylated single-stranded DNA ligation adaptors are essential reagents in many next generation RNA sequencing library preparation protocols. These oligonucleotides can be adenylated enzymatically or chemically. Enzymatic adenylation reactions have high yield but are not amendable to scale up. In chemical adenylation, Adenosine 5{square}-phosphorimidazolide (ImpA) reacts with 5' phosphorylated DNA. It is easily scalable but gives poor yields, requiring labor-intensive cleanup steps. Here, we describe an improved chemical adenylation method using 95% formamide as the solvent, which results in the adenylation of oligonucleotides with >90% yield. In standard conditions, with water as the solvent, hydrolysis of the starting material to adenosine monophosphate limits the yields. To our surprise, we find that rather than increasing adenylation yields by decreasing the rate of ImpA hydrolysis, formamide does so by increasing the reaction rate between ImpA and 5'-phosphorylated DNA by [~]10 fold. The method described here enables straightforward preparation of chemically adenylated adapters with higher than 90% yield, simplifying reagent preparation for NGS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formamide significantly enhances the efficiency of chemical adenylation of RNA sequencing ligation adaptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme levels broadly influence flux throughout the metabolic network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic reaction flux is regulated in response to nutritional, environmental or pathological conditions by changes in either metabolite or metabolic enzyme levels. Previous studies proposed that flux is predominately regulated by metabolite, rather than enzyme, levels. However, the extent to which changes in enzyme levels affect flux throughout the metabolic network remains unclear. Here, we combine available yeast enzyme level, flux data, and metabolic network modeling to demonstrate three paradigms by which enzyme levels are broadly associated with flux: cognate reaction, pathway-level coordination, and flux coupling. We find that the architecture of the metabolic network enables the reach of influence for most enzymes. We implemented enzyme reach as a novel parameter in an enhanced flux potential analysis algorithm, which predicts relative flux levels under different conditions from variations in enzyme expression. This algorithm was tested in yeast and humans. Our study suggests that metabolic network architecture facilitates a broad physiological impact of changes in enzyme levels and may form a foundation for using enzyme expression data for a variety of systems, and eventually, individual cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme levels broadly influence flux throughout the metabolic network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in anthelmintic responses are driven by genetic differences among diverse C. elegans strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.518036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of parasitic nematode infections in humans and livestock relies on a small arsenal of anthelmintic drugs that have historically reduced parasite burdens. However, anthelmintic resistance (AR) is increasing, and little is known about the molecular and genetic causes of resistance for most drugs. The free-living roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be a tractable model to understand AR, where studies have led to the identification of molecular targets of all major anthelmintic drug classes. Here, we used genetically diverse C. elegans strains to perform dose-response analyses across 26 anthelmintic drugs that represent the three major anthelmintic drug classes (benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists) in addition to seven other anthelmintic classes. First, we found that C. elegans strains displayed significant variation in anthelmintic responses across drug classes. Dose-response trends within a drug class showed that the C. elegans strains elicited similar responses within the benzimidazoles but variable responses in the macrocyclic lactones and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. Next, we compared the effective concentration estimates to induce a 10% maximal response (EC10) and slope estimates of each dose-response curve of each strain to the reference strain, N2, which enabled the identification of anthelmintics with population-wide differences to understand how genetics contribute to AR. Because genetically diverse strains displayed differential susceptibilities within and across anthelmintics, we show that C. elegans is a useful model for screening potential nematicides. Third, we quantified the heritability of responses to each anthelmintic and observed a significant correlation between exposure closest to the EC10 and the exposure that exhibited the most heritable responses. Heritable genetic variation can be explained by strain-specific anthelmintic responses within and across drug classes. These results suggest drugs to prioritize in genome-wide association studies, which will enable the identification of AR genes.

AUTHOR SUMMARYParasitic nematodes infect most animal species and significantly impact human and animal health. Control of parasitic nematodes in host species relies on a limited collection of anthelmintic drugs. However, anthelmintic resistance is widespread, which threatens our ability to control parasitic nematode populations. Here, we used the non-parasitic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study anthelmintic resistance across 26 anthelmintics that span ten drug classes. We leveraged the genetic diversity of C. elegans to quantify anthelmintic responses across a range of doses, estimate dose-response curves, fit strain-specific model parameters, and calculate the contributions of genetics to these parameters. We found that genetic variation within a species plays a considerable role in anthelmintic responses within and across drug classes. Our results emphasize how the incorporation of genetically diverse C. elegans strains is necessary to understand anthelmintic response variation found in natural populations. These results highlight drugs to prioritize in future mapping studies to identify genes involved in anthelmintic resistance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaver, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.518036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in anthelmintic responses are driven by genetic differences among diverse C. elegans strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Elucidation of a Protective B cell Epitope on Outer Surface Protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer surface protein C (OspC) plays a pivotal role in mediating tick-to-host transmission and infectivity of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi. OspC is a helical-rich homodimer that interacts with tick salivary proteins, as well as components of the mammalian immune system. Several decades ago, it was shown that the OspC-specific monoclonal antibody, B5, was able to passively protect mice from experimental tick-transmitted infection by B. burgdorferi strain B31. However, B5s epitope has never been elucidated, despite widespread interest in OspC as a possible Lyme disease vaccine antigen. Here we report the crystal structure of B5 antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) in complex with recombinant OspC type A (OspCA). Each OspC monomer within the homodimer was bound by a single B5 Fab in a side-on orientation, with contact points along OspCs -helix 1 and -helix 6, as well as interactions with the loop between a-helices 5 and 6. In addition, B5s complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 bridged the OspC-OspC homodimer interface, revealing the quaternary nature of the protective epitope. To provide insight into the molecular basis of B5 serotype specificity, we solved the crystal structures of recombinant OspC types B and K and compared them to OspCA. This study represents the first structure of a protective B cell epitope on OspC and will aid in the rational design of OspC-based vaccines and therapeutics for Lyme disease.

IMPORTANCEThe spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi, is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the most common tickborne disease in the United States. The spirochete is transmitted to humans during the course of a tick taking a bloodmeal. After B. burgdorferi is deposited into the skin of a human host, it replicates locally and spreads systemically, often resulting in clinical manifestations involving the central nervous system, joints, and/or heart. Antibodies directed against B. burgdorferis outer surface protein C (OspC) are known to block tick-to-host transmission, as well as dissemination of the spirochete within a mammalian host. In this report, we reveal the first atomic structure of one such antibody in complex with OspC. Our results have implications for the design of a Lyme disease vaccine capable to interfering with multiple stages in B. burgdorferi infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, H. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Elucidation of a Protective B cell Epitope on Outer Surface Protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunopeptidome profiling of human coronavirus OC43-infected cells identifies CD4 T cell epitopes specific to seasonal coronaviruses or cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal "common-cold" human coronaviruses are widely spread throughout the world and are mainly associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections. The emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 has prompted increased attention to coronavirus biology and immunopathology, but identification and characterization of the T cell response to seasonal human coronaviruses remain largely uncharacterized. Here we report the repertoire of viral peptides that are naturally processed and presented upon infection of a model cell line with seasonal human coronavirus OC43. We identified MHC-I and MHC-II bound peptides derived from the viral spike, nucleocapsid, hemagglutinin-esterase, 3C-like proteinase, and envelope proteins. Only three MHC-I bound OC43-derived peptides were observed, possibly due to the potent MHC-I downregulation induced by OC43 infection. By contrast, 80 MHC-II bound peptides corresponding to 14 distinct OC43-derived epitopes were identified, including many at very high abundance within the overall MHC-II peptidome. These peptides elicited low-abundance recall T cell responses in most donors tested. In vitro assays confirmed that the peptides were recognized by CD4+ T cells and identified the presenting HLA alleles. T cell responses cross-reactive between OC43, SARS-CoV-2, and the other seasonal coronaviruses were confirmed in samples of peripheral blood and peptide-expanded T cell lines. Among the validated epitopes, S903-917 presented by DPA1*01:03/DPB1*04:01 and S1085-1099 presented by DRB1*15:01 shared substantial homology to other human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and were targeted by cross-reactive CD4 T cells. N54-68 and HE128-142 presented by DRB1*15:01 and HE259-273 presented by DPA1*01:03/DPB1*04:01 are immunodominant epitopes with low coronavirus homology that are not cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the set of naturally processed and presented OC43 epitopes comprise both OC43-specific and human coronavirus cross-reactive epitopes, which can be used to follow T cell cross-reactivity after infection or vaccination and could aid in the selection of epitopes for inclusion in pan-coronavirus vaccines.

Author SummaryThere is much current interest in cellular immune responses to seasonal common-cold coronaviruses because of their possible role in mediating protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection or pathology. However, identification of relevant T cell epitopes and systematic studies of the T cell responses responding to these viruses are scarce. We conducted a study to identify naturally processed and presented MHC-I and MHC-II epitopes from human cells infected with the seasonal coronavirus HCoV-OC43, and to characterize the T cell responses associated with these epitopes. We found epitopes specific to the seasonal coronaviruses, as well as epitopes cross-reactive between HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. These epitopes should be useful in following immune responses to seasonal coronaviruses and identifying their roles in COVID-19 vaccination, infection, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becerra-Artiles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanaware, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muneeruddin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Calle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunopeptidome profiling of human coronavirus OC43-infected cells identifies CD4 T cell epitopes specific to seasonal coronaviruses or cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics analysis of Superoxide Dismutase 1 mutations suggests decoupling between mechanisms underlying ALS onset and progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene are the second most common known cause of ALS. SOD1 variants express high phenotypic variability and over 200 have been reported in people with ALS. Investigating how different SOD1 variants affect the protein dynamics might help in understanding their pathogenic mechanism and explaining their heterogeneous clinical presentation. It was previously proposed that variants can be broadly classified in two groups,  wild-type like (WTL) and  metal binding region (MBR) variants, based on their structural location and biophysical properties. MBR variants are associated with a loss of SOD1 enzymatic activity. In this study we used molecular dynamics and large clinical datasets to characterise the differences in the structural and dynamic behaviour of WTL and MBR variants with respect to the wild-type SOD1, and how such differences influence the ALS clinical phenotype. Our study identified marked structural differences, some of which are observed in both variant groups, while others are group specific. Moreover, applying graph theory to a network representation of the proteins, we identified differences in the intramolecular contacts of the two classes of variants. Finally, collecting clinical data of approximately 500 SOD1 ALS patients carrying variants from both classes, we showed that the survival time of patients carrying an MBR variant is generally longer (~6 years median difference, p < 0.001) with respect to patients with a WTL variant. In conclusion, our study highlights key differences in the dynamic behaviour of the WTL and MBR SOD1 variants, and wild-type SOD1 at an atomic and molecular level. We identified interesting structural features that could be further investigated to explain the associated phenotypic variability. Our results support the hypothesis of a decoupling between mechanisms of onset and progression of SOD1 ALS, and an involvement of loss-of-function of SOD1 with the disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opie-Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spargo, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biagini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrizzelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabiljo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jockel-Balsarotti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticozzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna-Yasek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludolph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weishaupt, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robberecht, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddique, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, D.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essel</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics analysis of Superoxide Dismutase 1 mutations suggests decoupling between mechanisms underlying ALS onset and progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 postfusion spike in membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells depends on refolding of the virus-encoded spike protein from a prefusion conformation, metastable after cleavage, to a lower energy, stable postfusion conformation. This transition overcomes kinetic barriers for fusion of viral and target cell membranes. We report here a cryo-EM structure of the intact postfusion spike in a lipid bilayer that represents single-membrane product of the fusion reaction. The structure provides structural definition of the functionally critical membraneinteracting segments, including the fusion peptide and transmembrane anchor. The internal fusion peptide forms a hairpin-like wedge that spans almost the entire lipid bilayer and the transmembrane segment wraps around the fusion peptide at the last stage of membrane fusion. These results advance our understanding of the spike protein in a membrane environment and may guide development of intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rits-Volloch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 postfusion spike in membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-quality reference genome for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces osmophilus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fission yeasts are an ancient group of fungal species that diverged from each other from tens to hundreds of million years ago. Among them is the preeminent model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which has significantly contributed to our understandings of molecular mechanisms underlying fundamental cellular processes. The availability of the genomes of S. pombe and three other fission yeast species S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus has enabled cross-species comparisons that provide insights into the evolution of genes, pathways, and genomes. Here, we performed genome sequencing on the type strain of the recently identified fission yeast species S. osmophilus and obtained a complete mitochondrial genome and a nuclear genome assembly with gaps only at rRNA gene arrays. A total of 5098 protein-coding nuclear genes were annotated and orthologs for more than 95% of them were identified. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that S. osmophilus is most closely related to S. octosporus and these two species diverged around 16 million years ago. To demonstrate the utility of this S. osmophilus reference genome, we conducted cross-species comparative analyses of centromeres, telomeres, transposons, the mating-type region, Cbp1 family proteins, and mitochondrial genomes. These analyses revealed conservation of repeat arrangements and sequence motifs in centromere cores, identified telomeric sequences composed of two types of repeats, delineated relationships among Tf1/sushi group retrotransposons, characterized the evolutionary origins and trajectories of Cbp1 family domesticated transposases, and discovered signs of interspecific transfer of two types of mitochondrial selfish elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pidoux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brysch-Herzberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-quality reference genome for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces osmophilus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-allelic homologous recombination driven translocation explains histidine-rich protein 3 deletion mechanism in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and PfHRP3, but deletions of pfhrp2 and phfrp3 genes make parasites undetectable by RDTs. We analyzed 19,313 public whole-genome-sequenced P. falciparum field samples to understand these deletions better. Pfhrp2 deletion only occurred by chromosomal breakage with subsequent telomere healing. Pfhrp3 deletions involved loss from pfhrp3 to the telomere and showed 3 patterns: no other associated rearrangement with evidence of telomere healing at breakpoint (Asia; Pattern 13-TARE1); associated with duplication of a chromosome 5 segment containing multidrug-resistant-1 gene (Asia; Pattern 13-5++); and most commonly, associated with duplication of a chromosome 11 segment (Americas/Africa; Pattern 13-11++). We confirmed a 13-11 hybrid chromosome with long-read sequencing, consistent with a translocation product arising from recombination between large interchromosomal ribosome-containing segmental duplications. Within most 13-11++ parasites, the duplicated chromosome 11 segments were identical. Across parasites, multiple distinct haplotype groupings were consistent with emergence due to clonal expansion of progeny from intrastrain meiotic recombination. Together, these observations suggest negative selection normally removes 13-11++ pfhrp3 deletions, and specific conditions are needed for their emergence and spread including low transmission, findings that can help refine surveillance strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFeo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giesbrecht, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-allelic homologous recombination driven translocation explains histidine-rich protein 3 deletion mechanism in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-evolution of human influenza A and Epstein Barr virus-specific CD8 ex vivo memory T cell receptor BV repertoires with increasing age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8 memory T cells are generated during primary infection with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. These cells play an important role in the protection of the host upon re-infection with the same pathogen. In this study, we compare CD8 memory T cell receptor (TCR) BV repertoires directly ex vivo for two common human viruses, influenza A virus (IAV), an RNA virus that frequently re-infects due to a high rate of genetic mutation, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus, which persists in B cells for life, in the 95% of people that become infected. In cross- sectional and longitudinal studies of EBV seropositive, HLA-A2+, young (18-22 years), middle age (25-59 years), and older (>60 years) donors, we demonstrate that CD8 memory TCR repertoires to three immunodominant epitopes, known to have cross-reactive responses, IAV- M158-66 (M1), EBV-BMLF1280-288 (BM), and EBV-BRLF109-117 (BR) co-evolve as individuals age. Cross-sectional studies showed that IAV-M1- and both EBV-specific repertoires narrowed their TRBV usage with increasing age manifesting to different degrees for each epitope. In fact, narrowing of EBV-BM and EBV-BR-specific TRBV usage correlated with increasing age. IAV- M1-specific TRBV usage was significantly narrowed by middle-age. There was evidence that TRBV usage was changing with increasing age. For instance, IAV-M1-specific dominant BV19 usage appeared to become bimodal showing either high or low frequency of usage in the older age group, while BV30 usage frequency directly correlated with age. For the EBV epitope-specific responses there was preferential usage of particular TRBV and changes in the hierarchy of BV family usage in the different age groups. There appeared to be focusing of the TRBV repertoire by all 3 epitopes to three common BV in the older donors, which would be consistent with retention of crossreactive TCR suggesting co-evolution. Longitudinal studies tracking two donors over 14- 15 years (middle age to older) showed that there were continuous modulations in the TCR repertoire of IAV-M1, EBV-BM and EBV-BR-specific responses over time. There was evidence that acute IAV infection could contribute to these changes in TCR repertoire. This could be occurring by the TCR cross-reactivity that is known to exist between these 3 epitopes, and which appeared to be enhanced during acute IAV infection based on increased usage of common shared TRBV. These studies suggest that virus-specific TCR repertoires change over time as individuals age leading to narrowing of the repertoire favoring retention of potentially crossreactive TCR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-evolution of human influenza A and Epstein Barr virus-specific CD8 ex vivo memory T cell receptor BV repertoires with increasing age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SnapFISH: a computational pipeline to identify chromatin loops from multiplexed DNA FISH data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging technologies have been developed to map the folding of chromatin fibers at tens of nanometer and tens of kilobase resolution in single cells. However, computational methods to reliably identify chromatin loops from such imaging datasets are still lacking. Here we present a Single-Nucleus Analysis Pipeline for multiplexed DNA FISH (SnapFISH), to process the multiplexed DNA FISH data and identify chromatin loops. SnapFISH can identify known chromatin loops from mouse embryonic stem cells with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, SnapFISH obtained comparable results of chromatin loops across datasets generated from diverse imaging technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jussila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SnapFISH: a computational pipeline to identify chromatin loops from multiplexed DNA FISH data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.520137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ENCODE Consortiums efforts to annotate non-coding, cis-regulatory elements (CREs) have advanced our understanding of gene regulatory landscapes which play a major role in health and disease. Pooled, non-coding CRISPR screens are a promising approach for systematically investigating gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, the ENCODE Functional Characterization Centers report 109 screens comprising 346,970 individual perturbations across 13.3Mb of the genome, using a variety of methods, readouts, and statistical analyses. Across 332 functionally confirmed CRE-gene links, we identify principles for screening endogenous, non-coding elements for causal regulatory mechanisms. Nearly all CREs show strong evidence of open chromatin, and targeting accessibility peak summits is a critical component of our proposed sgRNA design rules. We provide experimental guidelines to accurately detect CREs with variable, often low, transcriptional effects. We discover a previously undescribed DNA strand-bias for CRISPRi in transcribed regions with implications for screen design and analysis. Benchmarking five screen analysis tools, we find CASA produces the most conservative CRE calls and is robust to artifacts of low-specificity sgRNAs. Together, we provide an accessible data resource, predesigned sgRNAs targeting 3,275,697 ENCODE SCREEN candidate CREs, and screening guidelines to accelerate functional characterization of the non-coding genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lataniotis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siklenka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ENCODE4 Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.520137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-center integrated analysis of non-coding CRISPR screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting chromatin packaging in mouse sperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian sperm exhibit an unusual and heavily-compacted genomic packaging state. In addition to its role in organizing the compact and hydrodynamic sperm head, it has been proposed that sperm chromatin architecture helps to program gene expression in the early embryo. Scores of genome-wide surveys in sperm have reported patterns of chromatin accessibility, histone localization, histone modification, and chromosome folding. Here, we revisit these studies in light of recent reports that sperm obtained from the mouse epididymis are contaminated with low levels of cell-free chromatin. In the absence of proper sperm lysis we readily recapitulate multiple prominent genome-wide surveys of sperm chromatin, suggesting that these profiles primarily reflect contaminating cell-free chromatin. Removal of cell-free DNA, along with appropriate lysis conditions, are required to reveal a sperm chromatin state distinct from most previous reports. Using ATAC-Seq to explore relatively accessible genomic loci, we identify a landscape of open loci associated with early development and transcriptional control. Histone modification and chromosome folding studies also strongly support the hypothesis that prior studies suffer from contamination, but technical challenges associated with reliably preserving the architecture of the compacted sperm head prevent us from confidently assaying true localization patterns for these epigenetic marks. Together, our studies strongly argue that our knowledge of mammalian chromosome packaging remains largely incomplete, and motivate future efforts to more accurately characterize genome organization in mature sperm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strelkova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting chromatin packaging in mouse sperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pomBseen: An Automated Pipeline for Analysis of Fission Yeast Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.521403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
pomBseen is a image analysis pipeline for the quantitation of fission yeast micrographs containing a brightfield channel and up to two fluorescent channels. It accepts a wide range of image formats and produces a table with the number, size and total and nuclear fluorescent intensities of the cells in the image. Written in MATLAB, pomBseen is also available as a standalone application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohira, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.521403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pomBseen: An Automated Pipeline for Analysis of Fission Yeast Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transcriptional Cofactor Regulatory Network for the C. elegans Intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin modifiers and transcriptional cofactors (collectively referred to as CFs) work with DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) to regulate gene expression. In multicellular eukaryotes, distinct tissues each execute their own gene expression program for accurate differentiation and subsequent functionality. While the function of TFs in differential gene expression has been studied in detail in many systems, the contribution of CFs has remained less explored. Here we uncovered the contributions of CFs to gene regulation in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. We first annotated 366 CFs encoded by the C. elegans genome and assembled a library of 335 RNAi clones. Using this library, we analyzed the effects of individually depleting these CFs on the expression of 19 fluorescent transcriptional reporters in the intestine and identified 216 regulatory interactions. We found that different CFs interact specifically with different promoters, and that both essential and intestinally expressed CFs exhibit the highest proportion of interactions. We did not find all members of CF complexes acting on the same set of reporters but instead found diversity in the promoter targets of each complex component. Finally, we found that previously identified activation mechanisms for the acdh-1 promoter use different CFs and TFs. Overall, we demonstrate that CFs function specifically rather than ubiquitously at intestinal promoters and provide an RNAi resource for reverse genetic screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transcriptional Cofactor Regulatory Network for the C. elegans Intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative analysis of microglial inducible Cre lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cre/LoxP technology has revolutionized genetic studies and allowed for spatial and temporal control of gene expression in specific cell types. The field of microglial biology has particularly benefited from this technology as microglia have historically been difficult to transduce with virus or electroporation methods for gene delivery. Here, we interrogate four of the most widely available microglial inducible Cre lines. We demonstrate varying degrees of recombination efficiency and spontaneous recombination, depending on the Cre line and loxP distance. We also establish best practice guidelines and protocols to measure recombination efficiency in microglia, which could be extended to other cell types. There is increasing evidence that microglia are key regulators of neural circuit structure and function. Microglia are also major drivers of a broad range of neurological diseases. Thus, reliable manipulation of their function in vivo is of utmost importance. Identifying caveats and benefits of all tools and implementing the most rigorous protocols are crucial to the growth of the field of microglial biology and the development of microglia-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strasburger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knobeloch, K.-P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative analysis of microglial inducible Cre lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-Dependent Expression of the Fission Yeast Cdc13 Cyclin is Conferred by Translational Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major fission yeast cyclin, Cdc13, has been shown to increase in concentration in correlation with cell size, and has been proposed to thereby regulate cell size at division. However, the mechanism of its cell-size regulation has been unknown. Here, we show that Cdc13 is regulated post-transcriptionally. Its transcript is not expressed in a size-dependent manner, rather a size-dependent concentration of protein is expressed from a size-independent concentration of mRNA. Moreover, we show that the expression of Cdc13 is, in fact, size dependent, as opposed to simply size-correlated due to time-dependent expression. We identify a 20-amino-acid motif, which includes the APC D-box degron, as necessary and sufficient for size-dependent expression, which allowed us to construct a size-independent allele of cdc13. Using this allele, we show that size-dependent expression of Cdc13 is not required for size control in fission yeast cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Illescas, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Lopez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero Negron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keifenheim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadimitriou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marguerat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-Dependent Expression of the Fission Yeast Cdc13 Cyclin is Conferred by Translational Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53 controls choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death following DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage can activate apoptotic and non-apoptotic forms of cell death; however, it remains unclear what features dictate which type of cell death is activated. We report that p53 controls the choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death following exposure to DNA damage. In contrast to the conventional model, which suggests that p53-deficient cells should be resistant to DNA damage-induced cell death, we find that p53-deficient cells die at high rates following DNA damage, but exclusively using non-apoptotic mechanisms. Our experimental data and computational modeling reveal that non-apoptotic death in p53-deficient cells has not been observed due to use of assays that are either insensitive to cell death, or that specifically score apoptotic cells. Using functional genetic screening - with an analysis that enables computational inference of the drug-induced death rate - we find in p53-deficient cells that DNA damage activates a mitochondrial respiration-dependent form of cell death, called MPT-driven necrosis. Cells deficient for p53 have high basal respiration, which primes MPT-driven necrosis. Finally, using metabolite profiling, we identified mitochondrial activity-dependent metabolic vulnerabilities that can be targeted to potentiate the lethality of DNA damage specifically in p53-deficient cells. Our findings reveal how the dual functions of p53 in regulating mitochondrial activity and the DNA damage response combine to facilitate the choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidor, M. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Gordillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porto, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53 controls choice between apoptotic and non-apoptotic death following DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent phases of strict protein limitation inhibit tumor growth and restore lifespan in a Drosophila intestinal cancer model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diets that restrict caloric or protein intake offer a variety of benefits, including decreasing the incidence of cancer. However, whether such diets pose a substantial therapeutic benefit as auxiliary cancer treatments remains unclear. We determined the effects of severe protein depletion on tumorigenesis in a Drosophila melanogaster intestinal tumor model, using a human RAF gain-of-function allele. Severe and continuous protein restriction significantly reduced tumor growth but resulted in premature death. Therefore, we developed a diet in which short periods of severe protein restriction alternated cyclically with periods of complete feeding. This nutritional regime reduced tumor mass, restored gut functionality, and normalized the lifespan of oncogene-expressing flies to the levels observed in healthy control flies. Furthermore, this diet reduced the chemotherapy-induced stem cell activity associated with tumor recurrence. Transcriptome analysis revealed long-lasting changes in the expression of key genes involved in multiple major developmental signaling pathways. Overall, the data suggest that recurrent severe protein depletion effectively mimics the health benefits of continuous protein restriction, without undesired nutritional shortcomings. This provides seminal insights into the mechanisms of the transcriptomic memory effect required to maintain the positive effects of protein restriction throughout the phases of a full diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfefferkorn, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortzfeld, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Frieling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaleta, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstiel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent phases of strict protein limitation inhibit tumor growth and restore lifespan in a Drosophila intestinal cancer model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Ebola GP conformation and membrane binding by the chemical environment of the late endosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interaction between the Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) and the endosomal membrane is an essential step during virus entry into the cell. Acidic pH and Ca2+ have been implicated in mediating the GP-membrane interaction. However, the molecular mechanism by which these environmental factors regulate the conformational changes that enable engagement of GP with the target membrane is unknown. Here, we apply fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging to elucidate how the acidic pH, Ca2+ and anionic phospholipids in the late endosome promote GP-membrane interaction, thereby facilitating virus entry. We find that bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), which is specific to the late endosome, is especially critical in determining the Ca2+-dependence of the GP-membrane interaction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested residues in GP that sense pH and induce conformational changes that make the fusion loop available for insertion into the membrane. We similarly confirm residues in the fusion loop that mediate GPs interaction with Ca2+, which likely promotes local conformational changes in the fusion loop and mediates electrostatic interactions with the anionic phospholipids. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how the environment of the late endosome regulates the timing and efficiency of virus entry.

Author SummaryEbola virus causes disease in humans with high fatality. A better understanding of how Ebola virus enters cells is critical to inform the development of novel therapeutic and preventative measures. The viral glycoprotein present on the surface of the virus mediates attachment to cells and subsequent entry through a poorly understood mechanism involving fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Here, we employ computational and experimental biophysical techniques to understand how the Ebola glycoprotein senses chemical cues in its environment, such as pH, calcium ions, and specific lipid species to ensure that entry occurs at the right time and place. Our results specify elements of the glycoprotein that control its structure under changing physiological environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govindan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Ebola GP conformation and membrane binding by the chemical environment of the late endosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting the 4{beta}7-MAdCAM-1 axis with vedolizumab (VDZ) is a front-line therapeutic paradigm in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, mechanism(s) of action (MOA) of VDZ remain relatively undefined. Here, we examined three distinct cohorts of patients with UC (n=83, n=60, and n=21), to determine the effect of VDZ on the mucosal and peripheral immune system. Transcriptomic studies with protein level validation were used to study drug MOA using conventional and transgenic murine models. We found a significant decrease in colonic and ileal naive B and T cells and circulating gut-homing plasmablasts ({beta}7+) in VDZ-treated patients, pointing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) targeting by VDZ. Murine Peyers patches (PP) demonstrated a significant loss cellularity associated with reduction in follicular B cells, including a unique population of epithelium-associated B cells, following anti-4{beta}7 antibody (mAb) administration. Photoconvertible (KikGR) mice unequivocally demonstrated impaired cellular entry into PPs in anti-4{beta}7 mAb treated mice. In VDZ-treated, but not anti-tumor necrosis factor-treated UC patients, lymphoid aggregate size was significantly reduced in treatment responders compared to non-responders, with an independent validation cohort further confirming these data. GALT targeting represents a novel MOA of 4{beta}7-targeted therapies, with major implications for this therapeutic paradigm in UC, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canales-Herrerias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czepielewski, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstockt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livanos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-taie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankelevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meringer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber Nakadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onufer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmink, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yajnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petralia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polydorides, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehandru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.524468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in adolescent cannabis vapor self-administration mediate enduring effects on behavioral flexibility and prefrontal microglia activation in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.524468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabis is the most used illicit drug in the United States. With many states passing legislation to permit its recreational use, there is concern that cannabis use among adolescents could increase dramatically in the coming years. Historically, it has been difficult to model real-world cannabis use to investigate the causal relationship between cannabis use in adolescence and behavioral and neurobiological effects in adulthood. To this end, we used a novel volitional vapor administration model to investigate long-term effects of cannabis use during adolescence on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and mPFC-dependent behaviors in male and female rats. Adolescent (35-55 day old) female rats had significantly higher rates of responding for vaporized {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-dominant cannabis extract (CANTHC) compared to adolescent males. In adulthood (70-110 day old), female, but not male, CANTHC rats also took more trials to reach criterion and made more regressive errors in an automated attentional set-shifting task compared to vehicle rats. Similar set-shifting deficits were observed in males when they were exposed to a non-contingent CANTHC vapor dosing regimen that approximated CANTHC self-administration rates in females. No differences were observed in effort-based decision making in either sex. In the mPFC, female (but not male) CANTHC rats displayed more reactive microglia with no significant changes in myelin basic protein expression or dendritic spine density. Together, these data reveal important sex differences in rates of cannabis vapor self-administration in adolescence that confer enduring alterations to mPFC structure and function. Importantly, female-specific deficits in behavioral flexibility appear to be driven by elevated rates of CANTHC self-administration as opposed to a sex difference in the effects of CANTHC vapor per se.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freels, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuyat, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamberletti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malena, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glodosky, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginder, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klappenbach, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.524468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in adolescent cannabis vapor self-administration mediate enduring effects on behavioral flexibility and prefrontal microglia activation in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to attenuate inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor RUNX1 is mutated in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM) and in sporadic myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. RUNX1 regulates inflammation in multiple cell types. Here we show that RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) to restrict the inflammatory response of neutrophils to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Loss of RUNX1 in GMPs increased the TLR4 coreceptor CD14 on neutrophils, which contributed to neutrophils increased inflammatory cytokine production in response to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide. RUNX1 loss increased the chromatin accessibility of retrotransposons in GMPs and neutrophils and induced a type I interferon signature characterized by enriched footprints for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1::STAT2) and interferon regulatory factors (IRF) in opened chromatin, and increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes. The overproduction of inflammatory cytokines by neutrophils was reversed by inhibitors of type I IFN signaling. We conclude that RUNX1 restrains the chromatin accessibility of retrotransposons in GMPs and neutrophils, and that loss of RUNX1 increases proinflammatory cytokine production by elevating tonic type I interferon signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zezulin, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresciani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diemer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.-g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilla, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touw, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minn, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to attenuate inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the globe to cause the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of zoonotic transmissions of coronaviruses (CoV) has become even more evident. As human infections have been caused by alpha- and beta-CoVs, structural characterization and inhibitor design mostly focused on these two genera. However, viruses from the delta and gamma genera also infect mammals and pose potential zoonotic transmission threat. Here, we determined the inhibitor-bound crystal structures of the main protease (Mpro) from the delta-CoV porcine HKU15 and gamma-CoV SW1 from beluga whale. Comparison with the apo structure of SW1 Mpro, which we also present here, enabled identifying structural arrangements upon inhibitor binding at the active site. The binding modes and interactions of two covalent inhibitors, PF-00835231 (lufotrelvir) bound to HKU15 and GC376 bound to SW1 Mpro, reveal features that may be leveraged to target diverse coronaviruses and toward structure-based design of pan-CoV inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal Structures of Inhibitor-Bound Main Protease from Delta- and Gamma-Coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient method for viable cryopreservation of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hookworms (genera Ancylostoma and Necator) are amongst of the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term ([&ge;]3 year) cryoprotection and recovery of both Ancylostoma and Necator hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passages through the infective third larval stage, Strongyloides ratti and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. The key is the use cryo-preserved first-staged larvae raised to the infective third larval stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune/inflammatory disease therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient method for viable cryopreservation of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of gallium cryo-FIB milling damage in biological lamella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has the potential to reveal the molecular details of biological processes in their native, cellular environment at atomic resolution. However, few cells are sufficiently thin to permit imaging with cryo-EM. Thinning of frozen cells to <500 nm lamellae by cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) milling has enabled visualization of cellular structures with cryo-EM. FIB-milling represents a significant advance over prior approaches because of its ease of use, scalability, and lack of large-scale sample distortions. However, the amount of damage caused by FIB-milling to the generated thin cell section has not yet been determined. We recently described a new approach for detecting and identifying single molecules in cryo-EM images of cells using 2D template matching (2DTM). 2DTM is sensitive to small differences between a molecular model (template) and the detected structure (target). Here we use 2DTM to demonstrate that under the standard conditions used for machining lamellae of biological samples, FIB-milling introduces a layer of variable damage that extends to a depth of 60 nm from each lamella surface. This thickness exceeds previous estimates and limits the recovery of information for in situ structural biology. We find that the mechanism of FIB-milling damage is distinct from radiation damage during cryo-EM imaging. By accounting for both electron scattering and FIB-milling damage, we find that FIB-milling damage will negate the potential improvements from lamella thinning beyond 90 nm.

SignificanceThe molecular mechanisms of biological macromolecules and their assemblies is often studied using purified material. However, the composition, conformation and function of most macromolecules depend on their cellular context, and therefore, must also be studied inside cells. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling enables cryogenic electron microscopy to visualize macromolecules in cells at close to atomic resolution by generating thin sections of frozen cells. However, the extent of FIB-milling damage to frozen cells is unknown. Here we show that Ga+ FIB-milling introduces damage to a depth of [~]60 nm from each lamella surface, leading to a loss of recoverable information of up to 20% in 100 nm samples. FIB-milling with Ga+ therefore presents both an opportunity and an obstacle for structural cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of gallium cryo-FIB milling damage in biological lamella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Modeling Explains the Production Dynamics of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus with the Baculovirus Expression Vector System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The demand for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) for gene therapy is expected to soon exceed current manufacturing capabilities, considering the expanding number of approved products and of pre-clinical and clinical stage studies. Current rAAV manufacturing processes have less-than-desired yields and produce a significant amount of empty capsids. Recently, FDA approved the first rAAV-based gene therapy product manufactured in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). The BEVS technology, based on an invertebrate cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, demonstrated scalable production of high volumetric titers of full capsids. In this work, we develop a mechanistic model describing the key extracellular and intracellular phenomena occurring during baculovirus infection and rAAV virion maturation in the BEVS. The predictions of the model show good agreement with experimental measurements reported in the literature on rAAV manufacturing in the BEVS, including for TwoBac, ThreeBac, and OneBac constructs. The model is successfully validated against measured concentrations of structural and non-structural protein components, and of vector genome. We carry out a model-based analysis of the process, to provide insights on potential bottlenecks that limit the formation of full capsids. The analysis suggests that vector genome amplification is the limiting step for rAAV production in TwoBac. In turn, vector genome amplification is limited by low Rep78 levels. For ThreeBac, low vector genome amplification dictated by Rep78 limitation appears even more severe than in TwoBac. Transgene expression in the insect cell during rAAV manufacturing is also found to negatively influence the final rAAV production yields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Destro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfrum, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinskey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braatz, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.527082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Modeling Explains the Production Dynamics of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus with the Baculovirus Expression Vector System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pairtools: from sequencing data to chromosome contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of 3D genome organization produces large amounts of sequencing data from Hi-C and a rapidly-expanding set of other chromosome conformation protocols (3C+). Massive and heterogeneous 3C+ data require high-performance and flexible processing of sequenced reads into contact pairs. To meet these challenges, we present pairtools - a flexible suite of tools for contact extraction from sequencing data. Pairtools provides modular command-line interface (CLI) tools that can be flexibly chained into data processing pipelines. Pairtools provides both crucial core tools as well as auxiliary tools for building feature-rich 3C+ pipelines, including contact pair manipulation, filtration, and quality control. Benchmarking pairtools against popular 3C+ data pipelines shows advantages of pairtools for high-performance and flexible 3C+ analysis. Finally, pairtools provides protocol-specific tools for multi-way contacts, haplotype-resolved contacts, and single-cell Hi-C. The combination of CLI tools and tight integration with Python data analysis libraries makes pairtools a versatile foundation for a broad range of 3C+ pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Open2C,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyamer, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galitsyna, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imakaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pairtools: from sequencing data to chromosome contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examines the intersectional role of citizenship and gender with career self-efficacy amongst 10,803 doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in US universities. These biomedical trainees completed surveys administered by 17 US institutions that participated in the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) Programs. Findings indicate that career self-efficacy of non-citizen trainees is significantly lower than that of US citizen trainees. While lower career efficacy was observed in women compared with men, it was even lower for non-citizen female trainees. Results suggest that specific career interests may be related to career self-efficacy. Relative to US citizen trainees, both male and female non-citizen trainees showed higher interest in pursuing a career as an academic research investigator. In comparison with non-citizen female trainees and citizen trainees of all genders, non-citizen male trainees expressed the highest interest in research-intensive (and especially principal investigator) careers. The authors discuss potential causes for these results and offer recommendations for increasing trainee career self-efficacy which can be incorporated into graduate and postdoctoral training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.526477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly effective ACE2 decoy proteins protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 variants have been causing increasingly serious drug resistance problem, development of broadly effective and hard-to-escape anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents is in urgent need. Here we describe further development and characterization of two SARS-CoV-2 receptor decoy proteins, ACE2-Ig-95 and ACE2-Ig-105/106. We found that both proteins had potent and robust in vitro neutralization activities against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron, with an average IC50 of up to 37 pM. In a stringent lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection mouse model, both proteins lowered lung viral load by up to [~]1000 fold, prevented the emergence of clinical signs in >75% animals, and increased animal survival rate from 0% (untreated) to >87.5% (treated). These results demonstrate that both proteins are good drug candidates for protecting animals from severe COVID-19. In a head-to-head comparison of these two proteins with five previously-described ACE2-Ig constructs, we found that two of these constructs, each carrying five surface mutations in the ACE2 region, had partial loss of neutralization potency against three SARS-CoV-2 variants. These data suggest that extensively mutating ACE2 residues near the RBD-binding interface should be avoided or performed with extra caution. Further, we found that both ACE2-Ig-95 and ACE2-Ig-105/106 could be produced to gram/liter level, demonstrating the developability of them as biologic drug candidates. Stress-condition stability test of them further suggests that more studies are required in the future to improve the stability of these proteins. These studies provide useful insight into critical factors for engineering and preclinical development of ACE2 decoys as broadly effective therapeutics against diverse ACE2-utilizing coronaviruses.

Abstract ImportanceEngineering soluble ACE2 proteins that function as a receptor decoy to block SARS-CoV-2 infection is a very attractive approach to broadly effective and hard-to-escape anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This study here describes development of two antibody-like soluble ACE2 proteins that broadly block diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron. In a stringent COVID-19 mouse model, both proteins successfully protected >87.5% animals from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, a head-to-head comparison of the two constructs developed in this study with five previously-described ACE2 decoy constructs were performed here. Two previously-described constructs with relatively more ACE2-surface mutations were found with less robust neutralization activities against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the developability of the two proteins as biologic drug candidates was also assessed here. This study provides two broadly anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates and useful insight into critical factors for engineering and preclinical development of ACE2 decoy as broadly effective therapeutics against diverse ACE2-utilizing coronaviruses.

TweetTwo antibody-like ACE2 decoy proteins could block diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevent animals from severe COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly effective ACE2 decoy proteins protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of innate immune genes and enhanced interleukin-10 expression underlie chronic subclinical Plasmodium chabaudi infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subclinical (asymptomatic) parasitemia is very common amongst Plasmodium-infected individuals. The immunological mechanisms underlying subclinical parasitemia remain elusive. We investigated the immune regulatory mechanisms behind chronic asymptomatic Plasmodium infection using mice lacking humoral immunity ({micro}MT-/- mice). {micro}MT-/- mice became chronically infected, despite lacking outward signs of disease, and exhibited increased macrophage numbers, decreased dendritic and CD4 cells, massive hemozoin accumulation in the spleen and bone marrow, and inadequate hematopoiesis. These changes were accompanied by high circulating levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), enhanced chromatin accessibility of the STAT3 promoter, and enhanced STAT3 binding to the IL-10 promoter in macrophages. Inhibition of IL-10 signaling, despite promoting parasite clearance, resulted in a proinflammatory response, weight loss, and mortality. These results suggest that epigenetic changes induced by chronic P. chabaudi infection lead to high levels of circulating IL-10, protecting chronically infected mice against an excessive inflammatory response to high levels of blood-stage parasites.

Author summaryMalaria is a life-threatening disease with a range of symptoms, and it is induced in humans by infections with different species of Plasmodium. Highly prevalent in endemic regions, asymptomatic Plasmodium infections are related to long-term exposure to the parasite due to multiple infections and have been demonstrated in human and mouse studies to be associated with elevated levels of IL-10. However, how IL-10 levels remain elevated in the circulation in individuals over the long term has not been determined. We used a mouse model of chronic asymptomatic Plasmodium infection to investigate the mechanisms by which IL-10 levels are elevated during chronic asymptomatic infection. Our results show that epigenetic changes in immune genes of myeloid origin could be responsible for the elevated levels of IL-10, and that IL-10 signaling protected chronically infected mice from a severe inflammatory response induced by the infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Souza Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Y. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monks, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forconi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburro, N. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt-Jones, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzinelli, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golenbock, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of innate immune genes and enhanced interleukin-10 expression underlie chronic subclinical Plasmodium chabaudi infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury-induced fear generalization in mice involves hippocampal memory trace dysfunction and is alleviated by (R,S)-ketamine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating neurological disorder caused by an impact to the head by an outside force. TBI results in persistent cognitive impairments, including fear generalization, the inability to distinguish between aversive and neutral stimuli. The mechanisms underlying fear generalization have not been fully elucidated, and there are no targeted therapeutics to alleviate this symptom of TBI.

METHODSTo identify the neural ensembles mediating fear generalization, we utilized the ArcCreERT2 x enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) mice, which allow for activity-dependent labeling and quantification of memory traces. Mice were administered a sham surgery or the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Mice were then administered a contextual fear discrimination (CFD) paradigm and memory traces were quantified in numerous brain regions. In a separate group of mice, we tested if (R,S)-ketamine could decrease fear generalization and alter the corresponding memory traces in TBI mice.

RESULTSTBI mice exhibited increased fear generalization when compared with sham mice. This behavioral phenotype was paralleled by altered memory traces in the DG, CA3, and amygdala, but not by alterations in inflammation or sleep. In TBI mice, (R,S)-ketamine facilitated fear discrimination and this behavioral improvement was reflected in DG memory trace activity.

CONCLUSIONSThese data show that TBI induces fear generalization by altering fear memory traces, and that this deficit can be improved with a single injection of (R,S)-ketamine. This work enhances our understanding of the neural basis of TBI-induced fear generalization and reveals potential therapeutic avenues for alleviating this symptom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubeck, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGamma, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anqueira-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFrancesco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunsberger, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernie, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury-induced fear generalization in mice involves hippocampal memory trace dysfunction and is alleviated by (R,S)-ketamine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipofuscin-like autofluorescence within microglia and its impact on studying microglial engulfment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engulfment of cellular material and proteins is a key function for microglia, a resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). Among the techniques used to measure microglial engulfment, confocal light microscopy has been used the most extensively. Here, we show that autofluorescence (AF), likely due to lipofuscin and typically associated with aging, can also be detected within microglial lysosomes in the young mouse brain by light microscopy. This lipofuscin-AF signal accumulates first within microglia and increases with age, but it is not exacerbated by amyloid beta-related neurodegeneration. We further show that this lipofuscin-AF signal within microglia can confound the interpretation of antibody-labeled synaptic material within microglia in young adult mice. Finally, we implement a robust strategy to quench AF in mouse, marmoset, and human brain tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stillman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipofuscin-like autofluorescence within microglia and its impact on studying microglial engulfment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Effects of Cocaine and Morphine on the Diurnal Regulation of the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms that persist during abstinence and may contribute to relapse risk. Repeated use of substances such as psychostimulants and opioids may lead to significant alterations in molecular rhythms in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region central to reward and motivation. Previous studies have identified rhythm alterations in the transcriptome of the NAc and other brain regions following the administration of psychostimulants or opioids. However, little is known about the impact of substance use on the diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc. We used liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS/MS) quantitative proteomics, along with a data-independent acquisition (DIA) analysis pipeline, to investigate the effects of cocaine or morphine administration on diurnal rhythms of proteome in the mouse NAc. Overall, our data reveals cocaine and morphine differentially alters diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc, with largely independent differentially expressed proteins dependent on time-of-day. Pathways enriched from cocaine altered protein rhythms were primarily associated with glucocorticoid signaling and metabolism, whereas morphine was associated with neuroinflammation. Collectively, these findings are the first to characterize the diurnal regulation of the NAc proteome and demonstrate a novel relationship between phase-dependent regulation of protein expression and the differential effects of cocaine and morphine on the NAc proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker-Krail, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Effects of Cocaine and Morphine on the Diurnal Regulation of the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic analyses of the resistance potential of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs that target the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 are effective therapeutics that have entered clinical use. Wide-scale use of these drugs will apply selection pressure for the evolution of resistance mutations. To understand resistance potential in Mpro, we performed comprehensive surveys of amino acid changes that can cause resistance in a yeast screen to nirmatrelvir (contained in the drug Paxlovid), and ensitrelvir (Xocova) that is currently in phase III trials. The most impactful resistance mutation (E166V) recently reported in multiple viral passaging studies with nirmatrelvir showed the strongest drug resistance score for nirmatrelvir, while P168R had the strongest resistance score for ensitrelvir. Using a systematic approach to assess potential drug resistance, we identified 142 resistance mutations for nirmatrelvir and 177 for ensitrelvir. Among these mutations, 99 caused apparent resistance to both inhibitors, suggesting a strong likelihood for the evolution of cross-resistance. Many mutations that exhibited inhibitor-specific resistance were consistent with distinct ways that each inhibitor protrudes beyond the substrate envelope. In addition, mutations with strong drug resistance scores tended to have reduced function. Our results indicate that strong pressure from nirmatrelvir or ensitrelvir will select for multiple distinct resistant lineages that will include both primary resistance mutations that weaken interactions with drug while decreasing enzyme function and secondary mutations that increase enzyme activity. The comprehensive identification of resistance mutations enables the design of inhibitors with reduced potential of developing resistance and aids in the surveillance of drug resistance in circulating viral populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Nachum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic analyses of the resistance potential of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.528534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screen identifies host loci that modulate M. tuberculosis fitness in immunodivergent mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.528534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic differences among mammalian hosts and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains determine diverse tuberculosis (TB) patient outcomes. The advent of recombinant inbred mouse panels and next-generation transposon mutagenesis and sequencing approaches has enabled dissection of complex host- pathogen interactions. To identify host and pathogen genetic determinants of Mtb pathogenesis, we infected members of the BXD family of mouse strains with a comprehensive library of Mtb transposon mutants (TnSeq). Members of the BXD family segregate for Mtb-resistant C57BL/6J (B6 or B) and Mtb-susceptible DBA/2J (D2 or D) haplotypes. The survival of each bacterial mutant was quantified within each BXD host, and we identified those bacterial genes that were differentially required for Mtb fitness across BXD genotypes. Mutants that varied in survival among the host family of strains were leveraged as reporters for "endophenotypes", each bacterial fitness profile directly probing specific components of the infection microenvironment. We conducted QTL mapping of these bacterial fitness endophenotypes and identified 140 host-pathogen quantitative trait loci (hpQTL). We identified a QTL hotspot on chromosome 6 (75.97-88.58 Mb) associated with the genetic requirement of multiple Mtb genes; Rv0127 (mak), Rv0359 (rip2), Rv0955 (perM), and Rv3849 (espR). Together, this screen reinforces the utility of bacterial mutant libraries as precise reporters of the host immunological microenvironment during infection and highlights specific host-pathogen genetic interactions for further investigation. To enable downstream follow-up for both bacterial and mammalian genetic research communities, all bacterial fitness profiles have been deposited into GeneNetwork.org and added into the comprehensive collection of TnSeq libraries in MtbTnDB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meade, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.528534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screen identifies host loci that modulate M. tuberculosis fitness in immunodivergent mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential requirements for different subfamilies of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes in myoblast differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes that are critical for normal cellular functions and that are mis-regulated in [~]20% of human cancers. These enzymes exhibit significant diversity in the composition of individual enzyme complexes. mSWI/SNF enzymes are classified into three general sub-families based on the presence or absence of specific subunit proteins. The three sub-families are called BAF (BRM or BRG1-associated factors), ncBAF (non-canonical BAF), and PBAF (Polybromo-associated BAF). The biological roles for the different subfamilies of mSWI/SNF enzymes are poorly described. We knocked down (KD) the expression of genes encoding subunit proteins unique to each of the three subfamilies, Baf250A, Brd9, and Baf180, which mark the BAF, ncBAF, and PBAF sub-families, respectively, and examined the requirement for each in myoblast differentiation. We found that BAF250A and the BAF complex was required to drive lineage-specific gene expression during myoblast differentiation. KD of Baf250A reduced the expression of the lineage determinant Myogenin and other differentiation markers, due to decreased binding of BAF250A to myogenic gene promoters. KD of Brd9 delayed myoblast differentiation. However, RNA-seq analysis revealed that while the Baf250A-dependent gene expression profile included genes involved in myogenesis, the Brd9-dependent gene expression profile did not. Moreover, no-colocalization of Baf250A and Brd9 was observed in differentiating cells, suggesting independent mechanisms of action for BAF and ncBAF complexes in myogenesis. The PBAF complex was dispensable for myoblast differentiation. The results distinguish between the roles of the mSWI/SNF enzyme subfamilies during myoblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olea-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwicka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga-Eulogio, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Tito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential requirements for different subfamilies of the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes in myoblast differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraint and acceleration are powerful, cell-type agnostic measures of functional importance. Previous studies in mammals were limited by species number and reliance on human-referenced alignments. We explore the evolution of placental mammals, including humans, through reference-free whole-genome alignment of 240 species and protein-coding alignments for 428 species. We estimate 10.7% of the human genome is evolutionarily constrained. We resolve constraint to single nucleotides, pinpointing functional positions, and refine and expand by over seven-fold the catalog of ultraconserved elements. Overall, 48.5% of constrained bases are as yet unannotated, suggesting yet-to-be-discovered functional importance. Using species-level phenotypes and an updated phylogeny, we associate coding and regulatory variation with olfaction and hibernation. Focusing on biodiversity conservation, we identify genomic metrics that predict species at risk of extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christmas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindle, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breit, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirilenko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, J. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redlich, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatesy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimshaw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozyrev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinescu, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrill, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmanski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title: Leveraging Base Pair Mammalian Constraint to Understand Genetic Variation and Human Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.531987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although thousands of genomic regions have been associated with heritable human diseases, attempts to elucidate biological mechanisms are impeded by a general inability to discern which genomic positions are functionally important. Evolutionary constraint is a powerful predictor of function that is agnostic to cell type or disease mechanism. Here, single base phyloP scores from the whole genome alignment of 240 placental mammals identified 3.5% of the human genome as significantly constrained, and likely functional. We compared these scores to large-scale genome annotation, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), copy number variation, clinical genetics findings, and cancer data sets. Evolutionarily constrained positions are enriched for variants explaining common disease heritability (more than any other functional annotation). Our results improve variant annotation but also highlight that the regulatory landscape of the human genome still needs to be further explored and linked to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, J. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakthikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinescu, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szatkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg-Nilsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.531987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title: Leveraging Base Pair Mammalian Constraint to Understand Genetic Variation and Human Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Th17 effector cytokines differentially promote microglial and blood-brain barrier inflammatory responses during post-infectious encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can cause neuropsychiatric sequelae in children due to post-infectious encephalitis. Multiple GAS infections induce migration of Th17 lymphocytes from the nose into the brain, which are critical for microglial activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neural circuit impairment in a mouse disease model. How endothelial cells (ECs) and microglia respond to GAS infections, and which Th17-derived cytokines are essential for these responses are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we found that ECs downregulate BBB genes and microglia upregulate interferon-response, chemokine and antigen-presentation genes after GAS infections. Several microglial-derived chemokines were elevated in patient sera. Administration of a neutralizing antibody against interleukin-17A (IL-17A), but not ablation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in T cells, partially rescued BBB dysfunction and microglial expression of chemokine genes. Thus, IL-17A is critical for neuropsychiatric sequelae of GAS infections and may be targeted to treat these disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Laforet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampatey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Deming, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Th17 effector cytokines differentially promote microglial and blood-brain barrier inflammatory responses during post-infectious encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the main antibody isotype found in the intestine, has evolved to maintain the stability of commensal communities, and prevent dysbiosis. In stark contrast to systemic antibody response against pathogens, the generation of IgA against intestinal resident microbes assures the simultaneous binding to multiple and diverse commensal-derived antigens. However, the exact mechanisms by which B cells mount such broadly reactive IgA response to the gut microbiome at the mucosal barrier remain elusive. Here we show surface IgA B cell receptor (BCR) is required to confer enhanced B cell fitness during the germinal center reaction in Peyers patches and to mediate selection of gut-homing plasma cells with higher efficiency. We demonstrate that, upon antigen stimulation, IgA+ BCR drives greater intracellular signaling in mouse and human B cells and as consequence, IgA+ B cells received higher positive selection cues in the germinal center. Mechanistically, in vivo IgA BCR signaling offsets Fas-mediated cell death to rescue low affinity B cell clones and redirects the humoral response to an increased variety of commensal strains at the intestinal interface. Our findings revealed a new mechanism linking tissue-specific antigen receptor signaling with B cell fate and localization of antibody production; and have implications for understanding how intestinal antigen recognition shapes humoral immunity in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muppidi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen receptor signaling and cell death resistance controls intestinal humoral response zonation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the human Sirtuin 6-nucleosome complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a multifaceted protein deacetylase/deacylase and a major target for small-molecule modulators of longevity and cancer. In the context of chromatin, SIRT6 removes acetyl groups from histone H3 in nucleosomes, but the molecular basis for its nucleosomal substrate preference is unknown. Our cryo-electron microscopy structure of human SIRT6 in complex with the nucleosome shows that the catalytic domain of SIRT6 pries DNA from the nucleosomal entry-exit site and exposes the histone H3 N-terminal helix, while the SIRT6 zinc-binding domain binds to the histone acidic patch using an arginine anchor. In addition, SIRT6 forms an inhibitory interaction with the C-terminal tail of histone H2A. The structure provides insights into how SIRT6 can deacetylate both H3 K9 and H3 K56.

TeaserThe structure of the SIRT6 deacetylase/nucleosome complex suggests how the enzyme acts on both histone H3 K9 and K56 residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechiche, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryll, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the human Sirtuin 6-nucleosome complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonic type 3 innate lymphoid cells sense maternal dietary cholesterol to control local Peyer's patch development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells develop during intrauterine life and rely on developmental programs to initiate the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). This evolutionary conserved process endows the fetus with the ability to orchestrate the immune response after birth and to react to the triggers present in the environment. While it is established that LTi function can be shaped by maternal-derived cues and is critical to prepare the neonate with a functional scaffold to mount immune response, the cellular mechanisms that control anatomically distinct SLO organogenesis remain unclear.

We discovered that LTi cells forming Peyers patches, gut-specific SLOs, require the coordinated action of two migratory G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) GPR183 and CCR6. These two GPCRs are uniformly expressed on LTi cells across SLOs, but their deficiency specifically impacts Peyers patch formation, even when restricted to fetal window. The unique CCR6 ligand is CCL20, while the ligand for GPR183 is the cholesterol metabolite 7,25-Dihydroxycholesterol (7,25-HC), whose production is controlled by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). We identified a fetal stromal cell subset that expresses CH25H and attracts LTi cells in the nascent Peyers patch anlagen. GPR183 ligand concentration can be modulated by the cholesterol content in the maternal diet and impacts LTi cell maturation in vitro and in vivo, highlighting a link between maternal nutrients and intestinal SLO organogenesis.

Our findings revealed that in the fetal intestine, cholesterol metabolite sensing by GPR183 in LTi cells for Peyers patch formation is dominant in the duodenum, the site of cholesterol absorption in the adult. This anatomic requirement suggests that embryonic, long-lived non-hematopoietic cells might exploit adult metabolic functions to ensure highly specialized SLO development in utero.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonic type 3 innate lymphoid cells sense maternal dietary cholesterol to control local Peyer's patch development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-delivering CRISPR RNAs for AAV Co-delivery and Genome Editing in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guide RNAs offer programmability for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing but also add challenges for delivery. Chemical modification, which has been key to the success of oligonucleotide therapeutics, can enhance the stability, distribution, cellular uptake, and safety of nucleic acids. Previously, we engineered heavily and fully modified SpyCas9 crRNA and tracrRNA, which showed enhanced stability and retained activity when delivered to cultured cells in the form of the ribonucleoprotein complex. In this study, we report that a short, fully stabilized oligonucleotide (a "protecting oligo"), which can be displaced by tracrRNA annealing, can significantly enhance the potency and stability of a heavily modified crRNA. Furthermore, protecting oligos allow various bioconjugates to be appended, thereby improving cellular uptake and biodistribution of crRNA in vivo. Finally, we achieved in vivo genome editing in adult mouse liver and central nervous system via co-delivery of unformulated, chemically modified crRNAs with protecting oligos and AAV vectors that express tracrRNA and either SpyCas9 or a base editor derivative. Our proof-of-concept establishment of AAV/crRNA co-delivery offers a route towards transient editing activity, target multiplexing, guide redosing, and vector inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panwala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-delivering CRISPR RNAs for AAV Co-delivery and Genome Editing in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis and validation of click-modified of NOD1/2 agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NOD1 and NOD2 sense small bacterial peptidoglycan fragments often called muropeptides. These muropeptides include iE-DAP and MDP, the minimal agonists for NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. Here, we synthesized and validated alkyne-modified muropeptides, iE-DAP-Alk and MDP-Alk, for use in click-chemistry reactions. While it has long been known that many cell types respond to extracellular exposure to muropeptides, it is unclear how these innate immune activators access their cytosolic innate immune receptors, NOD1 and NOD2. The subcellular trafficking and transport mechanisms by which muropeptides access these cytosolic innate immune receptors are a major gap in our understanding of these critical host responses. The clickchemistry-enabled agonists developed here will be particularly powerful to decipher the underlying cell biology and biochemistry of NOD1 and NOD2 innate immune sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anonick, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wodzanowski, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis and validation of click-modified of NOD1/2 agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleolar structure connects with global nuclear organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleolus is a multi-functional nuclear body. To tease out the roles of nucleolar structure without resorting to multi-action drugs, we knocked down RNA polymerase I subunit RPA194 in HeLa cells by siRNA. Loss of RPA194 resulted in nucleolar structural segregation and effects on both nucleolus-proximal and distal nuclear components. The perinucleolar compartment was disrupted, centromere-nucleolus interactions were significantly reduced, and the intranuclear locations of specific genomic loci were altered. Moreover, Cajal bodies, distal from nucleoli, underwent morphological and compositional changes. To distinguish whether these global reorganizations are the results of nucleolar structural disruption or inhibition of ribosome synthesis, the pre-ribosomal RNA processing factor, UTP4, was also knocked down, which did not lead to nucleolar segregation, nor the intranuclear effects seen with RPA195A knockdown, demonstrating that they do not arise from a cessation of ribosome synthesis. These findings point to a commutative system that links nucleolar structure to the maintenance and spatial organization of certain nuclear bodies and genomic loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleolar structure connects with global nuclear organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.535005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S:D614G and S:H655Y are gateway mutations that act epistatically to promote SARS-CoV-2 variant fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.535005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummarySARS-CoV-2 variants bearing complex combinations of mutations that confer increased transmissibility, COVID-19 severity, and immune escape, were first detected after S:D614G had gone to fixation, and likely originated during persistent infection of immunocompromised hosts. To test the hypothesis that S:D614G facilitated emergence of such variants, S:D614G was reverted to the ancestral sequence in the context of sequential Spike sequences from an immunocompromised individual, and within each of the major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In all cases, infectivity of the S:D614G revertants was severely compromised. The infectivity of atypical SARS-CoV-2 lineages that propagated in the absence of S:D614G was found to be dependent upon either S:Q613H or S:H655Y. Notably, Gamma and Omicron variants possess both S:D614G and S:H655Y, each of which contributed to infectivity of these variants. Among sarbecoviruses, S:Q613H, S:D614G, and S:H655Y are only detected in SARS-CoV-2, which is also distinguished by a polybasic S1/S2 cleavage site. Genetic and biochemical experiments here showed that S:Q613H, S:D614G, and S:H655Y each stabilize Spike on virions, and that they are dispensable in the absence of S1/S2 cleavage, consistent with selection of these mutations by the S1/S2 cleavage site. CryoEM revealed that either S:D614G or S:H655Y shift the Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) towards the open conformation required for ACE2-binding and therefore on pathway for infection. Consistent with this, an smFRET reporter for RBD conformation showed that both S:D614G and S:H655Y spontaneously adopt the conformation that ACE2 induces in the parental Spike. Data from these orthogonal experiments demonstrate that S:D614G and S:H655Y are convergent adaptations to the polybasic S1/S2 cleavage site which stabilize S1 on the virion in the open RBD conformation and act epistatically to promote the fitness of variants bearing complex combinations of clinically significant mutations.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=194 SRC="FIGDIR/small/535005v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (50K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8b4864org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3daad9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9ba446org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3e1a08_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIS:D614G is ubiquitous among SARS-CoV-2 B-lineage Spikes and is required for infectivity of the main Variants of Concern
C_LIO_LIIn an example of convergent evolution, SARS-CoV-2 A lineage viruses maintained transmission chains in the absence of S:D614G, but were instead dependent upon S:Q613H or S:H655Y
C_LIO_LIS:D614G and S:H655Y are both adaptations to the polybasic S1/S2 cleavage site
C_LIO_LIIncreased infectivity of S:D614G and S:H655Y is associated with a more open RBD conformation and increased steady-state levels of virion-associated S1
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurkovetskiy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurhade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Salinas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyalile, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.535005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S:D614G and S:H655Y are gateway mutations that act epistatically to promote SARS-CoV-2 variant fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single neuron in C. elegans orchestrates multiple motor outputs through parallel modes of transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.532814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals generate a wide range of highly coordinated motor outputs, which allows them to execute purposeful behaviors. Individual neuron classes in the circuits that generate behavior have a remarkable capacity for flexibility, as they exhibit multiple axonal projections, transmitter systems, and modes of neural activity. How these multi-functional properties of neurons enable the generation of highly coordinated behaviors remains unknown. Here we show that the HSN neuron in C. elegans evokes multiple motor programs over different timescales to enable a suite of behavioral changes during egg-laying. Using HSN activity perturbations and in vivo calcium imaging, we show that HSN acutely increases egg-laying and locomotion while also biasing the animals towards low-speed dwelling behavior over longer timescales. The acute effects of HSN on egg-laying and high-speed locomotion are mediated by separate sets of HSN transmitters and different HSN axonal projections. The long-lasting effects on dwelling are mediated by HSN release of serotonin that is taken up and re-released by NSM, another serotonergic neuron class that directly evokes dwelling. Our results show how the multi-functional properties of a single neuron allow it to induce a coordinated suite of behaviors and also reveal for the first time that neurons can borrow serotonin from one another to control behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.532814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single neuron in C. elegans orchestrates multiple motor outputs through parallel modes of transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling neurodevelopmental disorder-associated hAGO1 mutations in C. elegans Argonaute ALG-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous non-coding RNAs important for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs associate with Argonaute proteins to bind to the 3 UTR of target genes and confer target repression. Recently, multiple de novo coding variants in the human Argonaute gene AGO1 (hAGO1) have been reported to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) with intellectual disability (ID). Most of the altered amino acids are conserved between the miRNA-associated Argonautes in H. sapiens and C. elegans, suggesting the hAGO1 mutations could disrupt evolutionarily conserved functions in the miRNA pathway. To investigate how the hAGO1 mutations may affect miRNA biogenesis and/or functions, we genetically modeled four of the hAGO1 de novo variants (referred to as NDD mutations) by introducing the identical mutations to the C. elegans hAGO1 homolog, alg-1. This array of mutations caused distinct effects on C. elegans miRNA functions, miRNA populations, and downstream gene expression, indicative of profound alterations in aspects of miRNA processing and miRISC formation and/or activity. Specifically, we found that the alg-1 NDD mutations cause allele-specific disruptions in mature miRNA profiles both in terms of overall abundances and association with mutant ALG-1. We also observed allele-specific profiles of gene expression with altered translational efficiency and/or mRNA abundance. The sets of perturbed genes include human homologs whose dysfunction is known to cause NDD. We anticipate that these cross-clade genetic studies may advance the understanding of fundamental Argonaute functions and provide insights into the conservation of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzade, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PITON, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling neurodevelopmental disorder-associated hAGO1 mutations in C. elegans Argonaute ALG-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering circadian rhythm disruptions of synaptic proteome signaling in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens associated with opioid use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid craving and relapse vulnerability is associated with severe and persistent sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of circadian rhythms and opioid use disorder (OUD) may prove valuable for developing new treatments for opioid addiction. Previous work indicated molecular rhythm disruptions in the human brain associated with OUD, highlighting synaptic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)--key brain regions involved in cognition and reward, and heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of OUD. To provide further insights into the synaptic alterations in OUD, we used mass-spectrometry based proteomics to deeply profile protein expression alterations in bulk tissue and synaptosome preparations from DLPFC and NAc of unaffected and OUD subjects. We identified 55 differentially expressed (DE) proteins in DLPFC homogenates, and 44 DE proteins in NAc homogenates, between unaffected and OUD subjects. In synaptosomes, we identified 161 and 56 DE proteins in DLPFC and NAc, respectively, of OUD subjects. By comparing homogenate and synaptosome protein expression, we identified proteins enriched specifically in synapses that were significantly altered in both DLPFC and NAc of OUD subjects. Across brain regions, synaptic protein alterations in OUD subjects were primarily identified in glutamate, GABA, and circadian rhythm signaling. Using time-of-death (TOD) analyses, where the TOD of each subject is used as a time-point across a 24- hour cycle, we were able to map circadian-related changes associated with OUD in synaptic proteomes related to vesicle-mediated transport and membrane trafficking in the NAc and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta signaling in DLPFC. Collectively, our findings lend further support for molecular rhythm disruptions in synaptic signaling in the human brain as a key factor in opioid addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yocum, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering circadian rhythm disruptions of synaptic proteome signaling in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens associated with opioid use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective effect of pre-existing natural immunity in a nonhuman primate reinfection model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the leading infectious cause of neurologic defects in newborns with particularly severe sequelae in the setting of primary CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. The majority of cCMV cases worldwide occur after non-primary infection in CMV-seropositive women; yet the extent to which pre-existing natural CMV-specific immunity protects against CMV reinfection or reactivation during pregnancy remains ill-defined. We previously reported on a novel nonhuman primate model of cCMV in rhesus macaques where 100% placental transmission and 83% fetal loss were seen in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-seronegative dams after primary RhCMV infection. To investigate the protective effect of preconception maternal immunity, we performed reinfection studies in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted RhCMV-seropositive dams inoculated in late first / early second trimester gestation with RhCMV strains 180.92 (n=2), or RhCMV UCD52 and FL-RhCMV{Delta}Rh13.1/SIVgag, a wild-type-like RhCMV clone with SIVgag inserted as an immunological marker (n=3). An early transient increase in circulating monocytes followed by boosting of the pre-existing RhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody response was observed in the reinfected dams but not in control CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams. Emergence of SIV Gag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in macaques inoculated with the FL-RhCMV{Delta}Rh13.1/SIVgag virus confirmed reinfection. Placental transmission was detected in only one of five reinfected dams and there were no adverse fetal sequelae. Viral whole genome, short-read, deep sequencing analysis confirmed transmission of both reinfection RhCMV strains across the placenta with [~]30% corresponding to FL-RhCMV{Delta}Rh13.1/SIVgag and [~]70% to RhCMV UCD52, consistent with the mixed human CMV infections reported in infants with cCMV. Our data showing reduced placental transmission and absence of fetal loss after non-primary as opposed to primary infection in CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted dams indicates that preconception maternal CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte and/or humoral immunity can protect against cCMV infection.

Author SummaryGlobally, pregnancies in CMV-seropositive women account for the majority of cases of congenital CMV infection but the immune responses needed for protection against placental transmission in mothers with non-primary infection remains unknown. Recently, we developed a nonhuman primate model of primary rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infection in which placental transmission and fetal loss occurred in RhCMV-seronegative CD4+ T lymphocyte-depleted macaques. By conducting similar studies in RhCMV-seropositive dams, we demonstrated the protective effect of pre-existing natural CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and humoral immunity against congenital CMV after reinfection. A 5-fold reduction in congenital transmission and complete protection against fetal loss was observed in dams with pre-existing immunity compared to primary CMV in this model. Our study is the first formal demonstration in a relevant model of human congenital CMV that natural pre-existing CMV-specific maternal immunity can limit congenital CMV transmission and its sequelae. The nonhuman primate model of non-primary congenital CMV will be especially relevant to studying immune requirements of a maternal vaccine for women in high CMV seroprevalence areas at risk of repeated CMV reinfections during pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostrom, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccoccio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versoza, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malouli, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalik, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective effect of pre-existing natural immunity in a nonhuman primate reinfection model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the human cardiac myosin filament 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPumping of the heart is powered by filaments of the motor protein myosin, which pull on actin filaments to generate cardiac contraction. In addition to myosin, the filaments contain cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C), which modulates contractility in response to physiological stimuli, and titin, which functions as a scaffold for filament assembly1. Myosin, cMyBP-C and titin are all subject to mutation, which can lead to heart failure. Despite the central importance of cardiac myosin filaments to life, their molecular structure has remained a mystery for 60 years2. Here, we have solved the structure of the main (cMyBP-C-containing) region of the human cardiac filament to 6 [A] resolution by cryo-EM. The reconstruction reveals the architecture of titin and cMyBP-C for the first time, and shows how myosins motor domains (heads) form 3 different types of motif (providing functional flexibility), which interact with each other and with specific domains of titin and cMyBP-C to dictate filament architecture and regulate function. A novel packing of myosin tails in the filament backbone is also resolved. The structure suggests how cMyBP-C helps generate the cardiac super-relaxed state3, how titin and cMyBP-C may contribute to length-dependent activation4, and how mutations in myosin and cMyBP-C might disrupt interactions, causing disease5, 6. A similar structure is likely in vertebrate skeletal myosin filaments. The reconstruction resolves past uncertainties, and integrates previous data on cardiac muscle structure and function. It provides a new paradigm for interpreting structural, physiological and clinical observations, and for the design of potential therapeutic drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the human cardiac myosin filament]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mouse allele of the DNA/RNA helicase senataxin (Setxspcar3) causing meiotic arrest of spermatocytes and male infertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An unbiased screen for discovering novel genes for fertility identified the spcar3, spermatocyte arrest 3, mutant phenotype. The spcar3 mutation identified a new allele of the Setx gene, encoding senataxin, a DNA/RNA helicase that regulates transcription termination by resolving DNA/RNA hybrid R-loop structures. Although mutations in the human SETX gene cause neural disorders, Setxspcar3 mutant mice do not show any apparent neural phenotype, but instead exhibit male infertility and female subfertility. Histology of the Setxspcar3mutant testes revealed absence of spermatids and mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules. Cytological analysis of chromosome spread preparations of the Setxspcar3 mutant spermatocytes revealed normal synapsis, but aberrant DNA damage in the autosomes, and defective formation of the sex body. Furthermore, Setxspcar3 testicular cells exhibited abnormal accumulation of R-loops compared to wild type testicular cells. Transient expression assays identified regions of the senataxin protein required for sub-nuclear localization. Together, these results not only confirm that senataxin is required for normal meiosis and spermatogenesis but also provide a new resource for determination of its role in maintaining R-loop formation and genome integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimenti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mouse allele of the DNA/RNA helicase senataxin (Setxspcar3) causing meiotic arrest of spermatocytes and male infertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical biological function of selenium is in the production of selenocysteine residues of selenoproteins, and this forms the basis for its role as an essential antioxidant and cytoprotective micronutrient. Here, we demonstrate that selenium, via its metabolic intermediate hydrogen selenide, efficiently donates its electrons to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol in the mitochondria through catalysis by sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR). Hydrogen selenide is superior to hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor owing to its larger valence shell. We show that this mechanism, independently of selenoprotein production, protects against ferroptosis via ubiquinol production in a manner that depends on xCT mediated selenide formation and SQOR activity. Our findings identify a regulatory mechanism against ferroptosis that implicates SQOR and expands our understanding of selenium in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.535674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selenium reduction of ubiquinone via SQOR suppresses ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Nme2Cas9 Adenine Base Editors with Improved Activity and Targeting Scope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nme2Cas9 has been established as a genome editing platform with compact size, high accuracy, and broad targeting range, including single-AAV-deliverable adenine base editors. Here, we have engineered Nme2Cas9 to further increase the activity and targeting scope of compact Nme2Cas9 base editors. We first used domain insertion to position the deaminase domain nearer the displaced DNA strand in the target-bound complex. These domain-inlaid Nme2Cas9 variants exhibited shifted editing windows and increased activity in comparison to the N-terminally fused Nme2-ABE. We next expanded the editing scope by swapping the Nme2Cas9 PAM-interacting domain with that of SmuCas9, which we had previously defined as recognizing a single-cytidine PAM. We used these enhancements to correct two common MECP2 mutations associated with Rett syndrome with little or no bystander editing. Finally, we validated domain-inlaid Nme2-ABEs for single-AAV delivery in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Nme2Cas9 Adenine Base Editors with Improved Activity and Targeting Scope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gardnerella vaginolysin potentiates glycan molecular mimicry by Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition of the vaginal microbiome in which there are lower levels of "healthy" Lactobacillus species and an outgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacteria. BV is associated with increased risk of infection by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae - the causative agent of gonorrhea. Here we test if one known facet of BV - the presence of bacterial cytolysins - leads to the mobilization of specific intracellular contents that aid in gonococcal virulence. We cloned and expressed recombinant vaginolysin (VLY), a cytolysin produced by the BV-associated bacterium Gardnerella, verifying that it liberates the contents of red blood cells and cervical epithelial (HeLa) cells while vector control preparations made in parallel did not. We tested if VLY mediates a well-known virulence mechanism of gonococcus - the molecular mimicry of host glycans. To evade host immunity, N. gonorrhoeae caps its surface lipooligosaccharide (LOS) with 2-3-linked sialic acid. To do this, gonococci must scavenge an intermediate metabolite made and used inside host cells. Flow-cytometry based lectin-binding assays showed that, compared to controls, gonococci exposed to vaginolysin-liberated contents of HeLa cells displayed greater sialic acid capping of their LOS. This higher level of bacterial sialylation was accompanied by increased binding of the complement regulatory protein Factor H, and greater resistance to complement attack. Together these results suggest that cytolytic activities present during BV may enhance the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to capture intracellular metabolites and evade host immunity via glycan molecular mimicry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrill, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gardnerella vaginolysin potentiates glycan molecular mimicry by Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial Ca2+ channel MCU is critical for tumor growth by supporting cell cycle progression and proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial uniporter (MCU) Ca2+ ion channel represents the primary means for Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria. Here we employed in vitro and in vivo models with MCU genetically eliminated to understand how MCU contributes to tumor formation and progression. Transformation of primary fibroblasts in vitro was associated with increased MCU expression, enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, suppression of inactivating-phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a modest increase of basal mitochondrial respiration and a significant increase of acute Ca2+-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by genetic deletion of MCU markedly inhibited growth of HEK293T cells and of transformed fibroblasts in mouse xenograft models. Reduced tumor growth was primarily a result of substantially reduced proliferation and fewer mitotic cells in vivo, and slower cell proliferation in vitro associated with delayed progression through S-phase of the cell cycle. MCU deletion inhibited cancer stem cell-like spheroid formation and cell invasion in vitro, both predictors of metastatic potential. Surprisingly, mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration, membrane potential, global dehydrogenase activity, respiration and ROS production were unchanged by genetic deletion of MCU in transformed cells. In contrast, MCU deletion elevated glycolysis and glutaminolysis, strongly sensitized cell proliferation to glucose and glutamine limitation, and altered agonist-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals. Our results reveal a dependence of tumorigenesis on MCU, mediated by a reliance on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake for cell metabolism and Ca2+ dynamics necessary for cell-cycle progression and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noji, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arany, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenrieder, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foskett, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial Ca2+ channel MCU is critical for tumor growth by supporting cell cycle progression and proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rit2 loss in dopaminergic neurons drives a progressive Parkinsonian phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and arises from dopamine (DA) neuron death selectively in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rit2 is a reported PD risk allele, and recent single cell transcriptomic studies identified a major RIT2 cluster in PD DA neurons, potentially linking Rit2 expression loss to a PD patient cohort. However, it is still unknown whether Rit2 loss itself is causative for PD or PD-like symptoms. Here we report that conditional Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons drove motor dysfunction that occurred earlier in males than females and was rescued at early stages by either inhibiting the DA transporter (DAT) or with L-DOPA treatment. Motor dysfunction was accompanied by decreased DA release, striatal DA content, phenotypic DAergic markers, DA neurons, and DAergic terminals, with increased pSer129-alpha synuclein and pSer935-LRRK2 expression. These results provide the first evidence that Rit2 loss is causal for SNc cell death and a PD-like phenotype, and reveal key sex-specific differences in the response to Rit2 loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahuno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikian, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavchinskiy, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rit2 loss in dopaminergic neurons drives a progressive Parkinsonian phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating lactate is a fuel source for liver metabolism but may exacerbate metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Indeed, haploinsufficiency of lactate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in mice reportedly promotes resistance to hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Here, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to deliver thyroxin binding globulin (TBG)-Cre or lecithin-retinol acyltransferase (Lrat)-Cre to MCT1fl/fl mice on a choline deficient, high fat NASH diet to deplete hepatocyte or stellate cell MCT1, respectively. Stellate cell MCT1KO (AAV-Lrat-Cre) attenuated liver type 1 collagen protein expression and caused a downward trend in trichrome staining. MCT1 depletion in cultured human LX2 stellate cells also diminished collagen 1 protein expression. Tetra-ethylenglycol-cholesterol (Chol)-conjugated siRNAs, which enter all hepatic cell types, and hepatocyte-selective tri-N-acetyl galactosamine (GN)-conjugated siRNAs were then used to evaluate MCT1 function in a genetically obese NASH mouse model. MCT1 silencing by Chol-siRNA decreased liver collagen 1 levels, while hepatocyte-selective MCT1 depletion by AAV-TBG-Cre or by GN-siRNA unexpectedly increased collagen 1 and total fibrosis without effect on triglyceride accumulation. These findings demonstrate that stellate cell lactate transporter MCT1 significantly contributes to liver fibrosis through increased collagen 1 protein expression in vitro and in vivo, while hepatocyte MCT1 appears not to be an attractive therapeutic target for NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elleby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactate transporter MCT1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes fibrotic collagen expression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional characterization of medium spiny neuron heterogeneity in the adult mouse striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are traditionally segregated into two subpopulations expressing dopamine (DA) D1-like or D2-like receptors. However, this dichotomy is challenged by recent evidence. Functional and expression studies raise important questions: do SPNs co-express different DA receptors, and do these differences reflect unique striatal spatial distributions and expression profiles? Using RNAscope in mouse striatum, we report heterogenous SPN subpopulations distributed across dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal axes. SPN subpopulations co-express multiple DA receptors, including D1 and D2 (D1/2R) and D1 and D3. Our integrative approach using single-nuclei multi-omics analyses provides a simple consensus to describe SPNs across diverse datasets, connecting it to complementary spatial mapping. Combining RNAscope and multi-omics shows D1/2R SPNs further separate into distinct subtypes according to spatial organization and conserved marker genes. Each SPN cell type contributes uniquely to genetic risk for neuropsychiatric diseases. Our results bridge anatomy and transcriptomics to offer new understandings of striatal neuron heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional characterization of medium spiny neuron heterogeneity in the adult mouse striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Up-regulation of cholesterol synthesis pathways and limited neurodegeneration in a knock-in Sod1 mutant mouse model of ALS. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder affecting brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Mutations in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1) are associated with [~]20% of inherited and 1-2% of sporadic ALS cases. Much has been learned from mice expressing transgenic copies of mutant SOD1, which typically involve high-level transgene expression, thereby differing from ALS patients expressing one mutant gene copy. To generate a model that more closely represents patient gene expression, we created a knock-in point mutation (G85R, a human ALS-causing mutation) in the endogenous mouse Sod1 gene, leading to mutant SOD1G85R protein expression. Heterozygous Sod1G85R mutant mice resemble wild type, whereas homozygous mutants have reduced body weight and lifespan, a mild neurodegenerative phenotype, and express very low mutant SOD1 protein levels with no detectable SOD1 activity. Homozygous mutants exhibit partial neuromuscular junction denervation at 3-4 months of age. Spinal cord motor neuron transcriptome analyses of homozygous Sod1G85R mice revealed up-regulation of cholesterol synthesis pathway genes compared to wild type. Transcriptome and phenotypic features of these mice are similar to Sod1 knock-out mice, suggesting the Sod1G85R phenotype is largely driven by loss of SOD1 function. By contrast, cholesterol synthesis genes are down-regulated in severely affected human TgSOD1G93A transgenic mice at 4 months. Our analyses implicate dysregulation of cholesterol or related lipid pathway genes in ALS pathogenesis. The Sod1G85R knock-in mouse is a useful ALS model to examine the importance of SOD1 activity in control of cholesterol homeostasis and motor neuron survival.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating disease involving the progressive loss of motor neurons and motor function for which there is currently no cure. Understanding biological mechanisms leading to motor neuron death is critical for developing new treatments. Using a new knock-in mutant mouse model carrying a Sod1 mutation that causes ALS in patients, and in the mouse, causes a limited neurodegenerative phenotype similar to Sod1 loss-of-function, we show that cholesterol synthesis pathway genes are up-regulated in mutant motor neurons, whereas the same genes are down-regulated in transgenic SOD1 mice with a severe phenotype. Our data implicate dysregulation of cholesterol or other related lipid genes in ALS pathogenesis and provide new insights that could contribute to strategies for disease intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominov, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitt, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademacher, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banno, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shychuck, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipscombe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Up-regulation of cholesterol synthesis pathways and limited neurodegeneration in a knock-in Sod1 mutant mouse model of ALS.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mammalian genes encode multiple transcript isoforms that result from differential promoter use, changes in exonic splicing, and alternative 3 end choice. Detecting and quantifying transcript isoforms across tissues, cell types, and species has been extremely challenging because transcripts are much longer than the short reads normally used for RNA-seq. By contrast, long-read RNA-seq (LR-RNA-seq) gives the complete structure of most transcripts. We sequenced 264 LR-RNA-seq PacBio libraries totaling over 1 billion circular consensus reads (CCS) for 81 unique human and mouse samples. We detect at least one full-length transcript from 87.7% of annotated human protein coding genes and a total of 200,000 full-length transcripts, 40% of which have novel exon junction chains.

To capture and compute on the three sources of transcript structure diversity, we introduce a gene and transcript annotation framework that uses triplets representing the transcript start site, exon junction chain, and transcript end site of each transcript. Using triplets in a simplex representation demonstrates how promoter selection, splice pattern, and 3 processing are deployed across human tissues, with nearly half of multitranscript protein coding genes showing a clear bias toward one of the three diversity mechanisms. Evaluated across samples, the predominantly expressed transcript changes for 74% of protein coding genes. In evolution, the human and mouse transcriptomes are globally similar in types of transcript structure diversity, yet among individual orthologous gene pairs, more than half (57.8%) show substantial differences in mechanism of diversification in matching tissues. This initial large-scale survey of human and mouse long-read transcriptomes provides a foundation for further analyses of alternative transcript usage, and is complemented by short-read and microRNA data on the same samples and by epigenome data elsewhere in the ENCODE4 collection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morabito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upchurch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolanki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagda, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitz, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinholdt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nucleus transcriptomics of human and monkey striatum implicates DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration signaling in opioid use disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum in the brain is involved in various behavioral functions, including reward, and disease processes, such as opioid use disorder (OUD). Further understanding of the role of striatal subregions in reward behaviors and their potential associations with OUD requires molecular identification of specific striatal cell types in human brain. The human striatum contains subregions based on different anatomical, functional, and physiological properties, with the dorsal striatum further divided into caudate and putamen. Both caudate and putamen are involved in altered reward processing, formation of habits, and development of negative affect states associated with OUD. Using single nuclei RNA-sequencing of human postmortem caudate and putamen, we identified canonical neuronal cell types in striatum (e.g., dopamine receptor 1 or 2 expressing neurons, D1 or D2) and less abundant subpopulations, including D1/D2-hybrid neurons and multiple classes of interneurons. By comparing unaffected subjects to subjects with OUD, we found neuronal-specific differences in pathways related to neurodegeneration, interferon response, and DNA damage. DNA damage markers were also elevated in striatal neurons of rhesus macaques following chronic opioid administration. We also identified sex-dependent differences in the expression of stress-induced transcripts among astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from female subjects with OUD. Thus, we describe striatal cell types and leverage these data to gain insights into molecular alterations in human striatum associated with opioid addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenster, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohut, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mccullough, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppe-Fish, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russek, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseyev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nucleus transcriptomics of human and monkey striatum implicates DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration signaling in opioid use disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of retinal ganglion cell death in mouse models of familial dysautonomia using AAV-mediated gene therapy and splicing modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease caused by a splicing mutation in the Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 1 (ELP1) gene. The reduction in ELP1 mRNA and protein leads to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and visual impairment in all FD patients. Currently, patient symptoms are managed, but there is no treatment for the disease. We sought to test the hypothesis that restoring levels of Elp1 would thwart the death of RGCs in FD. To this end, we tested the effectiveness of two therapeutic strategies for rescuing RGCs. Here we provide proof-of-concept data that gene replacement therapy and small molecule splicing modifiers effectively reduce the death of RGCs in mouse models for FD and provide pre-clinical data foundation for translation to FD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miettinen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weetall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaugenhaupt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punzo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefcort, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of retinal ganglion cell death in mouse models of familial dysautonomia using AAV-mediated gene therapy and splicing modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extended Nucleic Acid (exNA): A Novel, Biologically Compatible Backbone that Significantly Enhances Oligonucleotide Efficacy in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic stabilization of therapeutic oligonucleotides requires both sugar and backbone modifications, where phosphorothioate (PS) is the only backbone chemistry used in the clinic. Here, we describe the discovery, synthesis, and characterization of a novel biologically compatible backbone, extended nucleic acid (exNA). Upon exNA precursor scale up, exNA incorporation is fully compatible with common nucleic acid synthetic protocols. The novel backbone is orthogonal to PS and shows profound stabilization against 3- and 5-exonucleases. Using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as an example, we show exNA is tolerated at most nucleotide positions and profoundly improves in vivo efficacy. A combined exNA-PS backbone enhances siRNA resistance to serum 3-exonuclease by [~]32-fold over PS backbone and >1000-fold over the natural phosphodiester backbone, thereby enhancing tissue exposure ([~]6-fold), tissues accumulation (4- to 20-fold), and potency both systemically and in brain. The improved potency and durability imparted by exNA opens more tissues and indications to oligonucleotide-driven therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakih, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extended Nucleic Acid (exNA): A Novel, Biologically Compatible Backbone that Significantly Enhances Oligonucleotide Efficacy in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene editing without ex vivo culture evades genotoxicity in human hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.27.542323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene editing the BCL11A erythroid enhancer is a validated approach to fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction for {beta}-hemoglobinopathy therapy, though heterogeneity in edit allele distribution and HbF response may impact its safety and efficacy. Here we compared combined CRISPR-Cas9 endonuclease editing of the BCL11A +58 and +55 enhancers with leading gene modification approaches under clinical investigation. We found that combined targeting of the BCL11A +58 and +55 enhancers with 3xNLS-SpCas9 and two sgRNAs resulted in superior HbF induction, including in engrafting erythroid cells from sickle cell disease (SCD) patient xenografts, attributable to simultaneous disruption of core half E-box/GATA motifs at both enhancers. We corroborated prior observations that double strand breaks (DSBs) could produce unintended on- target outcomes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) such as long deletions and centromere-distal chromosome fragment loss. We show these unintended outcomes are a byproduct of cellular proliferation stimulated by ex vivo culture. Editing HSPCs without cytokine culture bypassed long deletion and micronuclei formation while preserving efficient on-target editing and engraftment function. These results indicate that nuclease editing of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) limits DSB genotoxicity while maintaining therapeutic potency and encourages efforts for in vivo delivery of nucleases to HSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira da Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justus, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosanwo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciuculescu, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitland, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdale, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruett-Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattanayak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene editing without ex vivo culture evades genotoxicity in human hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural characterization of a pathogenic antibody underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but extremely dangerous side effect that has been reported for several adenoviral (Ad)-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. VITT pathology had been linked to production of antibodies that recognize platelet factor 4 (PF4), an endogenous chemokine. In this work we characterize anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patients blood. Intact-mass MS measurements indicate that a significant fraction of this ensemble is comprised of antibodies representing a limited number of clones. MS analysis of large antibody fragments (the light chain, as well as the Fc/2 and Fd fragments of the heavy chain) confirms the monoclonal nature of this component of the anti-PF4 antibodies repertoire, and reveals the presence of a fully mature complex biantennary N-glycan within its Fd segment. Peptide mapping using two complementary proteases and LC-MS/MS analysis were used to determine the amino acid sequence of the entire light chain and over 98% of the heavy chain (excluding a short N-terminal segment). The sequence analysis allows the monoclonal antibody to be assigned to IgG2 subclass and verify that the light chain belongs to the {lambda}-type. Incorporation of enzymatic de-N-glycosylation into the peptide mapping routine allows the N-glycan in the Fab region of the antibody to be localized to the framework 3 region of the VH domain. This novel N-glycosylation site (absent in the germline sequence) is a result of a single mutation giving rise to an NDT motif in the antibody sequence. Peptide mapping also provides a wealth of information on lower-abundance proteolytic fragments derived from the polyclonal component of the anti-PF4 antibody ensemble, revealing the presence of all four subclasses (IgG1 through IgG4) and both types of the light chain ({lambda} and {kappa}). The structural information reported in this work will be indispensable for understanding the molecular mechanism of VITT pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivetic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltashov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural characterization of a pathogenic antibody underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of 30 transition fibre proteins reveals a complex and dynamic structure with essential roles in ciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transition fibres are appendages that surround the distal end of mature basal bodies (also called distal appendages) and are essential for ciliogenesis, but only a small number of proteins have been identified and functionally characterised. Here, through genome-wide analysis, we have identified 30 additional transition fibre proteins (TFPs) in the flagellated eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei and mapped the arrangement of the molecular components. We discovered TFPs recruited to the basal body pre- and post-initiation of ciliogenesis with differential expression of TFPs at the assembling new flagellum compared to the existing old flagellum. Knockdown by RNAi of 17 TFPs revealed 6 were necessary for ciliogenesis and a further 3 were necessary for normal flagellum length. We identified 9 TFPs that had a detectable orthologue in at least one basal body-forming eukaryotic organism outside of the kinetoplastid parasites. Our work demonstrates that transition fibres are complex and dynamic in their composition throughout the cell cycle which relates to their essential roles in ciliogenesis and length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyc, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafiq, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of 30 transition fibre proteins reveals a complex and dynamic structure with essential roles in ciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct and indirect consequences of PAB1 deletion in the regulation of translation initiation, translation termination, and mRNA decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABPC; Pab1 in yeast) is thought to be involved in multiple steps of post-transcriptional control, including translation initiation, translation termination, and mRNA decay. To understand these roles of PABPC in more detail for endogenous mRNAs, and to distinguish its direct effects from indirect effects, we have employed RNA-Seq and Ribo-Seq to analyze changes in the abundance and translation of the yeast transcriptome, as well as mass spectrometry to assess the abundance of the components of the yeast proteome, in cells lacking the PAB1 gene. We observed drastic changes in the transcriptome and proteome, as well as defects in translation initiation and termination, in pab1{Delta} cells. Defects in translation initiation and the stabilization of specific classes of mRNAs in pab1{Delta} cells appear to be partly indirect consequences of reduced levels of specific initiation factors, decapping activators, and components of the deadenylation complex in addition to the general loss of Pab1s direct role in these processes. Cells devoid of Pab1 also manifested a nonsense codon readthrough phenotype indicative of a defect in translation termination, but this defect may be a direct effect of the loss of Pab1 as it could not be attributed to significant reductions in the levels of release factors.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMany human diseases are caused by having too much or too little of certain cellular proteins. The amount of an individual protein is influenced by the level of its messenger mRNA (mRNA) and the efficiency of translation of the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by the ribosomes. Cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABPC) plays numerous roles in the regulation of this multi-staged process, but understanding its specific role has been challenging because it is sometimes unclear whether experimental results are related to PABPCs direct role in a specific biochemical process or to indirect effects of its other roles, leading to conflicting models of PABPCs functions between studies. In this study, we characterized defects of each stage of protein synthesis in response to loss of PABPC in yeast cells by measuring whole-cell levels of mRNAs, ribosome-associated mRNAs, and proteins. We demonstrated that defects in most steps of protein synthesis other than the last can be explained by reduced levels of mRNAs that code for proteins important for that step in addition to loss of PABPCs direct role on that step. Our data and analyses serve as resources for the design of future studies of PABPCs functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mangkalaphiban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct and indirect consequences of PAB1 deletion in the regulation of translation initiation, translation termination, and mRNA decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.541136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of ALS-PFN1 impairs vesicular degradation in iPSC-derived microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.541136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, but the mechanisms underlying microglia dysfunction and toxicity remain to be fully elucidated. To investigate the effect of neurodegenerative disease-linked genes on the intrinsic properties of microglia, we studied microglia-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), termed iMGs, harboring mutations in profilin-1 (PFN1) that are causative for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS-PFN1 iMGs exhibited lipid dysmetabolism and deficits in phagocytosis, a critical microglia function. Our cumulative data implicate an effect of ALS-linked PFN1 on the autophagy pathway, including enhanced binding of mutant PFN1 to the autophagy signaling molecule PI3P, as an underlying cause of defective phagocytosis in ALS-PFN1 iMGs. Indeed, phagocytic processing was restored in ALS-PFN1 iMGs with Rapamycin, an inducer of autophagic flux. These outcomes demonstrate the utility of iMGs for neurodegenerative disease research and highlight microglia vesicular degradation pathways as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Funes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadd, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosqueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FNU, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keagle, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boopathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sena-Esteves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarnes, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.541136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of ALS-PFN1 impairs vesicular degradation in iPSC-derived microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomous and non-cell autonomous etiology of ciliopathy associated structural birth defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliopathies are associated with wide spectrum of structural birth defects (SBD), indicating important roles for cilia in development. Here we provide novel insights into the temporospatial requirement for cilia in SBDs arising from deficiency in Ift140, an intraflagellar transport protein regulating ciliogenesis. Ift140 deficient mice exhibit cilia defects accompanied by wide spectrum of SBDs including macrostomia (craniofacial defects), exencephaly, body wall defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, randomized heart looping, congenital heart defects (CHD), lung hypoplasia, renal anomalies, and polydactyly. Tamoxifen inducible CAG-Cre deletion of a floxed Ift140 allele between E5.5 to 9.5 revealed early requirement for Ift140 in left-right heart looping regulation, mid to late requirement for cardiac outflow septation and alignment, and late requirement for craniofacial development and body wall closure. Surprisingly, CHD was not observed with four Cre drivers targeting different lineages essential for heart development, but craniofacial defects and omphalocele were observed with Wnt1-Cre targeting neural crest and Tbx18-Cre targeting epicardial lineage and rostral sclerotome through which trunk neural crest cells migrate. These findings revealed cell autonomous role of cilia in cranial/trunk neural crest mediated craniofacial and body wall closure defects, while non-cell autonomous multi-lineage interactions underlie CHD pathogenesis, revealing unexpected developmental complexity for CHD associated with ciliopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Agustin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo Rogers, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonassen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguether, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follit, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomous and non-cell autonomous etiology of ciliopathy associated structural birth defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5) localizes to chromatin loop anchors and modulates expression of genes at TAD boundaries during early adipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5) is an essential regulator of embryonic development and adult progenitor cell functions. Prmt5 expression is mis-regulated in many cancers, and the development of Prmt5 inhibitors as cancer therapeutics is an active area of research. Prmt5 functions via effects on gene expression, splicing, DNA repair, and other critical cellular processes. We examined whether Prmt5 functions broadly as a genome-wide regulator of gene transcription and higher-order chromatin interactions during the initial stages of adipogenesis using ChIP-Seq, RNA-seq, and Hi-C using 3T3-L1 cells, a frequently utilized model for adipogenesis. We observed robust genome-wide Prmt5 chromatin-binding at the onset of differentiation. Prmt5 localized to transcriptionally active genomic regions, acting as both a positive and a negative regulator. A subset of Prmt5 binding sites co-localized with mediators of chromatin organization at chromatin loop anchors. Prmt5 knockdown decreased insulation strength at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs) adjacent to sites with Prmt5 and CTCF co-localization. Genes overlapping such weakened TAD boundaries showed transcriptional dysregulation. This study identifies Prmt5 as a broad regulator of gene expression, including regulation of early adipogenic factors, and reveals an unappreciated requirement for Prmt5 in maintaining strong insulation at TAD boundaries and overall chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shqillo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5) localizes to chromatin loop anchors and modulates expression of genes at TAD boundaries during early adipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory properties of transcription factors with diverse mechanistic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the process of transcription through the modulation of different kinetic steps. Although models can often describe the observed transcriptional output of a measured gene, predicting a TFs role on a given promoter requires an understanding of how the TF alters each step of the transcription process. In this work, we use a simple model of transcription to assess the role of promoter identity, and the degree to which TFs alter binding of RNAP (stabilization) and initiation of transcription (acceleration) on three primary characteristics: the range of steady-state regulation, cell-to-cell variability in expression, and the dynamic response time of a regulated gene. We find that steady state regulation and the response time of a gene behave uniquely for TFs that regulate incoherently, i.e that speed up one step but slow the other. These TFs function as activators when regulating weak promoters but switch to repression when the promoters are strong or vice versa. Furthermore, we find that TFs with this regulatory make-up have dynamic implications, with one type of incoherent mode configuring the promoter to respond more slowly at intermediate TF concentrations. We also demonstrate that the noise of gene expression for these TFs is sensitive to promoter strength, with a distinct non-monotonic profile that is apparent under stronger promoters. Taken together, our work uncovers the coupling between promoters and TF regulatory modes with implications for understanding natural promoters and engineering synthetic gene circuits with desired expression properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guharajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisutham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory properties of transcription factors with diverse mechanistic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pentameric complex is not required for vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus in seronegative pregnant rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of neonatal neurological impairment but essential virological determinants of transplacental CMV transmission remain unclear. The pentameric complex (PC), composed of five subunits, glycoproteins H (gH), gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, is essential for efficient entry into non-fibroblast cells in vitro. Based on this role in cell tropism, the PC is considered a possible target for CMV vaccines and immunotherapies to prevent cCMV. To determine the role of the PC in transplacental CMV transmission in a non-human primate model of cCMV, we constructed a PC-deficient rhesus CMV (RhCMV) by deleting the homologues of the HCMV PC subunits UL128 and UL130 and compared congenital transmission to PC-intact RhCMV in CD4+ T cell-depleted or immunocompetent RhCMV-seronegative, pregnant rhesus macaques (RM). Surprisingly, we found that the transplacental transmission rate was similar for PC-intact and PC-deleted RhCMV based on viral genomic DNA detection in amniotic fluid. Moreover, PC-deleted and PC-intact RhCMV acute infection led to similar peak maternal plasma viremia. However, there was less viral shedding in maternal urine and saliva and less viral dissemination in fetal tissues in the PC-deleted group. As expected, dams inoculated with PC-deleted RhCMV demonstrated lower plasma IgG binding to PC-intact RhCMV virions and soluble PC, as well as reduced neutralization of PC-dependent entry of the PC-intact RhCMV isolate UCD52 into epithelial cells. In contrast, binding to gH expressed on the cell surface and neutralization of entry into fibroblasts by the PC-intact RhCMV was higher for dams infected with PC-deleted RhCMV compared to those infected with PC-intact RhCMV. Our data demonstrates that the PC is dispensable for transplacental CMV infection in our non-human primate model.

One Sentence SummaryCongenital CMV transmission frequency in seronegative rhesus macaques is not affected by the deletion of the viral pentameric complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreklywich, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheef, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crooks, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgt, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalik, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarantal, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streblow, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picker, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malouli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pentameric complex is not required for vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus in seronegative pregnant rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide kinetic profiling of pre-mRNA 3' end cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cleavage and polyadenylation is necessary for the formation of mature mRNA molecules. The rate at which this process occurs can determine the temporal availability of mRNA for subsequent function throughout the cell and is likely tightly regulated. Despite advances in high-throughput approaches for global kinetic profiling of RNA maturation, genome-wide 3 end cleavage rates have never been measured. Here, we describe a novel approach to estimate the rates of cleavage, using metabolic labeling of nascent RNA, high-throughput sequencing, and mathematical modeling. Using in-silico simulations of nascent RNA-seq data, we show that our approach can accurately and precisely estimate cleavage half-lives for both constitutive and alternative sites. We find that 3 end cleavage is fast on average, with half-lives under a minute, but highly variable across individual sites. Rapid cleavage is promoted by the presence of canonical sequence elements and an increased density of polyadenylation signals near a cleavage site. Finally, we find that cleavage rates are associated with the localization of RNA Polymerase II at the end of a gene and faster cleavage leads to quicker degradation of downstream read-through RNA. Our findings shed light on the features important for efficient 3 end cleavage and the regulation of transcription termination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ulloa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide kinetic profiling of pre-mRNA 3' end cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms reveals induction of heteroplasmy by pleiotropic disease locus MT:10398A>G 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial (MT) dysfunction has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers disease (AD). While MT-copy number differences have been implicated in AD, the effect of MT heteroplasmy on AD has not been well characterized. Here, we analyzed over 1,800 whole genome sequencing data from four AD cohorts in seven different tissue types to determine the extent of MT heteroplasmy present. While MT-heteroplasmy was present throughout the entire MT genome for blood samples, we detected MT-heteroplasmy only within the MT control region for brain samples. We observed that an MT variant 10398A>G (rs2853826) was significantly associated with overall MT-heteroplasmy in brain tissue while also being linked with the largest number of distinct disease phenotypes of all annotated MT variants in MitoMap. Using gene-expression data from our brain samples, our modeling discovered several gene networks involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain and Complex I function associated with 10398A>G. The variant was also found to be an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for the gene MT-ND3. We further characterized the effect of 10398A>G by phenotyping a population of lymphoblastoid cell-lines (LCLs) with and without the variant allele. Examination of RNA sequence data from these LCLs reveal that 10398A>G was an eQTL for MT-ND4. We also observed in LCLs that 10398A>G was significantly associated with overall MT-heteroplasmy within the MT control region, confirming the initial findings observed in post-mortem brain tissue. These results provide novel evidence linking MT SNPs with MT heteroplasmy and open novel avenues for the investigation of pathomechanisms that are driven by this pleiotropic disease associated loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smullen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Fontaine, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastroeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Readhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms reveals induction of heteroplasmy by pleiotropic disease locus MT:10398A>G]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses Exacerbate the Outcome of Secondary Aspergillosis Following Influenza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhalation of airborne conidia of the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus commonly occurs but invasive aspergillosis is rare except in profoundly immunocompromised persons. Severe influenza predisposes patients to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by mechanisms that are poorly defined. Using a post-influenza aspergillosis model, we found that superinfected mice had 100% mortality when challenged with A. fumigatus conidia on days 2 and 5 (early stages) of influenza A virus infection but 100% survival when challenged on days 8 and 14 (late stages). Influenza-infected mice superinfected with A. fumigatus had increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines IL-6, TNF, IFN{beta}, IL-12p70, IL-1, IL-1{beta}, CXCL1, G-CSF, MIP-1, MIP-1{beta}, RANTES and MCP-1. Surprisingly, on histopathological analysis, superinfected mice did not have greater lung inflammation compared with mice infected with influenza alone. Mice infected with influenza had dampened neutrophil recruitment to the lungs following subsequent challenge with A. fumigatus, but only if the fungal challenge was executed during the early stages of influenza infection. However, influenza infection did not have a major effect on neutrophil phagocytosis and killing of A. fumigatus conidia. Moreover, minimal germination of conidia was seen on histopathology even in the superinfected mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the high mortality rate seen in mice during the early stages of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is multifactorial, with a greater contribution from dysregulated inflammation than microbial growth.

ImportanceSevere influenza is a risk factor for fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; however, the mechanistic basis for the lethality is unclear. Utilizing an influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) model, we found that mice infected with influenza A virus followed by A. fumigatus had 100% mortality when superinfected during the early stages of influenza but survived at later stages. While superinfected mice had dysregulated pulmonary inflammatory responses compared to controls, they had neither increased inflammation nor extensive fungal growth. Although influenza-infected mice had dampened neutrophil recruitment to the lungs following subsequent challenge with A. fumigatus, influenza did not affect the ability of neutrophils to clear the fungi. Our data suggest that the lethality seen in our model IAPA is multifactorial with dysregulated inflammation being a greater contributor than uncontrollable microbial growth. If confirmed in humans, our findings provide a rationale for clinical studies of adjuvant anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of IAPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Ortiz, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses Exacerbate the Outcome of Secondary Aspergillosis Following Influenza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FruitFire: a luciferase based on a fruit fly metabolic enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Firefly luciferase is homologous to fatty acyl-CoA synthetases from insects that are not bioluminescent. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the fruit fly fatty acyl-CoA synthetase CG6178 to 2.5 [A]. Based on this structure, we mutated a steric protrusion in the active site to create the artificial luciferase FruitFire, which prefers the synthetic luciferin CycLuc2 to D-luciferin by >1000-fold. FruitFire enabled in vivo bioluminescence imaging in the brains of mice using the pro-luciferin CycLuc2-amide. The conversion of a fruit fly enzyme into a luciferase capable of in vivo imaging underscores the potential for bioluminescence with a range of adenylating enzymes from nonluminescent organisms, and the possibilities for application-focused design of enzyme-substrate pairs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zephyr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FruitFire: a luciferase based on a fruit fly metabolic enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse engineering of a pathogenic antibody reveals the molecular mechanism of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The massive COVID-19 vaccine roll-out campaign illuminated a range of rare side effects, the most dangerous of which - vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) - is caused by adenoviral (Ad)-vectored vaccines. VITT occurrence had been linked to production of pathogenic antibodies that recognize an endogenous chemokine, platelet factor 4 (PF4). Mass spectrometry (MS)-based evaluation of the ensemble of anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patients blood indicates that its major component is a monoclonal antibody. Structural characterization of this antibody reveals several unusual characteristics, such as the presence of an N-glycan in the Fab segment and high density of acidic amino acid residues in the CDR regions. A recombinant version of this antibody (RVT1) was generated by transient expression in mammalian cells based on the newly determined sequence. It captures the key properties of VITT antibodies, such as their ability to activate platelets in a PF4-dependent fashion. Homology modeling of the Fab segment reveals a well-defined polyanionic paratope, and the docking studies indicate that the polycationic segment of PF4 readily accommodates two Fab segments, cross-linking the antibodies to yield polymerized immune complexes. Their existence was verified with native MS by detecting assemblies as large as (RVT1)3(PF4)2, pointing out at Fc{gamma}RIIa-mediated platelet activation as the molecular mechanism underlying VITT clinical manifestations. In addition to high PF4 affinity, RVT1 readily binds other polycationic targets, indicating a polyreactive nature of this antibody. This surprising polyspecificity not only sheds light on VITT etiology, but also opens up a range of opportunities to manage this pathology.

Significance StatementVaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a dangerous side effect of adenoviral-vectored vaccines that is linked to the emergence of autoantibodies recognizing platelet factor 4 (PF4). We have engineered a recombinant VITT antibody by sequencing a VITT patient-derived anti-PF4 monoclonal antibody that causes platelet activation and triggers thrombosis. This antibody was used to characterize architecture of the pathogenic immune complexes with a combination of biophysical and computational approaches, revealing the molecular mechanism of VITT. The results of this work demonstrate the critical role of electrostatics in PF4 recognition by the pathogenic antibody and the polyspecificity of the latter. Availability of the engineered VITT antibody will be invaluable for future studies aiming at understanding the general mechanistic features of autoimmune pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivetic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltashov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse engineering of a pathogenic antibody reveals the molecular mechanism of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual targeting of hepatocyte DGAT2 and stellate cell FASN alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a malady of multiple cell types associated with hepatocyte triglyceride (TG) accumulation, macrophage inflammation, and stellate cell-induced fibrosis, with no approved therapeutics yet available. Here, we report that stellate cell fatty acid synthase (FASN) in de novo lipogenesis drives the autophagic flux that is required for stellate cell activation and fibrotic collagen production. Further, we employ a dual targeting approach to NASH that selectively depletes collagen through selective stellate cell knockout of FASN (using AAV9-LRAT Cre in FASNfl/fl mice), while lowering hepatocyte triglyceride by depleting DGAT2 with a GalNac-conjugated, fully chemically modified siRNA. DGAT2 silencing in hepatocytes alone or in combination with stellate cell FASNKO reduced liver TG accumulation in a choline-deficient NASH mouse model, while FASNKO in hepatocytes alone (using AAV8-TBG Cre in FASNfl/fl mice) did not. Neither hepatocyte DGAT2 silencing alone nor FASNKO in stellate cells alone decreased fibrosis (total collagen), while loss of both DGAT2 plus FASN caused a highly significant attenuation of NASH. These data establish proof of concept that dual targeting of DGAT2 plus FASN alleviates NASH progression in mice far greater than targeting either gene product alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddig, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual targeting of hepatocyte DGAT2 and stellate cell FASN alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aub, Vasa and Armi localization to phase separated nuage is dispensable for piRNA biogenesis and transposon silencing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.549160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From nematodes to placental mammals, key components of the germline transposon silencing piRNAs pathway localize to phase separated perinuclear granules. In Drosophila, the PIWI protein Aub, DEAD box protein Vasa and helicase Armi localize to nuage granules and are required for ping-pong piRNA amplification and phased piRNA processing. Drosophila piRNA mutants lead to genome instability and Chk2 kinase DNA damage signaling. By systematically analyzing piRNA pathway organization, small RNA production, and long RNA expression in single piRNA mutants and corresponding chk2/mnk double mutants, we show that Chk2 activation disrupts nuage localization of Aub and Vasa, and that the HP1 homolog Rhino, which drives piRNA precursor transcription, is required for Aub, Vasa, and Armi localization to nuage. However, these studies also show that ping-pong amplification and phased piRNA biogenesis are independent of nuage localization of Vasa, Aub and Armi. Dispersed cytoplasmic proteins thus appear to mediate these essential piRNA pathway functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurkauf, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.549160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aub, Vasa and Armi localization to phase separated nuage is dispensable for piRNA biogenesis and transposon silencing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.549158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid disassembly and Piwi-independent reassembly of Drosophila piRNA cluster heterochromatin following acute heat shock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.549158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental stress activates transposons and is proposed to generate genetic diversity that facilitates adaptive evolution. piRNAs guide germline transposon silencing, but the impact of stress on the piRNA pathway is not well understood. In Drosophila, the Rhino-Deadlock-Cuff complex (RDC) drives transcription of clusters composed of nested transposon fragments, generating precursors that are processed into mature piRNAs in the cytoplasm. We show that acute heat shock triggers rapid, reversable, loss of RDC localization and cluster transcript expression with coordinate changes in the cytoplasmic processing machinery. Maternal piRNAs bound to Piwi are proposed to guide Rhino localization to clusters during early embryogenesis. However, RDC re-localization after heat shock is accelerated in piwi mutants and delayed in thoc7 mutants, which disrupt piRNA precursor binding to THO complex, and we show that maternally deposited piRNAs are dispensable for RDC localization to the major 42AB cluster. Cluster specification is reconsidered in light of these findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rice, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurkauf, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.549158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid disassembly and Piwi-independent reassembly of Drosophila piRNA cluster heterochromatin following acute heat shock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges in identifying mRNA transcript starts and ends from long-read sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing (LRS) technologies have the potential to revolutionize scientific discoveries in RNA biology, especially by enabling the comprehensive identification and quantification of full length mRNA isoforms. However, inherently high error rates make the analysis of long-read sequencing data challenging. While these error rates have been characterized for sequence and splice site identification, it is still unclear how accurately LRS reads represent transcript start and end sites. Here, we systematically assess the variability and accuracy of mRNA terminal ends identified by LRS reads across multiple sequencing platforms. We find substantial inconsistencies in both the start and end coordinates of LRS reads spanning a gene, such that LRS reads often fail to accurately recapitulate annotated or empirically derived terminal ends of mRNA molecules. To address this challenge, we introduce an approach to condition reads based on empirically derived terminal ends and identified a subset of reads that are more likely to represent full-length transcripts. Our approach can improve transcriptome analyses by enhancing the fidelity of transcript terminal end identification, but may result in lower power to quantify genes or discover novel isoforms. Thus, it is necessary to be cautious when selecting sequencing approaches and/or interpreting data from long-read RNA sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges in identifying mRNA transcript starts and ends from long-read sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of a STING Gain-of-function Mutation in Endothelial Cells Initiates Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients afflicted with STING gain-of-function mutations frequently present with debilitating interstitial lung disease (ILD) that is recapitulated in mice expressing the STINGV154M mutation (VM). Prior radiation chimera studies revealed an unexpected and critical role for non-hematopoietic cells in the initiation of ILD. To identify STING-expressing non-hematopoietic cell types relevant to ILD, we generated a conditional knock-in (CKI) model in which expression of the VM allele was directed to hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, or endothelial cells. Only endothelial cell-targeted expression of the mutant allele resulted in the recruitment of immune cells to the lung and the formation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, as seen in the parental VM strain. These findings reveal the importance of endothelial cells as instigators of STING-driven lung disease and suggest that therapeutic targeting of STING inhibitors to endothelial cells could potentially mitigate inflammation in the lungs of SAVI patients or patients afflicted with other ILD-related disorders.

SummaryPatients with STING gain-of-function (GOF) mutations develop life-threatening lung autoinflammation. In this study, Gao et al. utilize a mouse model of conditional STING GOF to demonstrate a role for endothelial STING GOF in initiating immune cell recruitment into lung tissues of SAVI mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkmaz, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janardhan, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of a STING Gain-of-function Mutation in Endothelial Cells Initiates Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of Autoreactive Lymphocytes in the Lung by STING Gain-of-function Mutation Radioresistant Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain-of-function mutations in the dsDNA sensing adaptor STING lead to a severe autoinflammatory syndrome known as STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in Infancy (SAVI). SAVI patients develop interstitial lung disease (ILD) and commonly produce anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), indicative of concomitant autoimmunity. Mice heterozygous for the most common SAVI mutation, V154M (VM), also develop ILD, triggered by nonhematopoietic VM cells, but exhibit severe peripheral lymphopenia, low serum Ig titers and fail to produce autoantibodies. In contrast, we now show that lethally irradiated VM mice reconstituted with WT stem cells (WT[-&gt;]VM chimeras) develop ANAs and lung-reactive autoantibodies associated with accumulation of activated lymphocytes and formation of germinal centers in lung tissues. Moreover, when splenocytes from WT[-&gt;]VM chimeras were adoptively transferred into unmanipulated Rag1-/- mice, donor T cells accumulated in the lung. Overall, these findings demonstrate that expression of the VM mutation in non-hematopoietic cells can promote the activation of immunocompetent autoreactive lymphocytes.

SummaryChimeric mice expressing STING only in non-hematopoietic cells develop systemic and lung directed autoimmunity which recapitulates what is seen in pediatric patients with SAVI disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nundel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of Autoreactive Lymphocytes in the Lung by STING Gain-of-function Mutation Radioresistant Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in hepatic stellate cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsFibrosis is the common endpoint for all forms of chronic liver injury, and progression of fibrosis leads to the development of end-stage liver disease. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that form the fibrotic scar. Long noncoding (lnc) RNAs regulate the activity of HSCs and may provide targets for fibrotic therapies.

MethodsWe identified lncRNA TILAM as expressed near COL1A1 in human HSCs and performed loss-of-function studies in human HSCs and liver organoids. Transcriptomic analyses of HSCs isolated from mice defined the murine ortholog of TILAM. We then generated Tilam-deficient GFP reporter mice and quantified fibrotic responses to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and choline-deficient L-amino acid defined high fat diet (CDA-HFD). Co-precipitation studies, mass spectrometry, and gene expression analyses identified protein partners of TILAM.

ResultsTILAM is conserved between human and mouse HSCs and regulates expression of ECM proteins, including collagen. Tilam is selectively induced in HSCs during the development of fibrosis in vivo. In both male and female mice, loss of Tilam results in reduced fibrosis in the setting of CCl4 and CDA-HFD injury models. TILAM interacts with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) to stabilize PML protein levels and promote the fibrotic activity of HSCs.

ConclusionTILAM is activated in HSCs and interacts with PML to drive the development of liver fibrosis. Depletion of TILAM may serve as a therapeutic approach to combat the development of end stage liver disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneshvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratkiewicz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Saad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pondick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ur Rahman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habboub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved long noncoding RNA TILAM promotes liver fibrosis through interaction with PML in hepatic stellate cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ciliary MBO2 complex targets assembly of inner arm dynein b and reveals additional doublet microtubule asymmetries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliary motility requires the spatiotemporal coordination of multiple dynein motors by regulatory complexes located within the 96 nm axoneme repeat. Many organisms can alter ciliary waveforms in response to internal or external stimuli, but little is known about the specific polypeptides and structural organization of complexes that regulate waveforms. In Chlamydomonas, several mutations convert the ciliary waveform from an asymmetric, ciliary-type stroke to a symmetric, flagellar-type stroke. Some of these mutations alter subunits located at the inner junction of the doublet microtubule and others alter interactions between the dynein arms and the radial spokes. These and other axonemal substructures are interconnected by a network of poorly characterized proteins. Here we re-analyze several motility mutants (mbo, fap57, pf12/pacrg) to identify new components in this network. The mbo (move backwards only) mutants are unable to swim forwards with an asymmetric waveform. Proteomics identified more than 19 polypeptides that are missing or reduced in mbo mutants, including one inner dynein arm, IDA b. Several MBO2-associated proteins are also altered in fap57 and pf12/parcg mutants, suggesting overlapping networks. Two subunits are highly conserved, coiled coil proteins found in other species with motile cilia and others contain potential signaling domains. Cryo-electron tomography and epitope tagging revealed that the MBO2 complex is found on specific doublet microtubules and forms a large, L-shaped structure that contacts the base of IDA b that interconnects multiple dynein regulatory complexes and varies in a doublet microtubule specific fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augspurger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakizadeh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritschler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ciliary MBO2 complex targets assembly of inner arm dynein b and reveals additional doublet microtubule asymmetries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.551744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening the human druggable genome identifies ABHD17B as an anti-fibrotic target in hepatic stellate cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.551744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are activated with chronic liver injury and transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts, which produce excessive extracellular matrices that form the fibrotic scar. While the progression of fibrosis is understood to be the cause of end-stage liver disease, there are no approved therapies directed at interfering with the activity of HSC myofibroblasts. We performed a high-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in primary human HSC myofibroblasts to identify gene products necessary for the fibrotic phenotype of HSCs. We found that depletion of ABHD17B promotes the inactivation of HSCs, characterized by reduced COL1A1 and ACTA2 expression and accumulation of lipid droplets. Mice deficient for Abhd17b are also protected from fibrosis in the setting of in vivo liver injury. While ABHD17B is a depalmitoylase, our data suggest that ABHD17B promotes fibrosis through pathways independent of depalmitoylation that include interaction with MYO1B to modulate gene expression and HSC migration. Together, our results provide an analysis of the phenotypic consequences for siRNAs targeting RNAs from >9,500 genes in primary human HSCs and identify ABHD17B as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit liver fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medoff, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boustany-Kari, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rippmann, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerner, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.551744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening the human druggable genome identifies ABHD17B as an anti-fibrotic target in hepatic stellate cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian odorant receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wild-type mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a novel CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Casein kinase II promotes piRNA production through direct phosphorylation of USTC component TOFU-4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are genomically encoded small RNAs that engage Piwi Argonaute proteins to direct mRNA surveillance and transposon silencing. Despite advances in understanding piRNA pathways and functions, how the production of piRNA is regulated remains elusive. Here, using a genetic screen, we identify casein kinase II (CK2) as a factor required for piRNA pathway function. We show that CK2 is required for the localization of PRG-1 and for the proper localization of several factors that comprise the  upstream sequence transcription complex (USTC), which is required for piRNA transcription. Loss of CK2 impairs piRNA levels suggesting that CK2 promotes USTC function. We identify the USTC component twenty-one-U fouled-up 4 (TOFU-4) as a direct substrate for CK2. Our findings suggest that phosphorylation of TOFU-4 by CK2 promotes the assembly of USTC and piRNA transcription. Notably, during the aging process, CK2 activity declines, resulting in the disassembly of USTC, decreased piRNA production, and defects in piRNA-mediated gene silencing, including transposons silencing. These findings highlight the significance of posttranslational modification in regulating piRNA biogenesis and its implications for the aging process. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence for the involvement of a posttranslational modification mechanism in the regulation of piRNA biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ding, y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Casein kinase II promotes piRNA production through direct phosphorylation of USTC component TOFU-4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional suppression of sphingolipid catabolism controls pathogen resistance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingolipids are required for diverse biological functions and are degraded by specific catabolic enzymes. However, the mechanisms that regulate sphingolipid catabolism are not known. Here we characterize a transcriptional axis that regulates sphingolipid breakdown to control resistance against bacterial infection. From an RNAi screen for transcriptional regulators of pathogen resistance in the nematode C. elegans, we identified the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-66, a ligand-gated transcription factor homologous to human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. Tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and RNA sequencing experiments revealed that NHR-66 is a transcriptional repressor, which directly targets sphingolipid catabolism genes. Transcriptional de-repression of two sphingolipid catabolic enzymes in nhr-66 loss-of-function mutants drives the breakdown of sphingolipids, which enhances host susceptibility to infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These data define transcriptional control of sphingolipid catabolism in the regulation of cellular sphingolipids, a process that is necessary for pathogen resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tocheny, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional suppression of sphingolipid catabolism controls pathogen resistance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals adapt to varying environmental conditions by modifying the function of their internal organs, including the brain. To be adaptive, alterations in behavior must be coordinated with the functional state of organs throughout the body. Here we find that thyroid hormone-- a prominent regulator of metabolism in many peripheral organs-- activates cell-type specific transcriptional programs in anterior regions of cortex of adult mice via direct activation of thyroid hormone receptors. These programs are enriched for axon-guidance genes in glutamatergic projection neurons, synaptic regulators across both astrocytes and neurons, and pro-myelination factors in oligodendrocytes, suggesting widespread remodeling of cortical circuits. Indeed, whole-cell electrophysiology recordings revealed that thyroid hormone induces local transcriptional programs that rewire cortical neural circuits via pre-synaptic mechanisms, resulting in increased excitatory drive with a concomitant sensitization of recruited inhibition. We find that thyroid hormone bidirectionally regulates innate exploratory behaviors and that the transcriptionally mediated circuit changes in anterior cortex causally promote exploratory decision-making. Thus, thyroid hormone acts directly on adult cerebral cortex to coordinate exploratory behaviors with whole-body metabolic state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hochbaum, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulshof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baynard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girasole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantranupong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortopassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geistlinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulting, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coxsackievirus infection induces direct pancreatic β-cell killing but poor anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection of pancreatic {beta} cells is associated with {beta}-cell autoimmunity. We investigated how CVB impacts human {beta} cells and anti-CVB T-cell responses. {beta} cells were efficiently infected by CVB in vitro, downregulated HLA Class I and presented few, selected HLA-bound viral peptides. Circulating CD8+ T cells from CVB-seropositive individuals recognized only a fraction of these peptides, and only another sub-fraction was targeted by effector/memory T cells that expressed the exhaustion marker PD-1. T cells recognizing a CVB epitope cross-reacted with the {beta}-cell antigen GAD. Infected {beta} cells, which formed filopodia to propagate infection, were more efficiently killed by CVB than by CVB-reactive T cells. Thus, our in-vitro and ex-vivo data highlight limited T-cell responses to CVB, supporting the rationale for CVB vaccination trials for type 1 diabetes prevention. CD8+ T cells recognizing structural and non-structural CVB epitopes provide biomarkers to differentially follow response to infection and vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korenkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apaolaza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuomela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos-Morales, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowhite, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solimena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinicova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bismuth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucidarme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the nPOD-Virus Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugliese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyoty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Calvo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flodstrom-Tullberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coxsackievirus infection induces direct pancreatic β-cell killing but poor anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to cholesterol is integrated with environmental pH and potassium levels via a lipid utilization regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How bacterial response to environmental cues and nutritional sources may be integrated in enabling host colonization is poorly understood. Exploiting a reporter-based screen, we discovered that overexpression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipid utilization regulators altered Mtb acidic pH response dampening by low environmental potassium (K+). Transcriptional analyses unveiled amplification of Mtb response to acidic pH in the presence of cholesterol, a major carbon source for Mtb during infection, and vice versa. Strikingly, deletion of the putative lipid regulator mce3R resulted in loss of augmentation of (i) cholesterol response at acidic pH, and (ii) low [K+] response by cholesterol, with minimal effect on Mtb response to each signal individually. Finally, the {Delta}mce3R mutant was attenuated for colonization in a murine model that recapitulates lesions with lipid-rich foamy macrophages. These findings reveal critical coordination between bacterial response to environmental and nutritional cues, and establish Mce3R as a crucial integrator of this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGilvary, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to cholesterol is integrated with environmental pH and potassium levels via a lipid utilization regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adrenergic Reprogramming of Preexisting Adipogenic Trajectories Steer Naive Mural Cells Toward Beige Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adult white adipose tissue, cold or {beta}3-adrenoceptor activation promotes the appearance of thermogenic beige adipocytes. Our comprehensive single-cell analysis revealed that these cells arise through the reprogramming of existing adipogenic trajectories, rather than from a single precursor. These trajectories predominantly arise from SM22-expressing vascular mural progenitor cells. Central in this transition is the activation of Adrb3 in mature adipocytes, leading to subsequent upregulation of Adrb1 in primed progenitors. Under thermoneutral conditions, synergistic activation of both Adrb3 and Adrb1 recapitulates the pattern of cold-induced SM22+ cell recruitment. Lipolysis-derived eicosanoids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) prime these processes and in vitro, were sufficient to recapitulate progenitor cells priming. Collectively, our findings provide a robust model for cold-induced beige adipogenesis, emphasizing a profound relationship between mature adipocytes and mural cells during cold acclimation, and revealing the metabolic potential of this unique cellular reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kathleen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layne, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabhi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adrenergic Reprogramming of Preexisting Adipogenic Trajectories Steer Naive Mural Cells Toward Beige Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct class of hematopoietic stem cells develop from the human yellow bone marrow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During aging, adipose tissue within the bone marrow expands while the trabecular red marrow contracts. The impact of these changes on blood cell formation remains unclear. To address this question, we performed single-cell and single-nuclei transcriptomic analysis on adipose-rich yellow bone marrow (BMY) and adipose-poor trabecular red marrow (BMR) from human subjects undergoing lower limb amputations. Surprisingly, we discovered two distinct hematopoietic niches, in which BMY contains a higher number of monocytes and progenitor cells expressing genes associated with inflammation. To further investigate these niches, we developed an in-vitro organoid system that maintains features of the human bone marrow. We find cells from BMY are distinct in their expression of the leptin receptor, and respond to leptin stimulation with enhanced proliferation, leading to increased monocyte production. These findings suggest that the age-associated expansion of bone marrow adipose tissue drives a pro-inflammatory state by stimulating monocyte production from a spatially distinct, leptin-responsive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell population.

SignificanceThis study reveals that adipose tissue within the human bone marrow is a niche for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that can give rise to pro-inflammatory monocytes through leptin signaling. Expansion of bone marrow adipose tissue with age and stress may thus underlie inflammageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loureiro, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khair, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solivan-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messina, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct class of hematopoietic stem cells develop from the human yellow bone marrow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily related host and microbial pathways regulate fat desaturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid desaturation is central to metazoan lipid metabolism and provides building blocks of membrane lipids and precursors of diverse signaling molecules. Nutritional conditions and associated microbiota regulate desaturase expression1-4, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here, we show that endogenous and microbiota-dependent small molecule signals promote lipid desaturation via the nuclear receptor NHR-49/PPAR in C. elegans. Untargeted metabolomics of a {beta}-oxidation mutant, acdh-11, in which expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase FAT-7/SCD1 is constitutively increased, revealed accumulation of a {beta}- cyclopropyl fatty acid, becyp#1, that potently activates fat-7 expression via NHR-49. Biosynthesis of becyp#1 is strictly dependent on expression of cyclopropane synthase by associated bacteria, e.g., E. coli. Screening for structurally related endogenous metabolites revealed a {beta}-methyl fatty acid, bemeth#1, whose activity mimics that of microbiota-dependent becyp#1, but is derived from a methyltransferase, fcmt-1, that is conserved across Nematoda and likely originates from bacterial cyclopropane synthase via ancient horizontal gene transfer. Activation of fat-7 expression by these structurally similar metabolites is controlled by distinct mechanisms, as microbiota-dependent becyp#1 is metabolized by a dedicated {beta}-oxidation pathway, while the endogenous bemeth#1 is metabolized via -oxidation. Collectively, we demonstrate that evolutionarily related biosynthetic pathways in metazoan host and associated microbiota converge on NHR-49/PPAR to regulate fat desaturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyukhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomino, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturbedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauffenberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily related host and microbial pathways regulate fat desaturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of genome safe harbor loci for human gene therapy based on evolutionary biology and comparative genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene transfer into CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) involving integrating viral vectors has unpredictable outcomes including potential adverse events like leukemogenesis, resulting from insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, identifying and characterizing genome safe harbor (GSH) sites where exogenous gene material can be safely integrated into adult progenitor and stem cells is critically important for therapeutic gene addition. Here, we present a novel approach to identify new GSH sites based on a proven system of stable transgene insertion: the evolutionarily conserved integration of parvovirus DNA into the germlines of host species. From a dataset of 199 unique endogenous parvovirus (EPV) integration events identified in host species genomes, 102 loci were mapped to the human genome with 17 being experimentally evaluated as GSHs in primary human CD34+ HSPCs. Nine promising GSHs resulted in cells edited using nucleofection alone or in combination with rAAV transduction. Of the nine GSH sites, six edited loci displayed sustained transgene expression in both erythroid and immune phenotypes while three clearly exhibited immune branch specific-regulation. Following this approach, additional GSH sites are likely to emerge from the remaining mapped loci for gene addition in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Since it is unlikely that the GSH-lineage-restricted transgene expression is exclusive to hematopoietic stem cells, this approach extends the options for gene knock-ins while reducing the risks of insertional mutagenesis, unpredictable expression profiles, effects on differentiation, and increasing therapeutic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quezada-Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loncar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of genome safe harbor loci for human gene therapy based on evolutionary biology and comparative genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.555215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing Based Analysis of Inflammation Biomarkers in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.555215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the role of inflammatory processes in many diseases and conditions. Sequencing based analyses of such biomarkers can also serve as an exemplar of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. To evaluate the biological insight, which can be provided by a multi-ancestry, whole-genome based association study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of 21 inflammation biomarkers from up to 38,465 individuals with whole-genome sequencing from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We identified 22 distinct single-variant associations across 6 traits - E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and mass, and P-selectin - that remained significant after conditioning on previously identified associations for these inflammatory biomarkers. We further expanded upon known biomarker associations by pairing the single-variant analysis with a rare variant set-based analysis that further identified 19 significant rare variant set-based associations with 5 traits. These signals were distinct from both significant single variant association signals within TOPMed and genetic signals observed in prior studies, demonstrating the complementary value of performing both single and rare variant analyses when analyzing quantitative traits. We also confirm several previously reported signals from semi-quantitative proteomics platforms. Many of these signals demonstrate the extensive allelic heterogeneity and ancestry-differentiated variant-trait associations common for inflammation biomarkers, a characteristic we hypothesize will be increasingly observed with well-powered, large-scale analyses of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Buren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manansala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polfus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratte, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraday, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norwood, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raf</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.555215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing Based Analysis of Inflammation Biomarkers in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental priming of cancer susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA mutations are necessary drivers of cancer, yet only a small subset of mutated cells go on to cause the disease. To date, the mechanisms that determine which rare subset of cells transform and initiate tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, we take advantage of a unique model of intrinsic developmental heterogeneity (Trim28+/D9) and demonstrate that stochastic early life epigenetic variation can trigger distinct cancer-susceptibility  states in adulthood. We show that these developmentally primed states are characterized by differential methylation patterns at typically silenced heterochromatin, and that these epigenetic signatures are detectable as early as 10 days of age. The differentially methylated loci are enriched for genes with known oncogenic potential. These same genes are frequently mutated in human cancers, and their dysregulation correlates with poor prognosis. These results provide proof-of-concept that intrinsic developmental heterogeneity can prime individual, life-long cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panzeri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagnocchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tompkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfrum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostetter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergsma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drougard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PERMUTE,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triche, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisilik, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental priming of cancer susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brown fat-enriched adipokine, ASRA, is a leptin receptor antagonist that stimulates appetite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endocrine control of food intake remains incompletely understood, and whether the leptin receptor (LepR)-mediated anorexigenic pathway in the hypothalamus is negatively regulated by a humoral factor is unknown. Here, we identify an appetite-stimulating factor - ASRA - that represents a peripheral signal of energy deficit and orthosterically antagonizes LepR signaling. Asra encodes an 8 kD protein that is abundantly and selectively expressed in adipose tissue and to a lesser extent, in liver. ASRA associates with autophagy vesicles and its secretion is enhanced by energy deficiency. In vivo, fasting and cold stimulate Asra expression and increase its protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Asra overexpression attenuates LepR signaling, leading to elevated blood glucose and development of severe hyperphagic obesity. Conversely, either adipose- or liver-specific Asra knockout mice display increased leptin sensitivity, improved glucose homeostasis, reduced food intake, resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity, and blunted cold-evoked feeding response. Mechanistically, ASRA acts as a high affinity antagonist of LepR. AlphaFold2-multimer prediction and mutational studies suggest that a core segment of ASRA binds to the immunoglobin-like domain of LepR, similar to the  site 3 recognition of the A-B loop of leptin. While administration of recombinant wild-type ASRA protein promotes food intake and increases blood glucose in a LepR signaling-dependent manner, point mutation within ASRA that disrupts LepR-binding results in a loss of these effects. Our studies reveal a previously unknown endocrine mechanism in appetite regulation and have important implications for our understanding of leptin resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brown fat-enriched adipokine, ASRA, is a leptin receptor antagonist that stimulates appetite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How persistent infection overcomes peripheral tolerance mechanisms to cause T cell-mediated autoimmune disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells help orchestrate immune responses to pathogens, and their aberrant regulation can trigger autoimmunity. Recent studies highlight that a threshold number of T cells (a quorum) must be activated in a tissue to mount a functional immune response. These collective effects allow the T cell repertoire to respond to pathogens while suppressing autoimmunity due to circulating autoreactive T cells. Our computational studies show that increasing numbers of pathogenic peptides targeted by T cells during persistent or severe viral infections increase the probability of activating T cells that are weakly reactive to self-antigens (molecular mimicry). These T cells are easily re-activated by the self-antigens and contribute to exceeding the quorum threshold required to mount autoimmune responses. Rare peptides that activate many T cells are sampled more readily during severe/persistent infections than in acute infections, which amplifies these effects. Experiments in mice to test predictions from these mechanistic insights are suggested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huseby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How persistent infection overcomes peripheral tolerance mechanisms to cause T cell-mediated autoimmune disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle delivery of innate immune agonists combines with senescence-inducing agents to mediate T cell control of pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has quickly risen to become the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related death. This is in part due to its fibrotic tumor microenvironment (TME) that contributes to poor vascularization and immune infiltration and subsequent chemo- and immunotherapy failure. Here we investigated an innovative immunotherapy approach combining local delivery of STING and TLR4 innate immune agonists via lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) co-encapsulation with senescence-inducing RAS-targeted therapies that can remodel the immune suppressive PDAC TME through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Treatment of transplanted and autochthonous PDAC mouse models with these regimens led to enhanced uptake of NPs by multiple cell types in the PDAC TME, induction of type I interferon and other pro-inflammatory signaling, increased antigen presentation by tumor cells and antigen presenting cells, and subsequent activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. This two-pronged approach produced potent T cell-driven and Type I interferon-dependent tumor regressions and long-term survival in preclinical PDAC models. STING and TLR4-mediated Type I interferon signaling were also associated with enhanced NK and CD8+ T cell immunity in human PDAC. Thus, combining localized immune agonist delivery with systemic tumor-targeted therapy can synergize to orchestrate a coordinated innate and adaptive immune assault to overcome immune suppression and activate durable anti-tumor T cell responses against PDAC.

SUMMARYCombining senescence-inducing MEK and CDK4/6 inhibitors with nanoparticle delivery of STING and TLR4 agonists leads to interferon-driven and cytotoxic T cell-mediated PDAC control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chibaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusi, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarco, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassil, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylor, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrutti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atukorale, P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscetti, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle delivery of innate immune agonists combines with senescence-inducing agents to mediate T cell control of pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single intravitreal administration of a tetravalent siRNA exhibits robust and efficient gene silencing in rodent and swine photoreceptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited retinal dystrophies caused by dominant mutations in photoreceptor-expressed genes, are a major cause of irreversible vision loss. Oligonucleotide therapy has been of interest in diseases that conventional medicine cannot target. In the early days, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were explored in clinical trials for retinal disorders with limited success due to a lack of stability and efficient cellular delivery. Thus, an unmet need exists to identify siRNA chemistry that targets photoreceptor-expressed genes. Here we evaluated 12 different fully chemically modified siRNA configurations, where the valency and conjugate structure were systematically altered. The impact on retinal distribution following intravitreal delivery was examined. We found that the increase in valency (tetravalent siRNA) supports the best photoreceptor accumulation. A single intravitreal administration induces multi-months efficacy in rodent and porcine retinas while showing a good safety profile. The data suggest that this configuration can treat retinal diseases caused by photoreceptor-expressed genes with 1-2 intravitreal injections per year.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biscans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giguere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punzo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single intravitreal administration of a tetravalent siRNA exhibits robust and efficient gene silencing in rodent and swine photoreceptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 4D transcriptomic map for the evolution of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in the marmoset brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-time-point histopathological studies on postmortem multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue fail to capture lesion evolution dynamics, posing challenges for therapy development targeting development and repair of focal inflammatory demyelination. To close this gap, we studied experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in the common marmoset, the most faithful animal model of these processes. Using MRI-informed RNA profiling, we analyzed [~]600,000 single-nucleus and [~]55,000 spatial transcriptomes, comparing them against EAE inoculation status, longitudinal radiological signals, and histopathological features. We categorized 5 groups of microenvironments pertinent to neural function, immune and glial responses, tissue destruction and repair, and regulatory network at brain borders. Exploring perilesional microenvironment diversity, we uncovered central roles of EAE-associated astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and ependyma in lesion formation and resolution. We pinpointed imaging and molecular features capturing the pathological trajectory of WM, offering potential for assessing treatment outcomes using marmoset as a platform.

One sentence summaryA cross-modality study to identify the spatiotemporal-based diversity of primate brain cells during white matter inflammatory demyelination to inform lesion detection, stratification, and management in multiple sclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadieu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 4D transcriptomic map for the evolution of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in the marmoset brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of hyperactive mutations in Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 to drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The appearance and spread of mutations that cause drug resistance in rapidly evolving diseases, including infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus, are major concerns for human health. Many drugs target enzymes, and resistance-conferring mutations impact inhibitor binding and/or enzyme activity. Nirmatrelvir, the most widely used inhibitor currently used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, targets the main protease (Mpro) preventing it from processing the viral polyprotein into active subunits. Our previous work systematically analyzed resistance mutations in Mpro that reduce binding to inhibitors; here we investigate mutations that affect enzyme function. Hyperactive mutations that increase Mpro activity can contribute to drug resistance but had not been thoroughly studied. To explore how hyperactive mutations contribute to resistance, we comprehensively assessed how all possible individual mutations in Mpro affect enzyme function using a mutational scanning approach with a FRET-based yeast readout. We identified hundreds of mutations that significantly increased Mpro activity. Hyperactive mutations occurred both proximal and distal to the active site, consistent with protein stability and/or dynamics impacting activity. Hyperactive mutations were observed three times more than mutations which reduced apparent binding to nirmatrelvir in recent studies of laboratory grown viruses selected for drug resistance. Hyperactive mutations were also about three times more prevalent than nirmatrelvir-binding mutations in sequenced isolates from circulating SARS-CoV-2. Our findings indicate that hyperactive mutations are likely to contribute to the natural evolution of drug resistance in Mpro and provide a comprehensive list for future surveillance efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of hyperactive mutations in Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 to drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons express different combinations of neurotransmitter receptor (NR) subunits and receive inputs from multiple neuron types expressing different neurotransmitters. Localizing NR subunits to specific synaptic inputs has been challenging. Here we use epitope tagged endogenous NR subunits, expansion light-sheet microscopy, and EM connectomics to molecularly characterize synapses in Drosophila. We show that in directionally selective motion sensitive neurons, different multiple NRs elaborated a highly stereotyped molecular topography with NR localized to specific domains receiving cell-type specific inputs. Developmental studies suggested that NRs or complexes of them with other membrane proteins determines patterns of synaptic inputs. In support of this model, we identify a transmembrane protein associated selectively with a subset of spatially restricted synapses and demonstrate through genetic analysis its requirement for synapse formation. We propose that mechanisms which regulate the precise spatial distribution of NRs provide a molecular cartography specifying the patterns of synaptic connections onto dendrites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanfilippo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhukel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. Sex differences offer insights, with females more protected from DA neurodegeneration. The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. DA neuron dVGLUT also reduced ATP biosynthetic burden during depolarization. RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. We discovered transcription factors modulating dVGLUT-dependent DA neuroprotection and identified dj-1{beta} as a regulator of sex-specific DA neuron dVGLUT expression. Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkhyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treiber, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker-Krail, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasylieva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson-Oberg, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbakri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingote, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil-derived IL-17 limits protective host responses and promotes tuberculosis pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protective correlates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection-elicited host immune responses are incompletely understood. Here, we report pro-pathogenic crosstalk involving Ly6G+granulocytes (Ly6G+Gra), IL-17 and COX2. We show that in the lungs of Mtb-infected wildtype mice, either BCG-vaccinated or not, most intracellular bacilli are Ly6G+Gra-resident four weeks post-infection onwards. In the genetically susceptible IFN{psi} -/- mice, excessive Ly6G+Gra infiltration correlates with severe bacteraemia. Neutralizing IL-17 (anti-IL17mAb) and COX2 inhibition by celecoxib reverse Ly6G+Gra infiltration, associated pathology and death in IFN{psi} -/- mice. Surprisingly, Ly6G+Gra also serves as the major source of IL-17 in the lungs of Mtb-infected WT or IFN{psi} -/- mice. The IL-17-COX2-Ly6G+Gra interplay also operates in WT mice. Inhibiting ROR{psi}t, the key transcription factor for IL-17 production or COX2, reduces the bacterial burden in Ly6G+Gra, leading to reduced bacterial burden and pathology in the lungs of WT mice. In the Mtb-infected WT mice, COX2 inhibition abrogates IL-17 levels in the lung homogenates and significantly enhances BCGs protective efficacy, mainly by targeting the Ly6G+Gra-resident Mtb pool, a phenotype also observed when IL-17 is blocked by ROR{psi}t inhibitor. Furthermore, in pulmonary TB patients, high neutrophil count and IL-17 correlated with adverse treatment outcomes. Together, our results suggest that IL-17 and PGE2 are the negative correlates of protection, and we propose targeting the pro-pathogenic IL-17-COX2-Ly6G+Gra axis for TB prevention and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shihui, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandicoori, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil-derived IL-17 limits protective host responses and promotes tuberculosis pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genomics reveals that a divergent genetic dependency signature is not essential to the synergism of molecular-targeted agent and chemotherapeutic combinations in gastric cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational combination of anticancer agents is critical to improving patient outcomes in cancer. Nonetheless, most combination regimens in the clinic result from empirical methodologies disregarding insight into the mechanism of action and missing the opportunity to improve therapy outcomes incrementally. Deciphering the genetic dependencies and vulnerabilities responsible for synergistic interactions is crucial for rationally developing effective anticancer drug combinations. Hence, we screened pairwise pharmacological interactions between molecular-targeted agents and conventional chemotherapeutics and examined the genome-scale genetic dependencies in gastric adenocarcinoma cell models. Since this type of cancer is mainly chemoresistant and incurable, clinical situations demand effective combination strategies. Our pairwise combination screen revealed SN38/erlotinib as the drug pair with the most robust synergism. Genome-wide CRISPR screening and a shRNA-based signature assay indicated that the genetic dependency/vulnerability signature of SN38/erlotinib is the same as SN38 alone. Additional investigation revealed that the enhanced cell death with improved death kinetics caused by the SN38/erlotinib combination is surprisingly due to erlotinibs off-target effect that inhibits ABCG2 but not its on-target effect on EGFR. Our results confirm that a genetic dependency signature different from the single-drug application may not be necessary for the synergistic interaction of molecular-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics in gastric adenocarcinoma. The findings also demonstrated the efficacy of functional genomics approaches in unveiling biologically validated mechanisms of pharmacological interactions.

SignificanceFunctional genomics approaches efficiently demonstrated an off-target dependency of the synergistic interaction of erlotinib with SN38 in gastric adenocarcinoma cell models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leylek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemann, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genomics reveals that a divergent genetic dependency signature is not essential to the synergism of molecular-targeted agent and chemotherapeutic combinations in gastric cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative models predict SARS-CoV-2 Spike infectivity and foreshadow neutralizing antibody escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection, driven by the periodic emergence of new viral variants, highlight the need for vaccines and therapeutics that remain effective against future strains. Yet, our ability to proactively evaluate such therapeutics is limited to assessing their effectiveness against previous or circulating variants, which may differ significantly in their antibody escape from future viral evolution. To address this challenge, we develop a deep learning method to predict the effect of mutations on fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We use this model to engineer 83 unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins incorporating novel combinations of up to 46 amino acid changes relative to the ancestral B.1 variant. The designed constructs were infectious and evaded neutralization by nine well-characterized panels of human polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune sera (from vaccinated, boosted, bivalent boosted, and breakthrough infection individuals). Designed constructs on contemporary SARS-CoV-2 strains displayed similar levels of antibody neutralization escape and similar antigenic profiles as variants seen subsequently (up to 12 months later) during the COVID-19 pandemic despite differences in exact mutations. Our approach provides targeted datasets of antigenically diverse escape variants for an early evaluation of the protective ability of vaccines and therapeutics to inhibit not only currently circulating but also future variants. This approach is generalizable to other viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Youssef, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghantous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovetskiy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estaboulieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative models predict SARS-CoV-2 Spike infectivity and foreshadow neutralizing antibody escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-catenin-mediated activation of Wnt target genes utilizes a biomolecular condensate-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway plays numerous, essential roles in animal development and tissue/stem cell maintenance. The activation of genes regulated by Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling requires the nuclear accumulation of {beta}-catenin, a transcriptional co-activator. {beta}-catenin is recruited to many Wnt-regulated enhancers through direct binding to T-cell factor/Lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family transcription factors. {beta}-catenin has previously been reported to form phase-separated biomolecular condensates (BMCs), which was implicated as a component of {beta}-catenins mechanism of action. This function required aromatic amino acid residues in the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) at the N- and C-termini of the protein. In this report, we further explore a role for {beta}-catenin BMCs in Wnt target gene regulation. We find that {beta}-catenin BMCs are miscible with LEF1 BMCs in vitro. We characterized a panel of {beta}-catenin mutants with different combinations of aromatic residue mutations in human cell culture and Drosophila melanogaster. Our data support a model in which aromatic residues across both IDRs contribute to BMC formation in vitro and signaling activity in vivo. Although different Wnt targets have different sensitivities to loss of {beta}-catenins aromatic residues, the activation of every target examined was compromised by aromatic substitution. These mutants are not defective in nuclear import, and residues in the N-terminal IDR with no previously known role in signaling are clearly required for the activation of various Wnt readouts. Consistent with this, deletion of the N-terminal IDR results in a loss of signaling activity, which can be rescued by the addition of heterologous IDRs enriched in aromatic residues. Overall, our work supports a model in which the ability of {beta}-catenin to form biomolecular condensates in the nucleus is tightly linked to its function as a transcriptional co-regulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zientko, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadigan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-catenin-mediated activation of Wnt target genes utilizes a biomolecular condensate-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory stress-mediated chromatin changes underlie dysfunction in endothelial cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory stresses underlie endothelial dysfunction and contribute to the development of chronic cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and vascular fibrosis. The initial transcriptional response of endothelial cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha is well established. However, very few studies uncover the effects of inflammatory stresses on chromatin architecture. We used integrative analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data to investigate chromatin alterations in human endothelial cells in response to TNF-alpha and febrile-range heat stress exposure. Multi-omics data analysis suggests a correlation between the transcription of stress-related genes and endothelial dysfunction drivers with chromatin regions exhibiting differential accessibility. Moreover, microscopy identified the dynamics in the nuclear organization, specifically, the changes in a subset of heterochromatic nucleoli-associated chromatin domains, the centromeres. Upon inflammatory stress exposure, the centromeres decreased association with nucleoli in a p38-dependent manner and increased the number of transcripts from pericentromeric regions. Overall, we provide two lines of evidence that suggest chromatin alterations in vascular endothelial cells during inflammatory stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Learnard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koupenova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keaney, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory stress-mediated chromatin changes underlie dysfunction in endothelial cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ability of the LIMD1 and TRIP6 LIM domains to bind to f-actin under strain is critical for their tension dependent localization to adherens junctions and association with the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in regulation of Hippo pathway signaling in response to mechanical tension is recruitment of the LIM domain proteins TRIP6 and LIMD1 to adherens junctions. Mechanical tension also triggers TRIP6 and LIMD1 to bind and inhibit the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1. How TRIP6 and LIMD1 are recruited to adherens junctions in response to tension is not clear, but previous studies suggested that they could be regulated by the known mechanosensory proteins -catenin and vinculin at adherens junctions. We found that the three LIM domains of TRIP6 and LIMD1 are necessary and sufficient for tension-dependent localization to adherens junctions. The LIM domains of TRIP6, LIMD1, and certain other LIM domain proteins have been shown to bind to actin networks under strain/tension. Consistent with this, we show that TRIP6 and LIMD1 colocalize with the ends of actin fibers at adherens junctions. Point mutations in a key conserved residue in each LIM domain that are predicted to impair binding to f-actin under strain inhibits TRIP6 and LIMD1 localization to adherens junctions and their ability to bind to and recruit LATS1 to adherens junctions. Together these results show that the ability of TRIP6 and LIMD1 to bind to strained actin underlies their ability to localize to adherens junctions and regulate LATS1 in response to mechanical tension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSilva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mana-Capelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Calderon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ability of the LIMD1 and TRIP6 LIM domains to bind to f-actin under strain is critical for their tension dependent localization to adherens junctions and association with the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inducible ESCRT-III inhibition tool to control HIV-1 budding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 budding as well as many other cellular processes require the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Understanding the architecture of the native ESCRT-III complex at HIV-1 budding sites is limited due to spatial resolution and transient ESCRT-III recruitment. Here, we developed a drug-inducible transient HIV-1 budding inhibitory tool to enhance the ESCRT-III lifetime at budding sites. We generated auto-cleavable CHMP2A, CHMP3, and CHMP4B fusion proteins with the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. We characterized the CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins in the absence and presence of protease inhibitor Glecaprevir with regard to expression, stability, localization and HIV-1 Gag VLP budding. Immunoblotting experiments revealed rapid and stable accumulation of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins with variable modification of Gag VLP budding upon drug administration. Notably, CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3 fusion proteins substantially decrease VLP release while CHMP3-NS3 exerted a minor effect and synergized with CHMP2A-NS3. Localization studies demonstrated the re-localization of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, endosomes, and Gag VLP budding sites. Through the combined use of transmission electron microscopy and video-microscopy, we unveiled drug-dependent accumulation of CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3, causing a delay in HIV-1 Gag-VLP release. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional consequences of inhibiting ESCRT-III during HIV-1 budding and establish new tools to decipher the role of ESCRT-III at HIV-1 budding sites and other ESCRT-catalyzed cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriscot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatellard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleman, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlinger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenhorn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscheron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inducible ESCRT-III inhibition tool to control HIV-1 budding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-driven local 3D chromatin domain folding modulates transcription in human mammary tumor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is organized in functional compartments and structural domains at the sub-megabase scale. How within these domains interactions between numerous cis-acting enhancers and promoters regulate transcription remains an open question. Here, we determined chromatin folding and composition over several hundred kb around estrogen responsive genes in human breast cancer cell lines following hormone stimulation. Modeling of 5C data at 1.8 kb resolution was combined with quantitative 3D analysis of multicolor FISH measurements at 100 nm resolution and integrated with ChIP-seq data on transcription factor binding and histone modifications. We found that rapid estradiol induction of the progesterone gene (PGR) expression occurs in the context of pre-existing, cell type specific chromosomal architectures encompassing the 90 kb PGR coding region and an enhancer-spiked 5 300 kb upstream genomic region. In response to estradiol, interactions between estrogen-receptor  (ER) bound regulatory elements are re-enforced. While initial enhancer - gene contacts coincide with RNA Pol 2 binding and transcription initiation, sustained hormone stimulation promotes ER accumulation creating a regulatory hub stimulating transcript synthesis. In addition to implications for estrogen receptor signaling, we uncover that preestablished chromatin architectures efficiently regulate gene expression upon stimulation without the need for de-novo extensive rewiring of long-range chromatin interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goiffon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamgoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantaloube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti-Renom, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bystricky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-driven local 3D chromatin domain folding modulates transcription in human mammary tumor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting the GPI Transamidase Subunit GPAA1 Abolishes CD24 Surface Localization and Enhances Macrophage-Mediated Phagocytosis of Ovarian Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CD24-Siglec10 signaling axis is an immune checkpoint pathway that shields ovarian cancer cells from phagocytosis by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), making it an appealing immunotherapeutic target. Here, we investigate factors influencing CD24 cell surface expression and assess their suitability as drug targets. Using a CRISPR-based knockout screen, we identify GPAA1 (glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment-1) as a positive regulator of CD24 cell surface expression. GPAA1 is a crucial component of the multi-subunit GPI transamidase complex, which facilitates the attachment of GPI lipid anchor to the C-terminus of CD24, enabling its surface localization. Reducing the activity of GPAA1 in ovarian cancer cells, either by genetic ablation or targeting with an aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, disrupts GPI attachment to CD24. This disruption impairs CD24 cell surface localization, enhances phagocytosis by TAMs, and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Our study highlights the potential of GPAA1 targeting as a therapeutic approach for CD24-positive ovarian cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banday, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakare, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C. C. T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, N. N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulshreshtha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deibler, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malonia, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting the GPI Transamidase Subunit GPAA1 Abolishes CD24 Surface Localization and Enhances Macrophage-Mediated Phagocytosis of Ovarian Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing the dNTP bottleneck restricting prime editing activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime editing efficiency is modest in cells that are quiescent or slowly proliferating where intracellular dNTP levels are tightly regulated. MMLV-reverse transcriptase - the prime editor polymerase subunit - requires high intracellular dNTPs levels for efficient polymerization. We report that prime editing efficiency in primary cells and in vivo is increased by mutations that enhance the enzymatic properties of MMLV-reverse transcriptase and can be further complemented by targeting SAMHD1 for degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponnienselvan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyalile, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikemus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joynt, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing the dNTP bottleneck restricting prime editing activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular vector assembly enables rapid assessment of emerging CRISPR technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of CRISPR systems, coupled with scientific ingenuity, has led to an explosion of applications; however, to test newly-described innovations in their model systems, researchers typically embark on cumbersome, one-off cloning projects to generate custom reagents that are optimized for their biological questions. Here, we leverage Golden Gate cloning to create the Fragmid toolkit, a modular set of CRISPR cassettes and delivery technologies, along with a web portal, resulting in a combinatorial platform that enables scalable vector assembly within days. We further demonstrate that multiple CRISPR technologies can be assessed in parallel in a pooled screening format using this resource, enabling the rapid optimization of both novel technologies and cellular models. These results establish Fragmid as a robust system for the rapid design of CRISPR vectors, and we anticipate that this assembly approach will be broadly useful for systematic development, comparison, and dissemination of CRISPR technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGee, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szegletes, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escude Velasco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular vector assembly enables rapid assessment of emerging CRISPR technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral and signaling plasticity in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents with unilateral ablation of the substantia nigra neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA or dopamine agonists induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. The sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of arrestin-3 knockout mice, we found that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescued behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in JNK activation did not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in the direct pathway striatal neurons, fully rescued sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide did not. Behavioral rescue was accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity and of JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-dependent JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pair, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral and signaling plasticity in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleolus and centromere TSA-Seq reveals variable localization of heterochromatin in different cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome differential positioning within interphase nuclei remains poorly explored. We extended and validated TSA-seq to map genomic regions near nucleoli and pericentric heterochromatin in four human cell lines. Our study confirmed that smaller chromosomes localize closer to nucleoli but further deconvolved this by revealing a preference for chromosome arms below 36-46 Mbp in length. We identified two lamina associated domain subsets through their differential nuclear lamina versus nucleolar positioning in different cell lines which showed distinctive patterns of DNA replication timing and gene expression across all cell lines. Unexpectedly, active, nuclear speckle-associated genomic regions were found near typically repressive nuclear compartments, which is attributable to the close proximity of nuclear speckles and nucleoli in some cell types, and association of centromeres with nuclear speckles in hESCs. Our study points to a more complex and variable nuclear genome organization than suggested by current models, as revealed by our TSA-seq methodology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholamalamdari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleolus and centromere TSA-Seq reveals variable localization of heterochromatin in different cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct members of the C. elegans CeMbio reference microbiota exert cryptic virulence and infection protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiotas are complex microbial communities that colonize specific niches in the host and provide essential organismal functions that are important in health and disease. A key aspect is the ability of each distinct community member to promote or impair host health, alone or in the context of the community, in hosts with varied levels of immune competence. Understanding such interactions is limited by the complexity and experimental accessibility of current systems and models. Recently, a reference twelve-member microbiota for the model organism C. elegans, known as CeMbio, was defined to aid the dissection of conserved host-microbiota interactions. Understanding the physiological impact of the CeMbio bacteria on C. elegans is in its infancy. Here, we show the differential ability of each CeMbio bacterial species to activate innate immunity through the conserved PMK-1/p38 MAPK, ACh/WNT, and HLH-30/TFEB pathways. Using immunodeficient animals, we uncovered several examples of bacterial  cryptic virulence, or virulence that was masked by the host defense response. The ability to activate the PMK-1/p38 pathway did not correlate with bacterial virulence in wild type or immunodeficient animals. In contrast, ten out of twelve species activated HLH-30/TFEB, and most showed virulence towards hlh-30-deficient animals. In addition, we identified Pseudomonas lurida as a pathogen in wild type animals, and Acinetobacter guillouiae as avirulent despite activating all three pathways. Moreover, short pre-exposure to A. guillouiae promoted host survival of infection with P. lurida, which was dependent on PMK-1/p38 MAPK and HLH-30/TFEB. These results suggest that the microbiota of C. elegans is rife with "opportunistic" pathogens, and that HLH-30/TFEB is a fundamental and key host protective factor. Furthermore, they support the idea that bacteria like A. guillouiae evolved the ability to induce host innate immunity to improve host fitness when confronted with pathogens, providing new insights into how colonization order impacts host health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct members of the C. elegans CeMbio reference microbiota exert cryptic virulence and infection protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP knockdown promotes synapse reformation after axon injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injured nervous systems are often incapable of self-repairing, resulting in permanent loss of function and disability. To restore function, a severed axon must not only regenerate, but must also reform synapses with target cells. Together, these processes beget functional axon regeneration. Progress has been made towards a mechanistic understanding of axon regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine whether and how synapses are formed by a regenerated motor axon are not well understood. Using a combination of in vivo laser axotomy, genetics, and high-resolution imaging, we find that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) inhibit synapse reformation in regenerating axons. As a result, regenerated parp(-) axons regain more function than regenerated wild-type axons, even though both have reached their target cells. We find that PARPs regulate both axon regeneration and synapse reformation in coordination with proteolytic calpain CLP-4. These results indicate approaches to functionally repair the injured nervous system must specifically target synapse reformation, in addition to other components of the injury response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belew, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP knockdown promotes synapse reformation after axon injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Host-specific Microbiota is Required for Diet-Specific Metabolic Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex mammals, the importance and host-specificity of microbial communities have been demonstrated through their positive effects on host immune fitness or performance. However, whether host metabolic physiology homeostasis depends on a specific bacterial community exclusive to the host remains unclear. Here, we show that the coevolved host-specific microbiota is required to maintain diet-specific flexible and sufficient metabolic homeostasis through a high colonization rate, modulating gut metabolites, and related targets. Using germ-free (GF) mice, we tested whether the fitness benefiting the host metabolic phenotype of microbiota was host-specific. We demonstrated that GF mice associated with exogenous microbiota (human microbiota (HM)), which exhibited different and reduced gut microbial species diversity, significantly elevated metabolic rate, and exhibited metabolic insufficiency, all characteristics of GF mice. Strikingly, the absence of the host-specific microbiome attenuated high-fat diet-specific metabolism features. Different diets caused different metabolic changes in only host-specific microbiota-associated mice, not the host-microbiota mismatched mice. While RNA sequencing revealed subtle changes in the expression of genes in the liver, GF mice and HM mice showed considerably altered expression of genes associated with metabolic physiology compared to GF mice associated with host-specific microbiota. The effect of diet outweighed microbiota in the liver transcriptome. These changes occurred in the setting of decreased luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the secondary bile acid (BAs) pool and downstream gut signaling targets in HM and GF mice, which affects whole-body metabolism. These data indicate that a foreign microbial community provides little metabolic benefit to the host when compared to a host-specific microbiome, due to the colonization selection pressure and microbiota-derived metabolites dysfunction. Overall, microbiome fitness effects on the host metabolic phenotype were host-specific. Understanding the impact of the host-specificity of the microbiome on metabolic homeostasis may provide important insights for building a better probiotic.

HighlightsO_LIMicrobiome fitness effects on the host metabolic phenotype were host-specific in mammals.
C_LIO_LIHuman microbiota-associated mice exhibited lower host metabolic fitness or performance, and similar functional costs in GF mice.
C_LIO_LIDifferent diets cause different metabolic changes only in host-specific microbiota-associated mice, not the host-microbiota mismatched mice.
C_LIO_LIThe defective gut microbiota in host-specific microbiota, microbial metabolites and related targets likely drive the metabolic homeostasis.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=132 SRC="FIGDIR/small/565654v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>StGeorge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanie Spedale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betty R Theriault, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinanath Sulakhe, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B., E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Host-specific Microbiota is Required for Diet-Specific Metabolic Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell lineage analysis with somatic mutations reveals late divergence of neuronal cell types and cortical areas in human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex shows functional specialization into regions with distinct neuronal compositions, most strikingly in the human brain, but little is known in about how cellular lineages shape cortical regional variation and neuronal cell types during development. Here, we use somatic single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) to map lineages of neuronal sub-types and cortical regions. Early-occurring sSNVs rarely respect Brodmann area (BA) borders, while late-occurring sSNVs mark neuron-generating clones with modest regional restriction, though descendants often dispersed into neighboring BAs. Nevertheless, in visual cortex, BA17 contains 30-70% more sSNVs compared to the neighboring BA18, with clones across the BA17/18 border distributed asymmetrically and thus displaying different cortex-wide dispersion patterns. Moreover, we find that excitatory neuron-generating clones with modest regional restriction consistently share low-mosaic sSNVs with some inhibitory neurons, suggesting significant co-generation of excitatory and some inhibitory neurons in the dorsal cortex. Our analysis reveals human-specific cortical cell lineage patterns, with both regional inhomogeneities in progenitor proliferation and late divergence of excitatory/inhibitory lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanadham, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akula, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rento, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell lineage analysis with somatic mutations reveals late divergence of neuronal cell types and cortical areas in human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic and genomic changes in the aging human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging brings dysregulation of various processes across organs and tissues, often stemming from stochastic damage to individual cells over time. Here, we used a combination of single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and single-cell whole-genome sequencing to identify transcriptomic and genomic changes in the prefrontal cortex of the human brain across life span, from infancy to centenarian. We identified infant-specific cell clusters enriched for the expression of neurodevelopmental genes, and a common down-regulation of cell-essential homeostatic genes that function in ribosomes, transport, and metabolism during aging across cell types. Conversely, expression of neuron-specific genes generally remains stable throughout life. We observed a decrease in specific DNA repair genes in aging, including genes implicated in generating brain somatic mutations as indicated by mutation signature analysis. Furthermore, we detected gene-length-specific somatic mutation rates that shape the transcriptomic landscape of the aged human brain. These findings elucidate critical aspects of human brain aging, shedding light on transcriptomic and genomics dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegenfuss, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolles, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodato, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic and genomic changes in the aging human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.563812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.563812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying transcriptional enhancers and their target genes is essential for understanding gene regulation and the impact of human genetic variation on disease1-6. Here we create and evaluate a resource of >13 million enhancer-gene regulatory interactions across 352 cell types and tissues, by integrating predictive models, measurements of chromatin state and 3D contacts, and large-scale genetic perturbations generated by the ENCODE Consortium7. We first create a systematic benchmarking pipeline to compare predictive models, assembling a dataset of 10,411 element-gene pairs measured in CRISPR perturbation experiments, >30,000 fine-mapped eQTLs, and 569 fine-mapped GWAS variants linked to a likely causal gene. Using this framework, we develop a new predictive model, ENCODE-rE2G, that achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple prediction tasks, demonstrating a strategy involving iterative perturbations and supervised machine learning to build increasingly accurate predictive models of enhancer regulation. Using the ENCODE-rE2G model, we build an encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome, which reveals global properties of enhancer networks, identifies differences in the functions of genes that have more or less complex regulatory landscapes, and improves analyses to link noncoding variants to target genes and cell types for common, complex diseases. By interpreting the model, we find evidence that, beyond enhancer activity and 3D enhancer-promoter contacts, additional features guide enhancer-promoter communication including promoter class and enhancer-enhancer synergy. Altogether, these genome-wide maps of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions, benchmarking software, predictive models, and insights about enhancer function provide a valuable resource for future studies of gene regulation and human genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gschwind, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbalayghareh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurtdinov, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avsec, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulirsch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.563812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An encyclopedia of enhancer-gene regulatory interactions in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human immune/muscle xenograft model of FSHD muscle pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFacioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) disease progression is associated with muscle inflammation, although its role in FSHD muscle pathology is unknown.

MethodsWe have developed a novel humanized mouse strain, NSG-SGM3-W41, that supports the co- engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and muscle myoblasts as an experimental model to investigate the role of innate immunity in FSHD muscle pathology.

ResultsThe NSG-SGM3-W41 mouse supports the selective expansion of human innate immune cell lineages following engraftment of human HSCs and the co-engraftment and differentiation of patient-derived FSHD or control muscle myoblasts. Immunohistological and NanoString RNA expression assays establish that muscle xenografts from three FSHD subjects were immunogenic compared to those from unaffected first-degree relatives. FSHD muscle xenografts preferentially accumulated human macrophages and B cells and expressed early complement genes of the classical and alternative pathways including complement factor C3 protein, which is a mediator of early complement function through opsonization to mark damaged cells for macrophage engulfment. FSHD muscle xenografts also underwent immune donor dependent muscle turnover as assayed by human spectrin {beta}1 immunostaining of muscle fibers and by NanoString RNA expression assays of muscle differentiation genes.

ConclusionsThe NSG-SGM3-W41 mouse provides an experimental model to investigate the role of innate immunity and complement in FSHD muscle pathology and to develop FSHD therapeutics targeting DUX4 and the innate immunity inflammatory responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burzenski, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kady, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human immune/muscle xenograft model of FSHD muscle pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 viremia and prevents progression to AIDS. Nonetheless, chronic inflammation is a common problem for people living with HIV-1 on ART. One possible cause of inflammation is ongoing transcription from HIV-1 proviruses, whether or not the sequences are competent for replication. Previous work has shown that intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, activates type 1 interferon. This activation required HIV-1 rev and was blocked by the XPO1 (CRM1)-inhibitor leptomycin. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with shRNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with non-targetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant inhibitory CARD-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS, are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1-knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 was revealed by formaldehyde crosslinking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is required for innate immune activation by intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus, and potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guney, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagalekshmi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose-fed microbiota alters intestinal epithelium and increases susceptibility to bacterial pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overconsumption of dietary sugar can lead to many negative health effects including the development of Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the human intestinal microbiota strongly associated with our overall health has also been known to be affected by diet. However, mechanistic insight into the importance of the human intestinal microbiota and the effects of chronic sugar ingestion has not been possible largely due to the complexity of the human microbiome which contains hundreds of types of organisms. Here, we use an interspecies C. elegans-E. coli system, where E. coli are subjected to high sugar, then consumed by the bacterivore host C. elegans to become the microbiota. This glucose-fed microbiota results in a significant lifespan reduction accompanied by reduced healthspan including locomotion, stress resistance, and changes in behavior and feeding. Lifespan reduction is also accompanied by two potential major contributors: increased intestinal bacterial density and increased reactive oxygen species. The glucose-fed microbiota accelerated the age-related development of intestinal cell permeability, intestinal distention, and dysregulation of immune effectors. Ultimately, the changes in the intestinal epithelium due to aging with the glucose fed microbiota results in increased susceptibility to multiple bacterial pathogens. Taken together, our data reveal that chronic ingestion of sugar such as a western diet has profound health effects on the host due to changes in the microbiota and may contribute to the current increased incidence of ailments including inflammatory bowel diseases as well as multiple age-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tissenbaum, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose-fed microbiota alters intestinal epithelium and increases susceptibility to bacterial pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nematode (Ascaris suum) intestine is a location of synergistic anthelmintic effects of Cry5B and levamisole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A novel group of biocidal compounds are the Crystal 3D (Cry) and Cytolytic (Cyt) proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Some Bt Cry proteins have a selective nematocidal activity, with Cry5B being the most studied. Cry5B kills nematode parasites by binding selectively to membrane glycosphingolipids, then forming pores in the cell membranes of the intestine leading to damage. Cry5B selectively targets multiple species of nematodes from different clades and has no effect against mammalian hosts. Levamisole is a cholinomimetic anthelmintic that acts by selectively opening L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion-channels (L-AChRs) that have been found on muscles of nematodes. A synergistic nematocidal interaction between levamisole and Cry5B has been described previously, but the location, mechanism and time-course of this synergism is not known. In this study we follow the timeline of the effects of levamisole and Cry5B on the Ca2+ levels in enterocyte cells from the intestine of Ascaris suum using fluorescence imaging. The peak Ca2+ responses to levamisole were observed after approximately 10 minutes while the peak responses to activated Cry5B were observed after approximately 80 minutes. When levamisole and Cry5B were applied simultaneously, we observed that the responses to Cry5B were bigger and occurred sooner than when it was applied by itself. It is proposed that there is an irreversible cytoplasmic Ca2+ overload that leads to necrotic cell-death in the enterocyte that is induced by levamisole opening Ca2+ permeable L-subtype nAChRs and the development of Ca2+ permeable Cry5B toxin pores in enterocyte plasma membranes. The effects of levamisole potentiate and speed the actions of Cry5B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, P. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nematode (Ascaris suum) intestine is a location of synergistic anthelmintic effects of Cry5B and levamisole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium smegmatis NucS-promoted DNA Mismatch Repair involves limited resection by a 5'-3' exonuclease and is independent of homologous recombination and NHEJ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MutSL mismatch repair (MMR) system in bacteria and eukaryotes correct mismatches made at the replication fork to maintain genome stability. A novel MMR system is represented by the EndoMS/NucS endonuclease from actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, which recognizes mismatched substrates in vitro and creates dsDNA breaks at the mismatch. In this report, a genetic analysis shows that an M. smegmatis {Delta}nucS strain could be complemented by expression of wild type NucS protein, but not by one deleted of its last five amino acids, a region predicted to be critical for binding to the {beta}-clamp at the replication fork. Oligo-recombineering was then leveraged to deliver defined mismatches to a defective hygromycin resistance gene on the M. smegmatis chromosome. We find that NucS recognizes and repairs G-G, G-T, and T-T mismatches in vivo, consistent with the recognition of these same mismatches in C. glutamicum in vitro, as well as mutation accumulation studies done in M. smegmatis. Finally, an assay that employs an oligo that promotes the generation of two mismatches in close proximity on the chromosome shows that a NucS-promoted cut is processed by a 5-3 exonuclease and that NucS-promoted MMR is independent of both homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Flores, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.26.568737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium smegmatis NucS-promoted DNA Mismatch Repair involves limited resection by a 5'-3' exonuclease and is independent of homologous recombination and NHEJ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined by T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages are initially infected but ineffectively restrict bacterial replication. The distribution of M. tuberculosis among different cell types in the lung changes with the onset of T cell immunity when the dominant infected cellular niche shifts from alveolar to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We hypothesize that changes in bacterial distribution among different cell types is driven by differences in T cell recognition of infected cells and their subsequent activation of antimicrobial effector mechanisms. We show that CD4 and CD8 T cells efficiently eliminate M. tuberculosis infection in alveolar macrophages, but they have less impact on suppressing infection in MDM, which may be a bacterial niche. Importantly, CD4 T cell responses enhance MDM recruitment to the lung. Thus, the outcome of infection depends on the interaction between the T cell subset and the infected cell; both contribute to the resolution and persistence of the infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakib, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined by T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel druggable DYRK3/CAMKV signaling module for Neuroblastoma tumor growth inhibition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-risk Neuroblastoma is a very aggressive and deadly pediatric cancer, accounting for over 15% of all childhood cancer mortality. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neuroblastoma are urgently sought for. Here, we identified the DYRK3 kinase as a critical mediator of neuroblastoma cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Our data suggest a role for DYRK3 as a regulator of the neuroblastoma-specific protein CAMKV, which is also required for neuroblastoma cell proliferation. We show that CAMKV is phosphorylated by DYRK3, and that inhibition of DYRK3 kinase activity induces CAMKV aggregation, probably mediated by its highly disordered C-terminal half. Importantly, we provide evidence that the DYRK3/CAMKV signaling module could play an important role in the regulation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, supporting the idea that inhibition of DYRK3 and/or CAMKV in neuroblastoma cells could constitute an innovative and highly specific intervention to fight against this dreadful pediatric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigglesworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel druggable DYRK3/CAMKV signaling module for Neuroblastoma tumor growth inhibition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in clamp loader mechanism between bacteria and eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clamp loaders are pentameric ATPases that place circular sliding clamps onto DNA, where they function in DNA replication and genome integrity. The central activity of a clamp loader is the opening of the ring-shaped sliding clamp, and the subsequent binding to primer-template (p/t)-junctions. The general architecture of clamp loaders is conserved across all life, suggesting that their mechanism is retained. Recent structural studies of the eukaryotic clamp loader Replication Factor C (RFC) revealed that it functions using a crab-claw mechanism, where clamp opening is coupled to a massive conformational change in the loader. Here we investigate the clamp loading mechanism of the E. coli clamp loader at high resolution using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We find that the E. coli clamp loader opens the clamp using a crab-claw motion at a single pivot point, whereas the eukaryotic RFC loader uses motions distributed across the complex. Furthermore, we find clamp opening occurs in multiple steps, starting with a partly open state with a spiral conformation, and proceeding to a wide open clamp in a surprising planar geometry. Finally, our structures in the presence of p/t-junctions illustrate how clamp closes around p/t-junctions and how the clamp loader initiates release from the loaded clamp. Our results reveal mechanistic distinctions in a macromolecular machine that is conserved across all domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landeck, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedivy, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in clamp loader mechanism between bacteria and eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNF-alpha promotes cilia elongation via Mixed Lineage Kinases signaling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary cilium is characteristic of most of non-immune cells and acts as an environmental signal transduction sensor. The defects in primary cilium have profound consequences on the developmental program, including the maturation of retinal epithelium. The ciliary length is tightly regulated during ciliogenesis. Additionally, many features of ciliogenesis are shared with an immune synapse formation. While the interaction between the cells within an immune synapse is well-characterized, the impact of inflammatory stresses on ciliogenesis in non-immune cells remains elusive. The current study investigates the outcome of inflammatory stimuli for the primary cilium in human retinal epithelial cells. Here, we report that the exposure of retinal epithelium cells to pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha elongates cilia in a Mixed-Lineage Kinase (MLK) - dependent manner. In contrast, febrile condition-mimicking heat stress dramatically reduced the number of ciliated cells regardless of TNF-alpha exposure, suggesting distinct but rapid effects of inflammatory stresses on ciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliz, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNF-alpha promotes cilia elongation via Mixed Lineage Kinases signaling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogen effector-triggered aggregation of TIR-1/SARM1 on lysosome-related organelles activates intestinal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TIR-domain proteins with enzymatic activity are essential for immunity in plants, animals, and bacteria. However, it is not known how these proteins function in pathogen sensing in animals. We discovered that a TIR-domain protein (TIR-1/SARM1) is strategically expressed on the membranes of a lysosomal sub-compartment, which enables intestinal epithelial cells in the nematode C. elegans to survey for pathogen effector-triggered host damage. We showed that a redox active virulence effector secreted by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkalinized and condensed a specific subset of lysosomes by inducing intracellular oxidative stress. Concentration of TIR-1/SARM1 on the surface of these organelles triggered its multimerization, which engages its intrinsic NADase activity, to activate the p38 innate immune pathway and protect the host against microbial intoxication. Thus, lysosomal TIR-1/SARM1 is a sensor for oxidative stress induced by pathogenic bacteria to activate metazoan intestinal immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse-Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogen effector-triggered aggregation of TIR-1/SARM1 on lysosome-related organelles activates intestinal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of MYCN and MAX by PAK family kinases is a novel tumor-suppressor mechanism in neuroblastoma with potential therapeutic implications. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-risk Neuroblastoma (HR-NB) is a very aggressive pediatric cancer, responsible of over 15% of all childhood cancer-associated deaths. Despite very aggressive multimodal interventions, less than 50% of HR-NB patients survive, exhibiting serious long-term sequelae from therapy. Therefore, more efficient, and less toxic interventions are urgently needed. Genomic amplification of the MYCN gene is observed in about 50% of all HR-NB cases, and is the most reliable genomic hallmark associated to a bad prognosis. c-MYC is highly expressed in a significant amount of the remaining (non-MYCN-amplified) HR-NB cases. Here, we investigated an endogenous mechanism mediated by the PAK2 kinase and known to phosphorylate and suppress c-MYC transcriptional activity. We uncovered that PAK2 can also phosphorylate MYCN and its obligate transcriptional partner MAX in two conserved Ser/Thr residues, disrupting MYCN:MAX interaction, transcription, and neuroblastoma cell proliferation. We further provide evidence for a potential mechanism by which PAK kinase activity is blunted in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma tumors and propose an innovative strategy to circumvent such signaling impairment and potentially suppress HR-NB tumor growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigglesworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.570005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of MYCN and MAX by PAK family kinases is a novel tumor-suppressor mechanism in neuroblastoma with potential therapeutic implications.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the toolbox: Novel class IIb microcins show activity against gram-negative ESKAPE and plant pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interspecies interactions involving direct competition via bacteriocin production play a vital role in shaping ecological dynamics within microbial ecosystems. For instance, the ribosomally-produced siderophore bacteriocins, known as class IIb microcins, affect the colonization of host-associated pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae species. Notably, to date, only five of these antimicrobials have been identified, all derived from specific Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. We hypothesized that class IIb microcin production extends beyond these specific compounds and organisms. With a customized informatics-driven approach, screening bacterial genomes in public databases with BLAST and manual curation, we have discovered twelve previously unknown class IIb microcins in seven additional Enterobacteriaceae species, encompassing phytopathogens and environmental isolates. We introduce three novel clades of microcins (MccW, MccX, and MccZ), while also identifying eight new variants of the five known class IIb microcins. To validate their antimicrobial potential, we heterologously expressed these microcins in E. coli and demonstrated efficacy against a variety of bacterial isolates, including plant pathogens from the genera Brenneria, Gibbsiella, and Rahnella. Two newly discovered microcins exhibit activity against Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens, i.e. Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing the first evidence that class IIb microcins can target bacteria outside of the Enterobacteriaceae family. This study underscores that class IIb microcin genes are more prevalent in the microbial world than previously recognized and that synthetic hybrid microcins can be a viable tool to target clinically relevant drug-resistant pathogens. Our findings hold significant promise for the development of innovative engineered live biotherapeutic products tailored to combat these resilient bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortzfeld, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the toolbox: Novel class IIb microcins show activity against gram-negative ESKAPE and plant pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescent tagging of endogenous IRS2 with an auxin-dependent degron to assess dynamic intracellular localization and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 (IRS2) is a signaling adaptor protein for the insulin (IR) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1R) receptors. In breast cancer, IRS2 contributes to both initiation of primary tumor growth and establishment of secondary metastases through regulation of cancer stem cell (CSC) function and invasion. However, how IRS2 mediates its diverse functions is not well understood. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to modify endogenous IRS2 to study the expression, localization, and function of this adaptor protein. A cassette containing an auxin inducible degradation (AID) sequence, 3X-FLAG tag and mNeon-green was introduced at the N-terminus of the IRS2 gene to provide rapid and reversible control of IRS2 protein degradation and analysis of endogenous IRS2 expression and localization. Live fluorescence imaging of these cells revealed that IRS2 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus in response to growth regulatory signals, and deletion of a putative nuclear export sequence in the C-terminal tail promotes nuclear retention of IRS2. Moreover, acute induction of IRS2 degradation reduces CSC function, similar to the constitutive knockout of IRS2. Our data highlight the value of our model of endogenously tagged IRS2 as a tool to elucidate IRS2 localization and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lero, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescent tagging of endogenous IRS2 with an auxin-dependent degron to assess dynamic intracellular localization and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes harbor cell type and species-specific structural features within a universal looping architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The architecture of mammalian mitotic chromosomes is considered to be universal across species and cell types. However, some studies suggest that features of mitotic chromosomes might be cell type or species specific. We previously reported that CTCF binding in human differentiated cell lines is lost in mitosis, whereas mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) display prominent binding at a subset of CTCF sites in mitosis. Here, we perform parallel footprint ATAC-seq data analyses of mESCs and somatic mouse and human cells to further explore these differences. We then investigate roles of mitotically bound (bookmarked) CTCF in prometaphase chromosome organization by Hi-C. We do not find any remaining interphase structures such as TADs or CTCF loops at mitotically bookmarked CTCF sites in mESCs. This suggests that mitotic loop extruders condensin I and II are not blocked by bound CTCF, and thus that any remaining CTCF binding does not alter mitotic chromosome folding. Lastly, we compare mitotic Hi-C data generated in this study in mouse with publicly available data from human and chicken cell lines. We do not find any cell type specific differences; however, we do find a difference between species. The average genomic size of mitotic loops is much smaller in chicken (200-350 kb), compared to human (500-750 kb) and mouse (1-2 mb). Interestingly, we find that this difference in loop size is correlated with the average genomic length of the q-arm in these species, a finding we confirm by microscopy measurements of chromosome compaction. This suggests that the dimensions of mitotic chromosomes can be modulated through control of sizes of loops generated by condensins to facilitate species-appropriate shortening of chromosome arms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molliex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes harbor cell type and species-specific structural features within a universal looping architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanism of angiogenin activation by the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiogenin, an RNase A-family protein, promotes angiogenesis and has been implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and epigenetic inheritance. Upon activation during cellular stress, angiogenin cleaves tRNAs at the anticodon loop, producing nicked tRNA (also known as tRNA halves, tiRNAs or tsRNAs) and resulting in translation repression. The catalytic activity of isolated angiogenin, however, is very low, and the mechanisms of the enzyme activation and tRNA specificity have remained a puzzle. Here, we uncover these mechanisms using biochemical assays and cryogenic electron microscopy. Our work reveals that the cytosolic ribosome is the long-sought activator of angiogenin. A 2.8-[A] resolution cryo-EM structure features angiogenin bound in the A site of the 80S ribosome. The C-terminal tail of angiogenin is rearranged by interactions with the ribosome to activate the RNase catalytic center, making the enzyme several orders of magnitude more efficient in tRNA cleavage. Additional 80S*angiogenin structures capture how the tRNA substrate is directed by the ribosome next to angiogenins active site, demonstrating that the ribosome acts as the specificity factor. Our findings therefore suggest that angiogenin is activated by ribosomes with a vacant A site, whose abundance increases during cellular stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanism of angiogenin activation by the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule studies of the native hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing and balance rely on the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal, a process known as mechanosensory transduction (MT). In vertebrates, this process is accomplished by an MT complex that is located in hair cells of the inner ear. While the past three decades of research have identified many subunits that are important for MT and revealed interactions between these subunits, the composition and organization of a functional complex remains unknown. The major challenge associated with studying the MT complex is its extremely low abundance in hair cells; current estimates of MT complex quantity range from 3-60 attomoles per cochlea or utricle, well below the detection limit of most biochemical assays that are used to characterize macromolecular complexes. Here we describe the optimization of two single molecule assays, single molecule pull-down (SiMPull) and single molecule array (SiMoA), to study the composition and quantity of native mouse MT complexes. We demonstrate that these assays are capable of detecting and quantifying low attomoles of the native MT subunits protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like protein 5 (LHFPL5). Our results illuminate the stoichiometry of PCDH15- and LHFPL5-containing complexes and establish SiMPull and SiMoA as productive methods for probing the abundance, composition, and arrangement of subunits in the native MT complex.

Impact StatementIn the present work, the authors develop and employ single molecule methods to detect, characterize, and quantitate attomole quantities of the hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule studies of the native hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary metabolite profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates reveals rare genomic traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative opportunistic pathogen with remarkable phylogenetic and phenotypic variability. In this work, we applied classical molecular networking analysis to secondary metabolite profiling data from seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, including five clinical isolates from the lung secretions of people with cystic fibrosis. Combined with whole-genome sequencing, we show that some P. aeruginosa isolates, including nmFLRO1, produce a previously unreported class of acyl putrescines, isolate SH3A does not produce di-rhamnolipids because its genome belongs to phylogenetic clade 5, and the secondary metabolite profile of isolate SH1B reflects a frame-shift mutation in the quorum sensing regulator rhlR. This study highlights for the first time that secondary metabolite profiling provides unique insight into genetic variation of P. aeruginosa.

ImportanceSecondary metabolite profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates can be used to identify rare genomic variants that impact quorum sensing and metabolite biosynthesis that underlie virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neve, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary metabolite profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates reveals rare genomic traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A programmable dual-targeting di-valent siRNA scaffold supports potent multi-gene modulation in the central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Di-valent short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising therapeutic modality that enables sequence-specific modulation of a single target gene in the central nervous system (CNS). To treat complex neurodegenerative disorders, where pathogenesis is driven by multiple genes or pathways, di-valent siRNA must be able to silence multiple target genes simultaneously. Here we present a framework for designing unimolecular "dual-targeting" di-valent siRNAs capable of co-silencing two genes in the CNS. We reconfigured di-valent siRNA - in which two identical, linked siRNAs are made concurrently - to create linear di-valent siRNA - where two siRNAs are made sequentially attached by a covalent linker. This linear configuration, synthesized using commercially available reagents, enables incorporation of two different siRNAs to silence two different targets. We demonstrate that this dual-targeting di-valent siRNA is fully functional in the CNS of mice, supporting at least two months of maximal target silencing. Dual-targeting di-valent siRNA is highly programmable, enabling simultaneous modulation of two different disease-relevant gene pairs (e.g., Huntingtons disease: MSH3 and HTT; Alzheimers disease: APOE and JAK1) with similar potency to a mixture of single-targeting di-valent siRNAs against each gene. This work potentiates CNS modulation of virtually any pair of disease-related targets using a simple unimolecular siRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A programmable dual-targeting di-valent siRNA scaffold supports potent multi-gene modulation in the central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Effects of the Endocannabinoid Agonist 2-Arachidonoylglycerol on Sleep and Circadian Disruptions during Fentanyl Withdrawal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fentanyl has become the leading driver of opioid overdoses. Cessation of opioid use represents a challenge as the experience of withdrawal drives subsequent relapse. One of the most prominent withdrawal symptoms that can contribute to opioid craving and vulnerability to relapse is sleep disruption. The endocannabinoid agonist, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), may promote sleep and reduce withdrawal severity; however, the effects of 2-AG on sleep disruption during opioid withdrawal have yet to be assessed. Here, we investigate the effects of 2-AG administration on sleep-wake behavior and diurnal activity in mice during withdrawal from fentanyl. Sleep-wake activity was continuously recorded before and after chronic fentanyl administration in both male and female C57BL/6J mice. Immediately following cessation of fentanyl administration, 2-AG was administered intraperitoneally to investigate the impact of endocannabinoid agonism on opioid-induced sleep disruption. Female mice maintained higher activity levels in response to chronic fentanyl than male mice. Furthermore, fentanyl increased wake and decreased sleep during the light period and inversely increased sleep and decreased wake in the dark period in both sexes. 2-AG treatment increased arousal and decreased sleep in both sexes during first 24 hrs of withdrawal. On withdrawal day 2, only female showed increased wakefulness with no changes in males, but by withdrawal day 3 male mice displayed decreased rapid-eye movement sleep during the dark period with no changes in female mice. Overall, repeated administration of fentanyl altered sleep and diurnal activity and administration of the endocannabinoid agonist, 2-AG, had sex-specific effects on fentanyl-induced sleep and diurnal changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miracle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Effects of the Endocannabinoid Agonist 2-Arachidonoylglycerol on Sleep and Circadian Disruptions during Fentanyl Withdrawal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dueling Endogenous Viral-Like Sequences Control Synaptic Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of a large part of most genomes, generally called "junk DNA", remains largely unknown. Much of this enigmatic DNA corresponds to transposons, which are considered genomic parasites. Here, we show the protein of the Ty1 retrotransposon Copia is enriched at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction and is transported across synapses. Unexpectedly, disrupting Copia expression results in increases in both synapse development and structural synaptic plasticity. Plasticity is kept in balance as Copia antagonizes the Drosophila Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) homolog, which is a transposon-derived gene. Our cryo-EM structure of the Copia capsid shows a shell with large cargo capacity and leads to a hypothesis for mutual antagonism of Arc and Copia capsid assembly. Our findings provide evidence that a fully functional transposon plays a role at synapses, suggesting that transposons and other types of  junk DNA are essential to developmental and cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Angale, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graslie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dueling Endogenous Viral-Like Sequences Control Synaptic Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDC20 determines the sensitivity to spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) inhibitors are a recently developed class of drugs that perturb the regulation of chromosome segregation during division, induce chromosomal instability (CIN), and eventually lead to cell death. While they are currently in clinical trials for solid cancers, biomarkers to predict the response to SAC inhibitors are still lacking. We recently reported that aneuploid cancer cells are preferentially sensitive to SAC inhibition. Here, we investigated the molecular determinants of the response to SAC inhibition that underlies the differential sensitivity of aneuploid cells to these drugs. We found that this response was largely driven by the expression of CDC20, a main activator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), rather than by APC/C itself. Mechanistically, we discovered that CDC20 depletion prolonged metaphase duration, diminished mitotic errors, and reduced sensitivity to SAC inhibition. Aneuploid cells expressed high levels of CDC20 and experienced shorter metaphases and multiple mitotic errors, resulting in increased long-term sensitivity to SAC inhibition. Our findings propose high CDC20 expression as a favorable biomarker for SAC inhibition therapy and as an aneuploidy-induced therapeutic vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Sharir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardenaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broekhuis, M. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez Peredo Rodriguez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foijer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDC20 determines the sensitivity to spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-mediated depletion of select T cell subsets in blood and tissue of nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the immunological control of pathogens requires a detailed evaluation of the mechanistic contributions of individual cell types within the immune system. While knockout mouse models that lack certain cell types have been used to help define the role of those cells, the biological and physiological characteristics of mice do not necessarily recapitulate that of a human. To overcome some of these differences, studies often look towards nonhuman primates (NHPs) due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans.

To evaluate the immunological role of select cell types, the NHP model provides distinct advantages since NHP more closely mirror the disease manifestations and immunological characteristics of humans. However, many of the experimental manipulations routinely used in mice (e.g., gene knock-out) cannot be used with the NHP model. As an alternative, the in vivo infusion of monoclonal antibodies that target surface proteins on specific cells to either functionally inhibit or deplete cells can be a useful tool. Such depleting antibodies have been used in NHP studies to address immunological mechanisms of action. In these studies, the extent of depletion has generally been reported for blood, but not thoroughly assessed in tissues.

Here, we evaluated four depleting regimens that primarily target T cells in NHP: anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD8{beta}, and immunotoxin-conjugated anti-CD3. We evaluated these treatments in healthy unvaccinated and IV BCG-vaccinated NHP to measure the extent that vaccine-elicited T cells - which may be activated, increased in number, or resident in specific tissues - are depleted compared to resting populations in unvaccinated NHPs. We report quantitative measurements of in vivo depletion at multiple tissue sites providing insight into the range of cell types depleted by a given mAb. While we found substantial depletion of target cell types in blood and tissue of many animals, residual cells remained, often residing within tissue. Notably, we find that animal-to-animal variation is substantial and consequently studies that use these reagents should be powered accordingly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucsan, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokkali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrah, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.572898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-mediated depletion of select T cell subsets in blood and tissue of nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.24.573250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite profiling of human renal cell carcinoma reveals tissue-origin dominance in nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.24.573250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment is a determinant of cancer progression and therapeutic efficacy, with nutrient availability playing an important role. Although it is established that the local abundance of specific nutrients defines the metabolic parameters for tumor growth, the factors guiding nutrient availability in tumor compared to normal tissue and blood remain poorly understood. To define these factors in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we performed quantitative metabolomic and comprehensive lipidomic analyses of tumor interstitial fluid (TIF), adjacent normal kidney interstitial fluid (KIF), and plasma samples collected from patients. TIF nutrient composition closely resembles KIF, suggesting that tissue-specific factors unrelated to the presence of cancer exert a stronger influence on nutrient levels than tumor-driven alterations. Notably, select metabolite changes consistent with known features of RCC metabolism are found in RCC TIF, while glucose levels in TIF are not depleted to levels that are lower than those found in KIF. These findings inform tissue nutrient dynamics in RCC, highlighting a dominant role of non-cancer driven tissue factors in shaping nutrient availability in these tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deik, A. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subudhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabel, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowder, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madariaga, M. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckermann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.24.573250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite profiling of human renal cell carcinoma reveals tissue-origin dominance in nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant negative mutations in yeast Hsp90 reveal triage decision mechanism targeting client proteins for degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the fundamental processes of cells are mediated by proteins. However, the biologically-relevant mechanism of most proteins are poorly understood. Dominant negative mutations have provided a valuable tool for investigating protein mechanisms but can be difficult to isolate because of their toxic effects. We used a mutational scanning approach to identify dominant negative mutations in yeast Hsp90. Hsp90 is a chaperone that forms dynamic complexes with many co-chaperones and client proteins. In vitro analyses have elucidated some key biochemical states and structures of Hsp90, co-chaperones, and clients; however, the biological mechanism of Hsp90 remains unclear. For example, high throughput studies have found that many E3 ubiquitin ligases bind to Hsp90, but it is unclear if these are primarily clients or acting to tag other clients for degradation. We introduced a library of all point mutations in the ATPase domain of Hsp90 into yeast and noticed that 176 were more than 10-fold depleted at the earliest point that we could analyze. There were two hot spot regions of the depleted mutations that were located at the hinges of a loop that closes over ATP. We quantified the dominant negative growth effects of mutations in the hinge regions using a library of mutations driven by an inducible promoter. We analyzed individual dominant negative mutations in detail and found that addition of the E33A mutation that prevents ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90 abrogated the dominant negative phenotype. Pull-down experiments did not reveal any stable binding partners, indicating that the dominant effects were mediated by dynamic complexes. DN Hsp90 decreased the expression level of two model Hsp90 clients, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and v-src kinase. Using MG132, we found that GR was rapidly destabilized in a proteasome-dependent fashion. These findings provide evidence that the binding of E3 ligases to Hsp90 may serve a quality control function fundamental to eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.573950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant negative mutations in yeast Hsp90 reveal triage decision mechanism targeting client proteins for degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRMT5 orchestrates EGFR and AKT networks to activate NFκB and promote EMT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma remains a formidable challenge in pediatric oncology, representing 15% of cancer-related mortalities in children. Despite advancements in combinatorial and targeted treatments improving survival rates, nearly 50% of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma will ultimately succumb to their disease. Dysregulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key mechanism of tumor cell dissemination, resulting in metastasis and poor outcomes in many cancers. Our prior work identified PRMT5 as a key regulator of EMT via methylation of AKT at arginine 15, enhancing the expression of EMT-driving transcription factors and facilitating metastasis. Here, we identify that PRMT5 directly regulates the transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PRMT5, through independent modulation of the EGFR and AKT pathways, orchestrates the activation of NF{kappa}B, resulting in the upregulation of the pro-EMT transcription factors ZEB1, SNAIL, and TWIST1. Notably, EGFR and AKT form a compensatory feedback loop, reinforcing the expression of these EMT transcription factors. Small molecule inhibition of PRMT5 methyltransferase activity disrupts EGFR/AKT signaling, suppresses EMT transcription factor expression and ablates tumor growth in vivo. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of PRMT5 in the control of the EMT program in high-risk neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdejo-Torres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendy, N. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezhady, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRMT5 orchestrates EGFR and AKT networks to activate NFκB and promote EMT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FANCJ promotes PARP1 activity during DNA replication that is essential in BRCA1 deficient cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.04.574095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-stranded DNA gaps are postulated to be fundamental to the mechanism of anti-cancer drugs. Gaining insights into their induction could therefore be pivotal for advancing therapeutic strategies. For poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) to be effective, the presence of FANCJ helicase is required. However, the relationship between FANCJ dependent gaps and PARP1 catalytic inhibition or trapping--both linked to PARPi toxicity in BRCA deficient cells--is yet to be elucidated. Here, we find that the efficacy of PARPi is contingent on S-phase PARP1 activity, which is compromised in FANCJ deficient cells because PARP1, along with MSH2, is "sequestered" by G-quadruplexes. PARP1s replication activity is also diminished in cells missing a FANCJ-MLH1 interaction, but in such cells, depleting MSH2 can release sequestered PARP1, restoring PARPi-induced gaps and sensitivity. Our observations indicate that sequestered and trapped PARP1 are different chromatin-bound forms, with FANCJ loss increasing PARPi resistance in cells susceptible to canonical PARP1 trapping. However, in BRCA1 null cells, the loss of FANCJ mirrors the effects of PARP1 loss or inhibition, with the common detrimental factor being the loss of PARP1 activity during DNA replication, not trapping. These insights underline the crucial role of PARP1 activity during DNA replication in BRCA deficient cells and emphasize the importance of understanding drug mechanisms for enhancing precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGilvary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedergaard Kousholt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FANCJ promotes PARP1 activity during DNA replication that is essential in BRCA1 deficient cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA initiation and termination are spatially coordinated 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of a precise mRNA transcriptome is crucial for establishing cell identity and function, with dozens of alternative isoforms produced for a single gene sequence. The regulation of mRNA isoform usage occurs by the coordination of co-transcriptional mRNA processing mechanisms across a gene. Decisions involved in mRNA initiation and termination underlie the largest extent of mRNA isoform diversity, but little is known about any relationships between decisions at both ends of mRNA molecules. Here, we systematically profile the joint usage of mRNA transcription start sites (TSSs) and polyadenylation sites (PASs) across tissues and species. Using both short and long read RNA-seq data, we observe that mRNAs preferentially using upstream TSSs also tend to use upstream PASs, and congruently, the usage of downstream sites is similarly paired. This observation suggests that mRNA 5 end choice may directly influence mRNA 3 ends. Our results suggest a novel "Positional Initiation-Termination Axis" (PITA), in which the usage of alternative terminal sites are coupled based on the order in which they appear in the genome. PITA isoforms are more likely to encode alternative protein domains and use conserved sites. PITA is strongly associated with the length of genomic features, such that PITA is enriched in longer genes with more area devoted to regions that regulate alternative 5 or 3 ends. Strikingly, we found that PITA genes are more likely than non-PITA genes to have multiple, overlapping chromatin structural domains related to pairing of ordinally coupled start and end sites. In turn, PITA coupling is also associated with fast RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) trafficking across these long gene regions. Our findings indicate that a combination of spatial and kinetic mechanisms couple transcription initiation and mRNA 3 end decisions based on ordinal position to define the expression mRNA isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mick, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiszbein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA initiation and termination are spatially coordinated]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial characterization of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus reveals novel chemokine ligand-receptor pairs that drive disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChemokines play critical roles in the recruitment and activation of immune cells in both homeostatic and pathologic conditions. Here, we examined chemokine ligand-receptor pairs to better understand the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), a complex autoimmune connective tissue disorder.

ObjectivesOur objectives were to (1) characterize the cellular and proteomic constitution of interface dermatitis in CLE using blister biopsies, (2) map chemokine:ligand receptor pairs that govern recruitment of immune cells to form interface dermatitis in CLE, and (3) perform unbiased analyses in tandem on different clinical subtypes to identify novel genes and proteins underlying discoid versus subacute CLE.

MethodsWe used suction blister biopsies to measure cellular infiltrates with spectral flow cytometry in the interface dermatitis reaction, as well as 184 protein analytes in interstitial skin fluid using 96-plex immunoassay targeted proteomics. Flow and 96-plex immunoassay data concordantly demonstrated significant increases in T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs). We also performed spatial transcriptomics and spatial proteomics of punch biopsies using digital spatial profiling (DSP) technology on CLE skin and healthy margin controls to examine discreet locations within the tissue.

ResultsSpatial and 96-plex immunoassay data confirmed elevation of interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible CXCR3 chemokine ligands. Comparing involved versus uninvolved keratinocytes in CLE samples revealed upregulation of essential inflammatory response genes in areas near interface dermatitis, including AIM2. 96-plex immunoassay data confirmed upregulation of Caspase 8, IL-18 which is the final product of AIM2 activation, and induced chemokines including CCL8 and CXCL6 in CLE lesional samples. Chemotaxis assays using PBMCs from healthy and CLE donors revealed that T cells are equally poised to respond to CXCR3 ligands, whereas CD14+CD16+ APC populations are more sensitive to CXCL6 via CXCR1 and CD14+ are more sensitive to CCL8 via CCR2.

ConclusionsTaken together, our data map a pathway from keratinocyte injury to lymphocyte recruitment in CLE via AIM2-Casp8-IL-18-CXCL6/CXCR1 and CCL8/CCR2, and IFNG/IFNL1-CXCL9/CXCL11-CXCR3, and identify potential novel biomarkers of disease.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/574422v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e86dbeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7d0208org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1108aa8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff255f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Model of chemokine systems governing recruitment of immune cell subsets to form interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus. A. Summary of fresh tissue blister biopsy studies demonstrating increases in HLADR+ cells in nonlesional lupus biopsies as assessed by flow cytometry, and increased CXCL6 and CCL8 as assessed by 96 plex immunoassay. Lesional lupus biopsies also demonstrated significant increases in T cells and CXCL9/10/11 production. B. Model of chemokine-directed formation of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus. 1. Whole transcriptome atlas (WTA) digital spatial profiling (DSP) revealed increased AIM2 in keratinocytes proximal to inflammation, which is reported to be induced by environmental triggers including UV light and toxins. We also noted increased Caspase 8 (Casp8) and IL18 at the protein level, which can be induced downstream of AIM2. Chemokines including CXCL6 and CCL8 can be induced downstream of IL18, explaining how CCL8 and CXCL6 might be induced. 2. Recruitment of myeloid cell first responders by CCL8 and CXCL6. CD14+CD16+ myeloid cells, which were recently described in nonlesional lupus skin, express CXCR1 and migrate towards CXCL6, whereas CD14+CD16-myeloid cells express more CCR2 and migrate towards CCL8. 3. The CXCR3 ligands CXCL9/10/11 are expressed by keratinocytes, but more strongly in CD45+ immune cell and T cell regions of interest (ROIs). 4. T cells express CXCR3 and migrate towards CXCL9 and to a greater extent CXCL11. 5. The recruited HLADR+ myeloid populations and T cells contribute to formation of interface dermatitis. Thus, we propose a model in which keratinocyte/myeloid crosstalk can reinforce chemokine systems to optimally recruit lymphocytes and other immune cells to form interface dermatitis. Created with Biorender.com.

Plain language summaryLupus skin rashes arise during flares, after exposure to medications or sunlight, or in response to other triggers of inflammation. To understand how white blood cells enter the skin to cause these rashes, we used new technologies to look at proteins that attract them into the skin. We found proteins that are expressed by skin cells in lesions that can recruit specific types of white blood cells that are thought to be the initiators of skin rashes. Once in the skin, these and other white blood cells can make additional proteins that bring in more and more cells. We hope that our findings will be used to test new topical treatments for lupus and other autoimmune skin rashes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddadi, N.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubov, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raef, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz-Altay, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refat, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galindo de Laflin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akabane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassner, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopelja-Gardner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial characterization of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus reveals novel chemokine ligand-receptor pairs that drive disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in Alu vs L1-rich chromosome bands underpin architectural reorganization of the inactive-X chromosome and SAHFs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The linear DNA sequence of mammalian chromosomes is organized in large blocks of DNA with similar sequence properties, producing a pattern of dark and light staining bands on mitotic chromosomes. Cytogenetic banding is essentially invariant between people and cell-types and thus may be assumed unrelated to genome regulation. We investigate whether large blocks of Alu-rich R-bands and L1-rich G-bands provide a framework upon which functional genome architecture is built. We examine two models of large-scale chromatin condensation: X-chromosome inactivation and formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHFs). XIST RNA triggers gene silencing but also formation of the condensed Barr Body (BB), thought to reflect cumulative gene silencing. However, we find Alu-rich regions are depleted from the L1-rich BB, supporting it is a dense core but not the entire chromosome. Alu-rich bands are also gene-rich, affirming our earlier findings that genes localize at the outer periphery of the BB. SAHFs similarly form within each territory by coalescence of syntenic L1 regions depleted for highly Alu-rich DNA. Analysis of senescent cell Hi-C data also shows large contiguous blocks of G-band and R-band DNA remodel as a segmental unit. Entire dark-bands gain distal intrachromosomal interactions as L1-rich regions form the SAHF. Most striking is that sharp Alu peaks within R-bands resist these changes in condensation. We further show that Chr19, which is exceptionally Alu rich, fails to form a SAHF. Collective results show regulation of genome architecture corresponding to large blocks of DNA and demonstrate resistance of segments with high Alu to chromosome condensation.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=179 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/574742v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5ac4b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1298a63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3c8b01org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9f5f4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byron, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in Alu vs L1-rich chromosome bands underpin architectural reorganization of the inactive-X chromosome and SAHFs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAMBI: Integrative biostatistical and artificial-intelligence method discover coding and non-coding RNA genes as biomarkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate disease diagnosis and prognosis are crucial for effective treatment management and improving patient outcomes. However, accurately detecting early signs of certain diseases or recurrence remains challenging. Existing machine-learning methods for identifying gene expression biomarkers have several limitations, including poor performance on independent test datasets, inability to directly process omics data, and difficulty in identifying noncoding RNA genes as biomarkers. Additionally, these methods may not provide sufficient biological interpretation of their results, and the panel biomarkers they identify may not be suitable for clinical application. To address these limitations, we have developed a new computational method called BAMBI, which integrates multiple machine-learning algorithms and statistical approaches to identify putative coding and noncoding genes as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. We evaluated BAMBI ability to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers by analyzing multiple RNA-seq datasets from cancerous and non-cancerous diseases at population levels. The results from BAMBI demonstrate significant biological interpretability and state-of-the-art prediction performance. When the singular gene identified by BAMBI is used as a diagnostic biomarker, it achieves a balance accuracy exceeding 95% in studies of both breast cancer and psoriasis. Additionally, the prognostic biomarkers that BAMBI identifies from RNA-seq data of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients significantly correlate with the survival rates in an independent AML patient cohort. Additionally, BAMBI outperforms existing methods by delivering more robust results, identifying biomarkers with fewer genes, and simultaneously achieving superior prediction accuracy. We have implemented BAMBI into user-friendly software for the research community. In summary, BAMBI serves as a more reliable pipeline for identifying both coding and noncoding genes as biosignature markers, enhancing the accuracy of disease diagnosis and prognosis. BAMBI is available via https://github.com/CZhouLab/BAMBI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAMBI: Integrative biostatistical and artificial-intelligence method discover coding and non-coding RNA genes as biomarkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do organisms need an impact factor? Citations of key biological resources including model organisms reveal usage patterns and impact. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research resources like transgenic animals and antibodies are the workhorses of biomedicine, enabling investigators to relatively easily study specific disease conditions. As key biological resources, transgenic animals and antibodies are often validated, maintained, and distributed from university based stock centers. As these centers heavily rely largely on grant funding, it is critical that they are cited by investigators so that usage can be tracked. However, unlike systems for tracking the impact of papers, the conventions and systems for tracking key resource usage and impact lag behind. Previous studies have shown that about 50% of the resources are not findable, making the studies they are supporting irreproducible, but also makes tracking resources difficult. The RRID project is filling this gap by working with journals and resource providers to improve citation practices and to track the usage of these key resources. Here, we reviewed 10 years of citation practices for five university based stock centers, characterizing each reference into two broad categories: findable (authors could use the RRID, stock number, or full name) and not findable (authors could use a nickname or a common name that is not unique to the resource). The data revealed that when stock centers asked their communities to cite resources by RRID, in addition to helping stock centers more easily track resource usage by increasing the number of RRID papers, authors shifted from citing resources predominantly by nickname ([~]50% of the time) to citing them by one of the findable categories ([~]85%) in a matter of several years. In the case of one stock center, the MMRRC, the improvement in findability is also associated with improvements in the adherence to NIH rigor criteria, as determined by a significant increase in the Rigor and Transparency Index for studies using MMRRC mice. From this data, it was not possible to determine whether outreach to authors or changes to stock center websites drove better citation practices, but findability of research resources and rigor adherence was improved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piekniewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelandse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korf, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James-Zorn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do organisms need an impact factor? Citations of key biological resources including model organisms reveal usage patterns and impact.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of respiratory complexes adaptation to cold temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to cold, mammals activate brown fat for respiratory-dependent thermogenesis reliant on the electron transport chain (1, 2). Yet, the structural basis of respiratory complex adaptation to cold remains elusive. Herein we combined thermoregulatory physiology and cryo-EM to study endogenous respiratory supercomplexes exposed to different temperatures. A cold-induced conformation of CI:III2 (termed type 2) was identified with a [~]25{degrees} rotation of CIII2 around its inter-dimer axis, shortening inter-complex Q exchange space, and exhibiting different catalytic states which favor electron transfer. Large-scale supercomplex simulations in lipid membrane reveal how unique lipid-protein arrangements stabilize type 2 complexes to enhance catalytic activity. Together, our cryo-EM studies, multiscale simulations and biochemical analyses unveil the mechanisms and dynamics of respiratory adaptation at the structural and energetic level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre-Muro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurabekova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdorevskyi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puigserver, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of respiratory complexes adaptation to cold temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-domain antibodies reveal unique borreliacidal epitopes on the Lyme disease vaccine antigen, Outer surface protein A (OspA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Camelid-derived, single-domain antibodies (VHHs) have proven to be extremely powerful tools in defining the antigenic landscape of immunologically heterogeneous surface proteins. In this report, we generated a phage-displayed VHH library directed against the candidate Lyme disease vaccine antigen, Outer surface protein A (OspA). Two alpacas were immunized with recombinant OspA serotype 1 (ST1) from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain B31, in combination with the canine vaccine RECOMBITEK(R) Lyme containing lipidated OspA. The phage library was subjected to two rounds of affinity enrichment ("panning") against recombinant OspA, yielding 21 unique VHHs within two epitope bins, as determined through competition ELISAs with a panel of OspA-specific human monoclonal antibodies. Epitope refinement was conducted by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS). Six of the monovalent VHHs were expressed as human IgG1-Fc fusion proteins and shown to have functional properties associated with protective human monoclonal antibodies, including B. burgdorferi agglutination, outer membrane damage, and complement-dependent borreliacidal activity. The VHHs displayed unique reactivity profiles with the seven OspA serotypes associated with B. burgdorferi genospecies in the United States and Europe consistent with there being conserved epitopes across OspA serotypes that should be considered when designing and evaluating multivalent Lyme disease vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vance, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, H. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muriuki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-domain antibodies reveal unique borreliacidal epitopes on the Lyme disease vaccine antigen, Outer surface protein A (OspA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic agonist PNU282987 induces pro-inflammatory gene expression via the MCOLN1-TFEB pathway in murine macrophages. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 are crucial for regulating autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and lipid metabolism, and have significant roles in macrophage function and innate immunity. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7nAChR), a ligand-gated Ca2+ channel known for its therapeutic potential in neurological and inflammatory disorders, has been implicated in modulating immune responses by modulating macrophage function. Stimulation of 7nAChR with chemical agonists has been claimed to activate TFEB in pancreatic acinar cells and neurons. However, the impact of 7nAChR activation on TFEB and TFE3 in macrophages remained unknown, posing an important question due to the potential implications for inflammation regulation. This study investigates the effects of acute 7nAChR activation on TFEB-mediated responses in murine macrophages using the specific agonist PNU-282987. We demonstrate that 7nAChR stimulation triggers TFEB nuclear translocation and lysosomal expansion. Surprisingly, PNU-282987 induces a broad pro-inflammatory gene signature without concomitant cytokine secretion, suggesting an uncoupling of gene expression from cytokine release. Mechanistically, TFEB activation requires the lysosomal Ca2+ exporter MCOLN1 and the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase PPP3/calcineurin. Additionally, PNU-282987 elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ROS are involved in TFEB activation by PNU-282987. Notably, even with 7nAChR deletion, compensatory ROS-mediated TFEB activation persists, suggesting the involvement of additional nicotinic receptors. Our findings reveal a novel 7nAChR-TFEB signaling axis in macrophages, offer new insights into the cholinergic regulation of immune responses, establish a baseline for comparison with disease states, and identify potential therapeutic targets for modulating inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honwad, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogunovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic agonist PNU282987 induces pro-inflammatory gene expression via the MCOLN1-TFEB pathway in murine macrophages.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.574039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota encoded fatty-acid metabolism expands tuft cells to protect tissues homeostasis during Clostridioides difficile infection in the large intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.574039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic byproducts of the intestinal microbiota are crucial in maintaining host immune tone and shaping inter-species ecological dynamics. Among these metabolites, succinate is a driver of tuft cell (TC) differentiation and consequent type 2 immunity-dependent protection against invading parasites in the small intestine. Succinate is also a growth enhancer of the nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile in the large intestine. To date, no research has shown the role of succinate in modulating TC dynamics in the large intestine, or the relevance of this immune pathway to C. difficile pathophysiology. Here we reveal the existence of a three-way circuit between commensal microbes, C. difficile and host epithelial cells which centers around succinate. Through selective microbiota depletion experiments we demonstrate higher levels of type 2 cytokines leading to expansion of TCs in the colon. We then demonstrate the causal role of the microbiome in modulating colonic TC abundance and subsequent type 2 cytokine induction using rational supplementation experiments with fecal transplants and microbial consortia of succinate-producing bacteria. We show that administration of a succinate-deficient Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron knockout ({Delta}frd) significantly reduces the enhanced type 2 immunity in mono-colonized mice. Finally, we demonstrate that mice prophylactically administered with the consortium of succinate-producing bacteria show reduced C. difficile-induced morbidity and mortality compared to mice administered with heat-killed bacteria or the vehicle. This effect is reduced in a partial tuft cell knockout mouse, Pou2f3+/-, and nullified in the tuft cell knockout mouse, Pou2f3-/-, confirming that the observed protection occurs via the TC pathway. Succinate is an intermediary metabolite of the production of short-chain fatty acids, and its concentration often increases during dysbiosis. The first barrier to enteric pathogens alike is the intestinal epithelial barrier, and host maintenance and strengthening of barrier integrity is vital to homeostasis. Considering our data, we propose that activation of TC by the microbiota-produced succinate in the colon is a mechanism evolved by the host to counterbalance microbiome-derived cues that facilitate invasion by intestinal pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortzfeld, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeamer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.574039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota encoded fatty-acid metabolism expands tuft cells to protect tissues homeostasis during Clostridioides difficile infection in the large intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans Multidrug Resistance Protein 5 (MRP-5) Transports Vitamin B12 from the Intestine to the Gonad to Support Embryonic Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for methionine synthase to produce the anabolic methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase to catabolize the short chain fatty acid propionate. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, maternally supplied vitamin B12 is required for the development of her offspring. However, the mechanism for exporting vitamin B12 from the mother to her offspring is not yet known. Here, we use RNAi of more than 200 transporters with a vitamin B12-sensor transgene to identify the ABC transporter MRP-5 as a candidate vitamin B12 exporter. We show that injection of vitamin B12 into the gonad of mrp-5 deficient mothers rescues embryonic lethality in her offspring. Altogether, our findings identify a maternal mechanism for the transit of an essential vitamin to support the development of the next generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Na, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans Multidrug Resistance Protein 5 (MRP-5) Transports Vitamin B12 from the Intestine to the Gonad to Support Embryonic Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence polarization control for on-off switching of single molecules at cryogenic temperatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light microscopy allowing sub-diffraction limited resolution has been among the fastest developing techniques at the interface of biology, chemistry and physics. Intriguingly no theoretical limit exists on how far the underlying measurement uncertainty can be lowered. In particular data fusion of large amounts of images can reduce the measurement error to match the resolution of structural methods like cryo-electron microscopy. Fluorescence, although reliant on a reporter molecule and therefore not the first choice to obtain ultra resolution structures, brings highly specific labeling of molecules in a large assemble to the table and inherently allows the detection of multiple colors, which enable the interrogation of multiple molecular species at the same time in the same sample. Here we discuss the problems to be solved in the coming years to aim for higher resolution and describe what polarization depletion of fluorescence at cryogenic temperatures can contribute for fluorescence imaging of biological samples like whole cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hulleman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallinga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence polarization control for on-off switching of single molecules at cryogenic temperatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fission Yeast S-Phase Cyclin Cig2 Can Drive Mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Commitment to mitosis is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the major B-type cyclin, Cdc13, is necessary and sufficient to drive mitotic entry. Furthermore, Cdc13 is also sufficient to drive S phase, demonstrating that a single cyclin can regulate alternating rounds of replication and mitosis and providing the foundation of the quantitative model of CDK function. It has been assumed that Cig2, a B-type cyclin expressed only during S-phase and incapable of driving mitosis in wild-type cells, was specialized for S-phase regulation. Here, we show that Cig2 is capable of driving mitosis. Cig2/CDK activity drives mitotic catastrophe--lethal mitosis in inviably small cells--in cells that lack CDK inhibition by tyrosine-phosphorylation. Moreover, Cig2/CDK can drive mitosis in the absence of Cdc13/CDK activity and constitutive expression of Cig2 can rescue loss of Cdc13 activity. These results demonstrate that in fission yeast, not only can the presumptive M-phase cyclin drive S phase, but the presumptive S-phase cyclin can drive M phase, further supporting the quantitative model of CDK function. Furthermore, these results provide an explanation, previously proposed on the basis of computational analyses, for the surprising observation that cells expressing a single-chain Cdc13-Cdc2 CDK do not require Y15 phosphorylation for viability. Their viability is due to the fact that in such cells, which lack Cig2/CDK complexes, Cdc13/CDK activity is unable to drive mitotic catastrophe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keifenheim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fission Yeast S-Phase Cyclin Cig2 Can Drive Mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Identification of Early-Firing Human Replication Origins by Optical Replication Mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of DNA replication is largely regulated by the location and timing of replication origin firing. Therefore, much effort has been invested in identifying and analyzing human replication origins. However, the heterogeneous nature of eukaryotic replication kinetics and the low efficiency of individual origins in metazoans has made mapping the location and timing of replication initiation in human cells difficult. We have mapped early-firing origins in HeLa cells using Optical Replication Mapping, a high-throughput single-molecule approach based on Bionano Genomics genomic mapping technology. The single-molecule nature and 290-fold coverage of our dataset allowed us to identify origins that fire with as little as 1% efficiency. We find sites of human replication initiation in early S phase are not confined to well-defined efficient replication origins, but are instead distributed across broad initiation zones consisting of many inefficient origins. These early-firing initiation zones co-localize with initiation zones inferred from Okazaki-fragment-mapping analysis and are enriched in ORC1 binding sites. Although most early-firing origins fire in early-replication regions of the genome, a significant number fire in late-replicating regions, suggesting that the major difference between origins in early and late replicating regions is their probability of firing in early S-phase, as opposed to qualitative differences in their firing-time distributions. This observation is consistent with stochastic models of origin timing regulation, which explain the regulation of replication timing in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Identification of Early-Firing Human Replication Origins by Optical Replication Mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hyperthermophilic phage decoration protein suggests common evolutionary origin with Herpesvirus Triplex proteins and an anti-CRISPR protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus capsid proteins reproducibly self-assemble into regularly-shaped, stable shells that protect the viral genome from external environmental assaults, while maintaining the high internal pressure of the tightly packaged viral genome. To elucidate how capsids maintain stability under harsh conditions, we investigated the capsid components of a hyperthermophilic virus, phage P74-26. We determined the structure of a capsid protein gp87 and show that it has the same fold as trimeric decoration proteins that enhance the structural stability of capsids in many other phage, despite lacking significant sequence homology. We also find that gp87 is significantly more stable than its mesophilic homologs, reflecting the high temperature environment in which phage P74-26 thrives. Our analysis of the gp87 structure reveals that the core domain of the decoration protein is conserved in trimeric capsid components across numerous dsDNA viruses, including human pathogens such as Herpesviruses. Moreover, this core {beta}-barrel domain is found in the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIC1, which suggests a mechanism for the evolution of this broad spectrum Cas9 inhibitor. Our work illustrates the principles for increased stability of a thermophilic decoration protein, and extends the evolutionary reach of the core trimeric decoration protein fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloran, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hyperthermophilic phage decoration protein suggests common evolutionary origin with Herpesvirus Triplex proteins and an anti-CRISPR protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond pseudotime: Following T-cell maturation in single-cell RNAseq time series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular development has traditionally been described as a series of transitions between discrete cell states, such as the sequence of double negative, double positive and single positive stages in T-cell development. Recent advances in single cell transcriptomics suggest an alternative description of development, in which cells follow continuous transcriptomic trajectories. A cells state along such a trajectory can be captured with pseudotemporal ordering, which however is not able to predict development of the system in real time. We present pseudodynamics, a mathematical framework that integrates time-series and genetic knock-out information with such transcriptome-based descriptions in order to describe and analyze the real-time evolution of the system. Pseudodynamics models the distribution of a cell population across a continuous cell state coordinate over time based on a stochastic differential equation along developmental trajectories and random switching between trajectories in branching regions. To illustrate feasibility, we use pseudodynamics to estimate cell-state-dependent growth and differentiation of thymic T-cell development. The model approximates a developmental potential function (Waddingtons landscape) and suggests that thymic T-cell development is biphasic and not strictly deterministic before beta-selection. Pseudodynamics generalizes classical discrete population models to continuous states and thus opens possibilities such as probabilistic model selection to single cell genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernfeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genga, R. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond pseudotime: Following T-cell maturation in single-cell RNAseq time series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 unmasks the plasticity of innate lymphoid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1-infected people who take medications that suppress viremia, preserve CD4+ T cells, and prevent AIDS, have chronic inflammation with increased cardiovascular mortality. To investigate the etiology of this inflammation, the effect of HIV-1 on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and NK cells was examined. Homeostatic ILCs in blood and intestine were depleted permanently. NK cells were skewed towards a memory subset. Cytokines that are elevated during HIV-1 infection reproduced both abnormalities ex vivo. Pseudotime analysis of single NK cell transcriptomes revealed a developmental trajectory towards a subset with expression profile, chromatin state, and biological function like memory T lymphocytes. Expression of TCF7, a WNT transcription factor, increased over the course of the trajectory. TCF7 disruption, or WNT inhibition, prevented memory NK cell induction by inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines associated with HIV-1 infection irreversibly disrupt homeostatic ILCs and cause developmental shift towards TCF7+ memory NK cells.nnHighlightsO_LIHIV-1 infection depletes homeostatic ILCs in blood and intestine and shifts NK cells towards a memory cell phenotype, irrespective of viremia or CD4 countnC_LIO_LIInflammatory cytokines recapitulate ILC and NK cell abnormalities ex vivonC_LIO_LITCF7 expression correlates with a developmental trajectory that culminates in memory NK cellsnC_LIO_LITCF7/WNT signaling is required for establishment of memory NK cellsnC_LInnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=172 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/221010v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (32K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ae82a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@103b2b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c9585aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c7bb2d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenough, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 unmasks the plasticity of innate lymphoid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Export Through Nuclear Envelope Remodeling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, subsets of exported mRNAs are organized into large ribonucleoprotein (megaRNP) granules. How megaRNPs exit the nucleus is unclear, as their diameters are much larger than the nuclear pore complex (NPC) central channel. We previously identified a non-canonical nuclear export mechanism in Drosophila (Speese et al., Cell 2012) and mammals (Ding et al., in preparation), in which megaRNPs exit the nucleus by budding across nuclear envelope (NE) membranes. Here, we present evidence for a similar pathway in the nucleus of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, which contain morphologically similar granules bearing mRNAs. Wild-type yeast displayed these granules at very low frequency, but this frequency was dramatically increased when the non-essential NPC protein Nup116 was deleted. These granules were not artifacts of defective NPCs; a mutation in the exportin XPO1 (CRM1), in which NPCs are normal, induced similar megaRNP upregulation. We hypothesize that a non-canonical nuclear export pathway, analogous to those observed in Drosophila and in mammalian cells, exists in yeast, and that this pathway is upregulated for use when NPCs or nuclear export are impaired.nnSUMMARYDing et al., describe a non-canonical mRNA export pathway in budding yeast similar to that observed in Drosophila. This pathway appears upregulated when the NPC is impaired, nuclear envelope integrity is disrupted, or the export factor Xpo1 (CRM1) is defective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Export Through Nuclear Envelope Remodeling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the in vivo cellular correlates of antipsychotic drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antipsychotics have revolutionized the treatment of mental illness from the 1950s (Hippius, 1989; Shen, 1992). Even today antipsychotics are the preferred treatment for a number of mood disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, severe depression etc. (Blier, 2005; Cookson, 2008; Leucht et al., 2009; McDougle et al., 2000). However, the mechanism of action of antipsychotics still remains sketchy and controversial. The brain areas, neural circuits and cellular targets involved in the effects of antipsychotics need to be better identified.nnDrug binding studies suggest dopamine receptor D2 and serotonin receptor 5-HT2A as the prime targets of antipsychotics based on binding affinities (Roth et al., 1994, 2004; Yadav et al., 2011a). Based on the relative affinity for t ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PANICKER, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the in vivo cellular correlates of antipsychotic drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncoupling Intraflagellar Transport and Primary Cilia Formation Demonstrates Deep Integration of IFT in Hedgehog Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate hedgehog pathway is organized in primary cilia and hedgehog components relocate into or out of cilia during signaling. Defects in intraflagellar transport (IFT) typically disrupt ciliary assembly and attenuate hedgehog signaling. Determining if IFT drives the movement of hedgehog components is difficult due to the requirement of IFT for building cilia. Unlike most IFT proteins, IFT27 is dispensable for cilia formation but affects hedgehog signaling similar to other IFTs allowing us to examine its role in the dynamics of signaling. Activating signaling at points along the pathway in Ift27 mutant cells showed that IFT is extensively involved in the pathway. Similar analysis of Bbs mutant cells showed that BBS proteins participate at many levels of signaling but are not needed to concentrate Gli transcription factors at the ciliary tip. Our analysis showed that smoothened delivery to cilia does not require IFT27, but the role of other IFTs is not known. Using a rapamycin-induced dimerization system to stop IFT after ciliary assembly was complete we show that smoothened delivery to cilia is IFT independent.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eguether, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordelieres, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncoupling Intraflagellar Transport and Primary Cilia Formation Demonstrates Deep Integration of IFT in Hedgehog Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational control of translation termination on the 70S ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation termination ensures proper lengths of cellular proteins. During termination, release factor (RF) recognizes a stop codon and catalyzes peptide release. Conformational changes in RF are thought to underlie accurate translation termination. If true, the release factor should bind the A-site codon in inactive (compact) conformation(s), but structural studies of ribosome termination complexes have only captured RFs in an extended, active conformation. Here, we identify a hyper-accurate RF1 variant, and present crystal structures of 70S termination complexes that suggest a structural pathway for RF1 activation. In the presence of blasticidin S, the catalytic domain of RF1 is removed from the peptidyl-transferase center, whereas the codon-recognition domain is fully engaged in stop-codon recognition in the decoding center. RF1 codon recognition induces decoding-center rearrangements that precede accommodation of the catalytic domain. Our findings suggest how structural dynamics of RF1 and the ribosome coordinate stop-codon recognition with peptide release, ensuring accurate translation termination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Svidritskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational control of translation termination on the 70S ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide analysis of the functional intronome using spliceosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Full understanding of eukaryotic transcriptomes and how they respond to different conditions requires deep knowledge of all sites of intron excision. Although RNA-Seq provides much of this information, the low abundance of many spliced transcripts (often due to their rapid cytoplasmic decay) limits the ability of RNA-Seq alone to reveal the full repertoire of spliced species. Here we present "spliceosome profiling", a strategy based on deep sequencing of RNAs co-purifying with late stage spliceosomes. Spliceosome profiling allows for unambiguous mapping of intron ends to single nucleotide resolution and branchpoint identification at unprecedented depths. Our data reveal hundreds of new introns in S. pombe and numerous others that were previously misannotated. By providing a means to directly interrogate sites of spliceosome assembly and catalysis genome-wide, spliceosome profiling promises to transform our understanding of RNA processing in the nucleus much like ribosome profiling has transformed our understanding mRNA translation in the cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulha, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide analysis of the functional intronome using spliceosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Phagocyte Oxidase Controls Tolerance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protection from infectious disease relies on two distinct mechanisms. "Antimicrobial resistance" directly inhibits pathogen growth, whereas "infection tolerance" controls tissue damage. A single immune-mediator can differentially contribute to these mechanisms in distinct contexts, confounding our understanding of protection to different pathogens. For example, the NADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase complex (Phox) produces anti-microbial superoxides and protects from tuberculosis in humans. However, Phox-deficient mice do not display the expected defect in resistance to M. tuberculosis leaving the role of this complex unclear. We re-examined the mechanisms by which Phox contributes to protection from TB and found that mice lacking the Cybb subunit of Phox suffered from a specific defect in tolerance, which was due to unregulated Caspase1 activation, IL-1{beta} production, and neutrophil influx into the lung. These studies demonstrate that Phox-derived superoxide protect against TB by promoting tolerance to persistent infection, and highlight a central role for Caspase1 in regulating TB disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiritsy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Phagocyte Oxidase Controls Tolerance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ORBIT: a new paradigm for geneticengineering of mycobacterial chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current methods for genome engineering in mycobacteria rely on relatively inefficient recombination systems that require the laborious construction of a long double-stranded DNA substrate for each desired modification. We combined two efficient recombination systems to produce a versatile method for high-throughput chromosomal engineering that obviates the need for the preparation of double-stranded DNA recombination substrates. A synthetic "targeting oligonucleotide" is incorporated into the chromosome via homologous recombination mediated by the phage Che9c RecT annelase. This oligo contains a site-specific recombination site for the directional Bxb1 integrase (Int), which allows the simultaneous integration of a "payload plasmid" that contains a cognate recombination site and selectable marker. The targeting oligo and payload plasmid are co-transformed into a RecT- and Int-expressing strain, and drug-resistant homologous recombinants are selected in a single step. A library of reusable target-independent payload plasmids is available to generate knockouts and promoter replacements, or to fuse the C-terminal-encoding regions of target genes with tags of various functionalities. This new system is called ORBIT (Oligo-mediated Recombineering followed by Bxb1 Integrase Targeting) and is ideally suited for the creation of libraries consisting of large numbers of deletions, insertions or fusions in a target bacterium. We demonstrate the utility of ORBIT by the construction of insertions or deletions in over 100 genes in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis. The report describes the first genetic engineering technique for making selectable chromosomal fusions and deletions that does not require the construction of target- or modification-specific double-stranded DNA recombination substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nambi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ORBIT: a new paradigm for geneticengineering of mycobacterial chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OMEGA: a software tool for the management, analysis, and dissemination of intracellular trafficking data that incorporates motion type classification and quality control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MOTIVATIONParticle tracking coupled with time-lapse microscopy is critical for understanding the dynamics of intracellular processes of clinical importance. Spurred on by advances in the spatiotemporal resolution of microscopy and automated computational methods, this field is increasingly amenable to multi-dimensional high-throughput data collection schemes (Snijder et al., 2012). Typically, complex particle tracking datasets generated by individual laboratories are produced with incompatible methodologies that preclude comparison to each other. There is therefore an unmet need for data management systems that facilitate data standardization, meta-analysis, and structured data dissemination. The integration of analysis, visualization, and quality control capabilities into such systems would eliminate the need for manual transfer of data to diverse downstream analysis tools. At the same time, it would lay the foundation for shared trajectory data, particle tracking, and motion analysis standards.

RESULTSHere, we present Open Microscopy Environment inteGrated Analysis (OMEGA), a cross-platform data management, analysis, and visualization system, for particle tracking data, with particular emphasis on results from viral and vesicular trafficking experiments. OMEGA provides intuitive graphical interfaces to implement integrated particle tracking and motion analysis workflows while providing easy to use facilities to automatically keep track of error propagation, harvest data provenance and ensure the persistence of analysis results and metadata. Specifically, OMEGA: 1) imports image data and metadata from data management tools such as the Open Microscopy Environment Remote Objects (OMERO; Allan et al., 2012); 2) tracks intracellular particles movement; 3) facilitates parameter optimization and trajectory results inspection and validation; 4) performs downstream trajectory analysis and motion type classification; 5) estimates the uncertainty propagating through the motion analysis pipeline; and, 6) facilitates storage and dissemination of analysis results, and analysis definition metadata, on the basis of our newly proposed FAIRsharing.org complainant Minimum Information About Particle Tracking Experiments (MIAPTE; Rigano and Strambio-De-Castillia, 2016; 2017) guidelines in combination with the OME-XML data model (Goldberg et al., 2005). In so doing, OMEGA maintains a persistent link between raw image data, intermediate analysis steps, the overall analysis output, and all necessary metadata to repeat the analysis process and reproduce its results.

Availability and implementationOMEGA is a cross-platform, open-source software developed in Java. Source code and cross-platform binaries are freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/OmegaProject/Omega (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2535523), under the GNU General Public License v.3.

Contactcaterina.strambio@umassmed.edu and alex.rigano@umassmed.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary Material is available at BioRxiv.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulietti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sbalzarini, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OMEGA: a software tool for the management, analysis, and dissemination of intracellular trafficking data that incorporates motion type classification and quality control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elimination of PCR duplicates in RNA-seq and small RNA-seq using unique molecular identifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-seq and small RNA-seq are powerful, quantitative tools to study gene regulation and function. Common high-throughput sequencing methods rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to expand the starting material, but not every molecule amplifies equally, causing some to be overrepresented. Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) can be used to distinguish undesirable PCR duplicates derived from a single molecule and identical but biologically meaningful reads from different molecules. We have incorporated UMIs into RNA-seq and small RNA-seq protocols and developed tools to analyze the resulting data. Our UMIs contain stretches of random nucleotides whose lengths sufficiently capture diverse molecule species in both RNA-seq and small RNA-seq libraries generated from mouse testis. Our approach yields high-quality data while allowing unique tagging of all molecules in high-depth libraries. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate that our methods increase the reproducibility of RNA-seq and small RNA-seq data. Notably, we find that the amount of starting material and sequencing depth, but not the number of PCR cycles, determine PCR duplicate frequency. Finally, we show that computational removal of PCR duplicates based only on their mapping coordinates introduces substantial bias into data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elimination of PCR duplicates in RNA-seq and small RNA-seq using unique molecular identifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNBP controls c-Rel dependent IL-12 β gene transcription and Th1 immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An inducible program of inflammatory gene expression is a hallmark of antimicrobial defenses. Herein, we identified Cellular nucleic acid binding protein (Cnbp) as a specific regulator of interleukin-12{beta} gene transcription and Th1 immunity. Cnbp resides in the cytosol of macrophages and translocates to the nucleus in response to a broad range of microbial ligands. Cnbp-deficient macrophages had a selective impairment in their ability to induce IL12{beta} gene transcription. Cnbp interacted with c-Rel, an NF{kappa}B/Rel family member that controls IL12{beta} gene transcription. c-Rel nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity were dependent on Cnbp. Furthermore, Cnbp itself bound the IL12{beta} promoter. Lastly, Cnbp-deficient mice were more susceptible to acute toxoplasmosis associated with reduced production of IL12{beta}, as well as a reduced Th1 cell IFN{gamma} response essential to control parasite replication. Collectively, these findings identify Cnbp as a key regulator of c-Rel dependent IL12{beta} gene transcription and Th1 immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knipe, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzinelli, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNBP controls c-Rel dependent IL-12 β gene transcription and Th1 immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Herpes ICP8 protein stimulates homologous recombination in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombineering has transformed functional genomic analysis. Genome modification by recombineering using the phage lambda Red SynExo homologous recombination proteins Beta in Escherichia coli has approached 100% efficiency. While highly efficient in E. coli, recombineering using the Red SynExo in other organisms declines in efficiency roughly correlating with phylogenetic distance from E. coli. SynExo recombinases are common to double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a variety of organisms, including humans. Human Herpes virus Type 1 (HHV1) encodes a SynExo comprised of ICP8 synaptase and UL12 exonuclease. In a previous study, the Herpes SynExo was reconstituted in vitro and shown to catalyze a model recombination reaction. Here we describe stimulation of gene targeting to edit a novel fluorescent protein gene in the human genome using ICP8 and compared its efficiency to that of a "humanized" version of Beta protein from phage {lambda}. ICP8 significantly enhanced gene targeting rates in HEK 293 T cells while Beta was not only unable to catalyze recombineering but inhibited gene targeting using endogenous recombination functions, despite both synaptases being well-expressed and localized to the nucleus. This proof of concept encourages developing species-specific SynExo recombinases for genome engineering.nnSIGNIFICANCEGenome modification by recombineering using SynExo viral recombination proteins has transformed functional genomic analysis in bacteria. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) recombineering approaches 100% efficiency in E. coli using Beta protein from bacteriophage lambda, but recombineering has not been extended to eukaryotic genomes. Efficient recombineering requires SynExos that co-evolved with a viral host, however SynExos are common to viruses infecting a variety of organisms, including humans. The ICP8 protein of Human Herpes virus Type 1 is a SynExo protein similar to Beta. In this pioneering study, Herpes ICP8 stimulated gene targeting in a human genome by homologous recombination while the bacterial virus Beta protein inhibited recombination in human cells. This is the first demonstration of host-specific recombineering in human cells using a human viral SynExo protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valledor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Herpes ICP8 protein stimulates homologous recombination in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TRIM-NHL protein NHL-2 is a Novel Co-Factor of the CSR-1 and HRDE-1 22G-RNA Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper regulation of germline gene expression is essential for fertility and maintaining species integrity. In the C. elegans germline, a diverse repertoire of regulatory pathways promote the expression of endogenous germline genes and limit the expression of deleterious transcripts to maintain genome homeostasis. Here we show that the conserved TRIM-NHL protein, NHL-2, plays an essential role in the C. elegans germline, modulating germline chromatin and meiotic chromosome organization. We uncover a role for NHL-2 as a co-factor in both positively (CSR-1) and negatively (HRDE-1) acting germline 22G-small RNA pathways and the somatic nuclear RNAi pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NHL-2 is a bona fide RNA binding protein and, along with RNA-seq data point to a small RNA independent role for NHL-2 in regulating transcripts at the level of RNA stability. Collectively, our data implicate NHL-2 as an essential hub of gene regulatory activity in both the germline and soma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boag, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunzburg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilce, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claycomb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TRIM-NHL protein NHL-2 is a Novel Co-Factor of the CSR-1 and HRDE-1 22G-RNA Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIWI Proteins Act at Multiple Steps in the Production of Their Own Guides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, piRNAs guide PIWI-proteins to silence transposons and regulate gene expression. The mechanisms for making piRNAs have been proposed to differ among cell types, tissues, and animals. Our data instead suggest a single model that explains piRNA production in most animals. piRNAs initiate piRNA production by guiding PIWI proteins to slice precursor transcripts. Next, PIWI proteins direct the stepwise fragmentation of the sliced precursor transcripts, yielding tail-to-head strings of phased pre-piRNAs. Our analyses detect evidence for this piRNA biogenesis strategy across an evolutionarily broad range of animals including humans. Thus, PIWI proteins initiate and sustain piRNA biogenesis by the same mechanism in species whose last common ancestor predates the branching of most animal lineages. The unified model places PIWI-clade Argonautes at the center of piRNA biology and suggests that the ancestral animal--the Urmetazoan--used PIWI proteins both to generate piRNA guides and to execute piRNA function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIWI Proteins Act at Multiple Steps in the Production of Their Own Guides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Automated Bayesian Pipeline for Rapid Analysis of Single-Molecule Binding Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule binding assays enable the study of how molecular machines assemble and function. Current algorithms can identify and locate individual molecules, but require tedious manual validation of each spot. Moreover, no solution for high-throughput analysis of single-molecule binding data exists. Here, we describe an automated pipeline to analyze single-molecule data over a wide range of experimental conditions. We benchmarked the pipeline by measuring the binding properties of the well-studied, DNA-guided DNA endonuclease, TtAgo, an Argonaute protein from the Eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. We also used the pipeline to extend our understanding of TtAgo by measuring the proteins binding kinetics at physiological temperatures and for target DNAs containing multiple, adjacent binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Automated Bayesian Pipeline for Rapid Analysis of Single-Molecule Binding Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of the erythroid lineage from multipotent hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red cell formation begins with the hematopoietic stem cell, but the manner by which it gives rise to erythroid progenitors, and their subsequent developmental path, remain unclear. Here we combined single-cell transcriptomics of murine hematopoietic tissues with fate potential assays to infer a continuous yet hierarchical structure for the hematopoietic network. We define the erythroid differentiation trajectory as it emerges from multipotency and diverges from 6 other blood lineages. With the aid of a new flow-cytometric sorting strategy, we validated predicted cell fate potentials at the single cell level, revealing a coupling between erythroid and basophil/mast cell fates. We uncovered novel growth factor receptor regulators of the erythroid trajectory, including the proinflammatory IL-17RA, found to be a strong erythroid stimulator; and identified a global hematopoietic response to stress erythropoiesis. We further identified transcriptional and high-purity FACS gates for the complete isolation of all classically-defined erythroid burst-forming (BFU-e) and colony-forming progenitors (CFU-e), finding that they express a dedicated transcriptional program, distinct from that of terminally-differentiating erythroblasts. Intriguingly, profound remodeling of the cell cycle is intimately entwined with CFU-e developmental progression and with a sharp transcriptional switch that extinguishes the CFU-e stage and activates terminal differentiation. Underlying these results, our work showcases the utility of theoretic approaches linking transcriptomic data to predictive fate models, providing key insights into lineage development in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khoramian Tusi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilionis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of the erythroid lineage from multipotent hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of piRNA binding sites reveals the Argonaute regulatory landscape of the C. elegans germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
piRNAs (Piwi-interacting small RNAs) engage Piwi Argonautes to silence transposons and promote fertility in animal germlines. Genetic and computational studies have suggested that C. elegans piRNAs tolerate mismatched pairing and in principle could target every transcript. Here we employ in vivo cross-linking to identify transcriptome-wide interactions between piRNAs and target RNAs. We show that piRNAs engage all germline mRNAs and that piRNA binding follows microRNA-like pairing rules. Targeting correlates better with binding energy than with piRNA abundance, suggesting that piRNA concentration does not limit targeting. In mRNAs silenced by piRNAs, secondary small RNAs accumulate at the center and ends of piRNA binding sites. In germline-expressed mRNAs, however, targeting by the CSR-1 Argonaute correlates with reduced piRNA binding density and suppression of piRNA-associated secondary small RNAs. Our findings reveal physiologically important and nuanced regulation of individual piRNA targets and provide evidence for a comprehensive post transcriptional regulatory step in germline gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, E.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirayama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of piRNA binding sites reveals the Argonaute regulatory landscape of the C. elegans germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires T cell recognition of infected macrophages. Mtb has evolved to tolerate, evade, and subvert host immunity. Despite a vigorous and sustained CD8+ T cell response during Mtb infection, CD8+ T cells make limited contribution to protection. Here, we ask whether the ability of Mtb-specific T cells to restrict Mtb growth is related to their capacity to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages.nnWe derived CD8+ T cell lines that recognized the Mtb immunodominant epitope TB10.44-11 and compared them to CD4+ T cell lines that recognized Ag85b240-254 or ESAT63-17. While the CD4+ T cells recognized Mtb-infected macrophages and inhibited Mtb growth in vitro, the TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells neither recognized Mtb-infected macrophages nor restricted Mtb growth. TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing TB10.4. However, over-expression of TB10.4 in Mtb did not confer recognition by TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages pulsed with irradiated Mtb, indicating that macrophages can efficiently cross-present the TB10.4 protein and raising the possibility that viable bacilli might suppress cross-presentation. Importantly, polyclonal CD8+ T cells specific for Mtb antigens other than TB10.4 recognized Mtb-infected macrophages in a MHC-restricted manner.nnAs TB10.4 elicits a dominant CD8+ T cell response that poorly recognizes Mtb-infected macrophages, we propose that TB10.4 acts as a decoy antigen. Moreover, it appears that this response overshadows subdominant CD8+ T cell response that can recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. The ability of Mtb to subvert the CD8+ T cell response may explain why CD8+ T cells make a disproportionately small contribution to host defense compared to CD4+ T cells. The selection of Mtb antigens for vaccines has focused on antigens that generate immunodominant responses. We propose that establishing whether vaccine-elicited, Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages could be a useful criterion for preclinical vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutiwisesak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babunovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-28 coordinates the timing of hypodermal and somatic gonadal programs for hermaphrodite reproductive system morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C. elegans heterochronic genes determine the timing of expression of specific cell fates in particular stages of developing larva. However, their broader roles in coordinating developmental events across diverse tissues has been less well investigated. Here, we show that loss of lin-28, a central heterochronic regulator of hypodermal development, causes reduced fertility associated with abnormal somatic gonad morphology. In particular, the abnormal spermatheca-uterine valve morphology of lin-28(lf) hermaphrodites trap embryos in the spermatheca, which disrupts ovulation and causes embryonic lethality. The same genes that act downstream of lin-28 in the regulation of hypodermal developmental timing also act downstream of lin-28 in somatic gonad morphogenesis and fertility. Importantly, we find that hypodermal expression, but not somatic gonadal expression, of lin-28 is sufficient for restoring normal somatic gonad morphology in lin-28(lf) mutants. We propose that the abnormal somatic gonad morphogenesis of lin-28(lf) hermaphrodites results from temporal discoordination between the accelerated hypodermal development and normally timed somatic gonad development. Thus, our findings exemplify how a cell-intrinsic developmental timing program can also control cell non-autonomous signaling critical for proper development of other interacting tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-28 coordinates the timing of hypodermal and somatic gonadal programs for hermaphrodite reproductive system morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of functional human adipose tissue in mice from primed progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstarctAdipose tissue is used extensively in reconstructive and regenerative therapies, but transplanted fat often undergoes inflammation and cell death, requiring further revision surgery. We report that functional human adipose tissue can be generated from mesenchymal progenitor cells in-vivo, providing an alternative approach to its therapeutic use. We leveraged previous findings that progenitor cells within the vasculature of human adipose tissue robustly proliferate in 3-dimensional culture under proangiogenic conditions. Implantation of these progenitor cells into immunocompromised mice results in differentiation towards non-adipocyte fates, incapable of generating a distinct tissue structure. However, priming of these progenitor cells in-vitro towards adipogenic differentiation results in formation of functional adipose tissue in-vivo. Mechanistically, priming induces the expression of genes encoding specific extracellular matrix and remodeling proteins, and induces extensive vascularization by host blood vessels. In comparison, grafts from adipose tissue obtained by liposuction undergo poor vascularization, adipocyte death, cyst formation, calcification and inefficient adiponectin secretion. Thus, primed mesenchymal adipose tissue progenitors reveal mechanisms of human adipose tissue development, and have potential to improve outcomes in reconstructive and regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lujan-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teebagy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slamin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel-Reamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalikos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of functional human adipose tissue in mice from primed progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusion rather than IFT provides most of the tubulin required for axonemal assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubulin enters the cilia by diffusion and motor-based intraflagellar transport (IFT). The respective contributions of each route in providing tubulin for axonemal assembly are unknown. To attenuate IFT-based transport, we expressed modified GFP-tubulins in strains possessing IFT81 and IFT74 with altered tubulin binding sites. E-hook deficient GFP-{beta}-tubulin normally incorporated into the axonemal microtubules; its transport frequency was reduced by ~90% in control cells and essentially abolished when expressed in a strain possessing IFT81 with an incapacitated tubulin-binding site. Despite the strong reduction in IFT, the share of E-hook deficient GFP-{beta}-tubulin in the axoneme was only moderately reduced indicating that most axonemal tubulin (~80%) enters cilia by diffusion. While not providing the bulk of axonemal tubulin, we propose that motor-based IFT is nevertheless critical for ciliogenesis because it ensures high concentrations of tubulin near the ciliary tip promoting axonemal elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van De Weghe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witman, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechtreck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusion rather than IFT provides most of the tubulin required for axonemal assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating cross-linking experiments with ab initio protein-protein docking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ab initio protein-protein docking algorithms often rely on experimental data to identify the most likely complex structure. We integrated protein-protein docking with the experimental data of chemical cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry. We tested our approach using 12 cases that resulted from an exhaustive search of the Protein Data Bank for protein complexes with cross-links identified in our experiments. We implemented cross-links as constraints based on Euclidean distance or void-volume distance. For most test cases the rank of the top-scoring near-native prediction was improved by at least two fold compared with docking without the cross-link information, and the success rates for the top 5 and top 10 predictions doubled. Our results demonstrate the delicate balance between retaining correct predictions and eliminating false positives. Several test cases had multiple components with distinct interfaces, and we present an approach for assigning cross-links to the interfaces. Employing the symmetry information for these cases further improved the performance of complex structure prediction.nnHighlightsO_LIIncorporating low-resolution cross-linking experimental data in protein-protein docking algorithms improves performance more than two fold.nC_LIO_LIIntegration of protein-protein docking with chemical cross-linking reveals information on the configuration of higher order complexes.nC_LIO_LISymmetry analysis of protein-protein docking results improves the predictions of multimeric complex structuresnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vreven, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweppe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisbrod, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating cross-linking experiments with ab initio protein-protein docking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-Order Organization Principles of Pre-translational mRNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as rRNAs and ribozymes, for which high resolution structures abound, little is known about the tertiary structures of mRNAs. In eukaryotic cells, newly made mRNAs are packaged with proteins in highly compacted mRNPs, but the manner of this mRNA compaction is unknown. Here we developed and implemented RIPPLiT (RNA ImmunoPrecipitation and Proximity Ligation in Tandem), a transcriptome-wide method for probing the 3D conformations of RNAs stably-associated with defined proteins, in this case exon junction complex (EJC) core factors. EJCs multimerize with other mRNP components to form megadalton sized complexes that protect large swaths of newly synthesized mRNAs from endonuclease digestion. Unlike ncRNAs, mRNAs behave more like flexible polymers without strong locus-specific interactions. Polymer analysis of proximity ligation data for hundreds of mRNA species demonstrates that pre-translational mammalian mRNPs fold as linear rod-like structures with no strong propensity for 5 and 3 end interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imakaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-Order Organization Principles of Pre-translational mRNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High dimensional analyses of cells dissociated from cryopreserved synovial tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDetailed molecular analyses of cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium hold promise in identifying cellular phenotypes that drive tissue pathology and joint damage. The Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP) RA/SLE network aims to deconstruct autoimmune pathology by examining cells within target tissues through multiple high-dimensional assays. Robust standardized protocols need to be developed before cellular phenotypes at a single cell level can be effectively compared across patient samples.nnMethodsMultiple clinical sites collected cryopreserved synovial tissue fragments from arthroplasty and synovial biopsy in a 10%-DMSO solution. Mechanical and enzymatic dissociation parameters were optimized for viable cell extraction and surface protein preservation for cell sorting and mass cytometry, as well as for reproducibility in RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Cryopreserved synovial samples were collectively analyzed at a central processing site by a custom-designed and validated 35-marker mass cytometry panel. In parallel, each sample was flow sorted into fibroblast, T cell, B cell, and macrophage suspensions for bulk population RNA-seq and plate-based single cell CEL-Seq2 RNA-seq.nnResultsUpon dissociation, cryopreserved synovial tissue fragments yielded a high frequency of viable cells, comparable to samples undergoing immediate processing. Optimization of synovial tissue dissociation across six clinical collection sites with [~]30 arthroplasty and [~]20 biopsy samples yielded a consensus digestion protocol using 100{micro}g/mL of Liberase TL enzyme. This protocol yielded immune and stromal cell lineages with preserved surface markers and minimized variability across replicate RNA-seq transcriptomes. Mass cytometry analysis of cells from cryopreserved synovium distinguished: 1) diverse fibroblast phenotypes, 2) distinct populations of memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells, and 3) multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation states. Bulk RNA sequencing of sorted cell populations demonstrated robust separation of synovial lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages. Single cell RNA-seq produced transcriptomes of over 1000 genes/cell, including transcripts encoding characteristic lineage markers identified.nnConclusionWe have established a robust protocol to acquire viable cells from cryopreserved synovial tissue with intact transcriptomes and cell surface phenotypes. A centralized pipeline to generate multiple high-dimensional analyses of synovial tissue samples collected across a collaborative network was developed. Integrated analysis of such datasets from large patient cohorts may help define molecular heterogeneity within RA pathology and identify new therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slowikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeachy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meednu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizoguchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Arcelus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chicoine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivashkiv, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravallese, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High dimensional analyses of cells dissociated from cryopreserved synovial tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of larval density on gene regulation in C. elegans during routine L1 synchronization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bleaching gravid C. elegans followed by a short period of starvation of the L1 larvae is a routine method performed by worm researchers for generating synchronous populations for experiments. During the process of investigating dietary effects on gene regulation in L1 stage worms by single-worm RNA-Seq, we found that the density of resuspended L1 larvae affects expression of many mRNAs. Specifically, a number of genes related to metabolism and signalling are highly expressed in worms arrested at low density, but are repressed at higher arrest densities. We generated a GFP reporter strain based on one of the most density-dependent genes in our dataset - lips-15 - and confirmed that this reporter was expressed specifically in worms arrested at relatively low density. Finally, we show that conditioned media from high density L1 cultures was able to downregulate lips-15 even in L1 animals arrested at low density, and experiments using daf-22 mutant animals demonstrated that this effect is not mediated by the ascaroside family of signalling pheromones. Together, our data implicate a soluble signalling molecule in density sensing by L1 stage C. elegans, and provide guidance for design of experiments focused on early developmental gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of larval density on gene regulation in C. elegans during routine L1 synchronization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling of pluripotency factors in individual stem cells and early embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major cell fate decisions are governed by sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) that act in small cell populations within developing embryos. To understand how TFs regulate cell fate it is important to identify their genomic binding sites in these populations. However, current methods cannot profile TFs genome-wide at or near the single cell level. Here we adapt the CUT&RUN method to profile chromatin proteins in low cell numbers, mapping TF-DNA interactions in single cells and individual pre-implantation embryos for the first time. Using this method, we demonstrate that the pluripotency TF NANOG is significantly more dependent on the SWI/SNF family ATPase BRG1 for association with its genomic targets in vivo than in cultured cells--a finding that could not have been made using traditional approaches. Ultra-low input CUT&RUN (uliCUT&RUN) enables interrogation of TF binding from low cell numbers, with broad applicability to rare cell populations of importance in development or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hainer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling of pluripotency factors in individual stem cells and early embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrophobicity drives the systemic distribution of lipid-conjugated siRNAs via lipid transport pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient delivery of therapeutic RNA is the fundamental obstacle preventing its clinical utility. Lipid conjugation improves plasma half-life, tissue accumulation, and cellular uptake of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, the impact of conjugate structure and hydrophobicity on siRNA pharmacokinetics is unclear, impeding the design of clinically relevant lipid-siRNAs. Using a panel of biologically-occurring lipids, we show that lipid conjugation modulates siRNA hydrophobicity and governs spontaneous partitioning into distinct plasma lipoprotein classes in vivo. Lipoprotein binding influences siRNA distribution by delaying renal excretion and promoting uptake into lipoprotein receptor-enriched tissues. Lipid-siRNAs elicit mRNA silencing without causing toxicity in a tissue-specific manner. Lipid-siRNA internalization occurs independently of lipoprotein endocytosis, and is mediated by siRNA phosphorothioate modifications. Although biomimetic lipoprotein nanoparticles have been considered for the enhancement of siRNA delivery, our findings suggest that hydrophobic modifications can be leveraged to incorporate therapeutic siRNA into endogenous lipid transport pathways without the requirement for synthetic formulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osborn, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biscans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haraszti, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinho, B. M. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrophobicity drives the systemic distribution of lipid-conjugated siRNAs via lipid transport pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse lipid conjugates for functional extra-hepatic siRNA delivery in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNAi-based therapeutics show promising clinical data for treatment of liver-associated disorders. However, siRNA delivery into extra-hepatic tissues remains an obstacle, limiting the use of siRNA-based therapies. Here we report on a first example of chemical engineering of lipophilic conjugates to enable extra-hepatic delivery. We synthesized a panel of fifteen lipophilic siRNA and evaluated the impact of their chemical configuration on siRNA tissue distribution profile. Generally, lipophilic conjugates allow siRNA distribution to a wide range of tissues, where the degree of lipophilicity defines the ratio of liver/spleen to kidney distribution. In addition to primary clearance tissues, several conjugates achieve significant siRNA distribution to lung, heart, adrenal glands, fat, muscle. siRNA tissue accumulation leads to productive silencing, shown with two independent targets. siRNA concentrations necessary for productive silencing are tissue and conjugate dependent, varying significantly from 5 to 200 ng/mg. The collection of conjugated siRNA described here enables functional gene modulation in vivo in lung, muscle, fat, heart, adrenal glands opening these tissues for future therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biscans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haraszti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse lipid conjugates for functional extra-hepatic siRNA delivery in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Numerous recursive sites contribute to accuracy of splicing of long introns in flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recursive splicing, a process by which a single intron is removed from pre-mRNA transcripts in multiple distinct segments, has been observed in a small subset of Drosophila melanogaster introns. However, detection of recursive splicing requires observation of splicing intermediates which are inherently unstable, making it difficult to study. Here we developed new computational approaches to identify recursively spliced introns and applied them, in combination with existing methods, to nascent RNA sequencing data from Drosophila S2 cells. These approaches identified hundreds of novel sites of recursive splicing, expanding the catalog of recursively spliced fly introns by 4-fold. Recursive sites occur in most very long (> 40 kb) fly introns, including many genes involved in morphogenesis and development, and tend to occur near the midpoints of introns. Suggesting a possible function for recursive splicing, we observe that fly introns with recursive sites are spliced more accurately than comparably sized non-recursive introns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paggi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Numerous recursive sites contribute to accuracy of splicing of long introns in flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heavily and Fully Modified RNAs Guide Efficient SpyCas9-Mediated Genome Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-based drugs depend on chemical modifications to increase potency and nuclease stability, and to decrease immunogenicity in vivo. Chemical modification will likely improve the guide RNAs involved in CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutics as well. Cas9 orthologs are RNA-guided microbial effectors that cleave DNA. No studies have yet explored chemical modification at all positions of the crRNA guide and tracrRNA cofactor. Here, we have identified several heavily-modified versions of crRNA and tracrRNA that are more potent than their unmodified counterparts. In addition, we describe fully chemically modified crRNAs and tracrRNAs (containing no 2-OH groups) that are functional in human cells. These designs demonstrate a significant breakthrough for Cas9-based therapeutics since heavily modified RNAs tend to be more stable in vivo (thus increasing potency). We anticipate that our designs will improve the use of Cas9 via RNP and mRNA delivery for in vivo and ex vivo purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debacker, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heavily and Fully Modified RNAs Guide Efficient SpyCas9-Mediated Genome Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate immunodeficiency virus Vpx and Vpr counteract transcriptional repression of proviruses by the HUSH complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs that inhibit HIV-1 replication and prevent progression to AIDS do not eliminate HIV-1 proviruses from the chromosomes of long-lived CD4+ memory T cells. To escape eradication by these antiviral drugs, or by the host immune system, HIV-1 exploits poorly defined host factors that silence provirus transcription. These same factors, though, must be overcome by all retroviruses, including HIV-1 and other primate immunodeficiency viruses, in order to activate provirus transcription and produce new virus. Here we show that Vpx and Vpr, proteins from a wide range of primate immunodeficiency viruses, activate provirus transcription in human CD4+ T cells. Provirus activation required the DCAF1 adaptor that links Vpx and Vpr to the CUL4A/B ubiquitin ligase complex, but did not require degradation of SAMHD1, a well-characterized target of Vpx and Vpr. A loss-of-function screen for transcription silencing factors that mimic the effect of Vpx on provirus silencing identified all components of the Human Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex, FAM208A (TASOR/RAP140), MPHOSPH8 (MPP8), PPHLN1 (PERIPHILIN), and MORC2. Vpx associated with the HUSH complex components and decreased steady-state levels of these proteins in a DCAF-dependent manner. Finally, vpx and FAM208A knockdown accelerated HIV-1 and SIVMAC replication kinetics in CD4+ T cells to a similar extent, and HIV-2 replication required either vpx or FAM208A disruption. These results demonstrate that the HUSH complex restricts transcription of primate immunodeficiency viruses and thereby contributes to provirus latency. To counteract this restriction and activate provirus expression, primate immunodeficiency viruses encode Vpx and Vpr proteins that degrade HUSH complex components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurkovetskiy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guney, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/293001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate immunodeficiency virus Vpx and Vpr counteract transcriptional repression of proviruses by the HUSH complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute-stress impairs cytoprotective mechanisms through neural inhibition of the insulin pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent activation of the "fight-or-flight" response accelerates aging and increases the susceptibility to disease. We show that repeated induction of the C. elegans flight response inhibits conserved cytoprotective mechanisms. This acute-stress response activates neurons that release tyramine, the invertebrate analog of adrenaline/noradrenaline. Tyramine stimulates the DAF-2/Insulin/IGF-1 pathway and precludes the nuclear translocation of the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor through the activation of an adrenergic-like receptor TYRA-3 in the intestine. In contrast, environmental long-term stressors, such as heat or oxidative stress, reduce tyramine release allowing the induction of FOXO-dependent cytoprotective genes. These findings demonstrate how a neural stress-hormone signaling provides a state-dependent neural switch between acute and long-term stress responses, and provide mechanistic insights how acute stress impairs cellular defensive systems.nnOne Sentence Summary: The "fight-or-flight" response reduces resistance to environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Rosa, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veuthey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute-stress impairs cytoprotective mechanisms through neural inhibition of the insulin pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-in-One Adeno-associated Virus Delivery and Genome Editing by Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) have recently opened a new avenue for gene therapy. Cas9 nuclease guided by a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) has been extensively used for genome editing. Currently, three Cas9 orthologs have been adapted for in vivo genome engineering applications: SpyCas9, SauCas9 and CjeCas9. However, additional in vivo editing platforms are needed, in part to enable a greater range of sequences to be accessed via viral vectors, especially those in which Cas9 and sgRNA are combined into a single vector genome. Here, we present an additional in vivo editing platform using Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 (NmeCas9). NmeCas9 is compact, edits with high accuracy, and possesses a distinct PAM, making it an excellent candidate for safe gene therapy applications. We find that NmeCas9 can be used to target the Pcsk9 and Hpd genes in mice. Using tail vein hydrodynamic-based delivery of NmeCas9 plasmid to target the Hpd gene, we successfully reprogrammed the tyrosine degradation pathway in Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type I mice. More importantly, we delivered NmeCas9 with its single-guide RNA in a single recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) to target Pcsk9, resulting in lower cholesterol levels in mice. This all-in-one vector yielded >35% gene modification after two weeks of vector administration, with minimal off-target cleavage in vivo. Our findings indicate that NmeCas9 can facilitate future efforts to correct disease-causing mutations by expanding the targeting scope of RNA-guided nucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-in-One Adeno-associated Virus Delivery and Genome Editing by Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental developmental process that is abnormally activated in cancer metastasis. Dynamic changes in alternative splicing occur during EMT. ESRP1 and hnRNPM are splicing regulators that promote an epithelial splicing program and a mesenchymal splicing program, respectively. The functional relationships between these splicing factors in the genome-scale remain elusive. Comparing alternative splicing targets of hnRNPM and ESRP1 revealed that they co-regulate a set of cassette exon events, with the majority showing discordant splicing regulation. hnRNPM discordantly regulated splicing events show a positive correlation with splicing during EMT while concordant splicing events do not, highlighting the antagonistic role of hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT. Motif enrichment analysis near co-regulated exons identifies guanine-uridine rich motifs downstream of hnRNPM-repressed and ESRP1-enhanced exons, supporting a model of competitive binding to these cis-elements to antagonize alternative splicing. The set of co-regulated exons are enriched in genes associated with cell-migration and cytoskeletal reorganization, which are pathways associated with EMT. Splicing levels of co-regulated exons are associated with breast cancer patient survival and correlate with gene sets involved in EMT and breast cancer subtypes. These data identify complex modes of interaction between hnRNPM and ESRP1 in regulation of splicing in disease-relevant contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel sialylation site on Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide links heptose II lactose expression with pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sialylation of lacto-W-neotetraose (LNnT) extending from heptose I (HepI) of gonococcal lipooligosaccharide (LOS) contributes to pathogenesis. Previously, gonococcal LOS sialyltransterase (Lst) was shown to sialylate LOS in Triton X-100 extracts of strain 15253, which expresses lactose from both HepI and HepII, the minimal structure required for mAb 2C7 binding. Ongoing work has shown that growth of 15253 in cytidine monophospho-W-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac)-containing media enables binding to CD33/Siglec-3, a cell surface receptor that binds sialic acid, suggesting that lactose termini on LOS of intact gonococci can be sialylated. Neu5Ac was detected on LOSs of strains 15253 and a MS11 mutant with only lactose from HepI and HepII by mass spectrometry; deleting HepII lactose rendered Neu5Ac undetectable. Resistance of HepII lactose Neu5Ac to desialylation by 2-3-specific neuraminidase suggested an 2-6-linkage. Although not associated with increased factor H binding, HepII lactose sialylation inhibited complement C3 deposition on gonococci. 15253 mutants that lacked Lst or HepII lactose were significantly attenuated in mice, confirming the importance of HepII Neu5Ac in virulence. All 75 minimally passaged clinical isolates from Nanjing, China, expressed HepII lactose, evidenced by reactivity with mAb 2C7; mAb 2C7 was bactericidal against the first 62 (of 75) isolates that had been collected sequentially and were sialylated before testing. mAb 2C7 effectively attenuated 15253 vaginal colonization in mice. In conclusion, this novel sialylation site could explain the ubiquity of gonococcal HepII lactose in vivo. Our findings reiterate the candidacy of the 2C7 epitope as a vaccine antigen and mAb 2C7 as an immunotherapeutic antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeOliveira, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Michael, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landig, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RICE, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel sialylation site on Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide links heptose II lactose expression with pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural analysis of the active site and DNA binding of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOBEC3s proteins (A3s), a family of human cytidine deaminases, protect the host cell from endogenous retro-elements and exogenous viral infections by introducing hypermutations. However, the ability to mutate genomic DNA makes A3s a potential cancer source. Of the 7 human A3s, A3B has been implicated as an endogenous cause for multiple cancers. Despite overall similarity, A3s have distinct deamination activity with A3B among the least catalytically active. Over the past few years, several structures of apo as well as DNA-bound A3 proteins have been determined. These structures revealed the molecular determinants of nucleotide specificity and the importance of the loops around the active site in DNA binding. However, for A3B, the structural basis for regulation of deamination activity and the role of active site loops in coordinating DNA had remained unknown. In this study, using a combination of advanced molecular modelling followed by experimental mutational analysis and dynamics simulations, we investigated molecular mechanism of A3B regulating activity and DNA binding. We identified a unique auto-inhibited conformation of A3B that restricts access and binding of DNA to the active site, mainly due to the extra PLV residues in loop 1. We modelled DNA binding to fully native A3B and found that Arg211 in the arginine patch of loop1 is the gatekeeper while Arg212 stabilizes the bound DNA. This model also identified the critical residues for substrate specificity, especially at the -1 position. Our results reveal the structural basis for relatively lower catalytic activity of A3B and provide opportunities for rational design of inhibitors that specifically target A3B to benefit cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalivaika, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural analysis of the active site and DNA binding of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient kinetic analysis of SWR1C-catalyzed H2A.Z deposition unravels the impact of nucleosome dynamics and the asymmetry of stepwise histone exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/304998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SWR1C chromatin remodeling enzyme catalyzes an ATP-dependent replacement of nucleosomal H2A with the H2A.Z variant, regulating key DNA-mediated processes, such as transcription and DNA repair. Here we investigate the transient kinetic mechanism of the histone exchange reaction employing ensemble FRET, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), and the steady state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis. Our studies indicate that SWR1C modulates nucleosome dynamics on both the millisecond and microsecond timescales, poising the nucleosome for the dimer exchange reaction. The transient kinetic analysis of the remodeling reaction performed under single turnover conditions unraveled a striking asymmetry in the ATP-dependent replacement of nucleosomal dimers, promoted by localized DNA translocation. Taken together, our transient kinetic studies identify new intermediates and provide crucial insights into the SWR1C-catalyzed dimer exchange reaction, as well as shedding light on how the mechanics of H2A.Z deposition might contribute to transcriptional regulation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilsel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient kinetic analysis of SWR1C-catalyzed H2A.Z deposition unravels the impact of nucleosome dynamics and the asymmetry of stepwise histone exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gain of Function Analysis Reveals Non-Redundant Roles for the Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion System Effectors YopJ, YopT, and YpkA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virulence of Yersinia pestis in mammals requires the type III secretion system, which delivers seven effector proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells to undermine immune responses. All seven of these effectors are conserved across Y. pestis strains, but three - YopJ, YopT, and YpkA - are apparently dispensable for virulence. Some degree of functional redundancy between effector proteins would explain both observations. Here, we use a combinatorial genetic approach to define the minimal subset of effectors required for full virulence in mice following subcutaneous infection. We found that a Y. pestis strain lacking YopJ, YopT, and YpkA is attenuated for virulence in mice, and that addition of any one of these effectors to this strain increases lethality significantly. YopJ, YopT, and YpkA likely contribute to virulence via distinct mechanisms. YopJ is uniquely able to cause macrophage cell death in vitro and to suppress accumulation of inflammatory cells to foci of bacterial growth in deep tissue, whereas YopT and YpkA cannot. The synthetic phenotypes that emerge when YopJ, YopT, and YpkA are removed in combination provide evidence that each enhances Y. pestis virulence, and that YopT and YpkA act through a mechanism distinct from that of YopJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palace, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabady, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goguen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gain of Function Analysis Reveals Non-Redundant Roles for the Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion System Effectors YopJ, YopT, and YpkA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small RNAs gained during epididymal transit of sperm are essential for embryonic development in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small RNA payload of mammalian sperm undergoes dramatic remodeling during development, as several waves of microRNAs and tRNA fragments are shipped to sperm during post-testicular maturation in the epididymis. Here, we take advantage of this developmental process to probe the function of the sperm RNA payload in preimplantation development. We generated zygotes via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using sperm obtained from the proximal (caput) vs. distal (cauda) epididymis, then characterized development of the resulting embryos. Embryos generated using caput sperm significantly overexpress multiple regulatory factors throughout preimplantation development, and subsequently implant inefficiently and fail soon after implantation. Remarkably, microinjection of purified cauda-specific small RNAs into caput-derived embryos not only completely rescued preimplantation molecular defects, but also suppressed the postimplantation embryonic lethality phenotype. These findings reveal an essential role for small RNA remodeling during post-testicular maturation of mammalian sperm, and identify a specific preimplantation gene expression program responsive to sperm-delivered microRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small RNAs gained during epididymal transit of sperm are essential for embryonic development in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BZLF1 interacts with the chromatin remodeler INO80 promoting escape from latent infections with Epstein-Barr virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections is its latent phase, when all viral lytic genes are repressed. Repression results from a high nucleosome occupancy and epigenetic silencing by cellular factors such as the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and DNA methyltransferases that respectively introduce repressive histone marks and DNA methylation. The viral transcription factor BZLF1 acts as molecular switch to induce the transition from the latent to the lytic or productive phase of EBVs life cycle. It is unknown how BZLF1 can bind to the epigenetically silenced viral DNA and whether it directly reactivates the viral genome through chromatin remodeling. We addressed these fundamental questions and found that BZLF1 binds to nucleosomal DNA motifs both in vivo and in vitro, a property characteristic of bona fide pioneer factors. BZLF1 co-precipitates with cellular chromatin remodeler ATPases, and the knock-down of one of them, INO80, impaired lytic reactivation and virus synthesis. We conclude that BZLF1 reactivates the EBV genome by directly binding to silenced chromatin and recruiting cellular chromatin remodeling enzymes, which implement a permissive state for viral transcription. BZLF1 shares this mode of action with a limited number of cellular pioneer factors, which are instrumental in transcriptional activation, differentiation, and reprogramming in all eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaeffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrozek-Gorska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woellmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieleg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschmidt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BZLF1 interacts with the chromatin remodeler INO80 promoting escape from latent infections with Epstein-Barr virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae During Natural Infection Reveals Differential Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants Between Men and Women 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterial pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhea. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of N. gonorrhoeae worldwide has resulted in limited therapeutic choices for this infection. Men who seek treatment often have symptomatic urethritis; in contrast, gonococcal cervicitis in women is usually minimally symptomatic, but may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease. Previously, we reported the first analysis of gonococcal transcriptome expression determined in secretions from women with cervical infection. Here, we defined gonococcal global transcriptional responses in urethral specimens from men with symptomatic urethritis and compared these with transcriptional responses in specimens obtained from women with cervical infections, and of in vitro-grown N. gonorrhoeae isolates. This is the first comprehensive comparison of gonococcal gene expression in infected men and women. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 9.4% of gonococcal genes showed increased expression exclusively in men and included genes involved in host immune cell interactions and 4.3% showed increased expression exclusively in women and included phage-associated genes. Infected men and women displayed comparable antibiotic resistant-genotypes and in vitro -phenotypes, but a 4-fold higher expression of the Mtr efflux pump-related genes was observed in men. These results suggest that expression of AMR genes is programmed genotypically, and also driven by sex-specific environments. Collectively, our results indicate that distinct N. gonorrhoeae gene expression signatures are detected during genital infection in men and women. We propose that therapeutic strategies could target sex specific differences in expression of antibiotic resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nudel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjaden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trees, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RICE, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genco, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae During Natural Infection Reveals Differential Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants Between Men and Women]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunoprophylaxis Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause diarrheal illness in infants in the developing world and travelers to endemic countries including military personnel. ETEC infection of the host involves colonization of the small intestinal epithelium and toxin secretion leading to watery diarrhea. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent ETEC. CFA/I is one of the most common colonization factor antigens (CFAs). The CFA/I adhesin subunit, CfaE, is required for ETEC adhesion to host intestinal cells. Human antibodies against CfaE have potential to block colonization of ETEC and serve as an immunoprophylactic against ETEC-related diarrhea.nnMethodsMice transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with CfaE to generate a panel of human monoclonal IgG1 antibodies (HuMAbs). The most potent IgG1 identified in the in vitro functional assays were selected and isotype switched to secretory IgA (sIgA) and tested in animal colonization assays via oral administration.nnResultsOver 300 unique anti-CfaE IgG1 HuMabs were identified. The lead IgG1 anti-CfaE HuMAbs completely inhibited hemagglutination and blocked adhesion of ETEC to Caco-2 cells. Epitope mapping studies revealed that HuMAbs recognized epitopes in the N-terminal domain of CfaE near the putative receptor binding site. Oral administration of anti-CfaE antibodies in either IgG or secretory IgA isotypes inhibited intestinal colonization in mice challenged with ETEC. A two to four log decrease of colony forming units was observed as compared to irrelevant isotype controls.nnConclusionsWe identified fully human monoclonal antibodies against CfaE adhesion domain that can be potentially employed as an immunoprophylaxis to prevent ETEC-related diarrhea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giuntini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoppato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pondish, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisheart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunoprophylaxis Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin-dependent chromatin condensation represses transcription globally during quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quiescence is a stress-resistant state in which cells reversibly exit the mitotic cell cycle and suspend most cellular processes. Quiescence is essential for stem cell maintenance and its misregulation is implicated in tumor formation. One of the conserved hallmarks of quiescent cells, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, is highly condensed chromatin. Here, we use Micro-C XL to map chromatin contacts at single-nucleosome resolution genome-wide to elucidate mechanisms and functions of condensed chromatin in quiescent S. cerevisiae cells. We describe previously uncharacterized chromatin domains on the order of 10-60 kilobases that in quiescent cells are formed by condensin-mediated chromatin loops. Conditional depletion of condensin prevents chromatin condensation during quiescence entry and leads to widespread transcriptional de-repression. We further demonstrate that condensin-dependent chromatin compaction is conserved in quiescent human fibroblasts. We propose that condensin-dependent condensation of chromatin represses transcription throughout the quiescent cell genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swygert, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenman, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin-dependent chromatin condensation represses transcription globally during quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Modulation of Brown Adipose Activity Through Perturbation of White Adipocyte Lipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White adipose tissue (WAT) secretes factors to communicate with other metabolic organs to maintain energy homeostasis. We previously reported that perturbation of adipocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by deletion of fatty acid synthase (FASN) causes expansion of sympathetic neurons within white adipose tissue (WAT) and the appearance of "beige" adipocytes. Here we report evidence that white adipocyte DNL activity is also coupled to neuronal regulation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Induced deletion of FASN in all adipocytes in mature mice (iAdFASNKO) enhanced sympathetic innervation and neuronal activity as well as UCP1 expression in both WAT and BAT. In contrast, selective ablation of FASN in brown adipocytes of mice (iUCP1FASNKO) failed to modulate sympathetic innervation and the thermogenic program in BAT. Surprisingly, DNL in brown adipocytes was also dispensable in maintaining euthermia when UCP1FASNKO mice were cold-exposed. These results indicate that DNL in white adipocytes influences long distance signaling to BAT, which can modify BAT sympathetic innervation and expression of genes involved in thermogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guilherme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henchey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Modulation of Brown Adipose Activity Through Perturbation of White Adipocyte Lipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new in vitro assay measuring direct interaction of nonsense suppressors with the eukaryotic protein synthesis machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsense suppressors (NonSups) induce "readthrough", i.e., the selection of near cognate tRNAs at premature termination codons and insertion of the corresponding amino acid into nascent polypeptide. Prior readthrough measurements utilized contexts in which NonSups can promote readthrough directly, by binding to one or more of the components of the protein synthesis machinery, or indirectly, by several other mechanisms. Here we utilize a new, highly-purified in vitro assay to measure exclusively direct nonsense suppressor-induced readthrough. Of 16 NonSups tested, 12 display direct readthrough, with results suggesting that such NonSups act by at least two different mechanisms. In preliminary work we demonstrate the potential of single molecule fluorescence energy transfer measurements to elucidate mechanisms of NonSup-induced direct readthrough, which will aid efforts to identify NonSups having improved clinical efficacy.nnTable of Contents artworknnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/330506_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (18K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a548dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15237bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c93d3forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d40e2c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamiolkowski, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baradaran-Heravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooperman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new in vitro assay measuring direct interaction of nonsense suppressors with the eukaryotic protein synthesis machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A long-non-coding RNA, LINC00473, confers the human adipose tissue thermogenic phenotype through enhanced cAMP responsiveness. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized adipocytes localized in distinct depots mediate the many physiological functions of adipose tissue. In humans, paucity of thermogenic adipocytes correlates with high metabolic disease risk, raising much interest in the mechanisms by which these cells arise. Here we report molecular signatures associated with adipocyte development in different human depots and identify a long non-coding RNA, LINC00473, as the transcript most closely associated with enrichment of thermogenic adipocytes. LINC00473 expression is low in subjects with obesity or type-2 diabetes and is highly correlated with cAMP signaling and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways. LINC00473 is localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and its knockdown impairs induction of UCP1 and mitochondrial respiration. These results reveal that depot-enriched genes that modulate responsiveness to external stimuli, specifically LINC00473, are important determinants of the adipose tissue thermogenic phenotype, and potential targets for metabolic disease therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandrup-Bus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSouza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jespersen, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenbrock, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinsen, M. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbons, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheele, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/339192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A long-non-coding RNA, LINC00473, confers the human adipose tissue thermogenic phenotype through enhanced cAMP responsiveness.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maelstrom Represses Canonical Polymerase II Transcription within Bi-Directional piRNA Clusters in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, 23-30 nt long PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) direct the protein Piwi to silence germline transposon transcription. Most germline piRNAs derive from dual-strand piRNA clusters, heterochromatic transposon graveyards that are transcribed from both genomic strands. These piRNA sources are marked by the Heterochromatin Protein 1 homolog, Rhino (Rhi), which facilitates their promoter-independent transcription, suppresses splicing, and inhibits transcriptional termination. Here, we report that the protein Maelstrom (Mael) represses canonical, promoter-dependent transcription in dual-strand clusters, allowing Rhi to initiate piRNA precursor transcription. In addition to Mael, the piRNA biogenesis factors Armitage and Piwi, but not Rhi, are required to repress canonical transcription in dual-strand clusters. We propose that Armitage, Piwi, and Mael collaborate to repress potentially dangerous transcription of individual transposon mRNAs within clusters, while Rhi allows non-canonical transcription of the clusters into piRNA precursors without generating transposase-encoding mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maelstrom Represses Canonical Polymerase II Transcription within Bi-Directional piRNA Clusters in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General decapping activators target different subsets of inefficiently translated mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Dcp1-Dcp2 decapping enzyme and the decapping activators Pat1, Dhh1, and Lsm1 regulate mRNA decapping, but their mechanistic integration is unknown. We analyzed the gene expression consequences of deleting PAT1, LSM1, or DHH1, or the DCP2 C-terminal domain, and found that: i) the Dcp2 C-terminal domain is an effector of both negative and positive regulation; ii) rather than being global activators of decapping, Pat1, Lsm1, and Dhh1 directly target specific subsets of yeast mRNAs and loss of the functions of each of these factors has substantial indirect consequences for genome-wide mRNA expression; and iii) transcripts targeted by Pat1, Lsm1, and Dhh1 exhibit only partial overlap, are generally translated inefficiently, and, as expected, are targeted to decapping-dependent decay. Our results define the roles of Pat1, Lsm1, and Dhh1 in decapping of general mRNAs and suggest that these factors may monitor mRNA translation and target unique features of individual mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General decapping activators target different subsets of inefficiently translated mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-responsive and metabolic gene regulation are altered in low S-adenosylmethionine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl donor that modifies proteins such as histones, nucleic acids and produces phosphatidylcholine. Thus variations in SAM levels could affect processes from lipogenesis to epigenetic gene regulation. SAM is hypothesized to link metabolism and chromatin modification, however, its role in acute gene regulation is poorly understood. We recently found that Caenorhabditis elegans with reduced SAM had deficiencies in bacterial-induced H3K4 trimethylation at selected pathogen-response genes, decreasing their expression and limiting survival on the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This led us to the hypothesis that SAM may be generally required stress-responsive transcription. Here we show that C. elegans with low SAM fail to activate genome-wide transcriptional programs when exposed to bacterial or xenotoxic stress. However, heat shock responses were unaffected. We also investigated the role of two H3K4 methyltransferases that use SAM, set-2/SET1, and set-16/MLL and found that set-2/SET1 has a specific requirement in bacterial stress responses, whereas set-16/MLL was required for survival in all three stresses. These results define a role for SAM and H3K4 methyltransferases in the acute genome-wide remodeling of gene expression in response to stress. Finally, we find that the ability to modify metabolic gene expression correlates with enhanced survival in stress conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-responsive and metabolic gene regulation are altered in low S-adenosylmethionine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIR proteins create compact heterochromatin fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is a silenced chromatin region essential for maintaining genomic stability and driving developmental processes. The complicated structure and dynamics of heterochromatin have rendered it difficult to characterize. In budding yeast, heterochromatin assembly requires the SIR proteins -- Sir3, believed to be the primary structural component of SIR heterochromatin, and the Sir2/4 complex, responsible for the targeted recruitment of SIR proteins and the deacetylation of lysine 16 of histone H4. Previously, we found that Sir3 binds but does not compact nucleosomal arrays. Here we reconstitute chromatin fibers with the complete complement of SIR proteins and use sedimentation velocity, molecular modeling, and atomic force microscopy to characterize the stoichiometry and conformation of SIR chromatin fibers. In contrast to previous studies, our results demonstrate that SIR arrays are highly compact. Strikingly, the condensed structure of SIR heterochromatin fibers requires both the integrity of H4K16 and an interaction between Sir3 and Sir4. We propose a model in which two molecules of Sir3 bridge and stabilize two adjacent nucleosomes, while a single Sir2/4 heterodimer binds the intervening linker DNA, driving fiber compaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swygert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolukbasi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIR proteins create compact heterochromatin fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent Cas9 inhibition in bacterial and human cells by new anti-CRISPR protein families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems are widely used for genome engineering technologies, and in their natural setting, they play crucial roles in bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity, protecting against phages and other mobile genetic elements. Previously we discovered bacteriophage-encoded Cas9-specific anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that serve as countermeasures against host bacterial immunity by inactivating their CRISPR-Cas systems1. We hypothesized that the evolutionary advantages conferred by anti-CRISPRs would drive the widespread occurrence of these proteins in nature2-4. We have identified new anti-CRISPRs using the bioinformatic approach that successfully identified previous Acr proteins1 against Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 (NmeCas9). In this work we report two novel anti-CRISPR families in strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Simonsiella muelleri, both of which harbor type II-C CRISPR-Cas systems5. We characterize the type II-C Cas9 orthologs from H. parainfluenzae and S. muelleri, show that the newly identified Acrs are able to inhibit these systems, and define important features of their inhibitory mechanisms. The S. muelleri Acr is the most potent NmeCas9 inhibitor identified to date. Although inhibition of NmeCas9 by anti-CRISPRs from H. parainfluenzae and S. muelleri reveals cross-species inhibitory activity, more distantly related type II-C Cas9s are not inhibited by these proteins. The specificities of anti-CRISPRs and divergent Cas9s appear to reflect co-evolution of their strategies to combat or evade each other. Finally, we validate these new anti-CRISPR proteins as potent off-switches for Cas9 genome engineering applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edraki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawluk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent Cas9 inhibition in bacterial and human cells by new anti-CRISPR protein families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Inflammatory Cell States in Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Synovial Tissues by Integrating Single-cell Transcriptomics and Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To define the cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) driving joint inflammation, we applied single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry, bulk RNA-seq, and flow cytometry to sorted T cells, B cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts from 51 synovial tissue RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patient samples. Utilizing an integrated computational strategy based on canonical correlation analysis to 5,452 scRNA-seq profiles, we identified 18 unique cell populations. Combining mass cytometry and transcriptomics together revealed cell states expanded in RA synovia: THY1+HLAhigh sublining fibroblasts (OR=33.8), IL1B+ pro-inflammatory monocytes (OR=7.8), CD11c+T-bet+ autoimmune-associated B cells (OR=5.7), and PD-1+Tph/Tfh (OR=3.0). We also defined CD8+ T cell subsets characterized by GZMK+, GZMB+, and GNLY+ expression. Using bulk and single-cell data, we mapped inflammatory mediators to source cell populations, for example attributing IL6 production to THY1+HLAhigh fibroblasts and naive B cells, and IL1B to pro-inflammatory monocytes. These populations are potentially key mediators of RA pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slowikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseka, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon-Escoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, G. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership: RA Phase 1,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AMP RA/SLE,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravallese, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anolik, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Inflammatory Cell States in Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Synovial Tissues by Integrating Single-cell Transcriptomics and Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust genome editing with short single-stranded and long, partially single-stranded DNA donors in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based genome editing using ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and synthetic single stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) donors can be highly effective. However, reproducibility can vary, and precise, targeted integration of longer constructs - such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) tags remains challenging in many systems. Here we describe a streamlined and optimized editing protocol for the nematode C. elegans. We demonstrate its efficacy, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness by affinity-tagging all twelve of the Worm-specific Argonaute (WAGO) proteins in C. elegans using ssODN donors. In addition, we describe a novel PCR-based partially single-stranded "hybrid" donor design that yields high efficiency editing with large (kilobase-scale) constructs. We use these hybrid donors to introduce fluorescent protein tags into multiple loci achieving editing efficiencies that approach those previously obtained only with much shorter ssODN donors. The principals and strategies described here are likely to translate to other systems and should allow researchers to reproducibly and efficiently obtain both long and short precision genome edits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokshin, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanta, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piscopo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust genome editing with short single-stranded and long, partially single-stranded DNA donors in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR delivery particles for developing therapeutic strategies in metabolic disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided engineered nucleases derived from a prokaryotic adaptive immune system known as CRISPR-Cas represent a promising platform for gene deletion and editing. As a therapeutic approach, direct delivery of Cas9 protein and guide RNA could circumvent the safety problems associated with plasmid delivery and therefore represents an attractive tool for genome engineering. Gene deletion or editing in adipose tissue to enhance its energy expenditure, fat oxidation and secretion of bioactive factors through a "browning" process presents a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate metabolic disease. Here, we developed novel CRISPR delivery particles, denoted CriPs, composed of nano-size complexes of Cas9 protein and single guide (sg)RNA, coated with an amphipathic peptide called Endo-Porter that mediates entry into cells. Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene deletion of ectopically expressed Green fluorescent protein (GFP) by CriPs was achieved in multiple cell types including a macrophage cell line, primary macrophages and primary pre-adipocytes. Significant GFP loss was also observed in peritoneal exudate cells with minimum systemic toxicity in GFP expressing mice following intraperitoneal injection of CriPs containing sgRNA targeting Gfp. Furthermore, the disruption of the Nrip1 gene in white adipocytes by CriPs enhanced adipocyte "browning" with a marked increase of UCP1 expression. Deletion of Nrip1 by CriPs did not produce detectable off-target effects. Thus CriPs represent a novel CRISPR delivery system for Cas9 and sgRNA that is effective for ablating targeted gene products in cultured cells and in vivo, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoloro, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yenilmez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagkaraki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, Y. J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR delivery particles for developing therapeutic strategies in metabolic disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constrained mutational sampling of amino acids in HIV-1 protease evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of HIV-1 protein sequences should be governed by a combination of factors including nucleotide mutational probabilities, the genetic code, and fitness. The impact of these factors on protein sequence evolution are interdependent, making it challenging to infer the individual contribution of each factor from phylogenetic analyses alone. We investigated the protein sequence evolution of HIV-1 by determining an experimental fitness landscape of all individual amino acid changes in protease. We compared our experimental results to the frequency of protease variants in a publicly available dataset of 32,163 sequenced isolates from drug-naive individuals. The most common amino acids in sequenced isolates supported robust experimental fitness, indicating that the experimental fitness landscape captured key features of selection acting on protease during viral infections of hosts. Amino acid changes requiring multiple mutations from the likely ancestor were slightly less likely to support robust experimental fitness than single mutations, consistent with the genetic code favoring chemically conservative amino acid changes. Amino acids that were common in sequenced isolates were predominantly accessible by single mutations from the likely protease ancestor. Multiple mutations commonly observed in isolates were accessible by mutational walks with highly fit single mutation intermediates. Our results indicate that the prevalence of multiple base mutations in HIV-1 protease is strongly influenced by mutational sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boucher, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauchum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeldovich, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constrained mutational sampling of amino acids in HIV-1 protease evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study analyzed 960 papers published in Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) from 2009-2016 and found 59 (6.1%) to contain inappropriately duplicated images. The 59 instances of inappropriate image duplication led to 42 corrections, 5 retractions and 12 instances in which no action was taken. Our experience suggests that the majority of inappropriate image duplications result from errors during figure preparation that can be remedied by correction. Nevertheless, ~10% of papers with inappropriate image duplications in MCB were retracted. If this proportion is representative, then as many as 35,000 papers in the literature are candidates for retraction due to image duplication. The resolution of inappropriate image duplication concerns after publication required an average of 6 h of journal staff time per published paper. MCB instituted a pilot program to screen images of accepted papers prior to publication that identified 12 manuscripts (14.5% out of 83) with image concerns in two months. The screening and correction of papers before publication required an average of 30 min of staff time per problematic paper. Image screening can identify papers with problematic images prior to publication, reduces post-publication problems and requires significantly less staff time than the correction of problems after publication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bik, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: The Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the ciliary axoneme at nanometer resolution reconstructed by TYGRESS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resolution of subtomogram averages calculated from cryo-electron tomograms (cryo-ET) of crowded cellular environments is often limited due to signal loss in, and misalignment of the subtomograms. In contrast, single-particle cryo-electron microcopy (SP-cryo-EM) routinely reaches near-atomic resolution of isolated complexes. We developed a novel hybrid-method called "TomographY-Guided 3D REconstruction of Subcellular Structures" (TYGRESS) that combines cryo-ET with SP-cryo-EM to achieve close-to-nanometer resolution of complexes inside crowded environments. Using TYGRESS, we determined the native 3D structures of the intact ciliary axoneme with up to 12 [A] resolution. These results reveal many structures and details that were not visible by cryo-ET. TYGRESS is generally applicable to cellular complexes that are amenable to subtomogram averaging, bringing us a step closer to (pseudo-)atomic models of cells.nnOne Sentence SummaryA hybrid cryo-electron microscopy method reveals subcellular structures at unprecedented resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the ciliary axoneme at nanometer resolution reconstructed by TYGRESS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF sites display cell cycle dependent dynamics in factor binding and nucleosome positioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CTCF plays a key role in formation of topologically associating domains (TADs) and loops in interphase. During mitosis TADs are absent, but how TAD formation is dynamically controlled during the cell cycle is not known. Several contradicting observations have been made regarding CTCF binding to mitotic chromatin using both genomics and microscopy-based techniques. Here we have used 4 different assays to address this debate. First, using 5C we confirmed that TADs and CTCF loops are readily detected in interphase, but absent during prometaphase. Second, ATAC-seq analysis showed that CTCF sites display greatly reduced accessibility and lose the CTCF footprint in prometaphase, suggesting loss of CTCF binding and rearrangement of the nucleosomal array around the binding motif. In contrast, transcription start sites remain accessible in prometaphase, although adjacent nucleosomes can also become repositioned and occupy at least a subset of start sites during mitosis. Third, loss of site-specific CTCF binding was directly demonstrated using CUT&RUN. Histone modifications and histone variants are maintained in mitosis, suggesting a role in bookmarking of active CTCF sites. Finally, live-cell imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single molecule tracking showed that almost all CTCF chromatin binding is lost in prometaphase. Combined, our results demonstrate loss of CTCF binding to CTCF sites during prometaphase and rearrangement of the chromatin landscape around CTCF motifs. This contributes to loss of TADs and CTCF loops during mitosis, and reveals that CTCF sites, a key architectural cis-element of the genome, display cell cycle stage-dependent dynamics in factor binding and nucleosome positioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF sites display cell cycle dependent dynamics in factor binding and nucleosome positioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional collapsing of rare variation implicates specific genic regions in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale sequencing efforts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have implicated novel genes using gene-based collapsing methods. However, pathogenic mutations may be concentrated in specific genic regions. To address this, we developed two collapsing strategies, one focuses rare variation collapsing on homology-based protein domains as the unit for collapsing and another gene-level approach that, unlike standard methods, leverages existing evidence of purifying selection against missense variation on said domains. The application of these two collapsing methods to 3,093 ALS cases and 8,186 controls of European ancestry, and also 3,239 cases and 11,808 controls of diversified populations, pinpoints risk regions of ALS genes including SOD1, NEK1, TARDBP and FUS. While not clearly implicating novel ALS genes, the new analyses not only pinpoint risk regions in known genes but also highlight candidate genes as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Martins Moreno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasseigne, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional collapsing of rare variation implicates specific genic regions in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An algorithm-centric Monte Carlo method to empiricallyquantify motion type estimation uncertainty in single-particle tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of microscopy images is ideally suited for understanding the functional biological correlates of individual molecular species identified by one of the several available "omics" techniques. Due to advances in fluorescent labeling, microscopy engineering and image processing, it is now possible to routinely observe and quantitatively analyze at high temporal and spatial resolution the real-time behavior of thousands of individual cellular structures as they perform their functional task inside living systems. Despite the central role of microscopic imaging in modern biology, unbiased inference, valid interpretation, scientific reproducibility and results dissemination are hampered by the still prevalent need for subjective interpretation of image data and by the limited attention given to the quantitative assessment and reporting of the error associated with each measurement or calculation, and on its effect on downstream analysis steps (i.e., error propagation). One of the mainstays of bioimage analysis is represented by single-particle tracking (SPT)1-5, which coupled with the mathematical analysis of trajectories and with the interpretative modelling of motion modalities, is of key importance for the quantitative understanding of the heterogeneous intracellular dynamic behavior of fluorescently-labeled individual cellular structures, vesicles, virions and single-molecules. Despite substantial advances, the evaluation of analytical error propagation through SPT and motion analysis pipelines is absent from most available tools 6. This severely hinders the critical evaluation, comparison, reproducibility and integration of results emerging from different laboratories, at different times, under different experimental conditions and using different model systems. Here we describe a novel, algorithmic-centric, Monte Carlo method to assess the effect of experimental parameters such as signal to noise ratio (SNR), particle detection error, trajectory length, and the diffusivity characteristics of the moving particle on the uncertainty associated with motion type classification The method is easily extensible to a wide variety of SPT algorithms, is made widely available via its implementation in our Open Microscopy Environment inteGrated Analysis (OMEGA) software tool for the management and analysis of tracking data 7, and forms an integral part of our Minimum Information About Particle Tracking Experiments (MIAPTE) data model 8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonciarz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sbalzarini, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An algorithm-centric Monte Carlo method to empiricallyquantify motion type estimation uncertainty in single-particle tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Persistence Detector for Metabolic Network Rewiring in an Animal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems must possess mechanisms that prevent inappropriate responses to spurious environmental signals. Gene regulatory network circuitries known as coherent type 1 feed-forward loops (FFLs) with AND-logic gates have been proposed to function as a persistence detector because it generates a delay in target activation and prevents target induction unless the input signal is sustained. While such a circuit has been found for the L-arabinose utilization system in E. coli, their existence and relevance multicellular organisms has remained unclear. Here, we identify the first persistence detector in an animal that redirects propionate breakdown to a shunt pathway when flux through the canonical propionate breakdown pathway is perturbed. We propose that this mechanism has evolved to ensure the shunt pathway stays off unless propionate accumulation is persistent because the shunt pathway generates highly toxic acrylate. Our study uniquely connects persistence detector circuitry to a physiological response in an animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bulcha, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holdorf, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Persistence Detector for Metabolic Network Rewiring in an Animal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Evolutionarily Conserved piRNA-producing Locus Required for Male Mouse Fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pachytene piRNAs, which comprise >80% of small RNAs in the adult mouse testis, have been proposed to bind and regulate target RNAs like miRNAs, cleave targets like siRNAs, or lack biological function altogether. Although piRNA pathway protein mutants are male sterile, no biological function has been identified for any mammalian piRNA-producing locus. Here, we report that males lacking piRNAs from a conserved mouse pachytene piRNA locus on chromosome 6 (pi6) produce sperm with defects in capacitation and egg fertilization. Moreover, heterozygous embryos sired by pi6-/- fathers show reduced viability in utero. Molecular analyses suggest that pi6 piRNAs repress gene expression by cleaving mRNAs encoding proteins required for sperm function. pi6 also participates in a network of piRNA-piRNA precursor interactions that initiate piRNA production from a second piRNA locus on chromosome 10 as well as pi6 itself. Our data establish a direct role for pachytene piRNAs in spermiogenesis and embryo viability.nnHighlightsO_LINormal male mouse fertility and spermiogenesis require piRNAs from the pi6 locusnC_LIO_LISperm capacitation and binding to the zona pellucida of the egg require pi6 piRNAsnC_LIO_LIHeterozygous embryos sired by pi6-/- fathers show reduced viability in uteronC_LIO_LIDefects in pi6 mutant sperm reflect changes in the abundance of specific mRNAs.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Evolutionarily Conserved piRNA-producing Locus Required for Male Mouse Fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal regulation of C. elegans hermaphrodite spermatogenesis by the GLD-1-FOG-2 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper germ cell sex determination in Caenorhabditis nematodes requires a network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their target mRNAs. In some species, changes in this network enabled limited XX spermatogenesis, and thus self-fertility. In C. elegans, one of these selfing species, the global sex-determining gene tra-2 is regulated in germ cells by a conserved RBP, GLD-1, via the 3 untranslated region (3UTR) of its transcript. A C. elegans-specific GLD-1 cofactor, FOG-2, is also required for hermaphrodite sperm fate, but how it modifies GLD-1 function is unknown. Germline feminization in gld-1 and fog-2 null mutants has been interpreted as due to cell-autonomous elevation of TRA-2 translation. Consistent with the proposed role of FOG-2 in translational control, the abundance of nearly all GLD-1 target mRNAs (including tra-2) is unchanged in fog-2 mutants. Epitope tagging reveals abundant TRA-2 expression in somatic tissues, but an undetectably low level in wild-type germ cells. Loss of gld-1 function elevates germline TRA-2 expression to detectable levels, but loss of fog-2 function does not. A simple quantitative model of tra-2 activity constrained by these results can successfully sort genotypes into normal or feminized groups. Surprisingly, fog-2 and gld-1 activity enable the sperm fate even when GLD-1 cannot bind to the tra-2 3 UTR. This suggests the GLD-1-FOG-2 complex regulates uncharacterized sites within tra-2, or other mRNA targets. Finally, we quantify the RNA-binding capacities of dominant missense alleles of GLD-1 that act genetically as "hyperrepressors" of tra-2 activity. These variants bind RNA more weakly in vitro than does wild-type GLD-1. These results indicate that gld-1 and fog-2 regulate germline sex via multiple interactions, and that our understanding of the control and evolution of germ cell sex determination in the C. elegans hermaphrodite is far from complete.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaymak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuersten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haag, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal regulation of C. elegans hermaphrodite spermatogenesis by the GLD-1-FOG-2 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FUS/TLS undergoes calcium-mediated nuclear egress during excitotoxic stress and is required for Gria2 mRNA processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitotoxic levels of glutamate represent a physiological stress that is strongly linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates a role for neurodegenerative disease linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the cellular stress response. However, the relationships between excitotoxicity, RBP function and pathology have not been explored. Here, we found that excitotoxicity induced the translocation of select ALS-linked RBPs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm within neurons. RBPs affected by excitotoxicity include TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and, most robustly, fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS). FUS translocation occurs through a calcium-dependent mechanism and coincides with striking alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Further, glutamate-induced upregulation of Gria2 in neurons was dependent on FUS expression, consistent with a functional role for FUS under excitotoxic stress. These findings reveal a link between prominent factors in neurodegenerative disease, namely excitotoxicity, disease-associated RBPs and nucleocytoplasmic transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tischbein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FUS/TLS undergoes calcium-mediated nuclear egress during excitotoxic stress and is required for Gria2 mRNA processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photon count estimation in single-molecule localization microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, Franke, Sauer and van de Linde1 introduced a way to estimate the axial position of single-molecules (TRABI). To this end, they compared the detected photon count from a temporal radial-aperture-based intensity estimation to the estimated count from Gaussian point-spread function (PSF) fitting to the data. Empirically they found this photometric ratio to be around 0.7-0.8 close to focus and decreasing away from it. Here, we explain this reported but unexplained discrepancy and furthermore show that the photometric ratio as indicator for axial position is susceptible even to typical optical aberrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rieger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallinga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulleman, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsen, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photon count estimation in single-molecule localization microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DEBrowser: Interactive Differential Expression Analysis and Visualization Tool for Count Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSequencing data has become a standard measure for studying diverse cellular activities. For example, gene expression is accurately measured by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries, protein-DNA interactions are captured by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), protein-RNA interactions by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP-Seq) or RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP-Seq) sequencing, DNA accessibility by assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-Seq), and DNase or MNase sequencing libraries. Analysis of these sequencing techniques involve library-specific approaches. However, in all cases, once the sequencing libraries are processed, the result is a count table specifying the estimated number of reads originating from a genomic locus. Differential analysis to determine which loci have different cellular activity under different conditions starts with the count table and iterates through a cycle of data assessment, preparation and analysis. Such iterative approach relies on multiple programs and is therefore a challenge for those without programming skills.nnResultsWe developed DEBrowser, as an R bioconductor project, to interactively visualize each step of the differential analysis of count data, without any requirement for programming expertise. The application presents a rich and interactive web based graphical user interface based on Rs shiny infrastructure. We use shinys reactive programming interface for a dynamic webpage that responds to user input and integrates its visualization widgets at each stage of the analysis. In this way, every step of the analysis can be displayed in one application that combines many approaches and multiple results. We show DEBrowsers capabilities by reproducing the analysis of two previously published data sets.nnConclusionsDEBrowser is a flexible, intuitive, web-based analysis platform that enables an iterative and interactive analysis of count data without any requirement of programming knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yukselen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DEBrowser: Interactive Differential Expression Analysis and Visualization Tool for Count Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-splicing of the C. elegans let-7 primary transcript developmentally regulates let-7 microRNA biogenesis and let-7 family microRNA activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
let-7 is a microRNA whose sequence and roles as a regulator of developmental progression are conserved throughout bilaterians. In most systems, transcription of the let-7 locus occurs relatively early in development, whilst processing of let-7 primary transcript into mature microRNA arises later and is associated with cellular differentiation. In C. elegans and other animals, the RNA binding protein LIN-28 post-transcriptionally inhibits let-7 biogenesis at early developmental stages. The mechanisms by which LIN-28 and other factors developmentally regulate let-7 biogenesis are not fully understood. Nor is it understood how the developmental regulation of let-7 might influence the expression or activities of other microRNAs of the same seed family. Here we show that in C. elegans, the primary let-7 transcript (pri-let-7) is trans-spliced to SL1 splice leader at a position downstream of the let-7 precursor stem-loop, producing a short, polyadenylated downstream mRNA. The trans-splicing event negatively impacts the biogenesis of mature let-7 microRNA in cis, likely by destabilizing the upstream pri-let-7 fragment. Moreover, the trans-spliced downstream mRNA contains complimentary sequences to multiple members of the let-7 seed family (let-7fam), and thereby serves as a sponge to negatively regulate let-7fam function in trans. Thus, this study provides evidence for a mechanism by which splicing of a microRNA primary transcript can negatively regulate said microRNA in cis as well as other microRNAs in trans.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIThe let-7 primary transcript is trans-spliced to produce an RNA that functions as a sponge that negatively regulates the let-7-family microRNAs.nC_LIO_LITrans-splicing of this RNA negatively impacts let-7 microRNA biogenesis.nC_LIO_LILIN-28 regulates this trans-splicing eventnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-splicing of the C. elegans let-7 primary transcript developmentally regulates let-7 microRNA biogenesis and let-7 family microRNA activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toll-Like Receptor-4 Disruption Suppresses Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Increases Survival During Cancer Cachexia Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer-induced cachexia, characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, adipose tissue (AT) remodeling and muscle wasting, is a malignant metabolic syndrome with undefined etiology. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates AT remodeling, in particular, AT browning and inflammatory response in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). LLC tumor-bearing (TB) TLR4-/- mice were spared from AT remodeling due to a reduced macrophage infiltration and adipocyte atrophy. TLR4-/- mice were also resistant to cold-induced browning of subcutaneous AT (scAT). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 reproduced the main protective effect against AT remodeling found in TLR4-/- TB mice. Moreover, the treatment was effective in prolonging the survival and attenuating tumor mass growth when compared to non-treated-TB animals. Further, tumor-induced elevation of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines was similarly abolished in both genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TLR4. These data suggest that TLR4 is a critical mediator and a promising therapeutic target for cancer-induced AT remodeling.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIGenetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 attenuate adipose tissue remodeling during cancer-associated cachexia;nC_LIO_LITLR4 suppression play an essential role in the browning phenotype induced by cachexia;nC_LIO_LIAdministration of TLR4 drug inhibitor increase survival and reduces tumor mass growth in tumor bearing mice;nC_LIO_LITLR4 pathway is a promising target for cancer-cachexia therapeutic intervention.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knobl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilherme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birbrair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toll-Like Receptor-4 Disruption Suppresses Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Increases Survival During Cancer Cachexia Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWITCH-LIKE PHOSPHORYLATION OF WRN INTEGRATES END-RESECTION WITH REPAIR OF DSBs AT REPLICATION FORKS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication-dependent DNA double-strand breaks are harmful lesions preferentially repaired by homologous recombination; a process that requires processing of DNA ends to allow RAD51-mediated strand invasion. End-resection and subsequent repair are two intertwined processes, but the mechanism underlying their execution is still poorly appreciated. The WRN helicase is one of the crucial factors for the end-resection and is instrumental to select the proper repair pathway. Here, we reveal that ordered phosphorylation of WRN by the CDK1, ATM and ATR kinases define a complex regulatory layer that is essential for correct long-range end-resection connecting it to repair by homologous recombination. We establish that long-range end-resection requires an ATM-dependent phosphorylation of WRN at Ser1058 and that phosphorylation at Ser1141, together with dephosphorylation at the CDK1 site Ser1133, is needed for the correct metabolism of RAD51 foci and RAD51-dependent repair. Collectively, our findings suggest that regulation of WRN by multiple kinases functions as molecular switch to allow a timely execution of end-resection and repair at replication-dependent DNA double-strand breaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palermo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malacaria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchitto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichierri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWITCH-LIKE PHOSPHORYLATION OF WRN INTEGRATES END-RESECTION WITH REPAIR OF DSBs AT REPLICATION FORKS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Adaptation of Darunavir Analogs Against Primary Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 protease is one of the prime targets of agents used in antiretroviral therapy against HIV. However, under selective pressure of protease inhibitors, primary mutations at the active site weaken inhibitor binding to confer resistance. Darunavir (DRV) is the most potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor in clinic; resistance is limited, as DRV fits well within the substrate envelope. Nevertheless, resistance is observed due to hydrophobic changes at residues including I50, V82 and I84 that line the S1/S1 pocket within the active site. Through enzyme inhibition assays and a series of 12 crystal structures, we interrogated susceptibility of DRV and two potent analogs to primary S1 mutations. The analogs had modifications at the hydrophobic P1 moiety to better occupy the unexploited space in the S1 pocket where the primary mutations were located. Considerable losses of potency were observed against protease variants with I84V and I50V mutations for all three inhibitors. The crystal structures revealed an unexpected conformational change in the flap region of I50V protease bound to the analog with the largest P1 moiety, indicating interdependency between the S1 subsite and the flap region. Collective analysis of protease-inhibitor van der Waals (vdW) interactions in the crystal structures using principle component analysis indicated I84V mutation underlying the largest variation in the vdW contacts. Interestingly, the principle components were able to distinguish inhibitor identity and relative potency solely based on vdW interactions of active site residues in the crystal structures. Our results reveal the interplay between inhibitor P1 moiety and primary S1 mutations, as well as suggesting a novel method for distinguishing the interdependence of resistance through principle component analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lockbaum, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovrasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalivaika, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Adaptation of Darunavir Analogs Against Primary Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classification and monomer-by-monomer annotation of suprachromosomal family 1 alpha satellite higher-order repeats in hg38 human genome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the latest hg38 human genome assembly, centromeric gaps has been filled in by alpha satellite (AS) reference models (RMs) which are statistical representations of homogeneous higher-order repeat (HOR) arrays that make up the bulk of the centromeric regions. We studied these models to compose an atlas of human HORs where each monomer of a HOR could be characterized and represented by a number of its polymorphic sequence variants. We further used these data and HMMER sequence analysis platform to annotate AS HORs in the assembly. This led to discovery and annotation of a new type of low copy number highly divergent HORs which were not represented by RMs. The annotation can be viewed as UCSC Genome Browser custom track (the HOR-track) and used together with our previous annotation of AS SFs in the same assembly where each AS monomer can be viewed in its genomic context together with its classification into one of the 5 major SFs (the SF-track). To catalog the diversity of AS HORs in the human genome we introduced a new naming system. Each HOR received a name which showed its SF, chromosomal location and index number. Here we present the first installment of the HOR-track covering only the 17 HORs that belong to SF1 which forms live functional centromeres in chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16 and 19 and also a large number of minor dead HOR domains, both homogeneous (pseudo) and divergent (relic). The 4 newly discovered divergent SF1 HORs have provided the missing links in SF1 early evolution and substantiated its partition into 2 generations, archaic and modern, which we reported earlier. Additionally, we demonstrated that monomer-by-monomer HOR annotation was useful for mapping and quantification of various structural variants of AS HORs which would be important for studies of inter-individual polymorphism of AS including centromeric functional epialleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurov, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaev, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classification and monomer-by-monomer annotation of suprachromosomal family 1 alpha satellite higher-order repeats in hg38 human genome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer RNA Genes Affect Chromosome Structure and Function via Local Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is packaged and organized in an ordered, non-random manner and specific chromatin segments contact nuclear substructures to mediate this organization. While transfer RNA genes (tDNAs) are essential for the generation of tRNAs, these loci are also binding sites for transcription factors and architectural proteins and are thought to play an important role in the organization of the genome. In this study, we investigate the role of tDNAs in genomic organization and chromosome function by editing a chromosome so that it lacks any tDNAs. Surprisingly our analyses of this tDNA-less chromosome show that loss of tDNAs does not grossly affect chromosome folding or chromosome tethering. However, loss of tDNAs affects local nucleosome positioning and the binding of SMC proteins at these loci. The absence of tDNAs also leads to changes in centromere clustering and a reduction in the frequency of long range HML-HMR heterochromatin clustering. We propose that the tDNAs primarily affect local chromatin structure that result in effects on long-range chromosome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamakaka, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkland, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrimore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chereji, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer RNA Genes Affect Chromosome Structure and Function via Local Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and differentiation of embryonic vascular smooth muscle cells in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the critical role of vascular mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) in supporting the endothelium of blood vessels, we know little of their early morphogenesis and differentiation. foxc1b:EGFP expressing cells in zebrafish associate with the vascular endothelium (kdrl) and co-express a smooth muscle marker (acta2), but not a pericyte marker (pdgfr{beta}). The expression of foxc1b in early peri-endothelial mesenchymal cells allows us to follow the morphogenesis of mesenchyme into acta2 expressing vascular smooth muscle cells. We show that mural cells expressing different markers associate with vessels of different diameters, depending on their embryonic location and developmental timing, suggesting marker expression is predictive of functional differences. We identify gene expression signatures for an enriched vascular smooth muscle cell population (foxc1b + acta2) and all smooth muscle (acta2) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA-Seq. Finally, we demonstrate that progressive loss of foxc1a/foxc1b results in decreased smooth muscle cell coverage. Together, our data highlight the early cellular dynamics and transcriptome profiles of smooth muscle cells in vivo, using foxc1b as a unique tool to probe vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.nnSummary StatementTracing the morphogenesis and transcriptome of early vascular smooth muscle cells using foxc1b
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitesell, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrystal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munsie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workentine, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waskiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and differentiation of embryonic vascular smooth muscle cells in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of actin polymerization affects nucleocytoplasmic transport in multiple forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. Although defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) may be central to the pathogenesis of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases, the molecular mechanisms modulating the nuclear pore function are still largely unknown. Here we show that genetic and pharmacological modulation of actin polymerization disrupts nuclear pore integrity, nuclear import, and downstream pathways such as mRNA post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, we demonstrate that modulation of actin homeostasis can rescue nuclear pore instability and dysfunction caused by mutant PFN1 as well as by C9ORF72 repeat expansions, the most common mutations in ALS patients. Collectively, our data link NCT defects to ALS-associated pathology and propose the regulation of actin homeostasis as a novel therapeutic strategy for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giampetruzzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielson, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boopathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of actin polymerization affects nucleocytoplasmic transport in multiple forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Toll-Spätzle Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila melanogaster Toll-Spatzle pathway plays an important role in development and immunity. Drosophila genome encodes nine Toll receptors and six Spatzle (Spz) proteins, and only the canonical Toll-Spz (Toll-1-Spz-1) pathway has been well investigated. In this study, we compared the nine Drosophila Tolls and showed that similarly to Toll, Toll-7 also strongly activated drosomycin promoter. Importantly, we showed that both Toll and Toll-7 interacted with Spz, Spz-2 and Spz-5, and co-expression of Toll or Toll-7 with Spz, Spz-2 and Spz-5 activated the drosomycin promoter. Furthermore, Toll and Toll-7 both recognized vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by binding to the VSV glycoprotein. Septic infection in Toll and Toll-7 mutant flies suggested that Toll and Toll-7 differentially affected defense responses in adult males and females after systemic infection by Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans or VSV. Our results suggest multiple Toll family members activate the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Our results also provide evidence that Toll and Toll-7 bind multiple Spatzle proteins and differentially affect immune defense against different pathogens in adult male and female flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Toll-Spätzle Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High diversity, turnover, and structural constraints characterize TCR α and β repertoire selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/428623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recognition modes of individual T-cell receptors (TCR) are well studied, but how TCR repertoires are selected during acute through persistent human virus infections is less clear. Here, we show that persistent EBV-specific clonotypes account for only 9% of unique clonotypes but are highly expanded in acute infectious mononucleosis, and have distinct antigen-specific public features that drive selection into convalescence. The other 91% of highly diverse unique clonotypes disappear and are replaced in convalescence by equally diverse "de-novo" clonotypes. These broad fluctuating repertoires lend plasticity to antigen recognition and potentially protect against T-cell clonal loss and viral escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirravuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzuriaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High diversity, turnover, and structural constraints characterize TCR α and β repertoire selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-binding ATPase, Armitage, Couples piRNA Amplification in Nuage to Phased piRNA Production on Mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PlWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposons in Drosophila ovaries, ensuring female fertility. Two coupled pathways generate germline piRNAs: the ping-pong cycle, in which the PIWI proteins Aubergine and Ago3 increase the abundance of pre-existing piRNAs, and the phased piRNA pathway, which generates strings of tail-to-head piRNAs, one after another. Proteins acting in the ping-pong cycle localize to nuage, whereas phased piRNA production requires Zucchini, an endonuclease on the mitochondrial surface. Here, we report that Armitage (Armi), an RNA-binding ATPase localized to both nuage and mitochondria, links the ping-pong cycle to the phased piRNA pathway. Mutations that block phased piRNA production deplete Armi from nuage. Armi ATPase mutants cannot support phased piRNA production and inappropriately bind mRNA instead of piRNA precursors. We propose that Armi shuttles between nuage and mitochondria, feeding precursor piRNAs generated by Ago3 cleavage into the Zucchini-dependent production of Aubergine- and Piwi-bound piRNAs on the mitochondrial surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipping, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-binding ATPase, Armitage, Couples piRNA Amplification in Nuage to Phased piRNA Production on Mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance from Afar: Distal Mutation V36M Allosterically Modulates the Active Site to Accentuate Drug Resistance in HCV NS3/4A Protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus rapidly evolves, conferring resistance to direct acting antivirals. While resistance via active site mutations in the viral NS3/4A protease has been well characterized, the mechanism for resistance of non-active site mutations is unclear. R155K and V36M often co-evolve and while R155K alters the electrostatic network at the binding site, V36M is more than 13 [A] away. In this study the mechanism by which V36M confers resistance, in the context of R155K, is elucidated with drug susceptibility assays, crystal structures, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for three protease inhibitors: telaprevir, boceprevir and danoprevir. The R155K and R155K/V36M crystal structures differ in the -2 helix and E2 strand near the active site, with alternative conformations at M36 and side chains of active site residues D168 and R123, revealing an allosteric coupling, which persists dynamically in MD simulations, between the distal mutation and the active site. This allosteric modulation validates the network hypothesis and elucidates how distal mutations confer resistance through propagation of conformational changes to the active site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petropoulos, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance from Afar: Distal Mutation V36M Allosterically Modulates the Active Site to Accentuate Drug Resistance in HCV NS3/4A Protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An emergent Ebola virus nucleoprotein variant influences virion budding, oligomerization, transcription and replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For highly pathogenic viruses, reporter assays that can be rapidly performed are critically needed to identify potentially functional mutations for further study under maximal containment (e.g., biosafety level 4 [BSL-4]). The Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) plays multiple essential roles during the viral life cycle, yet few tools exist to study the protein under BSL-2 or equivalent containment. Therefore, we adapted reporter assays to measure NP oligomerization and virion-like particle (VLP) production in live cells and further measure transcription and replication using established minigenome assays. As a proof-of-concept, we examined the NP-R111C substitution, which emerged during the 2013-2016 Western African Ebola virus disease epidemic and rose to high frequency. NP-R111C slightly increased NP oligomerization and VLP budding but slightly decreased transcription and replication. By contrast, a synthetic charge-reversal mutant, NP-R111E, greatly increased oligomerization but abrogated transcription and replication. These results are intriguing in light of recent structures of NP oligomers, which reveal that the neighboring residue, K110, forms a salt bridge with E349 on adjacent NP molecules. By developing and utilizing multiple reporter assays, we find that the NP-111 position mediates a complex interplay between NPs roles in protein structure, virion budding, and transcription and replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An emergent Ebola virus nucleoprotein variant influences virion budding, oligomerization, transcription and replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is an ongoing, nationwide study of the effects of environmental influences on behavioral and brain development in adolescents. The ABCD Study is a collaborative effort, including a Coordinating Center, 21 data acquisition sites across the United States, and a Data Analysis and Informatics Center (DAIC). The main objective of the study is to recruit and assess over eleven thousand 9-10-year-olds and follow them over the course of 10 years to characterize normative brain and cognitive development, the many factors that influence brain development, and the effects of those factors on mental health and other outcomes. The study employs state-of-the-art multimodal brain imaging, cognitive and clinical assessments, bioassays, and careful assessment of substance use, environment, psychopathological symptoms, and social functioning. The data will provide a resource of unprecedented scale and depth for studying typical and atypical development. Here, we describe the baseline neuroimaging processing and subject-level analysis methods used by the ABCD DAIC in the centralized processing and extraction of neuroanatomical and functional imaging phenotypes. Neuroimaging processing and analyses include modality-specific corrections for distortions and motion, brain segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), analysis of brain microstructure using diffusion MRI (dMRI), task-related analysis of functional MRI (fMRI), and functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI.nnHighlightsO_LIAn overview of the MRI processing pipeline for the ABCD StudynC_LIO_LIA discussion on the challenges of large, multisite population studiesnC_LIO_LIA methodological reference for users of publicly shared data from the ABCD StudynC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjork, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pung, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicat, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitzeg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squeglia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howlett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soules, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz de Leon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodurka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bre</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport protein 74 is essential for mouse spermatogenesis and male fertility by regulating axonemal microtubule assembly in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IFT74 is a component of the core intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex, a bidirectional movement of large particles along the axoneme microtubules for cilia formation. In this study, we investigated its role in sperm flagella formation and discovered that mice deficiency in IFT74 in male germ cells were infertile associated with low sperm counts and immotile sperm. The few developed spermatozoa displayed misshaped heads and short tails. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormal flagellar axoneme in the seminiferous tubules where sperm are made. Clusters of unassembled microtubules were present in the spermatids. Testicular expression levels of IFT27, IFT57, IFT81, IFT88 and IFT140 were significantly reduced in the mutant mice, with the exception of IFT20 and IFT25. The levels of ODF2 and SPAG16L proteins were also not changed. However, the processed AKAP4 protein, a major component of the fibrous sheath, a unique structure of sperm tail, was significantly reduced. Our study demonstrates that IFT74 is essential for mouse sperm formation, probably through assembly of the core axoneme and fibrous sheath, and highlights a potential genetic factor (IFT74) that contributes to human infertility in men.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraflagellar transport protein 74 is essential for mouse spermatogenesis and male fertility by regulating axonemal microtubule assembly in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles for enhancing virus capsid capacity and stability from a thermophilic virus capsid structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capsids of double-stranded DNA viruses protect the viral genome from the harsh extracellular environment, while maintaining stability against the high internal pressure of packaged DNA. To elucidate how capsids maintain stability in an extreme environment, we used cryoelectron microscopy to determine the capsid structure of the thermostable phage P74-26 to 2.8-[A] resolution. We find the P74-26 capsid exhibits an overall architecture that is very similar to those of other tailed bacteriophages, allowing us to directly compare structures to derive the structural basis for enhanced stability. Our structure reveals  lasso-like interactions that appear to function like catch bonds. This architecture allows the capsid to expand during genome packaging, yet maintain structural stability. The P74-26 capsid has T=7 geometry despite being twice as large as mesophilic homologs. Capsid capacity is increased through a novel mechanism with a larger, flatter major capsid protein. Our results suggest that decreased icosahedral complexity (i.e. lower T number) leads to a more stable capsid assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles for enhancing virus capsid capacity and stability from a thermophilic virus capsid structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Contrasting Classes of Nucleolus-Associated Domains in Mouse Fibroblast Heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In interphase eukaryotic cells, almost all heterochromatin is located adjacent to the nucleolus or to the nuclear lamina, thus defining Nucleolus-Associated Domains (NADs) and Lamina-Associated Domains (LADs), respectively. Here, we determined the first genome-scale map of murine NADs in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via deep sequencing of chromatin associated with purified nucleoli. We developed a Bioconductor package called NADfinder and demonstrated that it identifies NADs more accurately than other peak-calling tools, due to its critical feature of chromosome-level local baseline correction. We detected two distinct classes of NADs. Type I NADs associate frequently with both the nucleolar periphery and with the nuclear lamina, and generally display characteristics of constitutive heterochromatin, including late DNA replication, enrichment of H3K9me3 and little gene expression. In contrast, Type II NADs associate with nucleoli but do not overlap with LADs. Type II NADs tend to replicate earlier, display greater gene expression, and are more often enriched in H3K27me3 than Type I NADs. The nucleolar associations of both classes of NADs were confirmed via DNA-FISH, which also detected Type I but not Type II probes enriched at the nuclear lamina. Interestingly, Type II NADs are enriched in distinct gene classes, notably factors important for differentiation and development. In keeping with this, we observed that a Type II NAD is developmentally regulated, present in MEFs but not in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vertii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pages, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Contrasting Classes of Nucleolus-Associated Domains in Mouse Fibroblast Heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ezh2-dependent epigenetic reprogramming controls a developmental switch between modes of gastric neuromuscular regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physiological interconversion between specialized cell types has only been described in a few mammalian tissues and the mechanisms remain obscure. Using genetic lineage tracing during postnatal development and in-vitro models we demonstrate conversion of gastric interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), regulatory cells that electrically pace phasic contractions and mediate nitrergic and cholinergic neural control of smooth muscle cells, into phenotypically distinct "fibroblast-like" interstitial cells (FLC), which only mediate purinergic signaling. Mechanistically, we find this transition to be epigenetically governed by H3K27 trimethylation of cell identity-related promoters whose susceptibility to repression is predicted by H3K27 acetylation patterns in ICC. The phenotypic switch was reversible by inhibition, knockdown or in-vivo genomic inactivation of the polycomb H3K27 methyl-transferase Ezh2. These results demonstrate a role for Ezh2-mediated epigenetic repression in physiological mammalian transdifferentiation and identify FLC as a reserve from which ICC can potentially be restored in common gastrointestinal disorders where ICC are depleted.nnGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=157 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486423v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (38K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e12f42org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5c7beorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9cbc21org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@34f28_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGastric pacemaker cells (ICC) transdifferentiate into quiescent cells (FLC) in vivonC_LIO_LIICC-to-FLC shift switches neural control from nitrergic/cholinergic to purinergicnC_LIO_LIEzh2-mediated H3K27me3 represses cell-identity genes during ICC-to-FLC transitionnC_LIO_LIEzh2 inhibition restores ICC numbers, phenotype and functionnC_LInneTOC BLURBSyed et al. find aging to cause transdifferentiation of gastric pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal, ICC), which also communicate cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission to smooth muscle cells, into quiescent "fibroblast-like cells" (FLC), which only mediate purinergic signals. This switch is governed by Ezh2, whose inhibition can reverse ICC depletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorincz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strege, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajdos, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosavljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumessen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardsley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redelman, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrugia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordog, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ezh2-dependent epigenetic reprogramming controls a developmental switch between modes of gastric neuromuscular regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fission Yeast Cells Grow Approximately Exponentially 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the rate of cell growth is influenced by cell size is a fundamental question of cell biology. The simple model that cell growth is proportional to cell size, based on the proposition that larger cells have proportionally greater synthetic capacity than smaller cells, leads to the predication that the rate of cell growth increases exponentially with cell size. However, other modes of cell growth, including bilinear growth, have been reported. The distinction between exponential and bilinear growth has been explored in particular detail in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have revisited the mode of fission yeast cell growth using high-resolution time-lapse microscopy and find, as previously reported, that these two growth models are difficult to distinguish both because of the similarity in shapes between exponential and bilinear curves over the two-fold change in length of a normal cell cycle and because of the substantial biological and experimental noise inherent to these experiments. Therefore, we contrived to have cells grow more than two fold, by holding them in G2 for up to eight hours. Over this extended growth period, in which cells grow up to 5.5-fold, the two growth models diverge to the point that we can confidently exclude bilinear growth as a general model for fission yeast growth. Although the growth we observe is clearly more complicated than predicted by simple exponential growth, we find that exponential growth is a robust approximation of fission yeast growth, both during an unperturbed cell cycle and during extended periods of growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pickering, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fission Yeast Cells Grow Approximately Exponentially]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 9 domain (ADAM9) required in the early stages of encephalomyocarditis virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a picornavirus that produces lytic infections in murine and human cells. Employing a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen to find host factors required for EMCV infection, we identified a role for ADAM9 in EMCV infection. CRISPR-mediated deletion of ADAM9 in multiple human cell lines rendered the cells highly resistant to EMCV infection and cell death. Primary fibroblasts from ADAM9 KO mice were also strongly resistant to EMCV infection and cell death. In contrast, ADAM9 KO and WT cells were equally susceptible to infection with other viruses, including the picornavirus Coxsackie virus B. ADAM9 KO cells failed to produce viral progeny when incubated with EMCV. However, bypassing EMCV entry into cells through delivery of viral RNA directly to the cytosol yielded infectious EMCV virions from ADAM9 KO cells, suggesting that ADAM9 is not required for EMCV replication post-entry. These findings establish that ADAM9 is required for the early stage of EMCV infection, likely for virus entry or viral genome delivery to the cytosol.nnImportanceViral myocarditis is a leading cause of death in the U.S., contributing to numerous unexplained deaths in people [&le;] 35 years old. Enteroviruses contribute to many cases of human myocarditis. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection causes viral myocarditis in rodent models but its receptor requirements have not been fully identified. CRISPR-Cas9 screens can identify host dependency factors essential for EMCV infection and enhance our understanding of key events that follow viral infection, potentially leading to new strategies for preventing viral myocarditis. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 9 Domain (ADAM9) as a major factor required for the early stages of EMCV infection in both human and murine infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bazzone, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKay, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyawe, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meraner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstrom, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Quintero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brass, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt-Jones, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finberg, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 9 domain (ADAM9) required in the early stages of encephalomyocarditis virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance to Diet Induced Obesity in the Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mouse is Associated with an Attenuated Transcriptional Response in Visceral Fat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The apolipoprotein E knockout (EKO) mouse is a well-established model of atherosclerosis. Macrophages in the arterial intima of EKO mice serve a protective role, scavenging oxidatively modified LDL in order to protect cells from toxic free cholesterol. Recent studies have highlighted a similar role for macrophage foam cells in restraining the increased rates of lipolysis in adipose tissue of obese and fasting mice. Interestingly, EKO adipocytes have been shown to have increased rates of lipolysis in vitro. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how apoE deficiency might alter the transcriptional response of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to high fat diet (HFD). EKO mice fed HFD for 24 weeks gained less fat mass and were more insulin sensitive than their wild type (WT) littermates. Metabolic cages showed that HFD EKO mice had increased post-prandial oxygen consumption and increased serum {beta}-hydroxybutyrate. DNA microarrays revealed that EKO VAT was comparatively insensitive to HFD in terms of alterations in gene expression, with only 0.1% of probe sets differentially expressed. In contrast, the VAT of WT mice had a 30 fold more extensive alteration in gene expression (3% of probes sets), characterized predominantly by increased expression of immune cell specific genes. In addition, analysis of a priori determined gene sets revealed broad down-regulation of PPAR{gamma} target and fatty acid catabolism genes in WT VAT, and increased expression of lipid storage and cholesterol synthesis genes. In comparison, expression of PPAR{gamma} target genes was not down-regulated in EKO VAT and expression of fatty acid oxidation genes was increased. In summary, we report three novel findings with regards to metabolism in the EKO mouse: 1) increased post-prandial oxygen consumption, 2) increased serum {beta} hydroxybutyrate concentrations and 3) a dramatically less robust transcriptional response to HFD in EKO VAT. These findings suggest that limiting adipocyte exposure to dietary fatty acids may be an attractive therapy for diet induced obesity, provided that compensatory mechanisms that prevent hyperlipidemia can be activated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbons, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance to Diet Induced Obesity in the Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mouse is Associated with an Attenuated Transcriptional Response in Visceral Fat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
International travelers and genomics uncover a ‘hidden’ Zika outbreak 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing Zika epidemic in the Americas has challenged public health surveillance, response, and control systems. Even as the epidemic appears to be near its end in the Americas, it is unclear whether substantial Zika virus transmission may still be ongoing. This issue is exacerbated by large discrepancies in local case reporting and significant delays in detecting outbreaks due to surveillance gaps. To uncover locations with lingering outbreaks in the Americas, we investigated travel-associated Zika cases diagnosed in the United States and Europe to identify signatures of transmission dynamics that were not captured by local reporting. We found that a large and unreported Zika outbreak occurred in Cuba during 2017, a year after peak transmission in neighboring countries, with cases still appearing in 2018. By sequencing Zika virus from infected travelers, we show that the 2017 outbreak in Cuba was sparked by long-lived lineages of Zika virus introduced from multiple places in the Americas a year prior. Our data suggest that while aggressive mosquito control in Cuba may initially have been effective at mitigating Zika virus transmission, in the absence of vaccines, herd immunity, or strong international coordination, such control measures may need to be maintained to be effective. Our study highlights how Zika virus may still be  silently spreading in the Americas and provides a framework for more accurately understanding outbreak dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangavarapu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roidtman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladner, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteson, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberlein-Larson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GeoSentinel Surveillance Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/496901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[International travelers and genomics uncover a ‘hidden’ Zika outbreak]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of noncoding RNA production and histone levels by a 5’ tRNA fragment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs derived from mature tRNAs, referred to as tRNA fragments or "tRFs", are an emerging class of regulatory RNAs with poorly understood functions in cellular regulation. We recently identified a role for one specific tRF - 5 tRF-Gly-GCC, or tRFGG - in repression of genes associated with the endogenous retroelement MERVL, but the mechanistic basis for this regulation was unknown. Here, we show that tRF-GG plays a role in production of a wide variety of noncoding RNAs normally synthesized in Cajal bodies. Among these noncoding RNAs, tRF-GG regulation of the U7 snRNA modulates heterochromatin-mediated transcriptional repression of MERVL elements by supporting an adequate supply of histone proteins. Importantly, the effects of inhibiting tRF-GG on histone mRNA levels, activity of a histone 3 UTR reporter, and ultimately on MERVL regulation could all be suppressed by the U7 RNA. We show that the related RNA-binding proteins hnRNPF and H bind directly to tRF-GG, and are required for Cajal body biogenesis. Together, our data reveal a conserved mechanism for 5 tRNA fragment control of noncoding RNA biogenesis and, consequently, in global chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaymak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of noncoding RNA production and histone levels by a 5’ tRNA fragment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PSI controls tim splicing and circadian period in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila circadian pacemaker consists of transcriptional feedback loops subjected to both post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation. While post-translational regulatory mechanisms have been studied in detail, much less is known about circadian post-transcriptional control. To have a better understanding of the role and mechanisms of circadian post-transcriptional regulation, we targeted 364 RNA binding and RNA associated proteins with RNA interference. Among the 43 genes we identified was the alternative splicing regulator P-element somatic inhibitor (PSI). PSI downregulation shortens the period of circadian rhythms both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. Interestingly, we found that PSI regulates the thermosensitive alternative splicing of timeless (tim), promoting splicing events favored at warm temperature over those increased at cold temperature. Moreover, the period of circadian behavior was insensitive to PSI downregulation when flies could produce functional TIM proteins only from a transgene that cannot form the thermosensitive splicing isoforms. Therefore, we conclude that PSI regulates the period of Drosophila circadian rhythms through its modulation of the tim splicing pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshii, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evantal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadener, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PSI controls tim splicing and circadian period in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The FXR2P low complexity domain drives assembly of multiple fibril types with differing ribosome association in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) typically function in higher order assemblages to regulate RNA localization and translation. The Fragile X homolog FXR2P is an RBP essential for formation of Fragile X granules, which associate with axonal mRNA and ribosomes in the intact brain. Here we performed an unbiased EGFP insertional mutagenesis screen to probe for FXR2P domains important for assembly into higher order structural states in neurons. Fifteen of the 18 unique in-frame FXR2PEGFP fusions tested formed cytosolic granules. However, EGFP insertion within a 23 amino acid region of the low complexity (LC) domain induced formation of distinct FXR2PEGFP fibrils (A and B) that were found in isolation or assembled into highly ordered bundles. Type A and B complexes exhibited different developmental timelines, ultrastructure and ribosome association with ribosomes absent from bundled Type B fibrils. The formation of both fibril types was dependent on an intact RNA binding domain. We conclude that formation of these higher order FXR2P assemblages with alternative structural and compositional states in neurons requires collaboration between the LC and RNA binding domains.nnSummary StatementThe Fragile X protein FXR2P forms multiple types of fibrillar assemblages with differential ribosome associations in neurons through cooperation between its RNA binding and LC domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stackpole, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivshina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The FXR2P low complexity domain drives assembly of multiple fibril types with differing ribosome association in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRG1 is a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRG1 is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that function as the catalytic subunit of human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes. BRG1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in some cancer types but has been shown to be expressed at elevated levels, relative to normal tissue, in other cancers. Using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) prostate cancer database, we determined that BRG1 mRNA and protein expression is elevated in prostate tumors relative to normal prostate tissue. Only 3 of 491 (0.6%) sequenced tumors showed amplification of the locus or mutation in the protein coding sequence, arguing against the idea that elevated expression due to amplification or expression of a mutant BRG1 protein is associated with prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that BRG1 expression in prostate tumors inversely correlated with survival. However, BRG1 expression did not correlate with Gleason score/ISUP Grade Group, indicating it is an independent predictor of tumor progression/patient outcome. To experimentally assess BRG1 as a possible therapeutic target, we treated prostate cancer cells with a biologic inhibitor called ADAADi that targets the activity of the SNF2 family of ATPases in biochemical assays but showed specificity for BRG1 in prior tissue culture experiments. The inhibitor decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. When directly injected into xenografts established by injection of prostate cancer cells in mouse flanks, the inhibitor decreased tumor growth and increased survival. These results indicate the efficacy of pursuing BRG1 as both an indicator of patient outcome and as a therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthuswami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockensmith, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRG1 is a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gain-of-function mutations in the UNC-2/CaV2α channel lead to hyperactivity and excitation-dominant synaptic transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in pre-synaptic voltage gated calcium channels can lead to familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1). While mammalian studies indicate that the migraine brain is hyperexcitable due to enhanced excitation or reduced inhibition, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance are poorly understood. We identified a gain-of-function (gf) mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans CaV2 channel 1 subunit, UNC-2, which leads to increased calcium currents. unc-2(gf) mutants exhibit hyperactivity and seizure-like motor behaviors. Expression of the unc-2 gene with FHM1 substitutions R192Q and S218L leads to hyperactivity similar to that of unc-2(gf) mutants unc-2(gf) mutants display increased cholinergic- and decreased GABAergic-transmission. Moreover, we reveal that and increased cholinergic transmission in unc-2(gf) mutants leads to reduction of GABA synapses in a TAX-6/calcineurin dependent manner. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into how CaV2 gain-of-function mutations disrupt excitation-inhibition balance in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saheki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gain-of-function mutations in the UNC-2/CaV2α channel lead to hyperactivity and excitation-dominant synaptic transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTF1, a classic metal sensing transcription factor, promotes myogenesis in response to copper. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MTF1 is a conserved metal-binding transcription factor in eukaryotes that binds to conserved DNA sequence motifs, termed metal response elements (MREs). MTF1 responds to metal excess and deprivation, protects cells from oxidative and hypoxic stresses, and is required for embryonic development in vertebrates. We used multiple strategies to identify an unappreciated role for MTF1 and copper (Cu) in cell differentiation. Upon initiation of myogenesis from primary myoblasts, MTF1 expression increased, as did nuclear localization. Mtf1 knockdown impaired differentiation, while addition of non-toxic concentrations of Cu+ enhanced MTF1 expression and promoted myogenesis. Cu+ bound stoichiometrically to a C-terminus tetra-cysteine of MTF1. MTF1 bound to chromatin at the promoter regions of myogenic genes and binding was stimulated by copper. MTF1 formed a complex with MyoD at myogenic promoters, the master transcriptional regulator of the myogenic lineage. These studies establish novel mechanisms by which copper and MTF1 regulate gene expression in myoblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavera-Montanez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cangussu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Gutierrez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navea, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTF1, a classic metal sensing transcription factor, promotes myogenesis in response to copper.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple human adipocyte subtypes and mechanisms of their development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human adipose tissue depots perform numerous diverse physiological functions, and are differentially linked to metabolic disease risk, yet only two major human adipocyte subtypes have been described, white and "brown/brite/beige." The diversity and lineages of adipocyte classes have been studied in mice using genetic methods that cannot be applied in humans. Here we circumvent this problem by studying the fate of single mesenchymal progenitor cells obtained from human adipose tissue. We report that a minimum of four human adipocyte subtypes can be distinguished by transcriptomic analysis, specialized for functionally distinct processes such as adipokine secretion and thermogenesis. Evidence for the presence of these adipocytes subtypes in adult humans is evidenced by differential expression of key adipokines leptin and adiponectin in isolated mature adipocytes. The human adipocytes most similar to the mouse "brite/beige" adipocytes are enriched in mechanisms that promote iron accumulation and protect from oxidative stress, and are derived from progenitors that express high levels of cytokines such as IL1B, IL8, IL11 and the IL6 family cytokine LIF, and low levels of the transcriptional repressors ID1 and ID3. Our finding of this adipocyte repertoire and its developmental mechanisms provides a high-resolution framework to analyze human adipose tissue architecture and its role in systemic metabolism and metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genga, R. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple human adipocyte subtypes and mechanisms of their development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligogenic effects of 16p11.2 copy number variation on craniofacial development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A copy number variant (CNV) of 16p11.2, which encompasses 30 genes, is associated with developmental and psychiatric disorders, head size and body mass. The genetic mechanisms that underlie these associations are not understood. To elucidate the effects of genes on development, we exploited the quantitative effects of CNV on craniofacial structure in humans and model organisms. We show that reciprocal deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 have characteristic "mirror" effects on craniofacial features that are conserved in human, rat and mouse. By testing gene dosage effects on the shape of the mandible in zebrafish, we show that the distribution of effects for all individual genes is consistent with that of the CNV, and some combinations have non-additive effects. Our results suggest that, at minimum, one third of genes within the 16p11.2 region influence craniofacial development, and the facial gestalt of each CNV represents a product of 30 dosage effects.

HighlightsO_LIReciprocal CNVs of 16p11.2 have mirror effects on craniofacial structure. Copy number is associated with a positive effect on nasal and mandibular regions and a negative effect on frontal regions of the face.
C_LIO_LIEffects of CNV on craniofacial development in human are well conserved in rat and mouse models of 16p11.2 deletion and duplication.
C_LIO_LI7/30 genes each independently have significant effects on the shape of the mandible in zebrafish; these include SPN, C16orf54, SEZ6L2, ASPHD1, TAOK2, INO80E and FAM57B. Others (MAPK3, MVP, KCTD13) have detectable effects only in combination.
C_LIO_LIOverexpression of 30 genes individually showed a distribution of effects that was skewed in the same direction as that of the full duplication, suggesting that specific facial features represent the net of all individual effects combined.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbogast, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Lorenzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanta, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herault, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katasanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligogenic effects of 16p11.2 copy number variation on craniofacial development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical investigation and genetic analysis of a peripheral sclerocornea pedigree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSclerocomea is a rare congenital disorder characterized with cornea opacification. We identified a heterozygous missense RAD21 variant in a non-cons anguineous Chinese family with multiple peripheral sclerocomea patients spanning across three generations inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

MethodsComprehensive ophthalmic examinations were conducted on all 14 members. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify the genetic alterations in the affected pedigree members. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were established using blood samples from all members. Cleavage of RAD21 protein was quantified in these cell lines.

ResultsAll affected individuals showed features of scleralization over the peripheral cornea of both eyes. Mean horizontal and vertical corneal diameter were significantly decreased in the affected members. Significant differences were also observed on mean apex pachymetry between affected and unaffected subjects. A RAD21C1348T variant was co-segregated with affected members. Both the wild-type allele and the missense variant were expressed at the mRNA level. This variant caused RAD21 R450C substitution at the separase cleavage site, which led to reduced RAD21 cleavage.

ConclusionWe believe this is the first report of genetic variant in sclerocornea without other syndromes. Further work is needed to confirm the RAD21R450C variant with sclerocomea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P. O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhanji, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical investigation and genetic analysis of a peripheral sclerocornea pedigree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental pheromone and endocrine signals correct heterochronic developmental phenotypes caused by insufficient expression of let-7 family microRNAs in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adverse environmental conditions can affect rates of animal developmental progression and lead to temporary developmental quiescence (diapause), exemplified by the dauer larva stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Remarkably, patterns of cell division and temporal cell fate progression in C. elegans larvae are not affected by changes in developmental trajectory. However, the underlying physiological and gene regulatory mechanisms that ensure robust developmental patterning despite substantial plasticity in developmental progression are largely unknown. Here, we report that diapause-inducing environmental pheromone and endocrine signals correct heterochronic developmental cell lineage defects caused by insufficient expression of let-7 family microRNAs in C. elegans. Two conserved endocrine signaling pathways, DAF-7/TGF-{beta} and DAF-2/Insulin, that confer on the larva diapause/non-diapause alternative developmental trajectories, interact with the nuclear hormone receptor, DAF-12, to initiate and regulate a rewiring of the genetic circuitry controlling temporal cell fates. This rewiring includes: 1) repression of the DAF-12 ligand-activated expression of let-7 family microRNAs, and 2) engagement of a novel ligand-independent DAF-12 activity to downregulate the critical let-7 family target Hunchback-like-1 (HBL-1). This alternative HBL-1 downregulation program is responsible for correcting let-7 family insufficiency phenotypes and it requires the activities of certain heterochronic genes, lin-46, lin-4 and nhl-2, that are previously associated with an altered genetic program in post-diapause animals. Our results show how environmental pheromones and endocrine signaling pathways can coordinately regulate both developmental progression and cell fate transitions in C. elegans larvae under stress, so that the developmental schedule of cell fates remains unaffected by changes in developmental trajectory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilbay, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental pheromone and endocrine signals correct heterochronic developmental phenotypes caused by insufficient expression of let-7 family microRNAs in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory lesioning induces microglial synapse elimination via ADAM10 and fractalkine signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia rapidly respond to changes in neural activity and inflammation to regulate synaptic connectivity. The extracellular signals, particularly neuron-derived molecules, that drive these microglial functions at synapses remains a key open question. Here, whisker lesioning, known to dampen cortical activity, induces microglia-mediated synapse elimination. We show that this synapse elimination is dependent on the microglial fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, but not complement receptor 3, signaling. Further, mice deficient in the CX3CR1 ligand (CX3CL1) also have profound defects in synapse elimination. Single-cell RNAseq then revealed that Cx3cl1 is cortical neuron-derived and ADAM10, a metalloprotease that cleaves CX3CL1 into a secreted form, is upregulated specifically in layer IV neurons and microglia following whisker lesioning. Finally, inhibition of ADAM10 phenocopies Cx3cr1-/- and Cx3cl1-/- synapse elimination defects. Together, these results identify novel neuron-to-microglia signaling necessary for cortical synaptic remodeling and reveal context-dependent immune mechanisms are utilized to remodel synapses in the mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayata, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badimon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bemiller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransohoff, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory lesioning induces microglial synapse elimination via ADAM10 and fractalkine signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of phage resistance in bacterial biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions among bacteria and their viral predators, the bacteriophages, are likely among the most common ecological phenomena on Earth. The constant threat of phage infection to bacterial hosts, and the imperative of achieving infection on the part of phages, drives an evolutionary contest in which phage-resistant bacteria emerge, often followed by phages with new routes of infection. This process has received abundant theoretical and experimental attention for decades and forms an important basis for molecular genetics and theoretical ecology and evolution. However, at present, we know very little about the nature of phage-bacteria interaction - and the evolution of phage resistance - inside the surface-bound communities that microbes usually occupy in natural environments. These communities, termed biofilms, are encased in a matrix of secreted polymers produced by their microbial residents. Biofilms are spatially constrained such that interactions become limited to neighbors or near-neighbors; diffusion of solutes and particulates is reduced; and there is pronounced heterogeneity in nutrient access and therefore physiological state. These factors can dramatically impact the way phage infections proceed even in simple, single-strain biofilms, but we still know little of their effect on phage resistance evolutionary dynamics. Here we explore this problem using a computational simulation framework customized for implementing phage infection inside multi-strain biofilms. Our simulations predict that it is far easier for phage-susceptible and phage-resistant bacteria to coexist inside biofilms relative to planktonic culture, where phages and hosts are well-mixed. We characterize the negative frequency dependent selection that underlies this coexistence, and we then test and confirm this prediction using an experimental model of biofilm growth measured with confocal microscopy at single-cell and single-phage resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simmons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of phage resistance in bacterial biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GCNA interacts with Spartan and Topoisomerase II to regulate genome stability. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GCNA proteins are expressed across eukarya in pluripotent cells and have conserved functions in fertility. GCNA homologs Spartan/DVC-1 and Wss1 resolve DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs), including Topoisomerase-DNA adducts, during DNA replication. We show that GCNA and Topoisomerase 2 (Top2) physically interact and colocalize on condensed chromosomes during mitosis, when Spartan is not present. We show that C. elegans gcna-1 mutants are sensitive to Top2 poison and accumulate mutations consistent with low fidelity repair of DNA damage, leading to loss of fitness and fertility over generations. We also demonstrate that mouse GCNA interacts with TOP2, and Gcna-mutant mice exhibit abnormalities consistent with the inability to process DPCs, including chromatin condensation and crossover defects. Together, our findings provide evidence that GCNA maintains genomic integrity by processing Top2 DPCs in the germline and early embryo, where the genome is challenged with an increased DPC burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokshin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawle, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourley, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molesworth, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatnell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rooij, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GCNA interacts with Spartan and Topoisomerase II to regulate genome stability.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pax9 is required for cardiovascular development and interacts with Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm to control 4th pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental defects affecting the heart and aortic arch arteries are a key phenotype observed in DiGeorge syndrome patients and are caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11. Heterozygosity of TBX1, one of the deleted genes, is expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches and is considered a key component for the arch artery defects. Pax9 is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and is downregulated in Tbx1 mutant mice. We show here that Pax9 deficient mice are born with complex cardiovascular malformations affecting the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries with failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch arteries to form correctly. Transcriptome analysis indicated that Pax9 and Tbx1 may function together, and mice double heterozygous for Tbx1/Pax9 presented with a significantly increased incidence of interrupted aortic arch when compared to Tbx1 heterozygous mice. Using a novel Pax9Cre allele we demonstrated that the site of this Tbx1-Pax9 genetic interaction is in the pharyngeal endoderm, therefore revealing that a Tbx1/Pax9-controlled signalling mechanism emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm is required for critical tissue interactions during normal morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch artery system.nnSummary statementPax9 is required for outflow tract and aortic arch development, and functions together with Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm for 4th arch artery formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stothard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh Qureshi, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousa, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briones-Leon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasawneh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazotta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodds, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohun, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kist, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamforth, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pax9 is required for cardiovascular development and interacts with Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm to control 4th pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stag1 and Stag2 regulate cell fate decisions in hematopoiesis through non-redundant topological control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulators, including the cohesin complex member STAG2, are recurrently mutated in cancer. The role of STAG2 in gene regulation, hematopoiesis, and tumor suppression remains unresolved. We show Stag2 deletion in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) results in altered hematopoietic function, increased self-renewal, and impaired differentiation. ChIP-sequencing revealed that while Stag2 and Stag1 can bind the same loci, a component of Stag2 binding sites are unoccupied by Stag1 even in Stag2-deficient HSPCs. While concurrent loss of Stag2 and Stag1 abrogated hematopoiesis, Stag2 loss alone decreased chromatin accessibility and transcription of lineage-specification genes, including Ebf1 and Pax5, leading to blunted HSPC commitment to the B-cell lineage. Our data illustrate a role for Stag2 in transformation and transcriptional dysregulation distinct from its shared role with Stag1 in chromosomal segregation.nnOne Sentence SummaryStag1 rescues topologically associated domains in the absence of Stag2, but cannot restore chromatin architecture required for hematopoietic lineage commitment
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viny, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee, V.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redlich, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navitski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stag1 and Stag2 regulate cell fate decisions in hematopoiesis through non-redundant topological control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclophilin A protects HIV-1 from restriction by human TRIM5α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capsid (CA) protein lattice of HIV-1 and other retroviruses encases viral genomic RNA and regulates steps that are essential to retroviral invasion of target cells, including reverse transcription, nuclear trafficking, and integration of viral cDNA into host chromosomal DNA1. Cyclophilin A (CypA), the first cellular protein reported to bind HIV-1 CA2, has interacted with invading lentiviruses related to HIV-1 for millions of years3-7. Disruption of the CA-CypA interaction decreases HIV-1 infectivity in human cells8-12, but stimulates infectivity in non-human primate cells13-15. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that CypA interaction with CA protects HIV-1 from a restriction factor in human cells16-20. Discovery of the CA-specific restriction factor TRIM521, and of TRIM5-CypA fusion genes that were independently generated at least four times in phylogeny4,5,15,22-25, pointed to human TRIM5 as the CypA-sensitive restriction factor. However, significant HIV-1 restriction by human TRIM521, let alone inhibition of such activity by CypA26, has not been detected. Here, exploiting reverse genetic tools optimized for primary human CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, we demonstrate that disruption of the CA-CypA interaction renders HIV-1 susceptible to restriction by human TRIM5, with the block occurring before reverse transcription. Identical findings were obtained with single-cycle vectors or with replication-competent HIV-1, including sexually-transmitted clones from sub-Saharan Africa. Endogenous TRIM5 was observed to associate with virion cores as they entered the macrophage cytoplasm, but only when the CA-CypA interaction was disrupted. These experiments resolve the long-standing mystery of the role of CypA in HIV-1 replication by demonstrating that this ubiquitous cellular protein shields HIV-1 from previously inapparent, but potent inhibition, imposed by human TRIM5. Hopefully this reinvigorates development of CypA-inhibitors for treatment of HIV-1 and other CypA-dependent pathogens27-30.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauphin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komurlu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovetskiy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selyutina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulnes-Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Griffero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclophilin A protects HIV-1 from restriction by human TRIM5α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical Analysis of Variability in TnSeq Data Across Conditions Using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep sequencing of transposon mutant libraries (or TnSeq) is a powerful method for probing essentiality of genomic loci under different environmental conditions. Various analytical methods have been described for identifying conditionally essential genes whose tolerance for insertions varies between two conditions. However, for large-scale experiments involving many conditions, a method is needed for identifying genes that exhibit significant variability in insertions across multiple conditions. In this paper, we introduce a novel statistical method for identifying genes with significant variability of insertion counts across multiple conditions based on Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) regression. Using likelihood ratio tests, we show that the ZINB fits TnSeq data better than either ANOVA or a Negative Binomial (in a generalized linear model). We use ZINB regression to identify genes required for infection of M. tuberculosis H37Rv in C57BL/6 mice. We also use ZINB to perform a retrospective analysis of genes conditionally essential in H37Rv cultures exposed to multiple antibiotics. Our results show that, not only does ZINB generally identify most of the genes found by pairwise resampling (and vastly out-performs ANOVA), but it also identifies additional genes where variability is detectable only when the magnitudes of insertion counts are treated separately from local differences in saturation, as in the ZINB model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramaniyam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJesus, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnappinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioerger, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical Analysis of Variability in TnSeq Data Across Conditions Using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The piRNA Response to Retroviral Invasion of the Koala Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposons are ubiquitous mobile elements with the potential to trigger genome instability and mutations linked to diseases1,2. Antisense piRNAs guide an adaptive genome immune system that silences established transposons during germline development3, but how the germline responds to new genome invaders is not understood. The KoRV retrovirus infects somatic and germline cells and is sweeping through wild koala populations by a combination of horizontal and vertical transfers, providing a unique opportunity to directly analyze the germline response to retroviral invasions of a mammalian genome4,5. We analyzed genome organization and long RNA and short RNA transcriptomes in testis, liver, and brain from two wild koalas infected with KoRV, while integrating our results with earlier genomic data. Consistent with data from other mammals6,7, koala piRNAs were detected in testis and mapped to both isolated transposon insertions and genic and intergenic piRNA clusters. Established transposon subfamilies produced roughly equal levels of antisense piRNAs, which are the effectors of trans-silencing, and sense piRNAs, which drive ping-pong amplification of these effectors8,9. KoRV piRNAs, in striking contrast, were strongly sense biased in both animals analyzed. These two koalas each carried 60 germline KoRV-A insertions, but only 14 of the insertions were shared, and none of the insertions mapped to piRNA clusters. The sense piRNAs thus appear to be produced by direct processing of the transcripts from isolated proviral insertions. A typical gammaretrovirus, KoRV produces spliced Env mRNAs and unspliced transcripts encoding Gag, Pol, and the viral genome. KoRV Env mRNAs were 5-fold more abundant than the unspliced pre-mRNAs, but 92% of piRNAs were derived from the unspliced pre-mRNAs. We show that this biased piRNA production from unspliced retrotransposon transcripts is conserved from flies to mice. Retroviruses must bypass splicing to replicate; thus, we propose that failed splicing produces a "molecular pattern" on transcripts from retroviral invaders that is recognized by an innate genome immune system, which silences transposons in cis by processing their transcripts into piRNAs. This innate immune response defends the germline until antisense piRNA production--from clusters or isolated insertions--is established to provide sequence-specific adaptive immunity and memory of the genome invader.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppetsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurkauf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The piRNA Response to Retroviral Invasion of the Koala Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive ribosome and RF2 rearrangements during translation termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis ends when a ribosome reaches an mRNA stop codon. Release factors (RFs) decode the stop codon, hydrolyze peptidyl-tRNA to release the nascent protein, and then dissociate to allow ribosome recycling. To visualize termination by RF2, we resolved a cryo-EM ensemble of E. coli 70S*RF2 structures at up to 3.3 [A] in a single sample. Five structures suggest a highly dynamic termination pathway. Upon peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis, the CCA end of deacyl-tRNA departs from the peptidyl transferase center. The catalytic GGQ loop of RF2 is rearranged into a long {beta}-hairpin that plugs the peptide tunnel, biasing a nascent protein toward the ribosome exit. Ribosomal intersubunit rotation destabilizes the catalytic RF2 domain on the 50S subunit and disassembles the central intersubunit bridge B2a, resulting in RF2 departure. Our structures visualize how local rearrangements and spontaneous inter-subunit rotation poise the newly-made protein and RF2 to dissociate in preparation for ribosome recycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Svidritskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive ribosome and RF2 rearrangements during translation termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM5α restricts flavivirus replication by targeting the viral protease for proteasomal degradation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tripartite motif-containing protein 5 (TRIM5) functions as a cellular antiviral restriction factor with exquisite specificity towards the capsid lattices of retroviruses. The relative avidity of TRIM5 binding to retrovirus capsids directly impacts primate species susceptibility to infection, but the antiviral role of TRIM5 is thought limited to retroviruses. In contrast to this current understanding, here we show that both human and rhesus TRIM5 possess potent antiviral function against specific flaviviruses through interaction with the viral protease (NS2B/3) to inhibit virus replication. Importantly, TRIM5 was essential for the antiviral function of IFN-I against sensitive flaviviruses in human cells. However, TRIM5 was ineffective against mosquito-borne flaviviruses (yellow fever, dengue, and Zika viruses) that establish transmission cycles in humans following emergence from non-human primates. Thus, TRIM5 is revealed to possess remarkable plasticity in recognition of diverse virus families, with potential to influence human susceptibility to emerging flaviviruses of global concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiramel, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeckel, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes-Solis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturdevant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youseff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouamr, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM5α restricts flavivirus replication by targeting the viral protease for proteasomal degradation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The central role of the tail in switching off myosin II in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosin II is a motor protein playing an essential role in cell motility. The molecule can exist as a polymer that pulls on actin to generate motion, or as an inactive monomer with a compact structure, in which its tail is folded and its two heads interact with each other. This conformation functions in cells as an energy-conserving storage and transport molecule. The mechanism of inhibition is not fully understood. We have carried out a 3D reconstruction of the switched-off form revealing for the first time multiple interactions between the tail and the two heads that trap ATP hydrolysis products, block actin binding, obstruct head phosphorylation, and prevent filament formation. Blocking these essential features of myosin function can explain the high degree of inhibition of the folded form of myosin, serving its energy-conserving, storage function in cells. The structure also suggests a mechanism for unfolding when activated by phosphorylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhead, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikebe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The central role of the tail in switching off myosin II in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promotion of adipogenesis by JMJD6 requires the AT hook-like domain and is independent of its catalytic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
JMJD6 is a member of the Jumonji C domain containing enzymes that demethylate and/or hydroxylate substrate proteins. It is a multi-functional protein that has been implicated in disparate aspects of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression, including but not limited to enhancer and promoter binding, release of paused RNA polymerase II, control of splicing, and interaction with the translation machinery. JMJD6 contributes to multiple aspects of animal development, including adipogenesis modeled in culture. We mutated proposed or characterized domains in the JMJD6 protein to better understand the requirement for JMJD6 in adipogenic differentiation. Mutation of JMJD6 amino acids that mediate binding of iron and 2-oxogluterate, which are required cofactors for enzymatic activity, had no impact on JMJD6 function, showing that catalytic activity is not required for JMJD6 contributions to adipogenic differentiation. In addition, we documented the formation of JMJD6 oligomers and showed that catalytic activity is not required for oligomerization, as has been reported previously. We also observed no effect of mutations in the sumoylation site and in the poly-serine stretch. In contrast, mutation of the AT hook-like structure, which mediates interaction with DNA and/or RNA, compromised JMJD6 function. The ability of JMJD6 to interact with nucleic acids may be a critical requirement for its function in adipogenic differentiation. The requirement for the AT hook-like domain and the lack of requirement for catalytic activity giving rise to the idea that JMJD6 may be functioning as a scaffold protein that supports the interactions of other critical regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Gutierrez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo-Rodriguez, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promotion of adipogenesis by JMJD6 requires the AT hook-like domain and is independent of its catalytic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coordinate actions of calcineurin and Hog1 mediate the response to cellular stress through multiple nodes of the cell cycle network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon exposure to environmental stressors, cells transiently arrest the cell cycle while they adapt and restore homeostasis. A challenge for all cells is to distinguish between diverse stress signals and coordinate the appropriate adaptive response with cell cycle arrest. Here we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in this process and show that CN utilizes multiple pathways to control the cell cycle. Upon activation, CN inhibits transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the G1/S transition through activation of the stress-activated MAPK Hog1. In contrast, CN inactivates G2/M TFs through a combination of Hog1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that CN and Hog1 act in a coordinated manner at multiple nodes of the cell cycle-regulatory network to rewire gene expression and arrest cells in response to stress. Our results suggest that crosstalk between CN and stress-activated MAPKs helps cells tailor their adaptive responses to specific stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leech, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benanti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coordinate actions of calcineurin and Hog1 mediate the response to cellular stress through multiple nodes of the cell cycle network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin XI Interacting with a RabE GTPase Is Required for Polarized Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/617167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fundamental eukaryotic process of intracellular trafficking requires the interconnected activity of molecular motors trafficking vesicular cargo within a dynamic cytoskeletal network. However, in plants, few mechanistic details are known about how molecular motors associate with their secretory cargo to support the ubiquitous processes of polarized growth and cell division. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a Physcomitrella patens library identified a RabE GTPase as an interactor of myosin XI and subsequently demonstrated all five RabE members interact with myosin XI. Consistent with a role in polarized transport, we observed RabE at the growing cell apex and at the expanding cell plate during cell division. An in vivo cross-correlation analysis of fluorescently tagged RabE and myosin XI revealed that both species are spatiotemporally coupled, demonstrating their simultaneous involvement in polarized growth. To determine if myosin XI and RabE are directly coupled, we first computationally predicted myosin XI:RabE interface through a homology modeling-directed approach. We identified a structurally conserved residue on myosin XI, V1422, that when mutated abolished RabE binding in the yeast two-hybrid system and resulted in unpolarized plants instead of the characteristic network of filamentous cells when regenerated from single cells. Together, this work demonstrates the requirement of a direct myosin XI:RabE interaction for polarized growth in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbarino, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubuke, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin XI Interacting with a RabE GTPase Is Required for Polarized Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa accessory genome elements, including bacterial immune systems effect virulence towards C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular animals and bacteria frequently engage in predator-prey and host-pathogen interactions, such as the well-studied relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This study investigates the genomic and genetic basis of bacterial-driven variability in P. aeruginosa virulence towards C. elegans. Natural isolates of P. aeruginosa that exhibit diverse genomes display a broad range of virulence towards C. elegans. Using gene association and genetic analysis, we identified accessory genome elements that correlate with virulence, including both known and novel virulence determinants. Among the novel genes, we found a viral-like mobile element, the teg block, that impairs virulence and whose acquisition is restricted by CRISPR-Cas systems. Further genetic and genomic evidence suggests that spacer-targeted elements preferentially associate with lower virulence and suggest a positive, albeit indirect, role for host CRISPR-Cas systems in the restriction of accessory genome elements that may be detrimental to virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Rifo, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler-Lublinsky, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausubel, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Pseudomonas aeruginosa accessory genome elements, including bacterial immune systems effect virulence towards C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free circular introns with an unusual branchpoint in neuronal projections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/623447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The polarized structure of axons and dendrites in neuronal cells depends in part on RNA localization. Previous studies have looked at which polyadenylated RNAs are enriched in neuronal projections or at synapses, but less is known about the distribution of non-adenylated RNAs. By physically dissecting projections from cell bodies of primary rat hippocampal neurons and sequencing total RNA, we found an unexpected set of free circular introns with a non-canonical branchpoint enriched in neuronal projections. These introns appear to be tailless lariats that escape debranching. They lack ribosome occupancy, sequence conservation, and known localization signals, and their function, if any, is not known. Nonetheless, their enrichment in projections has important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms by which RNAs reach distal compartments of asymmetric cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicknell, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/623447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free circular introns with an unusual branchpoint in neuronal projections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcineurin broadly regulates the initiation of skeletal muscle-specific gene expression by binding target promoters and facilitating the interaction of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcineurin (Cn) is a calcium-activated serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is broadly implicated in diverse cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. During skeletal muscle differentiation, Cn activates the NFAT transcription factor but also promotes differentiation by counteracting the negative influences of protein kinase C beta (PKC{beta}) via dephosphorylation and activation of BRG1, an enzymatic subunit of the mammalian SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme. Here we identified four major temporal patterns of Cn-dependent gene expression in differentiating myoblasts and determined that Cn is broadly required for the activation of the myogenic gene expression program. Mechanistically, Cn promotes gene expression through direct binding to myogenic promoter sequences and facilitating the binding of BRG1, other SWI/SNF subunit proteins, and MyoD, a critical lineage determinant for skeletal muscle differentiation. We conclude that the Cn phosphatase directly impacts the expression of myogenic genes by promoting ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and formation of transcription-competent promoters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witwicka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogami, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Benavides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcineurin broadly regulates the initiation of skeletal muscle-specific gene expression by binding target promoters and facilitating the interaction of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific Genome Editing in vivo by MicroRNA-repressible Anti-CRISPR Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems are bacterial adaptive immune pathways that have revolutionized biotechnology and biomedical applications. Despite the potential for human therapeutic development, there are many hurdles that must be overcome before its use in clinical settings. Some clinical safety concerns arise from persistent activity of Cas9 after the desired editing is complete, or from editing activity in unintended cell types or tissues upon in vivo delivery [e.g. by adeno-associated viruses (AAV)]. Although tissue-specific promoters and serotypes with tissue tropisms can be used, suitably compact promoters are not always available for desired cell types, and AAV tissue tropisms are not absolute. To reinforce tissue-specific editing, we exploited anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs), which are proteins evolved as countermeasures against CRISPR immunity. To inhibit Cas9 in all ancillary tissues without compromising editing in the target tissue, we established a flexible platform in which an Acr transgene is repressed by endogenous, tissue-specific microRNAs (miRNAs). We demonstrate that miRNAs regulate the expression of an Acr transgene bearing miRNA-binding sites in its 3 UTR, and control subsequent genome editing outcomes in a cell-type specific manner. We also show that the strategy is applicable to multiple Cas9 orthologs and their respective Acrs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo delivery of Cas9 and Acrs that are targeted for repression by liver-specific miR-122 allow editing in the liver while Acrs devoid of miRNA regulation prevent Cas9 activity. This strategy provides additional safeguards against off-tissue genome editing by confining Cas9 activity to selected cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific Genome Editing in vivo by MicroRNA-repressible Anti-CRISPR Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin folding below the scale of topologically associating domains (TADs) remains largely unexplored in mammals. Here, we used a high-resolution 3C-based method, Micro-C, to probe links between 3D-genome organization and transcriptional regulation in mouse stem cells. Combinatorial binding of transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin modifiers spatially segregate TAD regions into "microTADs" with distinct regulatory features. Enhancer-promoter and promoter-promoter interactions extending from the edge of these domains predominantly link co-regulated loci, often independently of CTCF/Cohesin. Acute inhibition of transcription disrupts the gene-related folding features without altering higher-order chromatin structures. Intriguingly, we detect "two-start" zig-zag 30-nanometer chromatin fibers. Our work uncovers the finer-scale genome organization that establishes novel functional links between chromatin folding and gene regulation.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYTranscriptional regulatory elements shape 3D genome architecture of microTADs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattoglio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the 3D landscape of transcription-linked mammalian chromatin folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural details of mammalian chromosome architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, 3C-related methods, complemented by increasingly detailed microscopic views of the nucleus, have provided unprecedented insights into chromosome folding in vivo. Here, to overcome the resolution limits inherent to the majority of genome-wide chromosome architecture mapping studies, we extend a recently-developed Hi-C variant, Micro-C, to map chromosome architecture at nucleosome resolution in human embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. Micro-C maps robustly capture well-described features of mammalian chromosome folding including A/B compartment organization, topologically associating domains (TADs), and cis interaction peaks anchored at CTCF binding sites, while also providing a detailed 1-dimensional map of nucleosome positioning and phasing genome-wide. Compared to high-resolution in situ Hi-C, Micro-C exhibits substantially improved signal-to-noise with an order of magnitude greater dynamic range, enabling not only localization of domain boundaries with single-nucleosome accuracy, but also resolving more than 20,000 additional looping interaction peaks in each cell type. Intriguingly, many of these newly-identified peaks are localized along stripe patterns and form transitive grids, consistent with their anchors being pause sites impeding the process of cohesin-dependent loop extrusion. Together, our analyses provide the highest resolution maps of chromosome folding in human cells to date, and provide a valuable resource for studies of chromosome folding mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsi, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural details of mammalian chromosome architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing mechanisms of transcription elongation through cell-to-cell variability of RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of transcription initiation and elongation are primary points of control in the regulation of gene expression. While biochemical studies have uncovered the mechanisms involved in controlling transcription at each step, how these mechanisms manifest in vivo at the level of individual genes is still unclear. Recent experimental advances have enabled single-cell measurements of RNAP molecules engaged in the process of transcribing a gene of interest. In this manuscript, we use Gillespie simulations to show that measurements of cell-to-cell variability of RNAP numbers and inter-polymerase distances can reveal the prevailing mode of regulation of a given gene. Mechanisms of regulation at each step, from initiation to elongation dynamics, produce qualitatively distinct signatures which can further be used to discern between them. Intriguingly, depending on the initiation kinetics, stochastic elongation can either enhance or suppress cell-to-cell variability at the RNAP level. To demonstrate the value of this framework, we analyze RNAP number distribution data for ribosomal genes in S. cerevisiae from three previously published studies and show that this approach provides crucial mechanistic insights into the transcriptional regulation of these genes.nnAuthor SummaryThe process of transcription comprises many distinct steps and understanding the regulation of each of these steps provides insight into how the levels of gene expression are controlled in the cell. In this manuscript, we use stochastic simulations to explore how regulation at the level of elongation and initiation together influences the distribution of actively transcribing RNAP on a gene. We find that each of these steps of regulation leaves a distinct imprint on the gene-to-gene variability of number of actively transcribing RNAP on the gene and their inter-RNAP distances. Using these results, we analyze recent experimental data of transcribing RNAP distributions and find that the perturbations in these studies primarily impact the transcription initiation dynamics of the genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choubey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing mechanisms of transcription elongation through cell-to-cell variability of RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Antimalarial Resistance on the Genetic Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) harbors 11% of global malaria cases, yet little is known about the spatial and genetic structure of the parasite population in that country. We sequenced 2537 Plasmodium falciparum infections, including a nationally representative population sample from DRC and samples from surrounding countries, using molecular inversion probes - a novel high-throughput genotyping tool. We identified an east-west divide in haplotypes known to confer resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Furthermore, we identified highly related parasites over large geographic distances, indicative of gene flow and migration. Our results were consistent with a background of isolation by distance combined with the effects of selection for antimalarial drug resistance. This study provides a high-resolution view of parasite genetic structure across a large country in Africa and provides a baseline to study how implementation programs may impact parasite populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verity, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazeau, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwandagalirwa, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thwai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumwebaze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishengoma, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngondi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers-Hansen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tshefu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghani, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshnick, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Antimalarial Resistance on the Genetic Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional, inducible gene silencing in dopamine neurons reveals a sex-specific role for Rit2 GTPase in acute cocaine response and striatal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) signaling is critical for movement, motivation, and addictive behavior. The neuronal GTPase, Rit2, is enriched in DA neurons (DANs), binds directly to the DA transporter (DAT), and is implicated in several DA-related neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it remains unknown whether Rit2 plays a role in either DAergic signaling and/or DA-dependent behaviors. Here, we leveraged the TET-OFF system to conditionally silence Rit2 in Pitx3IRES2-tTA mouse DANs. Following DAergic Rit2 knockdown (Rit2-KD), mice displayed an anxiolytic phenotype, with no change in baseline locomotion. Further, males exhibited increased acute cocaine sensitivity, whereas DAergic Rit2-KD suppressed acute cocaine sensitivity in females. DAergic Rit2-KD did not affect presynaptic TH and DAT protein levels in females, nor was TH was affected in males; however, DAT was significantly diminished in males. Paradoxically, despite decreased DAT levels in males, striatal DA uptake was enhanced, but was not due to enhanced DAT surface expression in either dorsal or ventral striatum. Finally, patch recordings in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) revealed reciprocal changes in spontaneous EPSP (sEPSP) frequency in male and female D1+ and D2+ MSNs following DAergic Rit2-KD. In males, sEPSP frequency was decreased in D1+, but not D2+, MSNs, whereas in females sEPSP frequency decreased in D2+, but not D1+, MSNs. Moreover, DAergic Rit2-KD abolished the ability of cocaine to reduce sEPSP frequency in D1+, but not D2+, male MSNs. Taken together, our studies are among the first to acheive AAV-mediated, conditional and inducible DAergic knockdown in vivo. Importantly, our results provide the first evidence that DAergic Rit2 expression differentially impacts striatal function and DA-dependent behaviors in males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolden, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao-Shea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolpakova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikian, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/658856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional, inducible gene silencing in dopamine neurons reveals a sex-specific role for Rit2 GTPase in acute cocaine response and striatal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel PHOX/CD38/MCOLN1/TFEB Axis Important For Macrophage Activation During Bacterial Phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are a key and heterogenous class of phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, which act as sentinels in peripheral tissues and are mobilized during infection. Macrophage activation in the presence of bacterial cells and molecules entails specific and complex programs of gene expression. How such triggers elicit the gene expression programs is incompletely understood. We previously discovered that transcription factor TFEB is a key contributor to macrophage activation during bacterial phagocytosis. However, the mechanism linking phagocytosis of bacterial cells to TFEB activation remained unknown. In this article, we describe a previously unknown pathway that links phagocytosis with the activation of TFEB and related transcription factor TFE3 in macrophages. We find that phagocytosis of bacterial cells causes an NADPH oxidase (PHOX)-dependent oxidative burst, which activates enzyme CD38 and generates NAADP in the maturing phagosome. Phago-lysosome fusion brings Ca2+ channel TRPML1/MCOLN1 in contact with NAADP, causing Ca2+ efflux from the lysosome, calcineurin activation, and TFEB nuclear import. This drives TFEB-dependent expression of important pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-1{beta}, and IL-6. Thus, our findings reveal that TFEB activation is a key regulatory event for the activation of macrophages. These findings have important implications for infections, cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Najibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honwad, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel PHOX/CD38/MCOLN1/TFEB Axis Important For Macrophage Activation During Bacterial Phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ste5 Membrane Localization Allows MAPK Pathway Signaling in trans Between Kinases on Separate Scaffold Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MAP kinase cascade is a ubiquitous eukaryotic signaling module that can be controlled by a diverse group of scaffold proteins. In budding yeast, activation of the mating MAP kinase cascade involves regulated membrane recruitment of the archetypal scaffold protein Ste5. This event promotes activation of the first kinase, but it also enhances subsequent signal propagation through the remainder of the cascade. By studying this latter effect, we find that membrane recruitment promotes signaling in trans between kinases on separate Ste5 molecules. First, trans signaling requires all Ste5 domains that mediate membrane recruitment, including both protein-binding and membrane-binding domains. Second, artificial membrane tethering of Ste5 can drive trans signaling, bypassing the need for native localization domains. Third, trans signaling can occur even if the first kinase does not bind the scaffold but instead is localized independently to the plasma membrane. Moreover, the trans signaling reaction allowed us to separate Ste5 into distinct functional domains, and then achieve normal regulation of signal output by tethering one domain to the membrane and stimulating membrane recruitment of the other. Overall, the results support a heterogeneous "ensemble" model of signaling in which scaffolds need not organize multiprotein complexes but instead can serve as binding sinks that co-concentrate enzymes and substrates at specific subcellular locales. These properties relax assembly constraints for scaffold proteins, increase regulatory flexibility, and can facilitate both natural evolution and artificial design of new signaling proteins and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ste5 Membrane Localization Allows MAPK Pathway Signaling in trans Between Kinases on Separate Scaffold Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive evolution targets a piRNA precursor transcription network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, transposon-silencing piRNAs are derived from heterochromatic clusters and a subset of euchromatic transposon insertions, which are transcribed from internal non-canonical initiation sites and flanking canonical promoters. Rhino binds to Deadlock, which recruits TRF2 to promote non-canonical transcription of these loci. Cuff co-localizes with Rhino and Del. The role of Cuff is less well understood, but the cuff gene shows hallmarks of adaptive evolution, which frequently targets functional interactions within host defense systems. We show that Drosophila simulans cuff is a dominant negative allele when expressed in Drosophila melanogaster, where it traps Deadlock, TRF2 and the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP in stable nuclear complexes. Cuff promotes Rhino and Deadlock localization, driving non-canonical transcription. CtBP, by contrast, suppresses canonical cluster and transposon transcription, which interferes with downstream non-canonical transcription and piRNA production. Cuff, TRF2 and CtBP thus form a network that balances canonical and non-canonical piRNA precursor transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parhad, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurkauf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive evolution targets a piRNA precursor transcription network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome folding intermediate at the condensin-to-cohesin transition during telophase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome folding is extensively modulated as cells progress through the cell cycle. During mitosis, condensin complexes fold chromosomes in helically arranged nested loop arrays. In interphase, the cohesin complex generates loops that can be stalled at CTCF sites leading to positioned loops and topologically associating domains (TADs), while a separate process of compartmentalization drives the spatial segregation of active and inactive chromatin domains. We used synchronized cell cultures to determine how the mitotic chromosome conformation is transformed into the interphase state. Using Hi-C, chromatin binding assays, and immunofluorescence we show that by telophase condensin-mediated loops are lost and a transient folding intermediate devoid of most loops forms. By late telophase, cohesin-mediated CTCF-CTCF loops and positions of TADs start to emerge rapidly. Compartment boundaries are also established in telophase, but long-range compartmentalization is a slow process and proceeds for several hours after cells enter G1. Our results reveal the kinetics and order of events by which the interphase chromosome state is formed and identify telophase as a critical transition between condensin and cohesin driven chromosome folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abramo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valton, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome folding intermediate at the condensin-to-cohesin transition during telophase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neonatal-derived IL-17 producing dermal gd T cells are required to prevent spontaneous atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a T cell-mediated chronic skin disease and is associated with altered skin barrier integrity. Infants with mutations in genes involved in tissue barrier fitness are predisposed towards inflammatory diseases, but most do not develop or sustain the diseases, suggesting that there exist regulatory immune mechanisms to repair tissues and/or prevent aberrant inflammation. The absence of one single murine dermal cell type, the innate neonatal-derived IL-17 producing {gamma}{delta} T (T{gamma}{delta}17) cells, from birth resulted in spontaneous, highly penetrant AD with all the major hallmarks of human AD. In T{gamma}{delta}17 cell-deficient mice, basal keratinocyte transcriptome was altered months in advance of AD induction. Fulminant disease is driven by skin commensal bacteria dysbiosis and highly expanded dermal {beta} T clonotypes that produce the type three cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22. These results demonstrate that neonatal T{gamma}{delta}17 cells are innate skin regulatory T cells. The bifurcation of type 3 cytokine producing skin T cells into the homeostatic, early innate and pathogen-sensing, late adaptive T cell compartments underpin healthy skin and accounts for the dual function of type 3 cytokines in skin maintenance and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spidale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frascoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standinski, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huseby, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neonatal-derived IL-17 producing dermal gd T cells are required to prevent spontaneous atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epstein Barr virus genomes reveal population structure and type 1 association with endemic Burkitt lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), the most prevalent pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, is associated with malaria and Epstein Barr virus (EBV). In order to better understand the role of EBV in eBL, we improved viral DNA enrichment methods and generated a total of 98 new EBV genomes from both eBL cases (N=58) and healthy controls (N=40) residing in the same geographic region in Kenya. Comparing cases and controls, we found that EBV type 1 was significantly associated with eBL with 74.5% of patients (41/55) versus 47.5% of healthy children (19/40) carrying type 1 (OR=3.24, 95% CI=1.36 - 7.71, P=0.007). Controlling for EBV type, we also performed a genome-wide association study identifying 6 nonsynonymous variants in the genes EBNA1, EBNA2, BcLF1, and BARF1 that were enriched in eBL patients. Additionally, we observed that viruses isolated from plasma of eBL patients were identical to their tumor counterpart consistent with circulating viral DNA originating from the tumor. We also detected three intertypic recombinants carrying type 1 EBNA2 and type 2 EBNA3 regions as well as one novel genome with a 20 kb deletion resulting in the loss of multiple lytic and virion genes. Comparing EBV types, genes show differential variation rates as type 1 appears to be more divergent. Besides, type 2 demonstrates novel substructures. Overall, our findings address the complexities of EBV population structure and provide new insight into viral variation, which has the potential to influence eBL oncogenesis.nnKey PointsO_LIEBV type 1 is more prevalent in eBL patients compared to the geographically matched healthy control group.nC_LIO_LIGenome-wide association analysis between cases and controls identifies 6 eBL-associated nonsynonymous variants in EBNA1, EBNA2, BcLF1, and BARF1 genes.nC_LIO_LIAnalysis of population structure reveals that EBV type 2 exists as two genomic sub groups.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaymaz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luftig, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otieno, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong'echa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epstein Barr virus genomes reveal population structure and type 1 association with endemic Burkitt lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DolphinNext: A distributed data processing platform for high throughput genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of high throughput technologies that produce vast amounts of genomic data, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) are transforming biological research. The dramatic increase in the volume of data makes analysis the main bottleneck for scientific discovery. The processing of high throughput datasets typically involves many different computational programs, each of which performs a specific step in a pipeline. Given the wide range of applications and organizational infrastructures, there is a great need for a highly-parallel, flexible, portable, and reproducible data processing frameworks. Flexibility ensures that pipelines can support a variety of applications without requiring one-off modifications. Portability ensures that users can leverage computationally available resources and work within economic constraints. Reproducibility warrants credibility to the results and is particularly challenging in the face of the sheer volume of data and the complexity of processing pipelines that vary widely between users.nnSeveral platforms currently exist for the design and execution of complex pipelines (e.g. Galaxy, GenePattern, GeneProf). Unfortunately, these platforms lack the necessary combination of parallelism, portability, flexibility and/or reproducibility that are required by the current research environment. To address these shortcomings, Nextflow was implemented to simplify portable, scalable, and reproducible scientific pipelines using containers. We have used Nextflow capabilities as leverage and developed a user interface, DolphinNext, for creating, deploying, and executing complex Nextflow pipelines for high throughput data processing. The guiding principle of DolphinNext is to facilitate the building and deployment of complex pipelines using a modular approach implemented in a graphical interface. DolphinNext provides: 1. A drag and drop user interface that abstracts pipelines and allows users to create pipelines without familiarity in underlying programming languages. 2. A user interface to monitor pipeline execution that allows the re-initiation of pipelines at intermediate steps 3. Reproducible pipelines with version tracking and stand-alone versions that can be run independently. 4. Seamless portability to distributed computational environments such as high-performance clusters or cloud computing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yukselen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkyilmaz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DolphinNext: A distributed data processing platform for high throughput genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and structural mechanism of pan-genotypic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibition by glecaprevir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), causative agent of chronic viral hepatitis, infects 71 million people worldwide and is divided into seven genotypes and multiple subtypes with sequence identities between 68 to 82%. While older generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) had varying effectiveness against different genotypes, the newest NS3/4A protease inhibitors including glecaprevir (GLE) have pan-genotypic activity. The structural basis for pan-genotypic inhibition and effects of polymorphisms on inhibitor potency were not well known due to lack of crystal structures of GLE-bound NS3/4A or genotypes other than 1. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of NS3/4A from genotypes 1a, 3a, 4a and 5a in complex with GLE. Comparison with the highly similar grazoprevir (GZR) indicated the mechanism of GLEs drastic improvement in potency. We found that while GLE is highly potent against wild type NS3/4A of all genotypes, specific resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) confer orders of magnitude loss in inhibition. Our crystal structures reveal molecular mechanisms behind pan-genotypic activity of GLE, including potency loss due to RASs at D168. Our structures permit for the first time analysis of changes due to polymorphisms among genotypes, providing insights into design principles that can aid future drug development and potentially can be extended to other proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Timm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovrasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt-Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and structural mechanism of pan-genotypic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibition by glecaprevir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans LIN-28 controls temporal cell-fate progression by regulating LIN-46 expression via the 5’UTR of lin-46 mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Lin28 is a conserved RNA-binding protein that promotes proliferation and pluripotency and can be oncogenic. Lin28 and C. elegans LIN-28 bind to precursor RNAs of the conserved, cellular differentiation-promoting, microRNA let-7 and inhibits production of mature let-7 microRNA. Lin28/LIN-28 also binds to and regulates many mRNAs in various cell types. However, the determinants and consequences of these LIN-28-mRNA interactions are not well understood. Here, we report that LIN-28 in C. elegans represses the expression of LIN-46, a downstream protein in the heterochronic pathway, via the 5 UTR of the lin-46 mRNA. We show that both LIN-28 and the 5UTR of lin-46 are required to prevent LIN-46 expression in the L1 and L2 stages, and that precocious LIN-46 expression is sufficient to skip L2 stage proliferative cell-fates, resulting in heterochronic defects similar to the ones observed in lin-28(0) animals. We propose that the lin-46 5UTR mediates LIN-28 binding to and repression of the lin-46 mRNA. Our results demonstrate that precocious LIN-46 expression alone can account for lin-28(0) phenotypes, demonstrating the biological importance of regulation of individual target mRNAs by LIN-28.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilbay, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans LIN-28 controls temporal cell-fate progression by regulating LIN-46 expression via the 5’UTR of lin-46 mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by polyclonal CD4 and CD8 T cells from the lungs of infected mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or vaccination are frequently assessed by measuring T cell recognition of crude Mtb antigens, recombinant proteins, or peptide epitopes. We previously showed that not all Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Thus, an important question is what proportion of T cells elicited by Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We answer this question by developing a modified elispot assay using viable Mtb-infected macrophages, a low multiplicity of infection and purified T cells. In C57BL/6 mice, CD4 and CD8 T cells were classically MHC restricted. Comparable frequencies of T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages were determined using interferon-{gamma} elispot and intracellular cytokine staining, and lung CD4 T cells more sensitively recognized Mtb-infected macrophages than lung CD8 T cells. Compared to the numbers of Mtb antigen-specific T cells for antigens such as ESAT-6 and TB10.4, low frequencies of pulmonary CD4 and CD8 T cells elicited by aerosolized Mtb infection recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. Finally, we demonstrate that BCG vaccination elicits T cells that recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We propose that the frequency of T cells that recognize infected macrophages could correlate with protective immunity and may be an alternative approach to measuring T cell responses to Mtb antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patankar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutiwisesak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by polyclonal CD4 and CD8 T cells from the lungs of infected mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Nuclear-cytoplasmic Partitioning by the lin-28-lin-46 Pathway Reinforces MicroRNA Repression of HBL-1 to Confer Robust Cell-fate Progression in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs target complementary mRNAs for degradation or translational repression, reducing or preventing protein synthesis. In C. elegans, the transcription factor HBL-1 (Hunchback-like 1) promotes early larval (L2) stage cell-fate, and the let-7-family microRNAs temporally down-regulate HBL-1 to enable the L2-to-L3 cell-fate progression. In parallel to let-7-family microRNAs, the conserved RNA binding protein LIN-28 and its downstream gene lin-46, also act upstream of HBL-1 in regulating the L2-to-L3 cell-fate progression. The molecular function of LIN-46, and how the lin-28-lin-46 pathway regulates HBL-1, are not understood. Here, we report that the regulation of HBL-1 by the lin-28-lin-46 pathway is independent of the let-7/lin-4 microRNA complementary sites (LCSs) in the hbl-1 3UTR, and involves a stage-specific post-translational regulation of HBL-1 nuclear accumulation. We find that LIN-46 is necessary and sufficient to prevent nuclear accumulation of HBL-1. Our results illuminate that the robust progression from L2 to L3 cell-fates depends on the combination of two distinct modes of HBL-1 down-regulation: decreased synthesis of HBL-1 via let-7-family microRNA activity, and decreased nuclear accumulation of HBL-1 via action of the lin-28-lin-46 pathway. Like HBL-1, many microRNA targets are transcription factors (TFs); and cooperation between regulation of nuclear accumulation and microRNA-mediated control of synthesis rate may be required to increase the precision of or confer robustness to down-regulation of these microRNA target TFs, which can be critical to achieve the optimal phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilbay, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/698977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Nuclear-cytoplasmic Partitioning by the lin-28-lin-46 Pathway Reinforces MicroRNA Repression of HBL-1 to Confer Robust Cell-fate Progression in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compartment-dependent chromatin interaction dynamics revealed by liquid chromatin Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomes are folded so that active and inactive chromatin domains are spatially segregated. Compartmentalization is thought to occur through polymer phase/microphase separation mediated by interactions between loci of similar type. The nature and dynamics of these interactions are not known. We developed liquid chromatin Hi-C to map the stability of associations between loci. Before fixation and Hi-C, chromosomes are fragmented removing the strong polymeric constraint to enable detection of intrinsic locus-locus interaction stabilities. Compartmentalization is stable when fragments are over 10-25 kb. Fragmenting chromatin into pieces smaller than 6 kb leads to gradual loss of genome organization. Dissolution kinetics of chromatin interactions vary for different chromatin domains. Lamin-associated domains are most stable, while interactions among speckle and polycomb-associated loci are more dynamic. Cohesin-mediated loops dissolve after fragmentation, possibly because cohesin rings slide off nearby DNA ends. Liquid chromatin Hi-C provides a genome-wide view of chromosome interaction dynamics.nnHighlightsO_LILiquid chromatin Hi-C detects chromatin interaction dissociation rates genome-widenC_LIO_LIChromatin conformations in distinct nuclear compartments differ in stabilitynC_LIO_LIStable heterochromatic associations are major drivers of chromatin phase separationnC_LIO_LICTCF-CTCF loops are stabilized by encirclement of loop bases by cohesin ringsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belaghzal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafontaine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marko, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compartment-dependent chromatin interaction dynamics revealed by liquid chromatin Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IQGAP1 connects phosphoinositide signaling to cytoskeletal reorganization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IQGAP1 is a multi-domain protein that acts as a scaffold for multiple signaling pathways. IQGAP1 generates the lipid messenger PI(3,4,5)P3 by scaffolding the phosphoinositide kinases PIPKIs and PI3K. The dynamics of this scaffolding protein complex in intact, living cells are unknown. Here, we delineate the role of IQGAP1 in PI(3,4,5)P3-mediated signaling in live cells under basal and stimulated conditions using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. We demonstrate that IQGAP1 interacts strongly with PIPKI{gamma} at intracellular entities and on the plasma membrane, and scaffolds PI3K and PIPKI{gamma} in response to physiological changes. Additionally, we show that IQGAP1 scaffolds phosphoinositides with PI3K, PIPKI{gamma} and EGFR, and forms clusters upon cell stimulation with epidermal growth factor. Importantly, we show that IQGAP1 connects PI(3,4,5)P3-mediated signaling and cytoskeletal signaling pathways by binding PIPKI{gamma} in proximity of the cytoskeletal proteins talin and Cdc42. Our results support a model in which IQGAP1 mediates crosstalk between phosphoinositide signaling and the cytoskeleton to promote directed cell movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yerramilli, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarlata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gericke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IQGAP1 connects phosphoinositide signaling to cytoskeletal reorganization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of melanocyte development by ligand-dependent BMP signaling underlies oncogenic BMP signaling in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/708610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preventing terminal differentiation is important in the development and progression of many cancers including melanoma. Recent identification of the BMP ligand GDF6 as a novel melanoma oncogene showed GDF6-activated BMP signaling suppresses differentiation of melanoma cells. Previous studies have identified roles for GDF6 orthologs during early embryonic and neural crest development, but have not identified direct regulation of melanocyte development by GDF6. Here, we investigate the BMP ligand gdf6a, a zebrafish ortholog of human GDF6, during the development of melanocytes from the neural crest. We establish that the loss of gdf6a or inhibition of BMP signaling during neural crest development disrupts normal pigment cell development, leading to an increase in the number of melanocytes and a corresponding decrease in iridophores, another neural crest-derived pigment cell type in zebrafish. This shift occurs as pigment cells arise from the neural crest and depends on mitfa, an ortholog of MITF, a key regulator of melanocyte development that is also targeted by oncogenic BMP signaling. Together, these results indicate that the oncogenic role ligand-dependent BMP signaling plays in suppressing differentiation in melanoma is a reiteration of its physiological roles during melanocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gramann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/708610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of melanocyte development by ligand-dependent BMP signaling underlies oncogenic BMP signaling in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine transporter trafficking and Rit2 GTPase:In vivo impact and mechanism of action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following its evoked release, DA signaling is rapidly terminated by presynaptic reuptake, mediated by the cocaine-sensitive DAT. DAT surface availability is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking, and direct PKC activation acutely diminishes DAT surface expression by accelerating DAT internalization. Previous cell line studies demonstrated that PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis requires both Ack1 inactivation, which releases a DAT-specific endocytic brake, and the neuronal GTPase, Rit2, which binds DAT. However, it is unknown whether Rit2 is required for PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis in DAergic terminals, or whether there are region- and/or sex-dependent differences in PKC-stimulated DAT trafficking. Moreover, the mechanisms by which Rit2 controls PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis are unknown. Here, we directly examined these important questions. Ex vivo studies revealed that PKC activation acutely decreased DAT surface expression selectively in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. AAV-mediated, conditional Rit2 knockdown in DAergic neurons impacted baseline DAT surface:intracellular distribution in DAergic terminals from female ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. Further, Rit2 was required for PKC-stimulated DAT internalization in both male and female ventral striatum. FRET and surface pulldown studies in cell lines revealed that PKC activation drives DAT-Rit2 surface dissociation, and that the DAT N-terminus is required for both PKC-mediated DAT-Rit2 dissociation and DAT internalization. Finally, we found that Rit2 and Ack1 independently converge on DAT to facilitate PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis. Together, our data provide greater insight into mechanisms that mediate PKC-regulated DAT internalization, and reveal unexpected region-specific differences in PKC-stimulated DAT trafficking in bona fide DAergic terminals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fagan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luethi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooter Uiterkamp, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schicker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitte, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikian, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine transporter trafficking and Rit2 GTPase:In vivo impact and mechanism of action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lattice arrangement of myosin filaments correlates with fiber type in rat skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thick (myosin-containing) filaments of vertebrate skeletal muscle are arranged in a hexagonal lattice, interleaved with an array of thin (actin-containing) filaments with which they interact to produce contraction. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy have shown that there are two types of thick filament lattice. In the simple lattice, all filaments have the same orientation about their long axis, while in the super lattice, nearest neighbors have rotations differing by 60{degrees}. Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) typically have only a super lattice, while the simple lattice is confined to fish. We have carried out X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy of the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the rat and found that while the EDL has a super-lattice, as expected, the SOL has a simple lattice. The EDL and SOL of the rat are unusual in being essentially pure fast and slow muscles respectively. The mixed fiber content of most tetrapod muscles and/or lattice disorder may explain why the simple lattice has not been apparent in these vertebrates before. This is supported by only weak simple lattice diffraction in the X-ray pattern of mouse SOL, which has a greater mix of fiber types than rat. We conclude that the simple lattice might be common in tetrapods. The correlation between fiber type and filament lattice arrangement suggests that the lattice arrangement may contribute to the functional properties of a muscle.nnSummaryThe three-dimensional arrangement of thick filaments in skeletal muscle is studied by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. A correlation is found between thick filament lattice type (simple or super lattice) and fiber type (fast/slow). This suggests that lattice organization contributes to muscle functional properties
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lattice arrangement of myosin filaments correlates with fiber type in rat skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole integration of neural connectomics, dynamics and bio-mechanics for identification of behavioral sensorimotor pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational approaches which emulate in-vivo nervous system are needed to investigate mechanisms of the brain to orchestrate behavior. Such approaches must integrate a series of biophysical models encompassing the nervous system, muscles, biomechanics to allow observing the system in its entirety while supporting incorporations of different model variations. Here we develop modWorm: a modeling framework for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using modular integration approach. modWorm allows for construction of a model as an integrated series of configurable, exchangeable modules each describing specific biophysical processes across different modalities (e.g., nervous system, muscles, body). Utilizing modWorm, we propose a base neuro-mechanical model for C. elegans built upon the complete connectome. The model integrates a series of 7 modules: i) intra-cellular dynamics, ii) electrical and iii) chemical extra-cellular neural dynamics, iv) translation of neural activity to muscle calcium dynamics, v) muscle calcium dynamics to muscle forces, vi) muscle forces to body postures and vii) proprioceptive feedback. We validate the base model by in-silico injection of constant currents into sensory and inter-neurons known to be associated with locomotion behaviors and by applying external forces to the body. Applications of in-silico neural stimuli experimentally known to modulate locomotion show that the model can recapitulate natural behavioral responses such as forward and backward locomotion as well as mid-locomotion stimuli induced responses such as avoidance and turns. Furthermore, through in-silico ablation surveys, the model can infer novel neural circuits involved in sensorimotor behaviors. To further dissect mechanisms of locomotion, we utilize modWorm to introduce empirical based variations of intra and extra-cellular dynamics as well as model optimizations on associated parameters to elucidate their effects on simulated locomotion dynamics compared to experimental findings. Our results show that the proposed framework can be utilized to identify neural circuits which control, mediate and generate natural behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlizerman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole integration of neural connectomics, dynamics and bio-mechanics for identification of behavioral sensorimotor pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin promotes expression of EMT-related transcription factors and invasion in a Src and FAK-dependent pathway in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin is one of the main adipokines secreted in breast tissue, and has been associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor progression in breast cancer. Leptin promotes EMT, cell migration and invasion in epithelial breast cells, leading to tumor progression. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies these events is not fully understood; however, the activation of different signaling pathways appears to be essential. In this sense, the effect of leptin on the activation of kinases like Src and FAK, which regulate signaling pathways that activate the EMT program, has not been completely described. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of these kinases using an in vitro model for leptin-induced EMT process in the non-tumorigenic MCF10A cell line. To this end, MCF10A cells were stimulated with leptin, and Src and FAK activation was assessed. Specific events occurring during EMT were also evaluated in the presence or absence of the kinasess chemical inhibitors PP2 and PF-573228. For instance, we tested the expression and subcellular localization of the EMT-related transcription factors Twist and {square}-catenin, by western blot and immunofluorescence. We also evaluated the secretion and activation of matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) by gelatin zymography. Invasiveness properties of leptin-stimulated cells were determined by invadopodia formation assays, and by the transwell chamber method. Our results showed that leptin promotes EMT through Src and FAK activation, which leads to the secretion and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9, invadopodia formation and cell invasion in MCF10A cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that leptin promotes an increase in the expression levels of Twist and {square}-catenin, the secretion of MMP-2, MMP-9, the invadopodia formation and invasion in MCF10A cells in a Src and FAK-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olea-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga-Eulogio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tacuba-Saavedra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno-Salgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Carvajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Santiago, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Catalan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Salazar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Benavides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Tito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin promotes expression of EMT-related transcription factors and invasion in a Src and FAK-dependent pathway in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct features of nucleolus-associated domains in mouse embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeterochromatin in eukaryotic interphase cells frequently localizes to the nucleolar periphery (nucleolus-associated domains, NADs) and the nuclear lamina (lamina-associated domains, LADs). Gene expression in somatic cell NADs is generally low, but NADs have not been characterized in mammalian stem cells.nnResultsHere, we generated the first genome-wide map of NADs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) via deep sequencing of chromatin associated with biochemically-purified nucleoli. As we had observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the large Type I subset of NADs overlaps with constitutive LADs and is enriched for features of constitutive heterochromatin, including late replication timing and low gene density and expression levels. Conversely, the Type II NAD subset overlaps with loci that are not lamina-associated, but in mESCs, Type II NADs are much less abundant than in MEFs. mESC NADs are also much less enriched in H3K27me3 modified regions than are NADs in MEFs. Additionally, comparision of MEF and mESC NADs revealed enrichment of developmentally regulated genes in cell type-specific NADs. Together, these data indicate that NADs are a developmentally dynamic component of heterochromatin.nnConclusionsThese studies implicate association with the nucleolar periphery as a mechanism for developmentally-regulated gene silencing, and will facilitate future studies of NADs during mESC differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bizhanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct features of nucleolus-associated domains in mouse embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hedgehog signaling regulates neurogenesis in the larval and adult zebrafish hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus is now known to be essential for proper function, the cell-cell signaling events that regulate neurogenesis in this evolutionarily conserved brain region remain poorly understood. Here we show that Hedgehog (Hh)/Gli signaling positively regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis in both larval and adult zebrafish and is necessary and sufficient for normal hypothalamic proliferation rates. Hedgehog-responsive cells are relatively rapidly proliferating pluripotent neural precursors that give rise to dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons. in situ and transgenic reporter analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in cell-cell signaling within the hypothalamic niche, with slow cycling Nestin-expressing cells residing among distinct and overlapping populations of Sonic Hh (Shh)-expressing, Hh-responsive, Notch-responsive, and Wnt-responsive radial glia. This work shows for the first time that Hh/Gli-signaling is a key component of the complex cell-cell signaling environment that regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis throughout life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Male, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozacar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loring, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutservitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlstrom, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hedgehog signaling regulates neurogenesis in the larval and adult zebrafish hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between Drusen Burden Determined by OCT and Genetic Risk in Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSETo determine associations between macular drusen parameters derived from an automatic optical coherence tomography (OCT) algorithm, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) stage and genetic variants.nnMETHODSEyes classified as early or intermediate AMD with OCT imaging and genetic data were selected (n=239 eyes). Drusen area and volume measurements were estimated using the Zeiss Cirrus advanced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) analysis algorithm in a 5mm diameter (perifoveal) zone centered on the fovea. Associations between drusen measurements and common genetic variants in the complement and high density lipoprotein (HDL) lipid pathways and the ARMS2 variant were calculated using generalized estimating equations and linear mixed models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, BMI, and education.nnRESULTSWhen compared to eyes with no measurable drusen, drusen area [&ge;] the median was independently associated with a higher number of risk alleles for CFH risk score, risk variants in C3 and ARMS2/HTRA1. Similar results were obtained for drusen volume. When all genes were analyzed in the same model, only CFH score and ARMS2/HTRA1 were associated with drusen measurements. HDL pathway genes were not significantly related to drusen parameters. Early and intermediate AMD stages were associated with OCT derived drusen area and volume.nnCONCLUSIONGenetic variants in CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1, commonly associated with advanced AMD, were independently associated with higher drusen burden determined by OCT in eyes with early and intermediate AMD. The automatic RPE algorithm using OCT provides a quantitative classification of non-advanced AMD. Drusen morphology and other OCT-derived sub-phenotypes are biomarkers that could provide early anatomic endpoints for clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seddon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dossett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjajahakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between Drusen Burden Determined by OCT and Genetic Risk in Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated benchmark of enhancer-gene interactions for evaluating enhancer-target gene prediction methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genome-wide collections of candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) have been defined using genomic and epigenomic data, but it remains a major challenge to connect these elements to their target genes. To facilitate the development of computational methods for predicting target genes, we developed a Benchmark of candidate Enhancer-Gene Interactions (BENGI) by integrating the Registry of cCREs we developed recently with experimentally-derived genomic interactions. We used BENGI to test several published computational methods for linking enhancers with genes, including signal correlation and the supervised learning methods TargetFinder and PEP. We found that while TargetFinder was the best performing method, it was modestly better than a baseline distance method for most benchmark datasets while trained and tested within the same cell type and that TargetFinder often did not outperform the distance method when applied across cell types. Our results suggest that current computational methods need to be improved and that BENGI presents a useful framework for method development and testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/745844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated benchmark of enhancer-gene interactions for evaluating enhancer-target gene prediction methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dormancy as a spectrum measuring spore’s proximity to death and to replicative life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/747766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dormancy is colloquially considered as extending lifespan by being still. Starved yeasts form dormant spores that wake-up (germinate) when nutrients reappear but cannot germinate (die) after some time. What sets their lifespans and how they age are open questions because what processes occur - and by how much - within each dormant spore remains unclear. With single-cell-level measurements, we discovered how dormant yeast spores age and die: spores have a quantifiable gene-expressing ability during dormancy that decreases over days to months until it vanishes, causing death. Specifically, each spore has a different probability of germinating that decreases because its ability to - without nutrients - express genes decreases, as revealed by a synthetic circuit that forces GFP expression during dormancy. Decreasing amounts of molecules required for gene expression - including RNA polymerases - decreases gene-expressing ability which then decreases chances of germinating. Spores gradually lose these molecules because they are produced too slowly compared to their degradations, causing gene-expressing ability to eventually vanish and, thus, death. Our work provides a systems-level view of dormancy-to-death transition.

Short summaryThis study identifies systems-level quantities that decay during dormancy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores and thereby reveals the meaning of ageing for dormant yeast spores and shows that they die when their gene-expressing ability is irreversibly lost.

HighlightsO_LIFor a given glucose concentration, a dormant yeast spore has a well-defined probability of germinating ("germination ability").
C_LIO_LIA spores germination ability positively correlates with its RNAP I-III levels and the gene-expression (GFP) level it can realize when the expression is forced without nutrients.
C_LIO_LIAgeing during dormancy means gradual decreases in germination ability, RNAP levels, and GFP-level realizable when expression is forced.
C_LIO_LISpores die after sufficiently losing gene-expressing ability and drugs that inhibit gene expression during dormancy shorten spores lifespans (e.g., from months to a day).
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allertz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betjes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dormancy as a spectrum measuring spore’s proximity to death and to replicative life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oral administration of an anti-CfaE secretory IgA antibody protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrheal disease in a non-human primate model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTACTEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea-associated illness in developing countries. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent ETEC and the development of an efficacious prophylaxis would provide an intervention with significant impact. Recent studies suggested that effective protection could be achieved by inducing immunity to block colonization of ETEC. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of secretory (s) IgA2 and dimeric (d) IgA2 of an anti-colonization factor antigen antibody, 68-61, in the Aotus nancymaae non-human primate (NHP) ETEC challenge model via oral and parental delivery. Thirty-nine animals were distributed across 3 groups of 13, and challenged with 5.0x1011 cfu of H10407 on Day 0. Group 1 received a dIgA2 68-61 subcutaneously on day 0. Group 2 received a SIgA2 68-61 orally on days -1, 0, and +1, and Group 3 received an irrelevant SIgA2 antibody orally on days -1, 0, and +1. All animals were observed for symptoms of diarrhea, and stools were collected for ETEC colony counts. SIgA2 treatment significantly lowered the attack rate, resulting in a protective efficacy of 71.4% (p=0.025) in Group 2 as compared to Group 3. Anti-CfaE dIgA2 treatment group reduced the diarrheal attack rate, although the reduction did not reach significance (57.1%; P=0.072) as compared to the irrelevant SIgA2 Group 3. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of oral administration of SIgA as a potential immunoprophylaxis against enteric infections. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the efficacy of administrated SIgA in a non-human primate model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoppato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regeimbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>giuntini, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawron, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pondish, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klempner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oral administration of an anti-CfaE secretory IgA antibody protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrheal disease in a non-human primate model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The aminoalkylindole, BML-190, negatively regulates chitosan synthesis via the cAMP/PKA1 pathway in Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans can cause fatal meningoencephalitis in patients with AIDS or other immune-compromising conditions. Current antifungals are suboptimal to treat this disease, therefore, novel targets and new therapies are needed. Previously, we have shown that chitosan is a critical component of the cryptococcal cell wall, is required for survival in the mammalian host, and that chitosan deficiency results in rapid clearance from the mammalian host. We had also identified several specific proteins that were required for chitosan biosynthesis, and we hypothesize that screening for compounds that inhibit chitosan biosynthesis would identify additional genes/proteins that influence chitosan biosynthesis.nnTo identify these compounds we developed a robust and novel cell-based flow cytometry screening method to identify small molecule inhibitors of chitosan production. We screened the ICCB Known Bioactives library and identified 8 compounds that reduced chitosan in C. neoformans. We used flow cytometry-based counter and confirmatory screens, followed by a biochemical secondary screen to refine our primary screening hits to 2 confirmed hits.nnOne of the confirmed hits that reduced chitosan content was the aminoalkylindole, BML-190, a known inverse agonist of mammalian cannabinoid receptors. We demonstrated that BML-190 likely targets the C. neoformans G-protein coupled receptor, Gpr4, and via the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, contributes to an intracellular accumulation of cAMP that results in decreased chitosan. Our discovery suggests that this approach could be used to identify additional compounds and pathways that reduce chitosan biosynthesis, and could lead to potential novel therapeutics against C. neoformans.nnImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that kills [~]200,000 people every year. The cell wall is an essential organelle that protects fungus from the environment. Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, has been shown to be an essential component of cryptococcal cells wall during infection of a mammalian host. In this study, we screened a set of 480 compounds, which are known to have defined biological activities, for activity that reduced chitosan production in C. neoformans. Two of these compounds were validated using an alternative method of measuring chitosan, and one of these was demonstrated to impact the cAMP signal transduction pathway. This work demonstrates that the cAMP pathway regulates chitosan in C. neoformans, and validates that this screening approach could be used to find potential antifungal agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maybruck, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilagan, M. X. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodge, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The aminoalkylindole, BML-190, negatively regulates chitosan synthesis via the cAMP/PKA1 pathway in Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitosan biosynthesis and virulence in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus gattii R265 is a hyper-virulent fungal strain responsible for the major outbreak of cryptococcosis in Vancouver Island of British Columbia in 1999. It differs significantly from C. neoformans in its natural environment, its preferred site in the mammalian host, and in the nature and mode of pathogenesis. Our previous studies in C. neoformans have shown that the presence of chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, in the cell wall attenuates inflammatory responses in the host, while its absence induces robust immune responses, which in turn facilitate clearance of the fungus and induces a protective response. The results of the present investigation reveal that the cell wall of C. gattii R265 contains 2-3-fold higher amount of chitosan compared to that of C. neoformans. The genes responsible for the biosynthesis of chitosan are highly conserved in the R265 genome; the roles of the three chitin deacetylases (CDA) have however, been modified. To deduce their roles, single, double and a triple CDA deletion strains were constructed in a R265 background and were subjected to mammalian infection studies. Unlike C. neoformans where Cda1 has a discernible role in fungal pathogenesis, in R265 Cda3 is critical for virulence. Deletion of either CDA3 alone (cda3{Delta}) or in combination with either CDA1 (cda1{Delta}3{Delta}) or CDA2 (cda2{Delta}3{Delta}) or both (cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta}) rendered the yeast cells avirulent and were cleared from the infected host. Moreover, the cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta} strain of R265 induced a protective response to a subsequent infection with R265. These studies shed more light into the regulation of chitosan biosynthesis of C. gattii and its subsequent effect on fungal virulence.nnImportanceThe fungal cell wall is an essential organelle whose components provide the first line of defense against host-induced antifungal activity. Chitosan is one of the carbohydrate polymers in the cell wall that significantly affects the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. Chitosan-deficient strains are avirulent, implicating chitosan as a critical virulence factor. C. gattii R265 is an important fungal pathogen of concern due to its ability to cause infections in individuals with no apparent immune dysfunction and an increasing geographical distribution. Characterization of the fungal cell wall and understanding the contribution of individual molecules of the cell wall matrix to fungal pathogenesis offers new therapeutic avenues for intervention. In this report, we show that the C. gattii R265 strain has evolved alternate regulation of chitosan biosynthesis under both laboratory growth conditions and during mammalian infection compared to that of C. neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hole, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodge, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitosan biosynthesis and virulence in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of the 4D chromatin structure of the α-globin locus through in vivo erythroid differentiation with extreme spatial and temporal resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/763763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian gene expression patterns are controlled by regulatory elements, which interact within Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). The relationship between activation of regulatory elements, formation of structural chromatin interactions and gene expression during development is unclear. We developed Tiled-C, a low-input Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) approach, to study chromatin architecture at high spatial and temporal resolution through in vivo mouse erythroid differentiation. Integrated analysis of matched chromatin accessibility and single-cell expression data shows that regulatory elements gradually become accessible within pre-existing TADs during early differentiation. This is followed by structural re-organization within the TAD and formation of specific contacts between enhancers and promoters. In contrast to previous reports, our high-resolution data show that these enhancer-promoter interactions are not established prior to gene expression, but formed gradually during differentiation, concomitant with progressive upregulation of gene activity. Together, these results provide new insight into the close, interdependent relationship between chromatin architecture and gene regulation during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oudelaar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beagrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ornellas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiades, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrelha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivalingam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Sagheer, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenius, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckle, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of the 4D chromatin structure of the α-globin locus through in vivo erythroid differentiation with extreme spatial and temporal resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling to TRP53 and TAp63 from CHK1/CHK2 is responsible for elimination of most oocytes defective for either chromosome synapsis or recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic organisms have evolved mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of cells bearing genetic aberrations. This is especially crucial for the germline, because fecundity, and fitness of progeny would be adversely affected by an excessively high mutational incidence. The process of meiosis poses unique problems for mutation avoidance, due to the requirement for SPO11-induced programmed double strand breaks (DSBs) in recombination-driven pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes. Mouse meiocytes bearing unrepaired meiotic DSBs or unsynapsed chromosomes are eliminated before completing meiotic prophase I. In previous work, we showed that checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2; CHEK2), a canonical DNA damage response protein, is crucial for eliminating not only oocytes defective in meiotic DSB repair (e.g. Trip13Gt mutants), but also asynaptic Spo11-/- oocytes that accumulate a threshold level of spontaneous DSBs. However, rescue of such oocytes by Chk2 deficiency was incomplete, raising the possibility that a parallel checkpoint pathway(s) exists. Here, we show that mouse oocytes lacking both TAp63 and TRP53 protects nearly all Spo11-/- and Trip13Gt/Gt oocytes from elimination. We present evidence that checkpoint kinase I (CHK1; CHEK1), which is known to signal to TRP53, also becomes activated by persistent DSBs in oocytes, and to an increased degree when CHK2 is absent. The combined data indicate that nearly all oocytes reaching a threshold level of unrepaired DSBs are eliminated by a semi-redundant pathway of CHK1/CHK2 signaling to TRP53/TAp63.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schimenti, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling to TRP53 and TAp63 from CHK1/CHK2 is responsible for elimination of most oocytes defective for either chromosome synapsis or recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene are a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that may be amenable to serine supplementation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare form of childhood motor disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. The underlying causes of this condition are poorly understood, hindering the development of effective therapies. In a whole-exome sequencing trio-family study of three unrelated juvenile patients diagnosed with ALS and failure to thrive, we identified de-novo mutations in SPTLC1 (p.Ala20Ser in two patients and p.Ser331Tyr) not present in their healthy parents or siblings. SPTLC1 encodes a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase complex, a key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene are known to cause hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy, type 1A, with a characteristic increase in plasma levels of neurotoxic deoxymethyl-sphinganine. We found an increase of this metabolite in one of our patients carrying the p.Ala20Ser mutation. Treatment of one of the patients with high dose, oral L-serine led to an increase in body weight, suggesting that serine supplementation may be beneficial among patients carrying mutations in this gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alahmady, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pliner, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatunov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Khleifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticozzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson-Stone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonkowski, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International ALS Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ITALSGEN Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The FALS Sequencing Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene are a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that may be amenable to serine supplementation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct, sensitive and specific detection of individual single- or double-strand DNA breaks by fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We here describe a technique termed STRIDE (SensiTive Recognition of Individual DNA Ends), which enables highly sensitive, specific, direct in situ detection of single- or double-strand DNA breaks (sSTRIDE or dSTRIDE), in nuclei of single cells, using fluorescence microscopy. Sensitivity of STRIDE was tested using specially developed CRISPR/Cas9 DNA damage induction system, capable of inducing small clusters or individual single- or double-strand breaks. STRIDE exhibits significantly higher sensitivity and specificity of detection of DNA breaks than the commonly used TUNEL assay or methods based on monitoring of recruitment of repair proteins or histone modifications at the damage site (e.g. {gamma}H2AX). Even individual genome site-specific DNA double-strand cuts induced by CRISPR/Cas9, as well as individual single-strand DNA scissions induced by the nickase version of Cas9, can be detected by STRIDE and precisely localized within the cell nucleus. We further show that STRIDE can detect low-level spontaneous DNA damage, including age-related DNA lesions, DNA breaks induced by several agents (bleomycin, doxorubicin, topotecan, hydrogen peroxide, UV, photosensitized reactions), and fragmentation of DNA in human spermatozoa. STRIDE methods are potentially useful in studies of mechanisms of DNA damage induction and repair in cell lines and primary cultures, including cells with impaired repair mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarebski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solarczyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrucki, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct, sensitive and specific detection of individual single- or double-strand DNA breaks by fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural organization of the C1a-e-c supercomplex within the ciliary central apparatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all motile cilia contain a central apparatus (CA) composed of two connected singlet-microtubules with attached projections that play crucial roles in regulating ciliary motility. Defects in CA assembly usually result in motility-impaired or paralyzed cilia, which in humans causes disease. Despite their importance, the protein composition and functions of the CA projections are largely unknown. Here, we integrated biochemical and genetic approaches with cryo-electron tomography to compare the CA of wild type Chlamydomonas with CA mutants. We identified a large (>2 MDa) complex, the C1a-e-c supercomplex, that requires the PF16 protein for assembly and contains the CA components FAP76, FAP81, FAP92, and FAP216. We localized these subunits within the supercomplex using nanogold-labeling and show that loss of any one of them results in impaired ciliary motility. These data provide insight into the subunit organization and three-dimensional (3D) structure of the CA, which is a prerequisite for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the CA regulates ciliary beating.nnSummaryFu et al. use a wild-type vs. mutant comparison and cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas flagella to identify central apparatus (CA) subunits and visualize their location in the native 3D CA structure. The study provides a better understanding of the CA and how it regulates ciliary motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dymek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witman, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural organization of the C1a-e-c supercomplex within the ciliary central apparatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of different glycoproteins and of the virion core on SERINC5 antiviral activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host plasma membrane protein SERINC5 is incorporated into budding retrovirus particles where it blocks subsequent entry into susceptible target cells. Three accessory proteins encoded by diverse retroviruses, HIV-1 Nef, EIAV S2, and MLV Glycogag, each independently disrupt SERINC5 antiviral activity, by redirecting SERINC5 from the site of virion assembly on the plasma membrane to an internal RAB7+ endosomal compartment. Pseudotyping retroviruses with particular glycoproteins, e.g., the vesicular stomatitis glycoprotein (VSV G), renders the infectivity of particles resistant to inhibition by virion-associated SERINC5. To better understand viral determinants for SERINC5-sensitivity, the effect of SERINC5 was assessed using HIV-1, MLV, and M-PMV virion cores, pseudotyped with glycoproteins from Arenavirus, Coronavirus, Filovirus, Rhabdovirus, Paramyxovirus, and Orthomyxovirus genera. Infectivity of particles, pseudotyped with HIV-1, amphotropic-MLV, or influenza virus glycoproteins, was decreased by SERINC5, whether the core was provided by HIV-1, MLV, or M-PMV. Particles generated by all three cores, and pseudotyped with glycoproteins from either avian leukosis virus-A, human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K), ecotropic-MLV, HTLV-1, Measles morbillivirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV), Marburg virus, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), or VSV, were insensitive to SERINC5. In contrast, particles pseudotyped with M-PMV, RD114, or rabies virus (RABV) glycoproteins were sensitive to SERINC5, but only with particular retroviral cores. Resistance to SERINC5 by particular glycoproteins did not correlate with reduced SERINC5 incorporation into particles or with the route of viral entry. These findings indicate that some non-retroviruses may be sensitive to SERINC5 and that, in addition to the viral glycoprotein, the retroviral core influences sensitivity to SERINC5.nnIMPORTANCEThe importance of SERINC5 for inhibition of retroviruses is underscored by convergent evolution among three non-monophyletic retroviruses, each of which encodes a structurally unrelated SERINC5 inhibitor. One of these retroviruses causes tumors in mice, a second anemia in horses, and a third causes AIDS. SERINC5 is incorporated into retrovirus particles where it blocks entry into target cells, via a mechanism that is dependent on the viral glycoprotein. Here we demonstrate that retroviruses pseudotyped with glycoproteins from several non-retroviruses are also inhibited by SERINC5, suggesting that enveloped viruses other than retroviruses may also be inhibited by SERINC5. Additionally, we found that sensitivity to SERINC5 is determined by the retrovirus core, as well as by the glycoprotein. By better understanding how SERINC5 inhibits viruses we hope to extend fundamental understanding of virus replication and of the native role of SERINC5 in cells, and perhaps to advance the development of new antiviral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diehl, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guney, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyawe, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/780577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of different glycoproteins and of the virion core on SERINC5 antiviral activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CK2-dependent phosphorylation of the Brg1 chromatin remodeling enzyme occurs during mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brg1 (Brahma related gene 1) is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that can act as the catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes that facilitate utilization of the DNA in eukaryotic cells. Brg1 is a phospho-protein and its activity is regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. Previously, we showed that Brg1 interacts with and is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) in a manner that regulates myoblast proliferation. Here we demonstrate that the Brg1-CK2 interaction occurred during mitosis in embryonic somites and in primary myoblasts derived from satellite cells isolated from muscle tissue. The interaction of CK2 activity with Brg1 and the incorporation of a number of other subunits into the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex were independent of CK2 enzymatic activity. CK2-mediated hyperphosphorylation of Brg1 was observed in mitotic cells derived from multiple cell types and organisms, suggesting functional conservation across tissues and species. The mitotically hyperphosphorylated form of Brg1 was localized with soluble chromatin, demonstrating that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is associated with specific partitioning of Brg1 within sub-cellular compartments. Thus CK2 acts a mitotic kinase that regulates Brg1 phosphorylation and sub-cellular localization.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIInteractions between CK2 and the Brg1 chromatin remodeling enzyme occur during mitosisnC_LIO_LICK2-Brg1 interactions are independent of CK2 catalytic activitynC_LIO_LICK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is a mitotic eventnC_LIO_LICK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is conserved across mammalian cell typesnC_LIO_LIThe mitotically hyperphosphorylated form of Brg1 is localized with soluble chromatinnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Benavides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haokip, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Gutierrez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Perez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CK2-dependent phosphorylation of the Brg1 chromatin remodeling enzyme occurs during mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wheat Germ Agglutinin Conjugated Fluorescent pH Sensors for Visualizing Proton Fluxes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecule fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugates are routinely used to demarcate mammalian plasma membranes because they bind to the cells glycocalyx. Here we describe the derivatization of WGA with a pH sensitive rhodamine fluorophore (pHRho: pKa = 7) to detect proton channel fluxes and extracellular proton accumulation and depletion from primary cells. We found that WGA-pHRho labeling was uniform, did not appreciably alter the voltage-gating of glycosylated ion channels, and the extracellular changes in pH directly correlated with proton channel activity. Using single plane illumination techniques, WGA-pHRho was used to detect spatiotemporal differences in proton accumulation and depletion over the extracellular surface of cardiomyocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Because WGA can be derivatized with any small molecule fluorescent ion sensor, WGA conjugates should prove useful to visualize most electrogenic and non-electrogenic events on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellve, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobertz, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wheat Germ Agglutinin Conjugated Fluorescent pH Sensors for Visualizing Proton Fluxes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication gaps underlie BRCA-deficiency and therapy response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers that are deficient in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are hypersensitive to genotoxic agents, including platinums and other first-line chemotherapeutics. The established models propose that these cancers are hypersensitive because the chemotherapies block or degrade DNA replication forks and thereby create DNA double strand breaks, both of which require functional BRCA proteins to prevent or resolve by mechanisms termed fork protection (FP) or homologous recombination (HR). However, recent findings challenge this dogma because genotoxic agents do not initially cause DNA double strand breaks or stall replication forks. Here, we propose a new model for genotoxic chemotherapy in which ssDNA replication gaps underlie the hypersensitivity of BRCA deficient cancer, and we propose that defects in HR or FP do not. Specifically, we observed that ssDNA gaps develop in BRCA deficient cells because DNA replication is not effectively restrained in response to genotoxic stress. Moreover, we observe gap suppression (GS) by either restored fork restraint or by gap filling, both of which conferred resistance to therapy in tissue culture and BRCA patient tumors. In contrast, restored HR and FP were not sufficient to prevent hypersensitivity if ssDNA gaps were not eliminated. Together, these data suggest that ssDNA replication gaps underlie the BRCA cancer phenotype, "BRCAness," and we propose are fundamental to the mechanism of action of genotoxic chemotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panzarino, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosqueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication gaps underlie BRCA-deficiency and therapy response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARPi synthetic lethality derives from replication-associated single-stranded DNA gaps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA)-deficient tumor cells have defects in DNA double strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR) and fork protection (FP) that are thought to underlie the sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). Given the recent finding that PARPi accelerates DNA replication, it was proposed that high speed DNA replication leads to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we tested the alternative hypothesis that PARPi sensitivity in BRCA deficient cells results from combined replication dysfunction that causes a lethal accumulation of replication-associated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. In support of a gap toxicity threshold, PARPi-induced ssDNA gaps accumulate more excessively in BRCA deficient cells and are suppressed in de novo and genetic models of PARPi resistance while defects in HR or FP often lack this correlation. We also uncouple replication speed from lethality. The clear link between PARPi sensitivity and ssDNA gaps provides a new paradigm for understanding synthetic lethal interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousholt, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzarino, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonkers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARPi synthetic lethality derives from replication-associated single-stranded DNA gaps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication gaps are a cancer vulnerability counteracted by translesion synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The replication stress response which serves as an anti-cancer barrier is activated not only by DNA damage and replication obstacles, but also oncogenes, mystifying how cancer evolves. Here, we identify that oncogene expression, similar to cancer therapies, induces single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that reduce cell fitness, unless suppressed by translesion synthesis (TLS). DNA fiber analysis and electron microscopy reveal that TLS restricts replication fork slowing, reversal, and fork degradation without inducing replication fork gaps. Evidence that TLS gap suppression is fundamental to cancer, a small molecule inhibitor targeting the TLS factor, REV1, not only disrupts DNA replication and cancer cell fitness, but also synergizes with gap-inducing therapies. This work illuminates that gap suppression during replication is critical for cancer cell fitness and therefore a targetable vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthiaume, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vindigni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication gaps are a cancer vulnerability counteracted by translesion synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic JNK-mediated bile acid homeostasis regulates liver cancer through PPARα 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition has been suggested as a potential treatment for insulin resistance and steatosis through activation of the transcription factor PPAR. However, the long-term consequences have not been evaluated. We found that hepatic JNK deficiency alters bile acid and cholesterol metabolism, resulting in hepatic expression of FGF15 and activation of ERK in cholangiocytes, which ultimately promotes their proliferation. Genetic inactivation of PPAR identifies PPAR hyperactivation as the molecular mechanism for these deleterious effects. Our analysis indicates that hepatic PPAR activation is oncogenic: PPAR deficiency protects mice against carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma under high fat diet (HFD) condition. These surprising results urge the re-consideration of using JNK inhibitors or PPAR agonists for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manieri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban-Lafuente, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva-Vega, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubero, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh-Kyros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seruggia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monte, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic JNK-mediated bile acid homeostasis regulates liver cancer through PPARα]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally overlapping variants control TB susceptibility in Collaborative Cross mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host genetics plays an important role in determining the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously found that Collaborative Cross mouse strains differ in their susceptibility to Mtb, and that the CC042/GeniUnc (CC042) strain suffered from a rapidly progressive disease and failed to produce the protective cytokine, IFN{gamma}, in the lung. Here, we used parallel genetic and immunological approaches to investigate the basis of CC042 susceptibility. Using a population derived from a CC001/Unc (CC001) x CC042 intercross, we mapped four QTL underlying Tuberculosis ImmunoPhenotypes (Tip1-4). These included 2 major effect QTL on Chromosome 7 (Tip1 and Tip2) that were associated with bacterial burden. Tip2, along with Tip3 (Chromosome 15) and Tip4 (Chromosome 16) also correlated with IFN{gamma} production following infection, whereas Tip1 appeared to control an IFN{gamma}-independent mechanism of bacterial control. Further immunological characterization revealed that CC042 animals recruited relatively few antigen-specific T cells to the lung and these T cells failed to express the Integrin alpha L (L; i.e., CD11a), which contributes to T cell activation and migration. These defects could be explained by a CC042 private variant in the Itgal gene, which encodes CD11a, and is found within the Tip2 interval. This 15bp deletion leads to aberrant mRNA splicing and is predicted to result in a truncated protein product. The ItgalCC042 genotype was associated with all measured disease traits, indicating that this variant is a major determinant of susceptibility in CC042. The combined effect of functionally distinct Tip variants likely explains the profound susceptibility of CC042 and highlights the multigenic nature of TB control in the Collaborative Cross.nnImportance statementThe variable outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection observed natural populations is difficult to model in genetically homogenous small animal models. The newly-developed Collaborative Cross (CC) represents a reproducible panel of genetically-diverse mice that display a broad range of phenotypic responses to infection. We explored the genetic basis of this variation, focusing on a CC line that is highly susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection. This study identified multiple quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial control and cytokine production, including one that is caused by a novel loss-of-function mutation in the Itgal gene that is necessary for T cell recruitment to the infected lung. These studies verify the multigenic control of mycobacterial disease in the CC panel, identify genetic loci controlling diverse aspects of pathogenesis, and highlight the utility of the CC resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiritsy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally overlapping variants control TB susceptibility in Collaborative Cross mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization and lineage analysis of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue virus identified by single B cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) that are spreading into new territories is an important goal of vaccine design. To delineate bNAb targets, we characterized 28 monoclonal antibodies belonging to expanded and hypermutated clonal families identified by transcriptomic analysis of single plasmablasts from DENV-infected individuals. Among these, we identified two somatically related bNAbs that potently neutralized DENV1-4. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the major recognition determinants of these bNAbs are in E protein domain I, distinct from the only known class of human bNAbs against flaviviruses with a well-defined epitope. B cell repertoire analysis from acute-phase peripheral blood suggested a memory origin and divergent somatic hypermutation pathways for these bNAbs, and a limited number of mutations was sufficient for neutralizing activity. Our study suggests multiple B cell evolutionary pathways leading to DENV bNAbs targeting a novel epitope that can be exploited for vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durham, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croote, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carabajal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albornoz, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization and lineage analysis of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue virus identified by single B cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of IL-1 blockade as a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis in mice and macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2017 over 550,000 estimated new cases of multi-drug/rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) occurred, emphasizing a need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is a potent antibiotic for drug-resistant Gram-positive infections and is an effective treatment for TB. However, extended LZD use can lead to LZD-associated host toxicities, most commonly bone marrow suppression. LZD toxicities may be mediated by IL-1, an inflammatory pathway important for early immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. However, IL-1 can contribute to pathology and disease severity late in TB progression. Since IL-1 may contribute to LZD toxicity and does influence TB pathology, we targeted this pathway with a potential host-directed therapy (HDT). We hypothesized LZD efficacy could be enhanced by modulation of IL-1 pathway to reduce bone marrow toxicity and TB associated-inflammation. We used two animal models of TB to test our hypothesis, a TB-susceptible mouse model and clinically relevant cynomolgus macaques. Antagonizing IL-1 in mice with established infection reduced lung neutrophil numbers and partially restored the erythroid progenitor populations that are depleted by LZD. In macaques, we found no conclusive evidence of bone marrow suppression associated with LZD, indicating our treatment time may have been short enough to avoid the toxicities observed in humans. Though treatment was only 4 weeks (the FDA approved regimen at the time of study), we observed sterilization of the majority of granulomas regardless of co-administration of the FDA-approved IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Rn), also known as Anakinra. However total lung inflammation was significantly reduced in macaques treated with IL-1Rn and LZD compared to LZD alone. Importantly, IL-1Rn administration did not impair the host response against Mtb or LZD efficacy in either animal model. Together, our data support that inhibition of IL-1 in combination with LZD has potential to be an effective HDT for TB and the need for further research in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuah, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Causgrove, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borish, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of IL-1 blockade as a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis in mice and macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonsense suppression position effect implicates poly(A)-binding protein in the regulation of translation termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Readthrough of translation termination codons, also known as nonsense suppression, is a relatively inefficient process mediated by ribosomal A site recognition and insertion of near-cognate tRNAs. Multiple factors influence readthrough efficiency, including nonsense codon specificity and context. To determine whether nonsense codon position in a gene influences the extent of readthrough, we generated a series of LUC nonsense alleles and quantitated both readthrough and termination efficiencies at each nonsense codon in yeast cells lacking nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) activity. Readthrough efficiency for premature termination codons (PTCs) manifested a marked dependence on PTC proximity to the mRNA 3-end, decreasing progressively across the LUC ORF but increasing with 3-UTR lengthening. These effects were eliminated, and translation termination efficiency decreased considerably, in cells harboring pab1 mutations. Our results support a critical role for poly(A)-binding protein in the regulation of translation termination and suggest that inefficient termination is the trigger for NMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonsense suppression position effect implicates poly(A)-binding protein in the regulation of translation termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterned Neuronal Activities Dictate Cell Type-specific Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why closely related neuronal types differ in their axon regenerative abilities remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate gliotransmission determines such a difference in Drosophila larval sensory neurons. Axotomy activates ensheathing glia, which signal to regenerative neurons through the gliotransmitter adenosine, to mount regenerative programs including neuronal activity and Ras. Surprisingly, ensheathing glia do not signal to non-regenerative neurons. Such neuronal type-specific responses to gliotransmission result from specific expression of adenosine receptors in regenerative neurons. Disrupting gliotransmission impedes regeneration of regenerative neurons. Strikingly, reconstitution of gliotransmission in non-regenerative neurons enables them to regenerate. Furthermore, activation of an adenosine receptor ortholog in adult mice promotes both regeneration and survival of retinal ganglion cells, uncovering a conserved pro-regenerative role of adenosine receptors. Our studies demonstrate gliotransmission as a novel mechanism by which glia instruct axon regeneration, with neuronal type-specificity, and suggest targeting purinergic signaling as a new strategy for mammalian central nervous system repair.

HIGHLIGHTSEnsheathing glia differentially interact with Drosophila sensory neuron types through gliotransmission
Gliotransmission mounts axon regenerative programs in selective neuronal types
Neuronal firing pattern but not overall excitability dictates axon regeneration outcome
Adenosine receptor activation in adult mice promotes both regeneration and survival of RGCs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruppell, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttipatti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterned Neuronal Activities Dictate Cell Type-specific Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large inner membrane pore defines the ESX translocon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESX (or Type VII) secretion systems are protein export systems in mycobacteria and many Gram-positive bacteria that mediate a broad range of functions including virulence, conjugation, and metabolic regulation. These systems translocate folded dimers of WXG100-superfamily protein substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane; however, the architecture and mechanism of translocation has remained elusive. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of an ESX-3 system, purified using an epitope tag inserted with recombineering into the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. The structure reveals two large -helical membrane pores of sufficient diameter to secrete folded substrates. A complex, asymmetric, multimeric cytoplasmic domain is poised to gate and regulate the pores function. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the ESX systems and will guide structure-based design of drugs targeting this unique bacterial translocon.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe structure of the ESX-3 secretion system reveals a pore of sufficient size for the transit of folded substrates and a complex, cytoplasmic regulatory apparatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poweleit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czudnochowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large inner membrane pore defines the ESX translocon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FMRP Control of Ribosome Translocation Promotes Chromatin Modifications and Alternative Splicing of Neuronal Genes Linked to Autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silencing of FMR1 and loss of its gene product FMRP results in Fragile X Syndrome. FMRP binds brain mRNAs and inhibits polypeptide elongation. Using ribosome profiling of the hippocampus, we find that ribosome footprint levels in Fmr1-deficient tissue mostly reflect changes in RNA abundance. Profiling over a time course of ribosome runoff in wildtype tissue reveals a wide range of ribosome translocation rates; on many mRNAs, the ribosomes are stalled. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of hippocampal slices after ribosome runoff reveals that FMRP co-sediments with stalled ribosomes; and its loss results in decline of ribosome stalling on specific mRNAs. One such mRNA encodes SETD2, a lysine methyltransferase that catalyzes H3K36me3. ChIP-Seq demonstrates that loss of FMRP alters the deployment of this epigenetic mark on chromatin. H3K36me3 is associated with alternative pre-RNA processing, which we find occurs in an FMRP-dependent manner on transcripts linked to neural function and autism spectrum disorders.

Highlights- Loss of FMRP results in decline of ribosome stalling on specific mRNAs (eg., SETD2)
- Increased SETD2 protein levels alter H3K36me3 marks in FMRP deficient hippocampus
- Genome-wide changes in mRNA alternative splicing occur in FMRP deficient hippocampus
- H3K36me3 marks and alternative splicing changes occur on transcripts linked to autism
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinaro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FMRP Control of Ribosome Translocation Promotes Chromatin Modifications and Alternative Splicing of Neuronal Genes Linked to Autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Rescue of Fragile X Syndrome Links FMRP Deficiency to Codon Optimality-Dependent RNA Destabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by inactivation of the FMR1 gene and loss of encoded FMRP, an RNA binding protein that represses translation of some of its target transcripts. Here we use ribosome profiling and RNA-seq to investigate the dysregulation of translation in the mouse brain cortex. We find that most changes in ribosome occupancy on hundreds of mRNAs are largely driven by dysregulation in transcript abundance. Many downregulated mRNAs, which are mostly responsible for neuronal and synaptic functions, are highly enriched for FMRP binding targets. RNA metabolic labeling demonstrates that in FMRP-deficient cortical neurons, mRNA downregulation is caused by elevated degradation, and is correlated with codon optimality. Moreover, FMRP preferentially binds mRNAs with optimal codons, suggesting that it stabilizes such transcripts through direct interactions via the translational machinery. Finally, we show that the paradigm of genetic rescue of FXS-like phenotypes in FMRP-deficient mice by deletion of the Cpeb1 gene is mediated by restoration of steady state RNA levels and consequent rebalancing of translational homeostasis. Our data establish an essential role of FMRP in codon optimality-dependent mRNA stability as an important factor in FXS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shu, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Rescue of Fragile X Syndrome Links FMRP Deficiency to Codon Optimality-Dependent RNA Destabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug Combination Antagonism and Single Agent Dominance Result from Differences in Death Activation Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic regimens for cancer generally involve drugs used in combinations. Most prior work has focused on identifying and understanding synergistic drug-drug interactions; however, understanding sources of antagonistic interactions remains an important and understudied issue. To enrich for antagonistic interactions and reveal common features of these drug combinations, we screened all pairwise combinations of drugs characterized as canonical activators of different forms of regulated cell death. We find that this network is strongly enriched for antagonistic interactions, and in particular, enriched for an extreme form of antagonism, which we call "single agent dominance". Single agent dominance refers to antagonisms in which a two drug combination phenocopies one of the two agents. We find that dominance results from differences in the cell death onset time, with dominant drugs inducing death earlier and at faster rates than their suppressed counterparts. Finally, we explored the mechanisms by which parthanatotic agents dominate apoptotic agents, finding that dominance in this scenario is caused by mutually exclusive and conflicting use of PARP1. Taken together, our study reveals death activation kinetics as a predictive feature of antagonism, due to inhibitory crosstalk between cell death pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Gordillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug Combination Antagonism and Single Agent Dominance Result from Differences in Death Activation Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCrohns disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition caused by the loss of mucosal tolerance towards the commensal microbiota. Approximately 70% of CD patients experience perianal complications. Perianal fistulizing is a predictor of poor long-term outcomes. Animal models of gut inflammation have failed to fully recapitulate the human manifestations of fistulizing CD. Here, we evaluated dogs with spontaneous canine anal furunculosis (CAF), a disease with clinical similarities to fistulizing CD, as a surrogate model for human fistulizing CD.nnResultsBy comparing the gut microbiomes between dogs suffering from CAF (CAF dogs) and healthy dogs, we show that similar to microbiome population trends in CD humans, CAF dogs microbiomes are either very dissimilar (dysbiotic) or similar, yet unique, to healthy dogs microbiomes. Compared to healthy or healthy-like CAF microbiomes, dysbiotic CAF microbiomes showed an increased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli and a decreased abundance of Megamonas species and Prevotella copri. These same determinant bacteria are associated with human CD.nnConclusionsOur results highlight the similarities in microbiome community patterns between CAF dogs and CD humans, including overlapping determinant bacterial taxa, and support the use of CAF dogs as a surrogate model to study human fistulizing CD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maldonado-Contreras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cawley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toscano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIM34 acts with TRIM5 to restrict HIV and SIV capsids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 capsid protein makes up the core of the virion and plays a critical role in early steps of HIV replication. Due to its exposure in the cytoplasm after entry, HIV capsid is a target for host cell factors that act directly to block infection such as TRIM5 and MxB. Several host proteins also play a role in facilitating infection, including in the protection of HIV-1 capsid from recognition by host cell restriction factors. Through an unbiased screening approach, called HIV-CRISPR, we show that the Cyclophilin A-binding deficient P90A HIV-1 capsid mutant becomes highly-sensitized to TRIM5alpha restriction in IFN-treated cells. Further, the CPSF6-binding deficient, N74D HIV-1 capsid mutant is sensitive to restriction mediated by human TRIM34, a close paralog of the well-characterized HIV restriction factor TRIM5. This restriction occurs at the step of reverse transcription, is independent of interferon stimulation and limits HIV-1 infection in key target cells of HIV infection including CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. TRIM34 restriction requires TRIM5alpha as knockout or knockdown of TRIM5alpha results in a loss of antiviral activity. TRIM34 can also restrict some SIV capsids. Through immunofluorescence studies, we show that TRIM34 and TRIM5alpha colocalize to cytoplasmic bodies and are more frequently observed to be associated with infecting N74D capsids than with WT capsids. Our results identify TRIM34 as an HIV-1 CA-targeting restriction factor and highlight the potential role for heteromultimeric TRIM interactions in contributing restriction of HIV-1 infection in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohainle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keceli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIM34 acts with TRIM5 to restrict HIV and SIV capsids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the influence of environment on the evolution of Hsp90 using comprehensive fitness maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-environment interactions have long been theorized to influence molecular evolution. However, the environmental dependence of most mutations remains unknown. Using deep mutational scanning, we engineered yeast with all 44,604 single codon changes encoding 14,160 amino acid variants in Hsp90 and quantified growth effects under standard conditions and under five stress conditions. To our knowledge these are the largest determined comprehensive fitness maps of point mutants. The growth of many variants differed between conditions, indicating that environment can have a large impact on Hsp90 evolution. Multiple variants provided growth advantages under individual conditions, however these variants tended to exhibit growth defects in other environments. The diversity of Hsp90 sequences observed in extant eukaryotes preferentially contains variants that supported robust growth under all tested conditions. Rather than favoring substitutions in individual conditions, the long-term selective pressure on Hsp90 may have been that of fluctuating environments, leading to robustness under a variety of conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossouw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote-Hammarlof, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragata, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the influence of environment on the evolution of Hsp90 using comprehensive fitness maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation on PstP controls cell wall metabolism and antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium smegmatis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its relatives, like many bacteria, have dynamic cell walls that respond to environmental stresses. Modulation of cell wall metabolism in stress is thought to be responsible for decreased permeability and increased tolerance to antibiotics. The signaling systems that control cell wall metabolism under stress, however, are poorly understood. Here, we examine the cell wall regulatory function of a key cell wall regulator, the Serine Threonine Phosphatase PstP, in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. We show that the peptidoglycan regulator CwlM is a substrate of PstP. We find that a phospho-mimetic mutation, pstP T171E, slows growth, mis-regulates both mycolic acid and peptidoglycan metabolism in different conditions, and interferes with antibiotic tolerance. These data suggest that phosphorylation on PstP affects its activity against various substrates and is important in the transition between growth and stasis.

ImportanceRegulation of cell wall assembly is essential for bacterial survival and contributes to pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance in mycobacteria, including pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, little is known about how the cell wall is regulated in stress. We describe a pathway of cell wall modulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis through the only essential Ser/Thr phosphatase, PstP. We showed that phosphorylation on PstP is important in regulating peptidoglycan metabolism in the transition to stasis and mycolic acid metabolism in growth. This regulation also affects antibiotic tolerance in growth and stasis. This work helps us to better understand the phosphorylation-mediated cell wall regulation circuitry in Mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutte, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation on PstP controls cell wall metabolism and antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium smegmatis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the growth effect of previously hidden ubiquitin alleles using an overexpression based mutational scan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning has emerged as a powerful, high throughput approach to determine the growth effect of thousands of alleles at once in bulk competition. However, to date only the growth effect of mutant alleles in isolation has been determined. Building off previous work, we have created a library of all possible single point mutations in ubiquitin and determined the growth effect of mutants overexpressed in the presence of a wild type allele. Using this scan, we explained over half of the previously missing mutants in the single allele scan by showing that they exhibit deleterious effects when co-expressed with wild type ubiquitin. Additionally, unlike the single allele growth effect, these overexpression growth effects were distributed across the entire protein. This overexpression scan methodology can identify likely dominant mutant effects in any essential gene and is highly complementary with traditional deep mutational scanning approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the growth effect of previously hidden ubiquitin alleles using an overexpression based mutational scan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of HIV-1 for Resistance to Fourth Generation Protease Inhibitors Reveals Two Independent Pathways to High-Level Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Darunavir (DRV) is exceptional among potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) in the high drug concentrations that are achived in vivo. Little is known about the de novo resistance pathway for DRV. We have selected for resistance to high drug concentrations against ten PIs and their structural precursor DRV. Mutations accumulated through two pathways (anchored by protease mutations I50V or I84V). Small chemical changes in the inhibitor P1 side chain led to preferential use of one pathway over the other. Changes in the inhbitor P2 side chain determined differences in potency that were retained in the resistant viruses. Viral variants from the two pathways showed differential selection of compensatory mutations in Gag cleavage sites. These results reveal the high level of selective pressure that is attainable with fourth generation PIs, and how features of the inhibitor affect both the resistance pathway and the residual potency in the face of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spielvogel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockbaum, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondgeroth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovrasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of HIV-1 for Resistance to Fourth Generation Protease Inhibitors Reveals Two Independent Pathways to High-Level Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte-like glia-specific gene deathstar is crucial for normal development, adult locomotion and lifespan of male Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain of Drosophila melanogaster is a complex organ with various cell types, orchestrating the physiology and behaviors of the fly. While each cell type in the Drosophila brain is known to express a unique set of genes, their complete genetic profile is still unknown. Advances in the RNA-sequencing techniques at single cell resolution facilitate identifying novel cell type-specific markers and/or examining the specificity of the available markers.

In this study, exploiting a single cell RNA sequencing data of Drosophila optic lobe (which comprises two thirds of the brain with extensive cell type diversity), we first categorized cell types based on their known molecular markers, then the genes with enriched expression in astrocytes were identified. Consistent with previous findings, the known glial markers CG34335, Inx2 and nrv2 as well as the astrocytic genes CG9394, Eaat1, Gat, Gs2 and CG1552 exhibited enriched expression in the identified astrocyte cluster. Moreover, we identified CG11000 as a gene with positive expression correlation with the astrocytic marker Eaat1. The positive expression correlation between CG11000 and Eaat1 genes was also observed in the single-cell RNA-sequencing data of Drosophila mid-brain as well as in the bulk RNA-sequencing data of Drosophila whole brain during development.

Immunostaining of the brains dissected from adult flies showed overlapping fluorescence signals of CG11000 and Eaat1 expression, supporting co-expression of these genes in a set of single cells in Drosophila optic lobe. At the physiological level, RNAi-mediated suppression of CG11000 impeded th normal development of male flies without any effects on females. In adult flies, CG11000 suppression affected the locomotion activity and lifespan of D. melanogaster in an astrocyte-specific manner, suggesting pivotal role of CG11000 gene in astrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Najafi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte-like glia-specific gene deathstar is crucial for normal development, adult locomotion and lifespan of male Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted complement inhibition at synapses prevents microglial synaptic engulfment and synapse loss in demyelinating disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. While work has focused on axon loss in MS, far less is known about synaptic changes. Here, in striking similarity to other neurodegenerative diseases, we identify in postmortem human MS tissue and in nonhuman primate and mouse MS models profound synapse loss and microglial synaptic engulfment. These events can occur independently of local demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and peripheral immune cell infiltration, but coincide with gliosis and increased localization of complement component C3, but not C1q, at synapses. Finally, we use AAV9 to overexpress the complement inhibitor Crry at activated C3-bound synapses in mice and demonstrate robust protection of synapses and visual function. These results mechanistically dissect synapse loss as an early pathology in MS. We further provide a novel gene therapy approach to prevent synapse loss by microglia, which may be broadly applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunjamma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted complement inhibition at synapses prevents microglial synaptic engulfment and synapse loss in demyelinating disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WormCat: an online tool for annotation and visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans genome-scale data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of large gene expression datasets has revealed the need for improved tools to identify enriched gene categories and visualize enrichment patterns. While Gene Ontogeny (GO) provides a valuable tool for gene set enrichment analysis, it has several limitations. First, it is difficult to graphically compare multiple GO analyses. Second, genes from some model systems are not well represented. For example, around 30% of Caenorhabditis elegans genes are missing from analysis in commonly used databases. To allow categorization and visualization of enriched C. elegans gene sets in different types of genome-scale data, we developed WormCat, a web-based tool that uses a near-complete annotation of the C. elegans genome to identify co-expressed gene sets and scaled heat map for enrichment visualization. We tested the performance of WormCat using a variety of published transcriptomic datasets and show that it reproduces major categories identified by GO. Importantly, we also found previously unidentified categories that are informative for interpreting phenotypes or predicting biological function. For example, we analyzed published RNA-seq data from C. elegans treated with combinations of lifespan-extending drugs where one combination paradoxically shortened lifespan. Using WormCat, we identified sterol metabolism as a category that was not enriched in the single or double combinations but emerged in a triple combination along with the lifespan shortening. Thus, WormCat identified a gene set with potential phenotypic relevance that was not uncovered with previous GO analysis. In conclusion, WormCat provides a powerful tool for the analysis and visualization of gene set enrichment in different types of C. elegans datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holdorf, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boag, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WormCat: an online tool for annotation and visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans genome-scale data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sequencing of pre-translational mRNPs reveals hidden flux through evolutionarily conserved AS-NMD pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlternative splicing (AS), which generates multiple mRNA isoforms from single genes, is crucial for the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. The flux through competing AS pathways cannot be determined by traditional RNA-Seq, however, because different mRNA isoforms can have widely differing decay rates. Indeed, some mRNA isoforms with extremely short half-lives, such as those subject to translation-dependent nonsense-mediated decay (AS-NMD), may be completely overlooked in even the most extensive RNA-Seq analyses.

ResultsRNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT) of exon junction complex (EJC) components allows for purification of post-splicing mRNA-protein particles (mRNPs) not yet subject to translation (pre-translational mRNPs) and, therefore, translation-dependent mRNA decay. Here we compared EJC RIPiT-Seq to whole cell RNA-Seq data from HEK293 cells. Consistent with expectation, the flux through known AS-NMD pathways is substantially higher than that captured by RNA-Seq. Our EJC RIPiT-Seq also definitively demonstrates that the splicing machinery itself has no ability to detect reading frame. We identified thousands of previously unannotated splicing events; while many can be attributed to "splicing noise", others are evolutionarily-conserved events that produce new AS-NMD isoforms likely involved in maintenance of protein homeostasis. Several of these occur in genes whose overexpression has been linked to poor cancer prognosis.

ConclusionsDeep sequencing of RNAs in post-splicing, pre-translational mRNPs provides a means to identify and quantify splicing events without the confounding influence of differential mRNA decay. For many known AS-NMD targets, the NMD-linked AS pathway predominates. EJC RIPiT-Seq also enabled identification of numerous conserved but previously unannotated AS-NMD events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovalak, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sequencing of pre-translational mRNPs reveals hidden flux through evolutionarily conserved AS-NMD pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A thermophilic phage uses a small terminase protein with a fixed helix-turn-helix geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tailed bacteriophage use a DNA packaging motor to encapsulate their genome during viral particle assembly. The small terminase (TerS) component acts as a molecular matchmaker by recognizing the viral genome as well as the main motor component, the large terminase (TerL). How TerS binds DNA and the TerL protein remains unclear. Here, we identify the TerS protein of the thermophilic bacteriophage P74-26. TerSP76-26 oligomerizes into a nonamer that binds DNA, stimulates TerL ATPase activity, and inhibits TerL nuclease activity. Our cryo-EM structure shows that TerSP76-26 forms a ring with a wide central pore and radially arrayed helix-turn-helix (HTH) domains. These HTH domains, which are thought to bind DNA by wrapping the helix around the ring, are rigidly held in an orientation distinct from that seen in other TerS proteins. This rigid arrangement of the putative DNA binding domain imposes strong constraints on how TerSP76-26 can bind DNA. Finally, the TerSP76-26 structure lacks the conserved C-terminal {beta}-barrel domain used by other TerS proteins for binding TerL, suggesting that a well-ordered C-terminal {beta}-barrel domain is not necessary for TerS to carry out its function as a matchmaker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaubitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A thermophilic phage uses a small terminase protein with a fixed helix-turn-helix geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas technologies have provided programmable gene editing tools that have revolutionized research. The leading CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes are ideal for programmed genetic manipulation, however, they are limited for genome-scale interventions. Here, we utilized a Cas3-based system featuring a processive nuclease, expressed endogenously or heterologously, for genome engineering purposes. Using an optimized and minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system (Type I-C) programmed with a single crRNA, large deletions ranging from 7 - 424 kb were generated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high efficiency and speed. By comparison, Cas9 yielded small deletions and point mutations. Cas3-generated deletion boundaries were variable in the absence of a homology-directed repair (HDR) template, and successfully and efficiently specified when present. The minimal Cas3 system is also portable; large deletions were induced with high efficiency in Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli using an "all-in-one" vector. Notably, Cas3 generated bi-directional deletions originating from the programmed cut site, which was exploited to iteratively reduce a P. aeruginosa genome by 837 kb (13.5%) using 10 distinct crRNAs. We also demonstrate the utility of endogenous Cas3 systems (Type I-C and I-F) and develop an "anti-anti-CRISPR" strategy to circumvent endogenous CRISPR-Cas inhibitor proteins. CRISPR-Cas3 could facilitate rapid strain manipulation for synthetic biological and metabolic engineering purposes, genome minimization, and the analysis of large regions of unknown function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Csorgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau-Ly, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Rifo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahendra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corollary Discharge Promotes a Sustained Motor State in a Neural Circuit for Navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals exhibit behavioral and neural responses that persist on longer time scales than transient or fluctuating stimulus inputs. Here, we report that C. elegans uses feedback from the motor circuit to a sensory processing interneuron to sustain its motor state during thermotactic navigation. By imaging circuit activity in behaving animals, we show that a principal postsynaptic partner of the AFD thermosensory neuron, the AIY interneuron, encodes both temperature and motor state information. By optogenetic and genetic manipulation of this circuit, we demonstrate that the motor state representation in AIY is a corollary discharge signal. RIM, an interneuron that is connected with premotor interneurons, is required for this corollary discharge. Ablation of RIM eliminates the motor representation in AIY, allows thermosensory representations to reach downstream premotor interneurons, and reduces the animals ability to sustain forward movements during thermotaxis. We propose that feedback from the motor circuit to the sensory processing circuit underlies a positive feedback mechanism to generate persistent neural activity and sustained behavioral patterns in a sensorimotor transformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corollary Discharge Promotes a Sustained Motor State in a Neural Circuit for Navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Homology-directed Repair with Circular ssDNA Donors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While genome editing has been revolutionized by the advent of CRISPR-based nucleases, difficulties in achieving efficient, nuclease-mediated, homology-directed repair (HDR) still limit many applications. Commonly used DNA donors such as plasmids suffer from low HDR efficiencies in many cell types, as well as integration at unintended sites. In contrast, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) donors can produce efficient HDR with minimal off-target integration. Here, we describe the use of ssDNA phage to efficiently and inexpensively produce long circular ssDNA (cssDNA) donors. These cssDNA donors serve as efficient HDR templates when used with Cas9 or Cas12a, with integration frequencies superior to linear ssDNA (lssDNA) donors. To evaluate the relative efficiencies of imprecise and precise repair for a suite of different Cas9 or Cas12a nucleases, we have developed a modified Traffic Light Reporter (TLR) system [TLR-Multi-Cas Variant 1 (MCV1)] that permits side-by-side comparisons of different nuclease systems. We used this system to assess editing and HDR efficiencies of different nuclease platforms with distinct DNA donor types. We then extended the analysis of DNA donor types to evaluate efficiencies of fluorescent tag knock-ins at endogenous sites in HEK293T and K562 cells. Our results show that cssDNA templates produce efficient and robust insertion of reporter tags. Targeting efficiency is high, allowing production of biallelic integrants using cssDNA donors. cssDNA donors also outcompete lssDNA donors in template-driven repair at the target site. These data demonstrate that circular donors provide an efficient, cost-effective method to achieve knock-ins in mammalian cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibraheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VegaBadillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roscoe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintzer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brito, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Homology-directed Repair with Circular ssDNA Donors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory asymmetry in the negative single-input module network motif: Role of network size, growth rate and binding affinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single-input module (SIM) is a regulatory motif capable of coordinating gene expression across functionally related genes. We explore the relationship between regulation of the central autoregulated TF in a negatively regulated SIM and the target genes using a synthetic biology approach paired with stochastic simulations. Surprisingly, we find a fundamental asymmetry in the level of regulation experienced by the TF gene and its targets, even if they have identical regulatory DNA; the TF gene experiences stronger repression than its targets. This asymmetry is not predicted from deterministic modeling of the system but is revealed from corresponding stochastic simulations. The magnitude of asymmetry depends on factors such as the number of targets in the SIM, TF degradation rate (or growth rate) and TF binding affinity. Beyond implications for SIM motifs, the influence of network connectivity on regulatory levels highlights an interesting challenge for predictive models of gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisutham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewster, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory asymmetry in the negative single-input module network motif: Role of network size, growth rate and binding affinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA-guided Argonaute Protein Functions in DNA Replication in Thermus thermophilus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute proteins use nucleic acid guides to protect organisms against transposons and viruses. In the eubacterium Thermus thermophilus, the DNA-guided Argonaute TtAgo defends against transformation by DNA plasmids. Here, we report that TtAgo also participates in DNA replication. TtAgo binds small DNA guides derived from the chromosomal region where replication terminates and associates with proteins known to act in DNA replication. T. thermophilus deploys a single type II topoisomerase, gyrase. When gyrase is inhibited, T. thermophilus relies on TtAgo to complete replication of its circular genome; loss of both gyrase and TtAgo activity produces long filaments that fail to separate into individual bacteria. We propose that the primary role of TtAgo is to help T. thermophilus disentangle the catenated circular chromosomes made by DNA replication.

One Sentence SummaryThe DNA-guided Argonaute protein of Thermus thermophilus helps separate daughter chromosomes at the end of DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jolly, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhabaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA-guided Argonaute Protein Functions in DNA Replication in Thermus thermophilus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial positioning of preimplantation mouse embryo blastomeres is regulated by mTORC1 and 7mG-cap dependent translation at the 8- to 16-cell transition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preimplantation stages of mouse embryo development involve temporal and spatial specification and segregation of three late blastocyst cell lineages; trophectoderm (TE), primitive endoderm (PrE) and epiblast (EPI). Spatial separation of the outer TE lineage from the two inner cell mass (ICM) lineages (PrE and EPI) starts with the 8- to 16-cell transition and concludes following transit through the 16- to 32-cell stages. This results in an early blastocyst ICM derived from descendants of primary founding inner cells and a secondarily contributed population, of which subsequent relative EPI versus PrE potencies are subject to debate. Here, we report generation of primary but not the secondary ICM populations is highly dependent on temporally discreet activation of the mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR - specifically mTORC1) during M-phase entry at the 8-cell stage. This role is mediated via regulation of the 7-methylguanosine-(7mG) cap binding initiation complex (EIF4F), linked to translation of a subset of key mRNAs containing 5 UTR terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP-) or TOP-like sequence motifs; as knockdown of identified TOP-like motif containing transcripts also impairs generation of 16-cell stage primary ICM founders. However, mTOR inhibition induced ICM cell number deficits at the early blastocyst stage can be compensated by the late blastocyst stage, in the absence of inhibition. This compensation is likely initiated at the 32-cell stage when supernumerary outer cells in mTOR-inhibited embryos exhibit molecular characteristics of inner cells. Collectively, the data identify a novel mechanism specifically governing initial spatial segregation of blastomeres in the mouse embryo, that is distinct from those directing subsequent inner cell formation and contributes to germane segregation of late blastocyst lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gahurova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomankova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bora, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubickova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virnicchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacicova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potesil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruska, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdrahal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial positioning of preimplantation mouse embryo blastomeres is regulated by mTORC1 and 7mG-cap dependent translation at the 8- to 16-cell transition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
idh-1 neomorphic mutation confers sensitivity to vitamin B12 via increased dependency on one-carbon metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The isocitrate dehydrogenase neomorphic mutation (idh-1neo) generates increased levels of cellular D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a proposed oncometabolite. However, the physiological effects of increased D-2HG and whether additional metabolic changes occur in the presence of an idh-1neo mutation are not well understood. We created a C. elegans model to study the effects of the idh-1neo mutation in a whole animal. Comparing the phenotypes exhibited by the idh-1neo to{Delta} dhgd-1 (D-2HG dehydrogenase) mutant animals, which also accumulate D-2HG, we identified a specific vitamin B12 diet-dependent vulnerability in idh-1neo mutant animals that leads to increased embryonic lethality. Through a genetic screen we found that impairment of the glycine cleavage system, which generates one-carbon donor units, exacerbates this phenotype. Additionally, supplementation with an alternate source of one-carbon donors suppresses the lethal phenotype. Our results indicate that the idh-1neo mutation imposes a heightened dependency on the one-carbon pool and provides a further understanding how this oncogenic mutation rewires cellular metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starbard, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[idh-1 neomorphic mutation confers sensitivity to vitamin B12 via increased dependency on one-carbon metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of CRISPR gene editing technology, especially the development of Cas9 knock-in mice, has significantly boosted the functional discovery of various genetics factors in diverse fields including genetics, genomics, immunology, and the biology of cancer. However, the pleiotropic effects on human disease and the complex nature of gene interaction networks require a knock-in mouse model capable of simultaneous multiplexed gene perturbation. Here, we present the generation and applications of Cre-dependent conditional and constitutive high-fidelity, enhanced AsCas12a (enAsCas12a-HF1) Rosa26-knock-in mice in the C57BL/6 background. With these mouse strains, we demonstrate highly efficient and multiplexed in vivo and ex vivo genome engineering as applied to lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-RNA-based liver protein targeting, AAV-based tumor modeling, and retrovirus-based immune cell engineering. By integrating with a dCas9-SPH CRISPR activation transgenic strain, we establish a simultaneous dual gene activation and knockout (DAKO) system that showcases the modular potential of these enAsCas12a-HF1 mice. Importantly, constitutive expression of enAsCas12a-HF1 does not lead to any discernable pathological differences as compared to the C57BL/6 background strain. These knock-in mice and the accompanying delivery methods would empower the deconvolution of complex gene interaction networks in broad areas of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional RNA stabilization of telomere-proximal RNAs FRG2, DBET, D4Z4 at human 4q35 in response to genotoxic stress and D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat length. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundReduced copy number of the D4Z4 macrosatellite at human chromosome 4q35 is associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). A pervasive idea is that chromatin alterations at the 4q35 locus following D4Z4 repeat unit deletion lead to disease via inappropriate expression of nearby genes. Here, we sought to analyze transcription and chromatin characteristics across 4q35 and how these are affected by D4Z4 deletions and exogenous stresses.

ResultsWe found that the 4q subtelomere is subdivided into discrete domains, each with characteristic chromatin features associated with distinct gene expression profiles. Centromere-proximal genes within 4q35 (ANT1, FAT1 and FRG1) display active histone marks at their promoters. In contrast, poised or repressed markings are present at telomere-proximal loci including FRG2, DBE-T and D4Z4. We discovered that these discrete domains undergo region-specific chromatin changes upon treatment with chromatin enzyme inhibitors or genotoxic drugs. We demonstrated that the 4q35 telomere-proximal FRG2, DBE-T and D4Z4-derived transcripts are induced upon DNA damage to levels inversely correlated with the D4Z4 repeat number, are stabilized through post-transcriptional mechanisms upon DNA damage, and are bound to chromatin.

ConclusionOur study reveals unforeseen biochemical features of RNAs from clustered transcription units within the 4q35 subtelomere. Specifically, the FRG2, DBE-T and D4Z4-derived transcripts are chromatin-associated and are stabilized post-transcriptionally after induction by genotoxic stress. Remarkably, the extent of this response is modulated by the copy number of the D4Z4 repeats, raising new hypotheses about their regulation and function in human biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salsi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tupler, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional RNA stabilization of telomere-proximal RNAs FRG2, DBET, D4Z4 at human 4q35 in response to genotoxic stress and D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat length.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics and regulatory networks for 388 human brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics is a powerful tool for studying heterogeneous tissues such as the brain. Yet, little is understood about how genetic variants influence cell-level gene expression. Addressing this, we uniformly processed single-nuclei, multi-omics datasets into a resource comprising >2.8M nuclei from the prefrontal cortex across 388 individuals. For 28 cell types, we assessed population-level variation in expression and chromatin across gene families and drug targets. We identified >550K cell-type-specific regulatory elements and >1.4M single-cell expression-quantitative-trait loci, which we used to build cell-type regulatory and cell-to-cell communication networks. These networks manifest cellular changes in aging and neuropsychiatric disorders. We further constructed an integrative model accurately imputing single-cell expression and simulating perturbations; the model prioritized [~]250 disease-risk genes and drug targets with associated cell types.

Summary Figure

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/585576v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@70b24org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6c9eddorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@131fae2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4e0f1e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dursun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicks, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gancz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor-Gillett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawken, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorstad, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khullar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazariegos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell genomics and regulatory networks for 388 human brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long-term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms - one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1-independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benanti, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic injury causes selective degeneration and TDP-43 mislocalization in human iPSC-derived C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, patients with the HRE exhibit a wide disparity in clinical presentation and age of symptom onset suggesting an interplay between genetic background and environmental stressors. Neurotrauma as a result of traumatic brain or spinal cord injury has been shown to increase the risk of ALS/FTD in epidemiological studies. Here, we combine patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a custom-built device to deliver biofidelic stretch trauma to C9orf72 patient and isogenic control motor neurons (MNs) in vitro. We find that mutant but not control MNs exhibit selective degeneration after a single incident of severe trauma, which can be partially rescued by pretreatment with a C9orf72 antisense oligonucleotide. A single incident of mild trauma does not cause degeneration but leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 in C9orf72 MNs. This mislocalization, which only occurs briefly in isogenic controls, is eventually restored in C9orf72 MNs after 6 days. Lastly, repeated mild trauma ablates the ability of patient MNs to recover. These findings highlight alterations in TDP-43 dynamics in C9orf72 ALS/FTD patient MNs following traumatic injury and demonstrate that neurotrauma compounds neuropathology in C9orf72 ALS/FTD. More broadly, our work establishes an in vitro platform that can be used to interrogate the mechanistic interactions between ALS/FTD and neurotrauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitevska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiskinis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic injury causes selective degeneration and TDP-43 mislocalization in human iPSC-derived C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming of host energy metabolism mediated by the TNF-iNOS-HIF-1alpha axis plays a key role in host resistance to Plasmodium infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TNF has a dual effect in Plasmodium infection, bolstering the hosts immune defense while also inducing sickness behavior. Here, we show that TNF signaling hampers physical activity, food intake, and energy expenditure while enhancing glucose uptake by the liver and spleen as well as controlling parasitemia in P. chabaudi (Pc)-infected mice. We also report that TNF is required for expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), stabilization of HIF-1, expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 and enhanced glycolysis in monocytic cells from Pc-infected mice. Importantly, Pc-infected iNOS-/-, TNFR{Delta}Lyz2 and HIF-1{Delta}Lyz2 mice show impaired release of TNF and glycolysis in monocytes, along with increased parasitemia and disease tolerance. Altogether, our results indicate that TNF-iNOS-HIF-1-induced glycolysis in monocytes plays a critical role in host defense and sickness behavior in Pc-infected mice.

TeaseThe role of host energy metabolism and glycolysis in monocytes as determinant of host resistance to Plasmodium infection and tolerance to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matteucci, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirako, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, N. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pioto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OJELABI, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E. TOLLER-KAWAHISA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S. Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Filho, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzinelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming of host energy metabolism mediated by the TNF-iNOS-HIF-1alpha axis plays a key role in host resistance to Plasmodium infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleic Acid Aptamers Protect Against Lead (Pb(II)) Toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lead (Pb(II)) is a pervasive heavy metal toxin with many well-established negative effects on human health. Lead toxicity arises from cumulative, repeated environmental exposures. Thus, prophylactic strategies to protect against the bioaccumulation of lead could reduce lead-associated human pathologies. Here we show that DNA and RNA aptamers protect C. elegans from toxic phenotypes caused by lead. Reproductive toxicity, as measured by brood size assays, is prevented by co-feeding of animals with DNA or RNA aptamers. Similarly, lead-induced behavioral anomalies are also normalized by aptamer feeding. Further, cultured human HEK293 and primary murine osteoblasts are protected from lead toxicity by transfection with DNA aptamers. The osteogenic development, which is decreased by lead exposure, is maintained by prior transfection of lead-binding DNA aptamers. Aptamers may be an effective strategy for the protection of human health in the face of increasing environmental toxicants.

SYNOPSISLead remains a pervasive environmental contaminant with significant human health implications. This study investigates an entirely novel intervention for the problem of lead toxicity, using nucleic acid aptamers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anwar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramis De Ayreflor Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breiling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farny, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleic Acid Aptamers Protect Against Lead (Pb(II)) Toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mex-3 3' untranslated region is essential for reproduction during temperature stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms must sense temperature and modify their physiology to survive environmental stress. Elevated temperature reduces fertility in most sexually reproducing organisms. Maternally supplied mRNAs are required for embryogenesis. They encode proteins that govern early embryonic patterning. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are major effectors of maternal mRNA regulation. MEX-3 is a conserved RBP essential for anterior patterning of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We previously demonstrated that the mex-3 3 untranslated region (3UTR) represses MEX-3 abundance in the germline yet is mostly dispensable for fertility. Here, we show that the 3UTR is essential during thermal stress. Deletion of the 3UTR causes a highly penetrant temperature sensitive embryonic lethality phenotype distinct from a mex-3 null. Loss of the 3UTR decreases MEX-3 abundance specifically in maturing oocytes and early embryos during temperature stress. Dysregulation of mex-3 reprograms the thermal stress response by reducing the expression of hundreds of heat shock genes. We propose that the primary role of the mex-3 3UTR is to buffer MEX-3 expression during fluctuating temperature, ensuring the robustness of oocyte maturation and embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varderesian, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mex-3 3' untranslated region is essential for reproduction during temperature stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial expression of neurexin genes regulates glomerular targeting by olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise connectivity between specific neurons is essential for the formation of the complex neural circuitry necessary for executing intricate motor behaviors and higher cognitive functions. While trans-interactions between synaptic membrane proteins have emerged as crucial elements in orchestrating the assembly of these neural circuits, the synaptic surface proteins involved in neuronal wiring remain largely unknown. Here, using unbiased single-cell transcriptomic and mouse genetic approaches, we uncover that the neurexin family of genes enables olfactory sensory neuron (OSNs) axons to form appropriate synaptic connections with their mitral and tufted (M/T) cell synaptic partners, within the mammalian olfactory system. Neurexin isoforms are differentially expressed within distinct populations of OSNs, resulting in unique pattern of neurexin expression that is specific to each OSN type, and synergistically cooperate to regulate axonal innervation, guiding OSN axons to their designated glomeruli. This process is facilitated through the interactions of neurexins with their postsynaptic partners, including neuroligins, which have distinct expression patterns in M/T cells. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism underpinning the precise assembly of olfactory neural circuits, driven by the trans-interaction between neurexins and their ligands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uemura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial expression of neurexin genes regulates glomerular targeting by olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomographic investigation of native hippocampal glutamatergic synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical synapses are the major sites of communication between neurons in the nervous system and mediate either excitatory or inhibitory signaling [1]. At excitatory synapses, glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter and upon release from presynaptic vesicles, is detected by postsynaptic glutamate receptors, which include ionotropic AMPA and NMDA receptors [2, 3]. Here we have developed methods to identify glutamatergic synapses in brain tissue slices, label AMPA receptors with small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and prepare lamella for cryo-electron tomography studies. The targeted imaging of glutamatergic synapses in the lamella is facilitated by fluorescent pre- and postsynaptic signatures, and the subsequent tomograms allow for identification of key features of chemical synapses, including synaptic vesicles, the synaptic cleft and AuNP-labeled AMPA receptors. These methods pave the way for imaging brain regions at high resolution, using unstained, unfixed samples preserved under near-native conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomographic investigation of native hippocampal glutamatergic synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single cell atlas of the mouse seminal vesicle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mammalian reproduction, sperm are delivered to the female reproductive tract bathed in a complex medium known as seminal fluid, which plays key roles in signaling to the female reproductive tract and in nourishing sperm for their onwards journey. Along with minor contributions from the prostate and the epididymis, the majority of seminal fluid is produced by a somewhat understudied organ known as the seminal vesicle. Here, we report the first single-cell RNA-seq atlas of the mouse seminal vesicle, generated using tissues obtained from 23 mice of varying ages, exposed to a range of dietary challenges. We define the transcriptome of the secretory cells in this tissue, identifying a relatively homogeneous population of the epithelial cells which are responsible for producing the majority of seminal fluid. We also define the immune cell populations - including large populations of macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NKT cells - which have the potential to play roles in producing various immune mediators present in seminal plasma. Together, our data provide a resource for understanding the composition of an understudied reproductive tissue with potential implications for paternal control of offspring development and metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desevin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manukyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shindyapina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjenken, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single cell atlas of the mouse seminal vesicle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ergothioneine boosts mitochondrial respiration and exercise performance via direct activation of MPST 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a diet-derived, atypical amino acid that accumulates to high levels in human tissues. Reduced EGT levels have been linked to age-related disorders, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, while EGT supplementation is protective in a broad range of disease and aging models in mice. Despite these promising data, the direct and physiologically relevant molecular target of EGT has remained elusive. Here we use a systematic approach to identify how mitochondria remodel their metabolome in response to exercise training. From this data, we find that EGT accumulates in muscle mitochondria upon exercise training. Proteome-wide thermal stability studies identify 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) as a direct molecular target of EGT; EGT binds to and activates MPST, thereby boosting mitochondrial respiration and exercise training performance in mice. Together, these data identify the first physiologically relevant EGT target and establish the EGT-MPST axis as a molecular mechanism for regulating mitochondrial function and exercise performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprenger, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittenbuehler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Vranken, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khetarpal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puszynska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryback, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Young, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braithwaite, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthanari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouchani, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ergothioneine boosts mitochondrial respiration and exercise performance via direct activation of MPST]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics of Plasmodium ovale species in sub-Saharan Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc) and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (Pow) are relapsing malaria parasites endemic to Africa and Asia that were previously thought to represent a single species. Amid increasing detection of ovale malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, we performed a population genomic study of both species across the continent. We conducted whole-genome sequencing of 25 isolates from Central and East Africa and analyzed them alongside 20 previously published African genomes. Isolates were predominantly monoclonal (43/45), with their genetic similarity aligning with geography. Pow showed lower average nucleotide diversity (1.8x10-4) across the genome compared to Poc (3.0x10-4) (p < 0.0001). Signatures of selective sweeps involving the dihydrofolate reductase gene were found in both species, as were signs of balancing selection at the merozoite surface protein 1 gene. Differences in the nucleotide diversity of Poc and Pow may reflect unique demographic history, even as similar selective forces facilitate their resilience to malaria control interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey-Ewend, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popkin-Hall, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaither, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niare, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghakanian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feleke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brhane, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phanzu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwandagalirwa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishengoma, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngasala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalonji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tshefu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics of Plasmodium ovale species in sub-Saharan Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle-Specific Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms, Pkm1 and Pkm2, Regulate Mammalian SWI/SNF Proteins and Histone 3 Phosphorylation During Myoblast Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP into pyruvate and ATP. There are two genes that encode pyruvate kinase in vertebrates; Pkm and Pkl encode muscle- and liver/erythrocyte-specific forms, respectively. Each gene encodes two isoenzymes due to alternative splicing. Both muscle-specific enzymes, Pkm1 and Pkm2, function in glycolysis, but Pkm2 also has been implicated in gene regulation due to its ability to phosphorylate histone 3 threonine 11 (H3T11) in cancer cells. Here, we examined the roles of Pkm1 and Pkm2 during myoblast differentiation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Pkm2 promotes the expression of Dpf2/Baf45d and Baf250a/Arid1A. Dpf2 and Baf250a are subunits that identify a specific sub-family of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) of chromatin remodeling enzymes that is required for activation of myogenic gene expression during differentiation. Pkm2 also mediated the incorporation of Dpf2 and Baf250a into the regulatory sequences controlling myogenic gene expression. Pkm1 did not affect expression but was required for nuclear localization of Dpf2. Additionally, Pkm2 was required not only for the incorporation of phosphorylated H3T11 in myogenic promoters, but also for the incorporation of phosphorylated H3T6 and H3T45 at myogenic promoters via regulation of AKT and protein kinase C isoforms that phosphorylate those amino acids. Our results identify multiple unique roles for Pkm2 and a novel function for Pkm1 in gene expression and chromatin regulation during myoblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olea-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdejo-Torres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBartolomeo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Benavides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle-Specific Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms, Pkm1 and Pkm2, Regulate Mammalian SWI/SNF Proteins and Histone 3 Phosphorylation During Myoblast Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.588853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SleepInvestigatoR: A flexible R function for analyzing scored sleep in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.588853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyzing scored sleep is a fundamental prerequisite to understanding how sleep changes between health and disease. Classically, this is accomplished by manually calculating various measures (e.g., percent of non-rapid eye movement sleep) from a collection of scored sleep files. This process can be tedious and error prone especially when studies include a large number of animals or involve long recording sessions. To address this issue, we present SleepInvestigatoR, a versatile tool that can quickly organize and analyze multiple scored sleep files into a single output. The function is written in the open-source statistical language R and has a total of 25 parameters that can be set to match a wide variety of experimenter needs. SleepInvestigatoR delivers a total of 22 unique measures of sleep, including all measures commonly reported in the rodent literature. A simple plotting function is also provided to quickly graph and visualize the scored data. All code is designed to be implemented with little formal coding knowledge and step-by-step instructions are provided on the corresponding GitHub page. Overall, SleepInvestigatoR provides the sleep researcher a critical tool to increase efficiency, interpretation, and reproducibility in analyzing scored rodent sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.588853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SleepInvestigatoR: A flexible R function for analyzing scored sleep in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T follicular helper cell profiles differ by malaria antigen and for children compared to adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCirculating T-follicular helper (cTFH) cells have the potential to provide an additional correlate of protection against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) as they are essential to promote B-cell production of long-lasting antibodies. Assessing the specificity of cTFH subsets to individual malaria antigens is vital to understanding the variation observed in antibody responses and identifying promising malaria vaccine candidates.

MethodsUsing spectral flow cytometry and unbiased clustering analysis, we assessed antigen-specific cTFH cell recall responses in vitro to malaria vaccine candidates Pf-schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1A) and Pf-glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP) within a cross-section of children and adults living in a malaria-holoendemic region of western Kenya.

FindingsIn children, a broad array of cTFH subsets (defined by cytokine and transcription factor expression) were reactive to both malaria antigens, PfSEA-1A and PfGARP, while adults had a narrow profile centering on cTFH17- and cTFH1/17-like subsets following stimulation with PfGARP only.

InterpretationBecause TFH17 cells are involved in the maintenance of memory antibody responses within the context of parasitic infections, our results suggest that PfGARP might generate longer-lived antibody responses compared to PfSEA-1A. These findings have intriguing implications for evaluating malaria vaccine candidates as they highlight the importance of including cTFH profiles when assessing interdependent correlates of protective immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forconi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odwar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond-Tor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong'echa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T follicular helper cell profiles differ by malaria antigen and for children compared to adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rules of engagement for condensins and cohesins guide mitotic chromosome formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, interphase chromatin is rapidly converted into rod-shaped mitotic chromosomes. Using Hi-C, imaging, proteomics and polymer modeling, we determine how the activity and interplay between loop-extruding SMC motors accomplishes this dramatic transition. Our work reveals rules of engagement for SMC complexes that are critical for allowing cells to refold interphase chromatin into mitotic chromosomes. We find that condensin disassembles interphase chromatin loop organization by evicting or displacing extrusive cohesin. In contrast, condensin bypasses cohesive cohesins, thereby maintaining sister chromatid cohesion while separating the sisters. Studies of mitotic chromosomes formed by cohesin, condensin II and condensin I alone or in combination allow us to develop new models of mitotic chromosome conformation. In these models, loops are consecutive and not overlapping, implying that condensins do not freely pass one another but stall upon encountering each other. The dynamics of Hi-C interactions and chromosome morphology reveal that during prophase loops are extruded in vivo at [~]1-3 kb/sec by condensins as they form a disordered discontinuous helical scaffold within individual chromatids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samejima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros-Soberanis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samejima, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucekova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Pritchard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyaprakash, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goloborodko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnshaw, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rules of engagement for condensins and cohesins guide mitotic chromosome formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs contribute to ethanol intake but not negative affective behaviors in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease, highly comorbid with anxiety and depression. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and Crh+ neurons in this region are thought to play a key role in chronic ethanol-induced increases in volitional ethanol intake. This role has been hypothesized to be driven by emergent BNST-dependent negative affective behaviors. Indeed, we report here that in female mice undergoing a home cage chronic drinking forced abstinence model (CDFA), excitatory transmission undergoes time-dependent upregulation in BNST Crh+ cells. Excitatory NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are a major target of ethanol, and chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to regulate NMDAR function and expression. GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs have emerged as a target of interest due to their limited distribution and potential roles in affective behavior. We find that knockdown of dorsal BNST (dBNST) GluN2D expression significantly decreases ethanol intake in female, but not male, mice. While BNST Grin2b expression was significantly increased in protracted abstinence following CDFA, no differences in Grin2d expression were observed in dBNST or specifically in dBNST Crh+ neurons. Finally, to determine the impact of GluN2D expression on negative affective behaviors, open field, elevated zero maze, and forced swim tasks were used to measure anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in constitutive and conditional BNST GluN2D knockout mice. Surprisingly, we find that deletion of GluN2D fails to alter negative affect in ethanol-naive female mice. Together, these data suggest a role for BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs in ethanol drinking behaviors but not abstinence from ethanol, highlighting potential sex differences and behavioral specificity in the context of AUD behaviors. Overall, these data further suggest roles for BNST synaptic signaling in volitional ethanol intake that are partially independent of actions on affective behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimando, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemus, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedenbaugh, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs contribute to ethanol intake but not negative affective behaviors in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross species modeling reveals a role for the unfolded protein response in shaping the transcriptional reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous blood mRNA signatures have been developed to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) disease. The utility of these signatures in diverse populations depends on the inclusion of ubiquitously expressed features, such as type 1 interferon (IFN) production and innate immune cell activities. As a result, these signatures are generally insensitive to heterogeneous responses between individuals. Designing more effective therapies will require understanding the diverse mechanisms underlying pathogenesis by associating them with appropriate preclinical animal models. To address this critical animal-to-human gap, we applied a modeling framework, Translatable Components Regression, which is designed to account for biological heterogeneity by identifying multiple orthogonal axes of variation that are common to humans and animal models. Our framework was capable of distinguishing human active TB from latent TB infection using a model derived from murine data. This discrimination was based on differential expression of numerous biological pathways in addition to the common IFN and neutrophil signatures. Prominent among these predictive pathways was protein translation, which we show is a feature of the Mtb infection-induced Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in macrophages. We show that this cellular stress pathway controls a variety of immune-related functions in Mtb-infected mouse macrophages, suggesting a possible causative role during the development of TB disease.

Significance StatementDespite tuberculosis being one of the top causes of global mortality, the mechanisms that control the progression of disease are still not fully understand. Here we leverage a systems-level modeling approach that incorporates transcriptomics data across thousands of genes from both a traditional tuberculosis mouse model and human clinical samples to implicate a previously unappreciated mechanism in pathogenesis, the unfolded protein response. We validate these findings in a mouse macrophage model and pinpoint which branch of the unfolded protein response might be activated during tuberculosis infection. These insights, originally derived from our cross-species model, may allow us to better understand human tuberculosis pathogenesis and potentially identify therapeutic targets to prevent active tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pullen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finethy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, S.-H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reames, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross species modeling reveals a role for the unfolded protein response in shaping the transcriptional reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of diet and inflammation with the vaginal microbiota of pregnant individuals with or without IBD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsVaginal dysbiosis has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Here, we characterized the vaginal microbiota of pregnant individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and investigated whether gut or vaginal inflammation and diet influence the vaginal microbiota diversity of these individuals.

Study DesignWe recruited 48 individuals in their third trimester of pregnancy (IBD=23 and HC=18). We characterized the vaginal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and the gut microbiota by shotgun sequencing. We measured fecal calprotectin in stool and pro-inflammatory cytokines in vaginal fluids. We determine dietary quality using validated 24-hour dietary recalls.

ResultsPregnant individuals with IBD exhibit higher levels of fecal calprotectin and increased expression of Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, IL-17) in the vaginal mucosa compared to healthy pregnant individuals. High fecal calprotectin correlated with high vaginal microbiota diversity. Also, IL-4 (reduced in IBD) was associated with vaginal microbial composition. Regardless of IBD status, pregnant individuals with healthier diets and particularly optimal servings of vegetables and sugars exhibited a vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, a species associated with a lower risk of preterm birth and bacterial vaginosis.

ConclusionBesides gut inflammation, pregnant individuals with IBD also exhibit a Th17 immune tone in the vaginal mucosa. The vaginal microbiota diversity or composition, particularly high in the beneficial L. crispatus, is positively associated with healthier diets, regardless of IBD status.

Why was the study conducted?An altered vaginal microbiota has been implicated in preterm birth. There is no research on the vaginal microbiome and the factors that influence it in pregnant individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) at a higher risk of preterm delivery.

Key findingsPregnant individuals with IBD exhibit a comparable vaginal microbiome to healthy pregnant individuals. However, pregnant individuals with IBD present a vaginal immune profile characterized by increased levels of Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines. High dietary quality, and optimal consumption of vegetables and added sugars were associated with vaginal dominance by the beneficial L. crispatus.

What does this add to what is known?Our results indicate that the vaginal immune environment and not the microbiome might explain poor pregnancy outcomes for individuals with IBD. Moreover, our study supports the importance of diet to favor L. crispatus, a bacterium associated with a lower risk of preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas Robles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Rou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purandare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Correa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madziar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leftwich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisard, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olendzki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado-Contreras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of diet and inflammation with the vaginal microbiota of pregnant individuals with or without IBD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA nuclear clustering leads to a difference in mutant huntingtin mRNA and protein silencing by siRNAs in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG repeat expansion in the first exon of the huntingtin gene (HTT). Oligonucleotide therapeutics, such as short interfering RNA (siRNA), reduce levels of huntingtin mRNA and protein in vivo and are considered a viable therapeutic strategy. However, the extent to which they silence HTT mRNA in the nucleus is not established. We synthesized siRNA cross-reactive to mouse (wild-type) Htt and human (mutant) HTT in a di-valent scaffold and delivered to two mouse models of HD. In both models, di-valent siRNA sustained lowering of wild-type Htt, but not mutant HTT mRNA expression in striatum and cortex. Near-complete silencing of both mutant HTT protein and wild-type Htt protein was observed in both models. Subsequent fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis shows that di-valent siRNA acts predominantly on cytoplasmic mutant HTT transcripts, leaving clustered mutant HTT transcripts in the nucleus largely intact in treated HD mouse brains. The observed differences between mRNA and protein levels, exaggerated in the case of extended repeats, might apply to other repeat-associated neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA nuclear clustering leads to a difference in mutant huntingtin mRNA and protein silencing by siRNAs in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.591037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structure of HRSL Domain Reveals Activating Crossed Helices at the Core of GCN2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.591037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GCN2 is a conserved receptor kinase activating the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) in eukaryotic cells. The ISR kinases detect accumulation of stress molecules and reprogram translation from basal tasks to preferred production of cytoprotective proteins. GCN2 stands out evolutionarily among all protein kinases due to the presence of a histidyl tRNA synthetase-like (HRSL) domain, which arises only in GCN2 and is located next to the kinase domain. How HRSL contributes to GCN2 signaling remains unknown. Here we report a 3.2 [A] cryo-EM structure of HRSL from thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. This structure shows a constitutive symmetrical homodimer featuring a compact helical-bundle structure at the junction between HRSL and kinase domains, in the core of the receptor. Mutagenesis demonstrates that this junction structure activates GCN2 and indicates that our cryo-EM structure captures the active signaling state of HRSL. Based on these results, we put forward a GCN2 regulation mechanism, where HRSL drives the formation of activated kinase dimers. Remaining domains of GCN2 have the opposite role and in the absence of stress they help keep GCN2 basally inactive. This autoinhibitory activity is relieved upon stress ligand binding. We propose that the opposing action of HRSL and additional GCN2 domains thus yields a regulated ISR receptor.

Significance statementRegulation of protein synthesis (translation) is a central mechanism by which eukaryotic cells adapt to stressful conditions. In starving cells, this translational adaptation is achieved via the receptor kinase GCN2, which stays inactive under normal conditions, but is switched on under stress. The molecular mechanism of GCN2 switching is not well understood due to the presence of a structurally and biochemically uncharacterized histidyl tRNA synthetase-like domain (HRSL) at the core of GCN2. Here we use single-particle cryo-EM and biochemistry to elucidate the structure and function of HRSL. We identify a structure at the kinase/HRSL interface, which forms crossed helices and helps position GCN2 kinase domains for activation. These data clarify the molecular mechanism of GCN2 regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solorio - Kirpichyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korennykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.591037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structure of HRSL Domain Reveals Activating Crossed Helices at the Core of GCN2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.591045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection against experimental cryptococcosis elicited by Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01-adjuvanted subunit vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.591045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungal infection, cryptococcosis, is responsible for >100,000 deaths annually. No licensed vaccines are available. We explored the efficacy and immune responses of subunit cryptococcal vaccines adjuvanted with Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01 (CAF01). CAF01 promotes humoral and T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 immune responses and has been safely used in human vaccine trials. Four subcutaneous vaccines, each containing single recombinant Cryptococcus neoformans protein antigens, partially protected mice from experimental cryptococcosis. Protection increased, up to 100%, in mice that received bivalent and quadrivalent vaccine formulations. Vaccinated mice that received a pulmonary challenge with C. neoformans had an influx of leukocytes into the lung including robust numbers of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells which produced Interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-17 upon ex vivo antigenic stimulation. Cytokine-producing lung CD8+ T cells were also found, albeit in lesser numbers. A significant, durable IFN{gamma} response was observed in the lungs, spleen, and blood. Moreover, IFN{gamma} secretion following ex vivo stimulation directly correlated with fungal clearance in the lungs. Thus, we have developed multivalent cryptococcal vaccines which protect mice from experimental cryptococcosis using an adjuvant which has been safely tested in humans. These preclinical studies suggest a path towards human cryptococcal vaccine trials.

Author summaryCryptococcosis is a fungal infection that poses great challenges to public health, especially in resource-limited regions with high HIV prevalence. Despite the urgent need, no licensed vaccines are currently available. In this study, we used a lethal mouse model of cryptococcosis to explore protection and immune responses elicited by vaccines consisting of recombinant cryptococcal proteins formulated with CAF01, an adjuvant that has an established safety and immunogenicity profile in human clinical vaccine trials. We discovered that while vaccines containing a single protein partially protected mouse strains, the protection was greatly augmented when the mice received vaccines formulated with multiple antigens. The lungs of vaccinated and infected mice had a robust influx of CD4+ T cells, many of which made the cytokines IFN{gamma} and IL-17 when stimulated ex vivo. Moreover, we found the production of IFN{gamma} directly correlated with clearance of fungi from the lungs. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses were also observed, albeit in lesser numbers. Our promising findings from this preclinical research paves the way for future human cryptococcal vaccine trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.591045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection against experimental cryptococcosis elicited by Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01-adjuvanted subunit vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying community-wide whole-brain imaging datasets enables robust automated neuron identification and reveals determinants of neuron positioning in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.28.591397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a data harmonization approach for C. elegans volumetric microscopy data, still or video, consisting of a standardized format, data pre-processing techniques, and a set of human-in-the-loop machine learning based analysis software tools. We unify a diverse collection of 118 whole-brain neural activity imaging datasets from 5 labs, storing these and accompanying tools in an online repository called WormID (wormid.org). We use this repository to train three existing automated cell identification algorithms to, for the first time, enable accuracy in neural identification that generalizes across labs, approaching human performance in some cases. We mine this repository to identify factors that influence the developmental positioning of neurons. To facilitate communal use of this repository, we created open-source software, code, web-based tools, and tutorials to explore and curate datasets for contribution to the scientific community. This repository provides a growing resource for experimentalists, theorists, and toolmakers to (a) study neuroanatomical organization and neural activity across diverse experimental paradigms, (b) develop and benchmark algorithms for automated neuron detection, segmentation, cell identification, tracking, and activity extraction, and (c) inform models of neurobiological development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprague, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubnis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.28.591397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying community-wide whole-brain imaging datasets enables robust automated neuron identification and reveals determinants of neuron positioning in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of a human monoclonal antibody in complex with Outer surface protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease is a tick-borne, multisystem infection caused by the spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi. Although antibodies have been implicated in the resolution of Lyme disease, the specific B cell epitopes targeted during human infections remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized and defined the structural epitope of a patient-derived bactericidal monoclonal IgG ("B11") against Outer surface protein C (OspC), a homodimeric lipoprotein necessary for B. burgdorferi tick-mediated transmission and early-stage colonization of vertebrate hosts. High-resolution epitope mapping was accomplished through hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and X-ray crystallography. Structural analysis of B11 Fab-OspCA complexes revealed the B11 Fabs associated in a 1:1 stoichiometry with the lateral faces of OspCA homodimers such that the antibodies are essentially positioned perpendicular to the spirochetes outer surface. B11s primary contacts reside within the membrane proximal regions of -helices 1 and 6 and adjacent loops 5 and 6 in one OspCA monomer. In addition, B11 spans the OspCA dimer interface, engaging opposing -helix 1, -helix 2, and loop 2-3 in the second OspCA monomer. The B11-OspCA structure is reminiscent of the recently solved mouse transmission blocking monoclonal IgG B5 in complex with OspCA, indicating a mode of engagement with OspC that is conserved across species. In conclusion, we provide the first detailed insight into the interaction between a functional human antibody and an immunodominant Lyme disease antigen long considered an important vaccine target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorauer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muriuki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of a human monoclonal antibody in complex with Outer surface protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VGLL2 and TEAD1 fusion proteins drive YAP/TAZ-independent transcription and tumorigenesis by engaging p300 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies on Hippo pathway regulation of tumorigenesis largely center on YAP and TAZ, the transcriptional co-regulators of TEAD. Here, we present an oncogenic mechanism involving VGLL and TEAD fusions that is Hippo pathway-related but YAP/TAZ-independent. We characterize two recurrent fusions, VGLL2-NCOA2 and TEAD1-NCOA2, recently identified in spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. We demonstrate that in contrast to VGLL2 and TEAD1, the fusion proteins are strong activators of TEAD-dependent transcription, and their function does not require YAP/TAZ. Furthermore, we identify that VGLL2 and TEAD1 fusions engage specific epigenetic regulation by recruiting histone acetyltransferase p300 to control TEAD-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes. We showed that small molecule p300 inhibition can suppress fusion proteins-induced oncogenic transformation both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our study reveals a molecular basis for VGLL involvement in cancer and provides a framework for targeting tumors carrying VGLL, TEAD, or NCOA translocations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakare, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VGLL2 and TEAD1 fusion proteins drive YAP/TAZ-independent transcription and tumorigenesis by engaging p300]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of Epstein-Barr viral variation implicates significance of LMP1 in survival prediction and prognostic subgrouping in Burkitt lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a role in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumorigenesis, it is unclear if EBV genetic variation impacts clinical outcomes. From 130 publicly available whole-genome tumor sequences of EBV-positive BL patients, we used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and Bayesian variable selection models within a Cox proportional hazards framework to select the top EBV variants, putative driver genes, and clinical features associated with patient survival time. These features were incorporated into survival prediction and prognostic subgrouping models. Our model yielded 22 EBV variants including seven in LMP1 as most associated with patient survival time. Using the top EBV variants, driver genes, and clinical features, we defined three prognostic subgroups that demonstrated differential survival rates, laying the foundation for incorporating EBV variants such as those in LMP1 as predictive biomarker candidates in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luftig, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of Epstein-Barr viral variation implicates significance of LMP1 in survival prediction and prognostic subgrouping in Burkitt lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages identified the GID/CTLH complex as a determinant of intracellular bacterial growth. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe eukaryotic GID/CTLH complex is a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in a broad range of biological processes. However, a role of this complex in host antimicrobial defenses has not been described. We exploited Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induced cytotoxicity in macrophages in a FACS based CRISPR genetic screen to identify host determinants of intracellular Mtb growth restriction. Our screen identified 5 (GID8, YPEL5, WDR26, UBE2H, MAEA) of the 10 predicted members of the GID/CTLH complex as determinants of intracellular growth of both Mtb and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. We show that the antimicrobial properties of the GID/CTLH complex knockdown macrophages are mediated by enhanced GABAergic signaling, activated AMPK, increased autophagic flux and resistance to cell death. Meanwhile, Mtb isolated from GID/CTLH knockdown macrophages are nutritionally starved and oxidatively stressed. Our study identifies the GID/CTLH complex activity as broadly suppressive of host antimicrobial responses against intracellular bacterial infections.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=122 SRC="FIGDIR/small/592714v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fc273aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@173927borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@95cb02org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@42fcea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simwela, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavinski Bitar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaecklein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages identified the GID/CTLH complex as a determinant of intracellular bacterial growth.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Standardized Nomenclature and Reporting for PacBio HiFi Sequencing and Analysis of rAAV Gene Therapy Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) being the leading platform for gene therapy, there is a lack of standardized computational analysis methods and reporting to assess the contents of each capsid through long-read sequencing. PacBios highly accurate long-read HiFi sequencing enables comprehensive characterization of AAV genomes but requires bioinformatics expertise for analyzing, interpreting and comparing the results. To address this need and improve the understanding of functional viral payloads, our working group established standardized nomenclature and reporting for long-read sequencing data of rAAV vectors. The working group recommendations cover critical quality attributes (CQAs) related to vector purity (full-length vs. fragmented genomes) and identification of contaminants (host DNA, plasmid DNA). Our data analyses of de novo manufacturing runs by the recommended protocol revealed specificity of full and partially filled capsids and high-resolution characterization of partial/truncated vector species. Finally, we provide an open-source software implementing this standardized AAV analysis and reporting to promote transparency, facilitate data comparability, and improve rAAV vector design and quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantarel, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonthat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, P. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Standardized Nomenclature and Reporting for PacBio HiFi Sequencing and Analysis of rAAV Gene Therapy Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral opioid tolerance involves skin keratinocytes and platelet-derived growth factor type B signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid analgesic tolerance drives dose escalation which hampers the therapeutic utility of opioids by increasing centrally mediated deleterious side-effects, including respiratory depression or addiction. Peripheral opioid delivery provides a safer, effective alternative to systemic delivery by avoiding centrally mediated opioid side-effects. However, tolerance still occurs peripherally via mechanisms that remain unknown. Centrally, activation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) by opioids induces release of platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B); and inhibition of PDGF receptor beta (PDGFR{beta}) prevents opioid tolerance. In the periphery, MOPr and PDGF-B are expressed in keratinocytes, and PDGFR{beta} is expressed in peripheral sensory neurons (PSNs), which are involved in tolerance. Previous studies showed that optogenetic stimulation of keratinocytes modulates PSNs via release of keratinocyte-derived factors. Thus, we hypothesized that mechanisms of peripheral opioid tolerance involve keratinocytes and PDGFR{beta} signaling. Using behavioral pharmacology, optogenetics and imaging in mice, we found that selective inhibition of peripheral PDGFR{beta} prevents peripheral morphine tolerance caused by repeated intraplantar (i.pl.) morphine injections. In addition, we show that PDGF-B is both necessary and sufficient to cause peripheral morphine tolerance. Repeated peripheral morphine injections lead to an increase in PDGF-B mRNA in MOPr-expressing keratinocytes and induce changes in the biophysical properties of keratinocytes as measured by patch-clamp electrophysiology. In parallel, we discovered that repeated optogenetic activation of keratinocytes is sufficient to induce peripheral morphine tolerance in a PDGF-B/PDGFR{beta}-dependent manner. Together, we show a novel epithelial-neuronal communication mechanism that incorporates keratinocytes and PDGF-B/PDGFR{beta} to mediate peripheral opioid tolerance, opening the door to safer, more effective pain therapeutics.

Significance StatementPeripheral opioids are a safer alternative to systemic opioids. However, peripheral tolerance leads to reduction of analgesia over time, hampering clinical use of peripheral opioids. Here, we highlight a novel epithelial-neuronal communication mechanism that mediates peripheral tolerance. We discovered that intraplantar (i.pl.) morphine injections in mice cause peripheral tolerance via release of platelet-derived growth factor type B (PDGF-B) and activation of platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFR{beta}). We find that morphine i.pl. increases PDGF-B in mu-opioid receptor-expressing keratinocytes, which could be released to activate PDGFR{beta} in cutaneous nociceptor endings to mediate peripheral tolerance. Moreover, we show that photostimulation of keratinocytes is sufficient to cause peripheral tolerance in a PDGF-B/PDGFR{beta}-manner. Thus, keratinocytes and PDGF-B are new promising targets for peripheral opioid tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Posa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miracle, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral opioid tolerance involves skin keratinocytes and platelet-derived growth factor type B signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIEZO acts in an intestinal valve to regulate swallowing in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensations of the internal state of the body play crucial roles in regulating the physiological processes and maintaining homeostasis of an organism. However, our understanding of how internal signals are sensed, processed, and integrated to generate appropriate biological responses remains limited. Here, we show that the C. elegans PIEZO channel, encoded by pezo-1, regulates food movement in the intestine by detecting food accumulation in the anterior part of the intestinal lumen, thereby triggering rhythmical movement of the pharynx, referred to as the pharyngeal plunge. pezo-1 deletion mutants exhibit defects in the pharyngeal plunge, which is rescued by PEZO-1 or mouse PIEZO1 expression, but not by PIEZO2, in a single isolated non-neuronal tissue of the digestive tract, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve. Genetic ablation or optogenetic activation of this valve inhibits or induces the pharyngeal plunge, respectively. Moreover, pressure built in the anterior lumen of the intestine results in a pezo-1-dependent pharyngeal plunge, which is driven by head muscle contraction. These findings illustrate how interoceptive processes in a digestive organ regulate swallowing through the PIEZO channel, providing insights into how interoception coordinates ingestive processes in higher animals, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIEZO acts in an intestinal valve to regulate swallowing in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual-Action Kinase Inhibitors Control p38α MAP Kinase Threonine Dephosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reversible protein phosphorylation directs essential cellular processes including cell division, cell growth, cell death, inflammation, and differentiation. Because protein phosphorylation drives diverse diseases, kinases and phosphatases have been targets for drug discovery, with some achieving remarkable clinical success. Most protein kinases are activated by phosphorylation of their activation loops, which shifts the conformational equilibrium of the kinase towards the active state. To turn off the kinase, protein phosphatases dephosphorylate these sites, but how the conformation of the dynamic activation loop contributes to dephosphorylation was not known. To answer this, we modulated the activation loop conformational equilibrium of human p38 MAP kinase with existing kinase inhibitors that bind and stabilize specific inactive activation loop conformations. From this, we discovered three inhibitors that increase the rate of dephosphorylation of the activation loop phospho-threonine by the PPM serine/threonine phosphatase WIP1. Hence, these compounds are "dual-action" inhibitors that simultaneously block the active site and stimulate p38 dephosphorylation. Our X-ray crystal structures of phosphorylated p38 bound to the dual-action inhibitors reveal a shared flipped conformation of the activation loop with a fully accessible phospho-threonine. In contrast, our X-ray crystal structure of phosphorylated apo human p38 reveals a different activation loop conformation with an inaccessible phospho-threonine, thereby explaining the increased rate of dephosphorylation upon inhibitor binding. These findings reveal a conformational preference of phosphatases for their targets and suggest a new approach to achieving improved potency and specificity for therapeutic kinase inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadnicki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludewig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual-Action Kinase Inhibitors Control p38α MAP Kinase Threonine Dephosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput screening of more than 30,000 compounds for anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematode parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are amongst the most common parasites of humans, livestock, and companion animals. GIN parasites infect 1-2 billion people worldwide, significantly impacting hundreds of millions of children, pregnant women, and adult workers, thereby perpetuating poverty. Two benzimidazoles with suboptimal efficacy are currently used to treat GINs in humans as part of mass drug administrations, with many instances of lower-than-expected or poor efficacy and possible resistance. Thus, new anthelmintics are urgently needed. However, screening methods for new anthelmintics using human GINs typically have low throughput. Here, using our novel screening pipeline that starts with human hookworms, we screened 30,238 unique small molecules from a wide range of compound libraries, including ones with generic diversity, repurposed drugs, natural derivatives, known mechanisms of action, as well as multiple target-focused libraries (e.g., targeting kinases, GPCRs, and neuronal proteins). We identified 55 compounds with broad-spectrum activity against adult stages of two evolutionary divergent GINs, hookworms (Ancylostoma ceylanicum) and whipworms (Trichuris muris). Based on known databases, the targets of these 55 compounds were predicted in nematode parasites. One novel scaffold from the diversity set library, F0317-0202, showed good activity (high motility inhibition) against both GINs. To better understand this novel scaffolds structure-activity relationships (SAR), we screened 28 analogs and created SAR models highlighting chemical and functional groups required for broad-spectrum activity. These studies validate our new and efficient screening pipeline at the level of tens of thousands of compounds and provide an important set of new GIN-active compounds for developing novel and broadly-active anthelmintics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elfawal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savinov, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroian, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput screening of more than 30,000 compounds for anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematode parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA/DNA Binding Protein TDP43 Regulates DNA Mismatch Repair Genes with Implications for Genome Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TDP43 is an RNA/DNA binding protein increasingly recognized for its role in neurodegenerative conditions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). As characterized by its aberrant nuclear export and cytoplasmic aggregation, TDP43 proteinopathy is a hallmark feature in over 95% of ALS/FTD cases, leading to the formation of detrimental cytosolic aggregates and a reduction in nuclear functionality within neurons. Building on our prior work linking TDP43 proteinopathy to the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neurons, the present investigation uncovers a novel regulatory relationship between TDP43 and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene expressions. Here, we show that TDP43 depletion or overexpression directly affects the expression of key MMR genes. Alterations include MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, and PMS2 levels across various primary cell lines, independent of their proliferative status. Our results specifically establish that TDP43 selectively influences the expression of MLH1 and MSH6 by influencing their alternative transcript splicing patterns and stability. We furthermore find aberrant MMR gene expression is linked to TDP43 proteinopathy in two distinct ALS mouse models and post-mortem brain and spinal cord tissues of ALS patients. Notably, MMR depletion resulted in the partial rescue of TDP43 proteinopathy-induced DNA damage and signaling. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis of the TCGA cancer database reveals significant associations between TDP43 expression, MMR gene expression, and mutational burden across multiple cancers. Collectively, our findings implicate TDP43 as a critical regulator of the MMR pathway and unveil its broad impact on the etiology of both neurodegenerative and neoplastic pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Provasek, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacolla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodavati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malojirao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britz, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garruto, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA/DNA Binding Protein TDP43 Regulates DNA Mismatch Repair Genes with Implications for Genome Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct components of nucleoside-modified messenger RNA vaccines cooperate to instruct efficient germinal center responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines elicit protective antibodies through their ability to promote T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The lipid nanoparticle (LNP) component of mRNA vaccines possesses inherent adjuvant activity. However, to what extent the nucleoside-modified mRNA can be sensed and contribute to Tfh cell responses remains largely undefined. Herein, we deconvoluted the signals induced by LNP and mRNA that instruct dendritic cells (DCs) to promote Tfh cell differentiation. We demonstrated that the nucleoside-modified mRNA drives the production of type I interferons that act on DCs to induce their maturation and the induction of Th1-biased Tfh responses. Conversely, LNP favors the acquisition of a Tfh cell-inducing program in DCs, a stronger Th2 polarization in Tfh cells, and allows for rapid mRNA translation by DCs within the draining lymph node. Our work unravels distinct adjuvant features of mRNA and LNP necessary for the induction of Tfh cells, with implications for vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bettini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudnovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakadakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muramatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinszki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreafico, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct components of nucleoside-modified messenger RNA vaccines cooperate to instruct efficient germinal center responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mouse home cage lickometer system reveals sex- and housing-based influences on alcohol drinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant global health issue. Despite historically higher rates among men, AUD prevalence and negative alcohol-related outcomes in women are rising. Loneliness in humans has been associated with increased alcohol use, and traditional rodent drinking models involve single housing, presenting challenges for studying social enrichment. We developed LIQ PARTI (Lick Instance Quantifier with Poly-Animal RFID Tracking Integration), an open-source tool to examine home cage continuous access two-bottle choice drinking behavior in a group-housed setting, investigating the influence of sex and social isolation on ethanol consumption and bout microstructure in C57Bl/6J mice. LIQ PARTI, based on our previously developed single-housed LIQ HD system, accurately tracks drinking behavior using capacitive-based sensors and RFID technology. Group-housed female mice exhibited higher ethanol preference than males, while males displayed a unique undulating pattern of ethanol preference linked to cage changes, suggesting a potential stress-related response. Chronic ethanol intake distinctly altered bout microstructure between male and female mice, highlighting sex and social environmental influences on drinking behavior. Social isolation with the LIQ HD system amplified fluid intake and ethanol preference in both sexes, accompanied by sex- and fluid-dependent changes in bout microstructure. However, these efects largely reversed upon resocialization, indicating the plasticity of these behaviors in response to social context. Utilizing a novel group-housed home cage lickometer device, our findings illustrate the critical interplay of sex and housing conditions in voluntary alcohol drinking behaviors in C57Bl/6J mice, facilitating nuanced insights into the potential contributions to AUD etiology.

Significance StatementLoneliness has been associated with increased alcohol use, and traditional rodent drinking models involve single housing, presenting challenges for studying social enrichment. Here we developed LIQ PARTI (Lick Instance Quantifier with Poly-Animal RFID Tracking Integration), an open-source group-housed lickometer system to investigate how social housing, isolation, and sex influence alcohol consumption patterns in C57Bl/6J mice. LIQ PARTI accurately identifies mouse drinking events and uncovered significant housing- and fluid-dependent diferences in ethanol consumption and bout microstructure between male and female mice. Social isolation-induced changes to ethanol drinking behavior and microstructure were highly plastic, as resocialization generally reversed these changes. These findings expand on the complex interplay between sex, social isolation, and alcohol use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mouse home cage lickometer system reveals sex- and housing-based influences on alcohol drinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent-like microglia limit remyelination through the senescence associated secretory phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity to regenerate myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) diminishes with age. This decline is particularly evident in multiple sclerosis (MS), which has been suggested to exhibit features of accelerated biological aging. Whether cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, contributes to remyelination impairment remains unknown. Here, we show that senescent cells (SCs) accumulate within demyelinated lesions after injury, and their elimination enhances remyelination in young mice but not in aged mice. In young mice, we observed the upregulation of senescence-associated transcripts primarily in microglia after demyelination, followed by their reduction during remyelination. However, in aged mice, senescence-associated factors persisted within lesions, correlating with inefficient remyelination. We found that SC elimination enhanced remyelination in young mice but was ineffective in aged mice. Proteomic analysis of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) revealed elevated levels of CCL11/Eotaxin-1 in lesions, which was found to inhibit efficient oligodendrocyte maturation. These results suggest therapeutic targeting of SASP components, such as CCL11, may improve remyelination in aging and MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gross, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laforet, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manavi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shults, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plemel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent-like microglia limit remyelination through the senescence associated secretory phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxygen Sensor-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy Studies of Human Cancer Xenografts in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.596060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An oxygen sensor-mounted fine-needle biopsy tool was used for in vivo measurement of oxygen levels in tumor xenografts. The system provides a means of measuring the oxygen content in harvested tumor tissue from specific locations. Oxygen in human tumor xenografts in a murine model was observed for over 1 min. Tissues were mapped in relation to oxygen tension (pO2) readings and sampled for conventional cytological examination. Careful modeling of the pO2 readings over 60 seconds yielded a diffusion coefficient for oxygen at the sensor tip, providing additional diagnostic information about the tissue before sampling. Oxygen level measurement may provide a useful adjunct to the use of biomarkers in tumor diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusckowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxygen Sensor-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy Studies of Human Cancer Xenografts in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A glial circadian gene expression atlas reveals cell type and disease-specific reprogramming in response to amyloid pathology or aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While circadian rhythm disruption may promote neurodegenerative disease, how aging and neurodegenerative pathology impact circadian gene expression patterns in different brain cell types is unknown. Here, we used translating ribosome affinity purification methods to define the circadian translatomes of astrocytes, microglia, and bulk cerebral cortex, in healthy mouse brain and in the settings of amyloid-beta plaque pathology or aging. Our data reveal that glial circadian translatomes are highly cell type-specific and exhibit profound, context-dependent reprogramming of rhythmic transcripts in response to amyloid pathology or aging. Transcripts involved in glial activation, immunometabolism, and proteostasis, as well as nearly half of all Alzheimer Disease (AD)-associated risk genes, displayed circadian oscillations, many of which were altered by pathology. Amyloid-related differential gene expression was also dependent on time of day. Thus, circadian rhythms in gene expression are cell- and context dependent and provide important insights into glial gene regulation in health, AD, and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapkota, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anafi, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musiek, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A glial circadian gene expression atlas reveals cell type and disease-specific reprogramming in response to amyloid pathology or aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marigold: A machine learning-based web app for zebrafish pose tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput behavioral analysis is important for drug discovery, toxicological studies, and the modeling of neurological disorders such as autism and epilepsy. Zebrafish embryos and larvae are ideal for such applications because they are spawned in large clutches, develop rapidly, feature a relatively simple nervous system, and have orthologs to many human disease genes. However, existing software for video-based behavioral analysis can be incompatible with recordings that contain dynamic backgrounds or foreign objects, lack support for multiwell formats, require expensive hardware, and/or demand considerable programming expertise. Here, we introduce Marigold, a free and open source web app for high-throughput behavioral analysis of embryonic and larval zebrafish. Marigold features an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI), tracks up to 10 user-defined keypoints, supports both single- and multiwell formats, and exports a range of kinematic parameters in addition to publication-quality data visualizations. By leveraging a highly efficient, custom-designed neural network architecture, Marigold achieves reasonable training and inference speeds even on modestly powered computers lacking a discrete graphics processing unit (GPU). Notably, as a web app, Marigold does not require any installation and runs within popular web browsers on ChromeOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows. To demonstrate Marigolds utility, we conducted two sets of biological experiments. First, we examined novel aspects of the touch-evoked escape response in techno trousers (tnt) mutant embryos, which contain a previously described loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding Eaat2b, a glial glutamate transporter. We identified differences and interactions between touch location (head vs. tail) and genotype. Second, we investigated the effects of feeding on larval visuomotor behavior at 5 and 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). We found differences in the number and vigor of swimming bouts between fed and unfed fish at both time points, as well as interactions between developmental stage and feeding regimen. In both biological experiments presented here, the use of Marigold facilitated novel behavioral findings. Marigolds ease of use, robust pose tracking, amenability to diverse experimental paradigms, and flexibility regarding hardware requirements make it a powerful tool for analyzing zebrafish behavior, especially in low-resource settings such as course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs). Marigold is available at: https://downeslab.github.io/marigold/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teicher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffe, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnaby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapani, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marigold: A machine learning-based web app for zebrafish pose tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging disrupts the coordination between mRNA and protein expression in mouse and human midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related dopamine (DA) neuron loss is a primary feature of Parkinsons disease. However, it remains unclear whether similar biological processes occur during healthy aging, albeit to a lesser degree. We therefore determined whether midbrain DA neurons degenerate during aging in mice and humans. In mice, we identified no changes in midbrain neuron numbers throughout aging. Despite this, we found age-related decreases in midbrain mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), the rate limiting enzyme of DA synthesis. Among midbrain glutamatergic cells, we similarly identified age-related declines in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) mRNA expression. In co-transmitting Th+/Vglut2+ neurons, Th and Vglut2 transcripts decreased with aging. Importantly, striatal Th and Vglut2 protein expression remained unchanged. In translating our findings to humans, we found no midbrain neurodegeneration during aging and identified age-related decreases in TH and VGLUT2 mRNA expression similar to mouse. Unlike mice, we discovered diminished density of striatal TH+ dopaminergic terminals in aged human subjects. However, TH and VGLUT2 protein expression were unchanged in the remaining striatal boutons. Finally, in contrast to Th and Vglut2 mRNA, expression of most ribosomal genes in Th+ neurons was either maintained or even upregulated during aging. This suggests a homeostatic mechanism where age-related declines in transcriptional efficiency are overcome by ongoing ribosomal translation. Overall, we demonstrate species-conserved transcriptional effects of aging in midbrain dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons that are not accompanied by marked cell death or lower striatal protein expression. This opens the door to novel therapeutic approaches to maintain neurotransmission and bolster neuronal resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks-Tibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayden Kozel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging disrupts the coordination between mRNA and protein expression in mouse and human midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing acute neurotoxicity of CNS therapeutic oligonucleotides with the addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the formulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligonucleotide therapeutics (ASOs and siRNAs) have been explored for modulation of gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS), with several drugs approved and many in clinical evaluation. Administration of highly concentrated oligonucleotides to the CNS can induce acute neurotoxicity. We demonstrate that delivery of concentrated oligonucleotides to the CSF in awake mice induces acute toxicity, observable within seconds of injection. Electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) in awake mice demonstrated seizures. Using ion chromatography, we show that siRNAs can tightly bind Ca2+ and Mg2+ up to molar equivalents of the phosphodiester (PO)/phosphorothioate (PS) bonds independently of the structure or phosphorothioate content. Optimization of the formulation by adding high concentrations (above biological levels) of divalent cations (Ca2+ alone, Mg2+ alone, or Ca2+ and Mg2+) prevents seizures with no impact on the distribution or efficacy of the oligonucleotide. The data here establishes the importance of adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the formulation for the safety of CNS administration of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeveria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaclet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing acute neurotoxicity of CNS therapeutic oligonucleotides with the addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the formulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome-Associated Vesicles promote activity-dependent local translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local protein synthesis in axons and dendrites underpins synaptic plasticity. However, the composition of the protein synthesis machinery in distal neuronal processes and the mechanisms for its deployment to local translation sites remain unclear. Here, we employed a multi-scale imaging approach combining cryo-electron tomography, volume electron microscopy, and live-cell imaging to identify endoplasmic reticulum-derived Ribosome-Associated Vesicles (RAVs) as a dynamic platform for moving ribosomes to distal processes and promoting activity-dependent local translation. We demonstrate that neuronal stimulation triggers compartment-specific RAV responses: dendrites accumulate stationary RAVs at sites of enhanced translation, while axons accelerate RAV transport. Real-time imaging of translation at single mRNA resolution reveals that RAVs boost local translation output compared to RAV-independent mechanisms. These findings establish RAVs as specialized platforms that integrate activity-dependent signals with local protein synthesis, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how neurons achieve precise spatiotemporal control of protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Solana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preisegger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchet-Marquis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobini, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frantz, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabbani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome-Associated Vesicles promote activity-dependent local translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocytes Mobilized by Gut Neurons Remodel the Enteric Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proper organization of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is critical for normal gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) dysregulates GI physiology, including bowel movements (motility), but in many IBD patients, GI motility disorders persist in remission through a poorly understood pathological process. Here we uncover that post-inflammatory GI dysmotility (PI-GID) stems from structural ENS remodeling driven by a combination of neuronal loss and neurogenesis. Enteric neurons respond to mucosal inflammation by upregulating CCL2 expression and facilitating the recruitment of CCR2+ monocytes into the neural myenteric plexus within the intestinal muscle. This is followed by the expansion of monocyte-derived macrophages and their migration into the myenteric ganglia and phagocytosis of neurons. However, excessive recruitment of monocytes results in disproportionate ENS remodeling and PI-GID. The expansion of inflammatory cells is known to promote tissue hypoxia. We find that enteric neurons become hypoxic upon colitis, but hypoxia-induced signaling via HIF1 initiates an adaptation program in enteric neurons to attenuate CCL2 expression and limit monocyte recruitment. We demonstrate that reinforcing HIF1 signaling in enteric neurons prevents PI-GID by reducing colitis-associated monocyte recruitment in the myenteric plexus and protecting against ENS remodeling. In summary, our findings unveil PI-GID pathogenesis and identify a regulatory axis for its prevention.

One Sentence SummaryIntestinal mucosal inflammation engages enteric neurons in the inflammatory response leading to neurogenic recruitment of monocytes into the extra-mucosal myenteric plexus followed by pathological structural remodeling of the enteric nervous system by monocyte-derived macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulzhenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogunovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocytes Mobilized by Gut Neurons Remodel the Enteric Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological correlates of protection mediated by a whole organism Cryptococcus neoformans vaccine deficient in chitosan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global burden of infections due to the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus is substantial in persons with low CD4+ T cell counts. Previously, we deleted three chitin deacetylase genes from C. neoformans to create a chitosan-deficient, avirulent strain, designated cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta} which, when used as a vaccine, protected mice from challenge with virulent C. neoformans strain KN99. Here, we explored the immunological basis for protection. Vaccine-mediated protection was maintained in mice lacking B cells or CD8+ T cells. In contrast, protection was lost in mice lacking /{beta} T cells or CD4+ T cells. Moreover, CD4+ T cells from vaccinated mice conferred protection upon adoptive transfer to naive mice. Importantly, while monoclonal antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ T cells just prior to vaccination resulted in complete loss of protection, significant protection was retained in mice depleted of CD4+ T cells after vaccination, but prior to challenge. Vaccine-mediated protection was lost in mice genetically deficient in IFN{gamma}, TNF, or IL-23p19. A robust influx of leukocytes and IFN{gamma}- and TNF-expressing CD4+ T cells was seen in the lungs of vaccinated and challenged mice. Finally, a higher level of IFN{gamma} production by lung cells stimulated ex vivo correlated with lower fungal burden in the lungs. Thus, while B cells and CD8+ T cells are dispensable, IFN{gamma} and CD4+ T cells have overlapping roles in generating protective immunity prior to cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta} vaccination. However, once vaccinated, protection becomes less dependent on CD4+ T cells, suggesting a strategy for vaccinating HIV+ persons prior to loss of CD4+ T cells.

ImportanceThe fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is responsible for >100,000 deaths annually, mostly in persons with impaired CD4+ T cell function such as AIDS. There are no approved human vaccines. We previously created a genetically engineered avirulent strain of C. neoformans, designated cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta}. When used as a vaccine, cda1{Delta}2{Delta}3{Delta} protects mice against a subsequent challenge with a virulent C. neoformans strain. Here, we defined components of the immune system responsible for vaccine-mediated protection. We found that while B cells and CD8+ T cells were dispensible, protection was lost in mice genetically deficient in CD4+ T cells, and the cytokines IFN{gamma}, TNF, or IL-23. A robust influx of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells was seen in the lungs of vaccinated mice following infection. Importantly, protection was retained in mice depleted of CD4+ T cells following vaccination, suggesting a strategy to protect persons who are at risk for future CD4+ T cell dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Specht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hole, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological correlates of protection mediated by a whole organism Cryptococcus neoformans vaccine deficient in chitosan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclophilin A (CypA) promotes HIV-1 infection by facilitating reverse transcription, nuclear entry and by countering the antiviral activity of TRIM5. These multifunctional roles of CypA are driven by its binding to the viral capsid. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that the HIV-1 capsid lattice enters the nucleus of an infected cell and uncoats just before integration. Therefore, we tested whether CypA-capsid interaction regulates post-nuclear entry steps of infection, particularly integration. First, we challenged CypA-expressing (CypA+/+) and CypA-depleted (CypA-/-) cells with HIV-1 particles and quantified the resulting levels of provirus. Surprisingly, CypA-depletion significantly reduced integration, an effect that was independent of CypAs effect on reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and the presence or absence of TRIM5. Additionally, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor that disrupts CypA-capsid binding, inhibited HIV-1 integration in CypA+/+ cells but not in CypA-/- cells. Accordingly, HIV-1 capsid mutants (G89V and P90A) deficient in CypA binding were also blocked at integration in CypA+/+ cells but not in CypA-/- cells. Then, to understand the mechanism, we assessed the integration activity of HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) extracted from infected cells. The PICs from CypA-/- cells had lower activity in vitro compared to those from CypA+/+ cells. PICs from cells depleted for CypA and TRIM5 also had lower activity, suggesting that CypAs effect on PIC activity is independent of TRIM5. Finally, addition of CypA protein significantly stimulated the integration activity of PICs extracted from both CypA+/+ and CypA-/-cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration, a previously unknown role of this host factor.

ImportanceHIV-1 capsid interaction with host cellular factors is essential for establishing a productive infection. However, the molecular details of such virus-host interactions are not fully understood. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the first host protein identified to specifically bind to the HIV-1 capsid. Now it is established that CypA promotes reverse transcription and nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection. In this report, we show that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by binding to the viral capsid. Specifically, our results demonstrate that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by stimulating the activity of the viral preintegration complex and identifies a novel role of CypA during HIV-1 infection. This new knowledge is important because recent reports suggest that an operationally intact HIV-1 capsid enters the nucleus of an infected cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.599180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colibactin-induced damage in bacteria is cell contact independent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.600066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial toxin colibactin, produced primarily by the B2 phylogroup of Escherichia coli, underlies some cases of colorectal cancers. Colibactin crosslinks DNA and induces genotoxic damage in both mammalian and bacterial cells. While the mechanisms facilitating colibactin delivery remain unclear, results from multiple studies supported a delivery model that necessitates cell-cell contact. We directly tested this requirement in bacterial cultures by monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of the DNA damage response using a fluorescent transcriptional reporter. We found that in mixed-cell populations, DNA damage saturated within twelve hours and was detectable even in reporter cells separated from colibactin producers by hundreds of microns. Experiments with distinctly separated producer and reporter colonies revealed that the intensity of DNA damage decays similarly with distance regardless of colony contact. Our work reveals that cell contact is inconsequential for colibactin delivery in bacteria and suggests that contact-dependence needs to be reexamined in mammalian cells as well.

ImportanceColibactin is a bacteria-produced toxin that binds and damages DNA. It has been widely studied in mammalian cells due to its potential role in tumorigenesis. However, fundamental questions about its impact in bacteria remain underexplored. We used E. coli as a model system to study colibactin toxicity in neighboring bacteria and directly tested if cell-cell contact is required for toxicity, as has previously been proposed. We found that colibactin can induce DNA damage in bacteria hundreds of microns away and that the intensity of DNA damage presents similarly regardless of cell-cell contact. Our work further suggests that the requirement for cell-cell contact for colibactin-induced toxicity also needs to be reevaluated in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colibactin-induced damage in bacteria is cell contact independent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.600824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel family of lncRNAs relate facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy to nucleolar architecture and protein synthesis rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.29.600824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a hereditary myopathy linked to deletions of the tandemly arrayed D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats at human chromosome 4q35. These deletions accompany local chromatin changes and the anomalous expression of nearby transcripts FRG2A, DBET, and D4Z4. We discovered that FRG2A is one member of a family of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed at elevated levels in skeletal muscle cells with distinct amounts detected in individual patients. We found that FRG2A lncRNA preferentially associates with rDNA sequences and centromeres and promotes the three-dimensional association of centromeres with the nucleolar periphery in FSHD cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the elevated FRG2A expression in cells from FSHD patients reduces rDNA transcription and global protein synthesis. Our results frame an entirely unanticipated new disease model in which elevated lncRNAs levels mediated by deletions of D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats leads to a diminished protein synthesis capacity, thereby contributing to muscle wasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salsi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrarini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vattemi, G. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongini, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesole, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McStay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tupler, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.29.600824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel family of lncRNAs relate facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy to nucleolar architecture and protein synthesis rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crk mediates Csk-Hippo signaling independently of Yap tyrosine phosphorylation to induce cell extrusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Src family kinases (SFKs), including Src, Fyn and Yes, play important roles in development and cancer. Despite being first discovered as the Yes-associated protein, the regulation of Yap by SFKs remains poorly understood. Here, through single-cell analysis and genetic lineage tracing, we show that the pan-epithelial ablation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in the lacrimal gland unleashes broad Src signaling but specifically causes extrusion and apoptosis of acinar progenitors at a time when they are shielded by myoepithelial cells from the basement membrane. Csk mutants can be phenocopied by constitutively active Yap and rescued by deleting Yap or Taz, indicating a significant functional overlap between Src and Yap signaling. Although Src-induced tyrosine phosphorylation has long been believed to regulate Yap activity, we find that mutating these tyrosine residues in both Yap and Taz fails to perturb mouse development or alleviate the Csk lacrimal gland phenotype. In contrast, Yap loses Hippo signaling-dependent serine phosphorylation and translocates into the nucleus in Csk mutants. Further chemical genetics studies demonstrate that acute inhibition of Csk enhances Crk/CrkL phosphorylation and Rac1 activity, whereas removing Crk/CrkL or Rac1/Rap1 ameliorates the Csk mutant phenotype. These results show that Src controls Hippo-Yap signaling through the Crk/CrkL-Rac/Rap axis to promote cell extrusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crk mediates Csk-Hippo signaling independently of Yap tyrosine phosphorylation to induce cell extrusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broad cathepsin inhibitor blocks crystal-stimulated inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammation, and gout arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.01.601464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the disease gout, monosodium urate (MSU) crystals nucleate in joints and cause acute painful arthritis that can damage the affected joints. Similarly, the deposition of other crystals or irritant particles in tissues elicits an inflammatory response that can cause disease. These various particles stimulate macrophages to produce the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1{beta} (IL-1{beta}), which is a major driver of the ensuing inflammation. Here we show that in vivo and in vitro, broad spectrum cathepsin inhibitors, like VBY-825, blocked the activation of inflammasomes, which are known to be essential in generating bioactive IL-1{beta} in response to crystals. In addition, the cathepsin inhibitors blocked an inflammasome-independent pathway that also generates mature IL-1{beta} and which contributed substantially to crystal-stimulated inflammation in vivo. Through these effects, the cathepsin inhibitors markedly reduced gout arthritis and inflammation to the unrelated crystal silica, which is the etiologic agent in the disease silicosis. The cathepsin inhibitors didnt affect any of the inflammatory processes after bioactive IL-1{beta} was present in tissues. They also didnt inhibit LPS-stimulated inflammation in mice, or TNF- production from macrophages. These findings provide proof of concept that cathepsin inhibitors are a novel class of anti-inflammatories that can inhibit crystal-stimulated disease with unique mechanisms of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orellano, L. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAI, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broad cathepsin inhibitor blocks crystal-stimulated inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammation, and gout arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate early events in metastatic seeding is key to developing therapeutic approaches to reduce metastasis - the leading cause of cancer-related death. Using whole animal screens in genetically engineered mouse models of cancer we have identified circulating metabolites associated with metastasis. Specifically, we highlight the pyrimidine uracil as a prominent metastasis-associated metabolite. Uracil is generated by neutrophils expressing the enzyme uridine phosphorylase-1 (UPP1), and neutrophil specific Upp1 expression is increased in cancer. Altered UPP1 activity influences expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils, leading to decreased neutrophil motility in the pre-metastatic lung. Furthermore, we find that UPP1-expressing neutrophils suppress T-cell proliferation, and the UPP1 product uracil can increase fibronectin deposition in the extracellular microenvironment. Consistently, knockout or inhibition of UPP1 in mice with mammary tumours increases the number of T-cells and reduces fibronectin content in the lung and decreases the proportion of mice that develop lung metastasis. These data indicate that UPP1 influences neutrophil behaviour and extracellular matrix deposition in the lung and suggest that pharmacological targeting of this pathway could be an effective strategy to reduce metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whyte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vande Voorde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhayade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesheu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehesa Caballero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzierozynski, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apiz Saab, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strathdee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackstadt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffelt, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep and circadian rhythm activity alterations during adolescence in a mouse model of neonatal fentanyl withdrawal syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeFentanyl, a highly potent synthetic opioid, is a major contributor to the ongoing opioid epidemic. During adulthood, fentanyl is known to induce pronounced sleep and circadian disturbances during use and withdrawal. Children exposed to opioids in utero are likely to develop neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, and display sleep disturbances after birth. However, it is currently unknown how neonatal opioid withdrawal from fentanyl impacts sleep and circadian rhythms in mice later in life.

MethodsTo model neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, mice were treated with fentanyl from postnatal days 1 through 14, analogous to the third trimester of human gestation. After weaning, fentanyl and saline treated mice underwent non-invasive sleep and circadian rhythm monitoring during adolescence postnatal days 23 through 30.

ResultsNeonatal fentanyl exposure led to reduced duration of wake and a decrease in the number of bouts of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Further, neonatally exposed mice displayed an increase in the average duration of rapid eye movement sleep bouts, reflecting an overall increase in the percent time spent in rapid eye movement sleep across days.

ConclusionsNeonatal fentanyl exposure leads to altered sleep-wake states during adolescence in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep and circadian rhythm activity alterations during adolescence in a mouse model of neonatal fentanyl withdrawal syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased multiplex antigen screening of Cerebrospinal Fluid detects microbial and autoantigenic epitopes associated with Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To comprehensively investigate the intrathecal antibody profile of multiple sclerosis (MS), we examined the cerebrospinal fluid of 195 patients (92 MS and 103 non-MS) for antibodies using a multiplex unbiased bacteria peptide library. We first tested against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) for epitope sites enriched in MS and found a significant enrichment at position 407-419. We then used the data to perform a high-throughput screen against a library of 129 viruses known to infect humans. We discovered several additional epitopes from viruses such as Hantaan virus, Human Herpesvirus 6A and Human respiratory syncytial virus B associated with MS. Besides viral epitopes, we also screened for potential autoantigens of the central nervous system (CNS). We discovered several autoantigenic epitopes in proteins such as ADRB3, HTR3A and MPO that were significantly enriched for MS. Because of previous associations of Toxoplasma gondii infection with MS, we also performed a Toxoplasma gondii specific analysis and discovered additional epitopes enriched for MS. We further assessed epitope-epitope correlations within the patient samples and found distinct patterns of association between these microbial and autoantigenic epitopes. Finally, we performed machine-learning to determine if these epitopes are predictive for MS and found that the model incorporating all the epitopes could most effectively discriminate between MS and non-MS (ROC-AUC score = 0.91). Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of multiplex unbiased screens to detect the identity of potentially cross-reactive antibodies targeting MS CNS epitopes and they can also be used as effective biomarkers for MS.

One Sentence SummaryWe performed an unbiased multiplex bacteria peptide antibody library screen on cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as non-MS controls and detected multiple viral and autoantigenic epitopes that are significantly enriched in MS patient samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barton, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orszulak, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigas, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionete, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemond, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased multiplex antigen screening of Cerebrospinal Fluid detects microbial and autoantigenic epitopes associated with Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFNγ initiates TLR9-dependent autoimmune hepatitis in DNase II deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with biallelic hypomorphic mutation in DNASE2 develop systemic autoinflammation and early-onset liver fibrosis. Prior studies showed that Dnase2-/- Ifnar-/- double knockout (DKO) mice develop Type I IFN-independent liver inflammation, but immune mechanisms were unclear. We now show that DKO mice recapitulate many features of human autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), including periportal and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and elevated ALT. Infiltrating cells include CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells, type I innate lymphoid cells, and inflammatory monocyte/macrophage cells that replace the Kupffer cell pool. Importantly, TLR9 expression by bone marrow-derived cells is required for the the development of AIH. TLR9 is highly expressed by inflammatory myeloid cells but not long-lived Kupffer cells. Furthermore, the initial recruitment of TLR9 expressing monocytes and subsequent activation of lymphocytes requires IFN{gamma} signaling. These findings highlight a critical role of feed forward loop between TLR9 expressing monocyte-lineage cells and IFNg producing lymphocytes in autoimmune hepatitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFNγ initiates TLR9-dependent autoimmune hepatitis in DNase II deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired fatty acid import or catabolism in macrophages restricts intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of macrophages reprograms cellular metabolism to promote lipid retention. While it is clearly known that intracellular Mtb utilize host derived lipids to maintain infection, the role of macrophage lipid processing on the bacterias ability to access the intracellular lipid pool remains undefined. We utilized a CRISPR-Cas9 genetic approach to assess the impact of sequential steps in fatty acid metabolism on the growth of intracellular Mtb. Our analyzes demonstrate that macrophages which cannot either import, store or catabolize fatty acids restrict Mtb growth by both common and divergent anti-microbial mechanisms, including increased glycolysis, increased oxidative stress, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced autophagy and nutrient limitation. We also show that impaired macrophage lipid droplet biogenesis is restrictive to Mtb replication, but increased induction of the same fails to rescue Mtb growth. Our work expands our understanding of how host fatty acid homeostasis impacts Mtb growth in the macrophage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simwela, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaecklein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired fatty acid import or catabolism in macrophages restricts intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of preanalytical factors on liquid biopsy in the canine cancer model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While liquid biopsy has potential to transform cancer diagnostics through minimally-invasive detection and monitoring of tumors, the impact of preanalytical factors such as the timing and anatomical location of blood draw is not well understood. To address this gap, we leveraged pet dogs with spontaneous cancer as a model system, as their compressed disease timeline facilitates rapid diagnostic benchmarking. Key liquid biopsy metrics from dogs were consistent with existing reports from human patients. The tumor content of samples was higher from venipuncture sites closer to the tumor and from a central vein. Metrics also differed between lymphoma and non-hematopoietic cancers, urging cancer-type-specific interpretation. Liquid biopsy was highly sensitive to disease status, with changes identified soon after post chemotherapy administration, and trends of increased tumor fraction and other metrics observed prior to clinical relapse in dogs with lymphoma or osteosarcoma. These data support the utility of pet dogs with cancer as a relevant system for advancing liquid biopsy platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Megquier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husted, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalsteinsson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of preanalytical factors on liquid biopsy in the canine cancer model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.607761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of cell mechanics and migration on DDR2-expressing neuroblastoma cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.607761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma is a devastating disease accounting for ~15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Collagen content and fiber association within the tumor stroma influence tumor progression and metastasis. High expression levels of collagen receptor kinase, Discoidin domain receptor II (DDR2), are associated with poor survival of neuroblastoma patients. Additionally, cancer cells generate and sustain mechanical forces within their enviroment as a part of their normal physiology. Despite this, whether collagen activated DDR2 signaling dysregulate these migration forces is still elusive. To address these questions, a shRNA DDR2 knockdown neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) was engineered to evaluate the consequence of DDR2 on cellular mechanics. Atomic force microscopy and traction force microscopy were utlizing to unveil the biophysical altercations. DDR2 down-regulation was found to significantly reduce proliferation, cell stiffness, and cellular elongation. Aditionally, DDR2 down-regulated cells had decreased traction forces when plated on collagen coated elastic substrates. Together, these results highlight the important role that DDR2 has in reducing migration mechanics in neuroblastoma and might be a promising target for future therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vessella, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.607761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of cell mechanics and migration on DDR2-expressing neuroblastoma cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removal of developmentally regulated microexons has a minimal impact on larval zebrafish brain morphology and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microexon splicing is a vertebrate-conserved process through which small, often in-frame, exons are differentially included during brain development and across neuron types. Although the protein sequences encoded by these exons are highly conserved and can mediate interactions, the neurobiological functions of only a small number have been characterized. To establish a more generalized understanding of their roles in brain development, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to remove 45 microexons in zebrafish and assessed larval brain activity, morphology, and behavior. Most mutants had minimal or no phenotypes at this developmental stage. Among previously studied microexons, we uncovered baseline and stimulus-driven phenotypes for two microexons (meA and meB) in ptprd and reduced activity in the telencephalon in the tenm3 B0 isoform. Although mild neural phenotypes were discovered for several microexons that have not been previously characterized, including in ppp6r3, sptan1, dop1a, rapgef2, dctn4, vti1a, and meaf6. This study establishes a general approach for investigating conserved alternative splicing events and prioritizes microexons for downstream analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, C. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capps, M. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannaway, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torija-Olson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removal of developmentally regulated microexons has a minimal impact on larval zebrafish brain morphology and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational dynamics of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein from CRF01_AE is associated with susceptibility to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is expressed at the surface of infected cells and as such can be targeted by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previous single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) studies demonstrated that Env from clinical isolates predominantly adopt a "closed" conformation (State 1), which is resistant to nnAbs. After interacting with the cellular receptor CD4, the conformational equilibrium of Env shifts toward States 2 and 3, exposing the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and permitting binding of antibodies targeting this site. We showed that the binding of anti- CoRBS Abs enables the engagement of other nnAbs that target the cluster A epitopes on Env. Anti-cluster A nnAbs stabilize an asymmetric Env conformation, State 2A, and have potent ADCC activity. CRF01_AE strains were suggested to be intrinsically susceptible to ADCC mediated by nnAbs. This may be due to the presence of a histidine at position 375, known to shift Env towards more "open" conformations. In this work, through adaptation of an established smFRET imaging approach, we report that the conformational dynamics of native, unliganded HIV-1CRF01_AE Env indicates frequent sampling of the State 2A conformation. This is in striking contrast with Envs from clades A and B, for example HIV-1JR-FL, which do not transition to State 2A in the absence of ligands. These findings inform on the conformational dynamics of HIV-1CRF01_AE Env, which are relevant for structure-based design of both synthetic inhibitors of receptor binding, and enhancers of ADCC as therapeutic alternatives.

IMPORTANCEA concerning increase in infections with HIV-1CRF01_AE has occurred globally and regionally in recent years, especially in Southeast Asia. Despite the advances made in understanding HIV-1 Env conformational dynamics, the knowledge about Env from HIV- 1CRF01_AE is limited. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1CRF01_AE Env readily samples an open conformation (State 2A), which is susceptible to ADCC. This is in contrast with the subtypes previously studied from HIV-1 group M that rely on anti-cluster A antibodies to adopt State 2A. These findings are relevant for the structure-based design of novel synthetic inhibitors of CD4 binding and enhancers of ADCC for elimination of infected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Salinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayrac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjahed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational dynamics of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein from CRF01_AE is associated with susceptibility to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inpp5e is a Critical Regulator of Protein Transport to Photoreceptor Outer Segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase e (INPP5E) mutations cause retinal degeneration as part of Joubert and MORM syndromes and can also cause non-syndromic blindness. In mice, mutations cause a spectrum of brain, kidney, and other anomalies and prevent the formation of photoreceptor outer segments. To further explore the function of Inpp5e in photoreceptors, we generated conditional and inducible knockouts of mouse Inpp5e where the gene was deleted either during outer segment formation or after outer segments were fully formed. In both cases, the loss of Inpp5e led to severe defects in photoreceptor outer segment morphology and ultimately photoreceptor cell loss. The primary morphological defect consisted of outer segment shortening and reduction in the number of newly forming discs at the outer segment base. This was accompanied by structural abnormalities of the Golgi apparatus, mislocalized rhodopsin, and an accumulation of extracellular vesicles. In addition, knockout cells showed a reduction in the size and prevalence of the actin network at the site of new disc morphogenesis and the occasional formation of membrane whorls instead of discs in a subset of cells. Together, these data demonstrate that Inpp5e plays a critical role in maintaining the outer segment and the normal process of outer segment renewal depends on the activity of this enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuck, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klementieva, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshavsky, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inpp5e is a Critical Regulator of Protein Transport to Photoreceptor Outer Segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.609894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and systems characterization of phosphorylation on metabolic enzymes identifies sex-specific metabolic reprogramming in obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.609894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordination of adaptive metabolism through cellular signaling networks and metabolic response is essential for balanced flow of energy and homeostasis. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation offer a rapid, efficient, and dynamic mechanism to regulate metabolic networks. Although numerous phosphorylation sites have been identified on metabolic enzymes, much remains unknown about their contribution to enzyme function and systemic metabolism. In this study, we stratify phosphorylation sites on metabolic enzymes based on their location with respect to functional and dimerization domains. Our analysis reveals that the majority of published phosphosites are on oxidoreductases, with particular enrichment of phosphotyrosine (pY) sites in proximity to binding domains for substrates, cofactors, active sites, or dimer interfaces. We identify phosphosites altered in obesity using a high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity model coupled to multiomics, and interrogate the functional impact of pY on hepatic metabolism. HFD induced dysregulation of redox homeostasis and reductive metabolism at the phosphoproteome and metabolome level in a sex-specific manner, which was reversed by supplementing with the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis identified pY sites that predict HFD or BHA induced changes of redox metabolites. We characterize predictive pY sites on glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), and uridine monophosphate synthase (UMPS) using CRISPRi-rescue and stable isotope tracing. Our analysis revealed that sites on GSTP1 and UMPS inhibit enzyme activity while the pY site on IDH1 induces activity to promote reductive carboxylation. Overall, our approach provides insight into the convergence points where cellular signaling fine-tunes metabolism.

Summary StatementBy employing a multi-disciplinary approach we stratify structural features of phosphorylation sites on metabolic enzymes, map the systems level changes induced by obesity, identify key pathways with sex specific phosphoproteomic responses, and validate the functional role of phosphorylation sites for select enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamir, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojan, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flower, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukkamala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venditti, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.609894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and systems characterization of phosphorylation on metabolic enzymes identifies sex-specific metabolic reprogramming in obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Initiator Caspase Dronc Drives Compensatory Proliferation of Apoptosis-Resistant Cells During Epithelial Tissue Regeneration After Ionizing Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspases, well-known for their role in executing apoptosis, also participate in various non-apoptotic processes. Despite this, their involvement in promoting compensatory proliferation - a key aspect of tissue regeneration following extensive cell death - has been a subject of ongoing ambiguity. In our study, we investigate compensatory proliferation in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc following ionizing radiation, a model epithelial tissue that has been a pioneering system for studying this regenerative response. Using a delayed genetic reporter to monitor the activity of the initiator caspase-2/9 ortholog, Dronc, we identified two populations of apoptosis-resistant epithelial cells involved in compensatory proliferation: those that activate Dronc (termed DARE cells) and those that do not (NARE cells). We show that DARE cells pass their apoptosis-resistance trait to their daughter cells, suggesting a molecular memory. We demonstrate that Dronc in DARE cells, but not the apoptosome adapter Dark and the effector caspases, promotes compensatory proliferation both within these cells and in NARE cells through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. We found that Myo1D, an unconventional myosin interacting with Dronc, is essential for the survival of DARE cells by preventing the lethal activation of effector caspases and subsequent apoptosis. In contrast, Myo7A/Crinkled, another unconventional myosin that interacts with Dronc, promotes effector caspase activation in DARE cells. We demonstrate that the TNFR>JNK signaling pathway in DARE cells directly regulates their proliferation, which in turn influences NARE cell proliferation. Consequently, we show that maintaining proliferative homeostasis between DARE and NARE cells is vital for balanced tissue regeneration. Given the widespread use of ionizing irradiation in cancer treatment and prevention, our findings have potential implications for understanding treatment-resistant cells and cancer recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapozhnikov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Lopez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacobi-Sharon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.01.610661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Initiator Caspase Dronc Drives Compensatory Proliferation of Apoptosis-Resistant Cells During Epithelial Tissue Regeneration After Ionizing Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical genetic interactions elucidate pathways controlling tuberculosis antibiotic efficacy during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful tuberculosis therapy requires treatment with an unwieldy multidrug combination for several months. Thus, there is a growing need to identify novel genetic vulnerabilities that can be leveraged to develop new, more effective antitubercular drugs. Consequently, recent efforts to optimize TB therapy have exploited Mtb chemical genetics to identify pathways influencing antibiotic efficacy, novel mechanisms of antibiotic action, and new targets for TB drug discovery. However, the influence of the complex host environment on these interactions remains largely unknown, leaving the therapeutic potential of the identified targets unclear. In this study, we leveraged a library of conditional mutants targeting 467 essential Mtb genes to characterize the chemical-genetic interactions (CGIs) with TB drugs directly in the mouse infection model. We found that these in vivo CGIs differ significantly from those identified in vitro. Both drug-specific and drug-agnostic effects were identified, and many were preserved during treatment with a multidrug combination, suggesting numerous strategies for enhancing therapy. This work also elucidated the complex effects of pyrazinamide (PZA), a drug that relies on aspects of the infection environment for efficacy. Specifically, our work supports the importance of coenzyme A synthesis inhibition during infection, as well as the antagonistic effect of iron limitation on PZA activity. In addition, we found that inhibition of thiamine and purine synthesis increases PZA efficacy, suggesting novel therapeutically exploitable metabolic dependencies. Our findings present a map of the unique in vivo CGIs, characterizing the mechanism of PZA activity in vivo and identifying novel targets for TB drug development.

SignificanceThe inevitable rise of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis underscores the urgent need for new TB drugs and novel drug targets while prioritizing synergistic drug combinations. Chemical-genetic interaction (CGI) studies have delineated bacterial pathways influencing antibiotic efficacy and uncovered druggable pathways that synergize with TB drugs. However, most studies are conducted in vitro, limiting our understanding of how the host environment influences drug-mutant interactions. Using an inducible mutant library targeting essential Mtb genes to characterize CGIs during infection, this study reveals that CGIs are both drug-specific and drug-agnostic and differ significantly from those observed in vitro. Synergistic CGIs comprised distinct metabolic pathways mediating antibiotic efficacy, revealing novel drug mechanisms of action, and defining potential drug targets that would synergize with frontline antitubercular drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oluoch, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, E.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reames, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.609063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical genetic interactions elucidate pathways controlling tuberculosis antibiotic efficacy during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two functional forms of the Meckel-Gruber syndrome protein TMEM67 generated by proteolytic cleavage by ADAMTS9 mediate Wnt signaling and ciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM67 mutations are the major cause of Meckel-Gruber syndrome. TMEM67 is involved in both ciliary transition zone assembly, and non-canonical Wnt signaling mediated by its extracellular domain. How TMEM67 performs these two separate functions is not known. We identify a novel cleavage motif in the extracellular domain of TMEM67 cleaved by the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase ADAMTS9. This cleavage regulates the abundance of two functional forms: A C-terminal portion which localizes to the ciliary transition zone regulating ciliogenesis, and a non- cleaved form which regulates Wnt signaling. By characterizing three TMEM67 ciliopathy patient variants within the cleavage motif utilizing mammalian cell culture and C. elegans, we show the cleavage motif is essential for cilia structure and function, highlighting its clinical significance. We generated a novel non-cleavable TMEM67 mouse model which develop severe ciliopathies phenocopying Tmem67-/- mice, but in contrast, undergo normal Wnt signaling, substantiating the existence of two functional forms of TMEM67.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuck, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blacque, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two functional forms of the Meckel-Gruber syndrome protein TMEM67 generated by proteolytic cleavage by ADAMTS9 mediate Wnt signaling and ciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next generation APOBEC3 inhibitors: Optimally designed for potency and nuclease stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOBEC3 (or A3) enzymes have emerged as potential therapeutic targets due to their role in introducing heterogeneity in viruses and cancer, often leading to drug resistance. Inhibiting these enzymes has remained elusive as initial phosphodiester (PO) linked DNA based inhibitors lack stability and potency. We have enhanced both potency and nuclease stability, of 2'-deoxy-zebularine (dZ), substrate-based oligonucleotide inhibitors for two critical A3s: A3A and A3G. While replacing the phosphate backbone with phosphorothioate (PS) linkages increased nuclease stability, fully PS-modified inhibitors lost potency (1.4-3.7 fold) due to the structural constraints of the active site. For both enzymes, mixed PO/PS backbones enhanced potency (2.3-9.2 fold), while also vastly improving nuclease resistance. We also strategically introduced 2'-fluoro sugar modifications, creating the first nanomolar inhibitor of A3G-CTD2. With hairpin-structured inhibitors containing optimized PS patterns and LNA sugar modifications, we characterize the first single-digit nanomolar inhibitor targeting A3A. These extremely potent A3A inhibitors, were highly resistant to nuclease degradation in serum stability assays. Overall, our optimally designed A3 oligonucleotide inhibitors show improved potency and stability, compared to previous attempts to inhibit these critical enzymes, opening the door to realize the therapeutic potential of A3 inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myint, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchenski-Loustaunau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next generation APOBEC3 inhibitors: Optimally designed for potency and nuclease stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted development of sensory systems and the cerebellum in a zebrafish ebf3a mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the transcription factor EBF3 results in a neurodevelopmental disorder, and studies in animal models indicate that it has a critical role in neuronal differentiation. The molecular pathways and neuron types disrupted by its loss, however, have not been thoroughly investigated. Nor have the outcomes of these changes on behavior and brain activity. Here, we generated and characterized a zebrafish ebf3a loss-of-function mutant. We discovered morphological and neural phenotypes, including an overall smaller brain size, particularly in the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and hindbrain. Brain function was also compromised, with activity strongly increased in the cerebellum and abnormal behavior at baseline and in response to visual and acoustic stimuli. From RNA-sequencing of developing larvae, notable changes included significant downregulation of genes that mark olfactory sensory neurons, the lateral line, and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. This study sets the stage for determining which downstream pathways underlie the emergence of the observed phenotypes and establishes multiple strong phenotypes that could form the basis of a drug screen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, N. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parant, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyme, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted development of sensory systems and the cerebellum in a zebrafish ebf3a mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interphase chromosome conformation is specified by distinct folding programs inherited via mitotic chromosomes or through the cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identity-specific interphase chromosome conformation must be re-established each time a cell divides. To understand how interphase folding is inherited, we developed an experimental approach that physically segregates mediators of G1 folding that are intrinsic to mitotic chromosomes from cytoplasmic factors. Proteins essential for nuclear transport, RanGAP1 and Nup93, were degraded in pro-metaphase arrested DLD-1 cells to prevent the establishment of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport during mitotic exit and isolate the decondensing mitotic chromatin of G1 daughter cells from the cytoplasm. Using this approach, we discover a transient folding intermediate entirely driven by chromosome-intrinsic factors. In addition to conventional compartmental segregation, this chromosome-intrinsic folding program leads to prominent genome-scale microcompartmentalization of mitotically bookmarked and cell type-specific cis-regulatory elements. This microcompartment conformation is formed during telophase and subsequently modulated by a second folding program driven by factors inherited through the cytoplasm in G1. This nuclear import-dependent folding program includes cohesin and factors involved in transcription and RNA processing. The combined and inter-dependent action of chromosome-intrinsic and cytoplasmic inherited folding programs determines the interphase chromatin conformation as cells exit mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interphase chromosome conformation is specified by distinct folding programs inherited via mitotic chromosomes or through the cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic three-dimensional (3D) organization of the human genome (the "4D Nucleome") is closely linked to genome function. Here, we integrate a wide variety of genomic data generated by the 4D Nucleome Project to provide a detailed view of human 3D genome organization in widely used embryonic stem cells (H1-hESCs) and immortalized fibroblasts (HFFc6). We provide extensive benchmarking of 3D genome mapping assays and integrate these diverse datasets to annotate spatial genomic features across scales. The data reveal a rich complexity of chromatin domains and their sub-nuclear positions, and over one hundred thousand structural loops and promoter-enhancer interactions. We developed 3D models of population-based and individual cell-to-cell variation in genome structure, establishing connections between chromosome folding, nuclear organization, chromatin looping, gene transcription, and DNA replication. We demonstrate the use of computational methods to predict genome folding from DNA sequence, uncovering potential effects of genetic variants on genome structure and function. Together, this comprehensive analysis contributes insights into human genome organization and enhances our understanding of connections between the regulation of genome function and 3D genome organization in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The 4D Nucleome Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsk, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukalev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winick-Ng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pombo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plewczynski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irastorza Azcarate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieme, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepinska,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic phosphorylation of Hcm1 promotes fitness in chronic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell survival depends upon the ability to adapt to changing environments. Environmental stressors trigger an acute stress response program that rewires cell physiology, downregulates proliferation genes and pauses the cell cycle until the cell adapts. After the acute response is resolved, cells resume cycling but at a reduced rate. The importance of cell cycle changes for survival in chronic stress is not clear. Here, we show that dynamic phosphorylation of the yeast cell cycle-regulatory transcription factor Hcm1 is required to maintain fitness in chronic stress. Hcm1 is activated by cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) during S-phase and is inactivated by the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in response to stressors that signal through increases in cytosolic Ca2+. Expression of a constitutively active, phosphomimetic Hcm1 mutant reduces fitness in stress, suggesting Hcm1 inactivation is required for survival. However, a comprehensive analysis of Hcm1 phosphomutants revealed that Hcm1 activity is also important to survive stress, and that all mutants with fixed phosphorylation states are less fit in stress. Moreover, pulses of Hcm1 activity are necessary to maximize target gene expression in stress. These findings demonstrate that the expression levels of Hcm1 target genes influence fitness in stress and suggest that the dynamic phosphorylation of cell cycle regulators plays a crucial role in promoting survival in stressful environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bail, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benanti, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic phosphorylation of Hcm1 promotes fitness in chronic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unique interplay of access and selection shapes peritoneal metastasis evolution in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether metastasis in humans can be accomplished by most primary tumor cells or requires the evolution of a specialized trait remains an open question. To evaluate whether metastases are founded by non-random subsets of primary tumor lineages requires extensive, difficult-to-implement sampling. We have realized an unusually dense multi-region sampling scheme in a cohort of 26 colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastases, reconstructing the evolutionary history of on average 28.8 tissue samples per patient with a microsatellite-based fingerprinting assay. To assess metastatic randomness, we evaluate inter- and intra-metastatic heterogeneity relative to the primary tumor and find that peritoneal metastases are more heterogeneous than liver metastases but less diverse than locoregional metastases. Metachronous peritoneal metastases exposed to systemic chemotherapy show significantly higher inter-lesion diversity than synchronous, untreated metastases. Projection of peritoneal metastasis origins onto a spatial map of the primary tumor reveals that they often originate at the deep-invading edge, in contrast to liver and lymph node metastases which exhibit no such preference. Furthermore, peritoneal metastases typically do not share a common subclonal origin with distant metastases in more remote organs. Synthesizing these insights into an evolutionary portrait of peritoneal metastases, we conclude that the peritoneal-metastatic process imposes milder selective pressures onto disseminating cancer cells than the liver-metastatic process. Peritoneal metastases unique evolutionary features have potential implications for staging and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wassenaar, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorelick, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheek, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukkose, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blohmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giunta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiezer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raicu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubink, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaasen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kops, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juric, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennerz, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranenburg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naxerova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unique interplay of access and selection shapes peritoneal metastasis evolution in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early zygotic engineering promotes targeted large transgene integration and direct production of fully transgenic animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering has become increasingly feasible with the advent of site-specific nucleases. This technology is highly effective for the generation of small mutations, however targeted insertion of large sequences to generate transgenic animals remains challenging, time consuming, and laborious. Following several failed attempts using the same reagents, we identified a protocol that achieved very high targeted integration of a 3.2 kb transgene into a single locus of a humanized mouse model of Down syndrome. Moreover, we demonstrate in multiple ways that this procedure directly generates numerous non-mosaic founder animals, which bred true to generate all transgenic progeny. In vitro fertilization of oocytes was followed by AAV-mediated delivery of donor sequence and electroporation of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein, all parameters designed to promote early zygotic engineering (EZE). This strategy can obviate the need to breed mosaic animals for germline transmission and can enable engineering of difficult to breed animals. While efforts to improve genome engineering focus on reagents and delivery techniques, findings here suggest a narrow window of time in the early fertilized oocyte, likely before genome replication, is key to achieve both high integration efficiency and one-step generation of non-mosaic, engineered mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Perez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early zygotic engineering promotes targeted large transgene integration and direct production of fully transgenic animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An aneuploidy epistasis map reveals metabolic vulnerabilities associated with supernumerary chromosomes in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the general detriment of aneuploidy to cellular fitness, >90% of solid tumors carry an imbalanced karyotype. Regardless of this existing paradox, our understanding of the molecular responses to aneuploidy remains limited. Here, we explore these cellular stresses and unique vulnerabilities in aneuploid human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) enriched for breast cancer-associated copy number alterations (CNAs). To uncover the genetic dependencies specific to aneuploid cells, we conducted a comprehensive, genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen targeting isogenic diploid and aneuploid HMEC lines. Our study reveals that aneuploid HMECs exhibit an increased reliance on pyrimidine biosynthesis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes, and demonstrate heightened fitness advantages upon loss of tumor suppressor genes. Using an integrative multi-omic analysis, we confirm nucleotide pool insufficiency as a key contributor to widespread cellular dysfunction in aneuploid HMECs with net copy number gain. While diploid cells can switch seamlessly between pyrimidine synthesis and salvage, cells with increased chromosomal content exhibit p53 activation and S-phase arrest when relying on salvage alone, and exhibit increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics. This work advances our understanding of the consequences of aneuploidy and uncovers potential avenues for patient stratification and therapeutic intervention based on tumor ploidy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magesh, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Nieves, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An aneuploidy epistasis map reveals metabolic vulnerabilities associated with supernumerary chromosomes in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-based identification of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) across the genome of Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae is a primary malaria vector mosquito in Africa. RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis has been widely used to study gene expression underlying mosquito life traits such as development, reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and behavior. While it is well known that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed ubiquitously in transcriptomes across metazoans, lncRNAs remain relatively underexplored in mosquitoes including their identity, expression profiles, and biological functions. In this study, publicly available RNA-seq datasets were leveraged to identify lncRNAs across diverse contexts, including whole mosquitoes, mosquito cells or tissues including midguts, salivary glands, and hemocytes, as well as under different physiological conditions including sugar-feeding, blood-feeding, bacterial challenges, and Plasmodium infections. Across this pool of transcriptomes, 2684 unique lncRNA genes, comprising 4082 transcripts, were identified. Following their identification, these lncRNA genes were integrated into the mosquito transcriptome annotation, which was then used as a reference to analyze both mRNAs and lncRNAs for transcriptional dynamics in different conditions. Like mRNAs, lncRNAs exhibited context-dependent expression patterns. Co-expression networks constructed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) highlighted the interconnections among lncRNAs and mRNAs. Furthermore, we identified polysome-associated lncRNAs within polysome-captured transcripts, suggesting their involvement in translation regulation and coding capacity for micropeptides. A published ChIP-seq dataset was explored to correlate epigenetic signatures with transcriptional activities of lncRNAs. Overall, our analysis demonstrated that lncRNAs are transcribed alongside mRNAs in various biological contexts. Given their prevalence in the transcriptome, incorporating lncRNAs into transcriptome analyses will enhance our understanding of their functions, shedding light on their regulatory roles in An. gambiae biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehle, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-based identification of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) across the genome of Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-Time Spatiotemporal Tracking of Infectious Outbreaks in Confined Environments with a Host-Pathogen Agent-Based System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deadly infection outbreaks in confined spaces, whether it is a COVID-19 outbreak on a cruise ship or at a veteran home, or measles and stomach flu outbreaks in schools, can be characterized by their rapid spread due to the abundance of common spaces, shared airways, and high population density. Preventing future infectious outbreaks and developing efficient mitigation protocols can benefit from advanced computational modeling approaches. Here, we developed an agent-based modeling approach to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of an infection outbreak in a confined environment caused by a specific pathogen and to determine effective infection containment protocols. The approach integrates the 3D geographic information system of a confined environment, the behavior of the hosts, key biological parameters about the pathogen obtained from the experimental data, and the general mechanics of host-pathogen and pathogen-fomite interactions. To assess our approach, we applied it to the historical data of infectious outbreak caused by norovirus, H1N1 influenza A, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. As a result our model was able to accurately predict the number of infections per day, correctly identify the day when the CDC vessel sanitation protocol would be triggered, single out key biological parameters affecting the infection spread, and propose important changes to existing containment protocols, specific for different pathogens. This research not only contributes to our understanding of infection spread and containment in cruise ships but also offers insights applicable to other similar confined settings, such as nursing homes, schools, and hospitals. By providing a robust framework for real-time outbreak modeling, this study proposes new, more effective containment protocols and enhances our preparedness for managing infectious diseases and emerging pathogens in confined environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colubri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-Time Spatiotemporal Tracking of Infectious Outbreaks in Confined Environments with a Host-Pathogen Agent-Based System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2D template matching (2DTM) can be used to detect molecules and their assemblies in cellular cryo-EM images with high positional and orientational accuracy. While 2DTM successfully detects spherical targets such as large ribosomal subunits, challenges remain in detecting smaller and more aspherical targets in various environments. In this work, a novel 2DTM metric, referred to as the 2DTM p-value, is developed to extend the 2DTM framework to more complex applications. The 2DTM p-value combines information from two previously used 2DTM metrics, namely the 2DTM signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and z-score, which are derived from the cross-correlation coefficient between the target and the template. The 2DTM p-value demonstrates robust detection accuracies under various imaging and sample conditions and outperforms the 2DTM SNR and z-score alone. Specifically, the 2DTM p-value improves the detection of aspherical targets such as a modified artificial tubulin patch particle (500 kDa) and a much smaller clathrin monomer (193 kDa) in simulated data. It also accurately recovers mature 60S ribosomes in yeast lamellae samples, even under conditions of increased Gaussian noise. The new metric will enable the detection of a wider variety of targets in both purified and cellular samples through 2DTM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent and durable gene modulation in heart and muscle with chemically defined siRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.616183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small interfering RNA (siRNAs) hold immense promise for treating cardiac and muscular diseases, but robust and scalable delivery to these tissues remains a challenge. Recent advances in delivery strategies to muscle include conjugation of biologics (antibody/antibody fragments, peptides), which are currently in clinical development. However, the manufacturing of biologic-siRNA conjugates is a challenging and complex process. By contrast, lipophilic siRNAs are readily chemically synthesized at scale and support sufficient cardiac and skeletal muscle delivery. In this work, we refine siRNA design elements to enhance potency and durability and support clinically relevant silencing in muscle. Applying this strategy for siRNAs targeting myostatin (MSTN), a key target in muscle-wasting conditions, we show that a single subcutaneous dose in mice achieved robust and durable silencing ([~]80% inhibition up to 6 weeks, [~]30% at 14 weeks). Biweekly dosing resulted in >95% reduction of circulating MSTN for half a year, with no observed systemic or target-related toxicity. MSTN inhibition resulted in muscle growth and increased lean muscle mass, correlating with improved grip strength. Interestingly, the functional impact on muscle growth and strength significantly outlasts the target silencing, suggesting extended pharmacological effects. Systemic administration was equally efficacious in all muscle groups tested, including skeletal muscle, heart, tongue and diaphragm. The informational nature of the muscle-active chemically defined siRNA scaffold was confirmed by demonstrating muscle and heart efficacy with three additional targets. Our findings pave the way for potent and long-lasting gene modulation in muscle using chemically defined, lipophilic siRNAs, offering a new avenue for treating muscular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakih, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zain UI Abideen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furgal, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monopoli, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent and durable gene modulation in heart and muscle with chemically defined siRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung CD4+ resident memory T cells use airway secretory cells to stimulate and regulate neutrophilic allergic airways disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophilic asthma is a vexing disease, but mechanistic and therapeutic advancement will require better models of allergy-induced airway neutrophilia. Here, we find that periodic ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation in sensitized mice elicits allergic airway inflammation and pathophysiology mimicking neutrophilic asthma. OVA-experienced murine lungs harbor diverse clusters of CD4+ resident memory TRM cells, including unconventional ROR{gamma}tnegative/low TH17 cells. Acute OVA challenge instigates IL-17A secretion from these TRM cells, driving CXCL5 production from Muc5achigh airway secretory cells, leading to destructive airway neutrophilia. The TRM- and epithelial-cell signals discovered herein are also observed in adult human asthmatic airways. Epithelial antigen presentation regulates this biology by skewing TRM cells towards TH2 and TH1 fates, so that the TH1-related IFN-{gamma} suppresses IL-17A-driven, CXCL5-mediated airway neutrophilia. Concordantly, in vivo IFN-{gamma} supplementation improves disease outcomes. Thus, using our model of neutrophilic asthma we identify lung epithelial-CD4+ TRM cell crosstalk as a key rheostat of allergic airway neutrophilia.

HighlightsO_LIRecurrent OVA inhalation experience predisposes mice to allergic airways neutrophilia
C_LIO_LINeutrophil-prone lungs harbor CD4+ TRM cells including ROR{gamma}tnegative/low TH17 cells
C_LIO_LIMuc5achigh secretory cells instruct CD4+ TRM fates and neutrophilia via MHC-II and CXCL5, respectively
C_LIO_LIProphylactic or therapeutic delivery of IFN-{gamma} curbs allergic airway neutrophilia
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkmaz, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon De Ana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niszczak, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltry, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, I. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkina, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizgerd, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung CD4+ resident memory T cells use airway secretory cells to stimulate and regulate neutrophilic allergic airways disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense oligonucleotide targeting pathogenic sense repeat RNA in C9ORF72 suppresses production of antisense-dependent dipeptide repeat proteins implicated in ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A six nucleotide repeat expansion in intron-1 of the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic mutation affecting individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Bi-directional transcription of the repeat expansion generates sense and antisense repeat RNAs that can then be translated in all reading frames to produce six distinct dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins with unique termini. The precise site of translation initiation of these proteins within the C9ORF72 repeat expansion remains elusive. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and steric-blocking antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to investigate the contribution of different AUG codons in the antisense repeat RNA to the production of DPR proteins, poly(GP) and poly(PR) in C9ORF72 expansion carrier motor neurons and lymphoblast cells. We then utilized ASOs targeting C9ORF72 sense repeat RNA to examine whether sense or antisense RNA is the major source of the poly(GP) protein - a question for which conflicting evidence exists. We found that these ASOs reduced the intended sense RNA target, but also the antisense RNA, thus preventing the production of poly(PR). Our data highlights the importance of the sequences preceding the antisense CCCCGG repeat expansion for the synthesis of antisense DPR proteins and supports the use of sense C9ORF72 ASOs to prevent the accumulation of both sense- and antisense-dependent DPR proteins in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankel, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense oligonucleotide targeting pathogenic sense repeat RNA in C9ORF72 suppresses production of antisense-dependent dipeptide repeat proteins implicated in ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death by an infectious disease globally, with no efficacious vaccine. Antibodies are implicated in Mtb control, but the mechanisms of antibody action remain poorly understood. We assembled a library of TB monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and screened for the ability to restrict Mtb in mice, identifying protective antibodies targeting known and novel antigens. To dissect the mechanism of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction, we optimized a protective lipoarabinomannan-specific mAb through Fc-swapping. In vivo analysis of these Fc-variants revealed a critical role for Fc-effector function in Mtb restriction. Restrictive Fc-variants altered distribution of Mtb across innate immune cells. Single-cell transcriptomics highlighted distinctly activated molecular circuitry within innate immune cell subpopulations, highlighting early activation of neutrophils as a key signature of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction. Therefore, improved antibody-mediated restriction of Mtb is associated with reorganization of the tissue-level immune response to infection and depends on the collaboration of antibody Fab and Fc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grace, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenderson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slein, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKitrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Källenius, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reljic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes durable CD8+ T-cell revitalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent HIV reservoirs in CD4 T-cells pose a barrier to curing HIV infection. We identified overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in HIV-infected CD4 T- cells that survive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) exposure, suggesting a mechanism of CTL resistance. Inhibition of EZH2 with the FDA-approved drug tazemetostat increased surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on CD4 T-cells, counterbalancing HIV Nef-mediated MHC-I downregulation. This improved CTL-mediated elimination of HIV-infected cells and suppressed viral replication in vitro. In a participant-derived xenograft mouse model, tazemetostat elevated MHC-I and the pro-apoptotic protein BIM in CD4 T-cells, facilitating CD8 T-cell-mediated reductions of HIV reservoir seeding. Additionally, tazemetostat promoted sustained skewing of CD8 T-cells toward less differentiated and exhausted phenotypes. Our findings reveal EZH2 overexpression as a novel mechanism of CTL resistance and support the clinical evaluation of tazemetostat to enhance clearance of HIV reservoirs and improve CD8+ T-cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gramatica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemmer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klevorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copertino, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chukwukere, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilling, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falling Iversen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLaren Ehui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiardini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat mitigates HIV immune evasion, reduces reservoir formation, and promotes durable CD8+ T-cell revitalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comet fragment-ion indexing for enhanced peptide sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragment ion indexing has significantly improved the efficiency of proteomics database search tools. This work implements fragment ion indexing in Comet, a widely-used, open-source search engine. We demonstrate that this enhancement maintains scoring and identification accuracy while substantially increasing peptide spectral matching speeds across multiple applications, including open modification searches, immunopeptidomics, and real-time searches. Comet-FI reduced search speeds by up to 94%, enabling the rapid analysis of complex data types like immunopeptidomes. Fragment-ion indexing enables Comet to keep pace with modern instrumentation and expanding applications in proteomics, reinforcing its utility in diverse proteomics workflows and its integration with a wide range of proteomics tools and platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGann, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heil, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweppe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comet fragment-ion indexing for enhanced peptide sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virion-associated influenza hemagglutinin clusters upon sialic acid binding visualized by cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses are enveloped, negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses covered in a dense layer of glycoproteins. Hemagglutinin (HA) accounts for 80-90% of influenza glycoprotein and plays a role in host cell binding and membrane fusion. While previous studies have characterized structures of receptor-free and receptor-bound HA in vitro, the effect of receptor binding on HA organization and structure on virions remains unknown. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) to visualize influenza virions bound to a sialic acid receptor mimic. Overall, receptor binding did not result in significant changes in viral morphology; however, we observed rearrangements of HA trimer organization and orientation. Compared to the even inter-glycoprotein spacing of unliganded HA trimers, receptor binding promotes HA trimer clustering and formation of a triplet of trimers. Subtomogram averaging and refinement yielded 8-10 [A] reconstructions that allowed us to visualize specific contacts between HAs from neighboring trimers and identify molecular features that mediate clustering. Taken together, we present new structural evidence that receptor binding triggers clustering of HA trimers, revealing an additional layer of HA dynamics and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virion-associated influenza hemagglutinin clusters upon sialic acid binding visualized by cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.620986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Design of Enhanced Nme2Cas9 and Nme2SmuCas9 Nucleases and Base Editors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.620986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools enable precise, RNA-guided modification of genomes within living cells. The most clinically advanced genome editors are Cas9 nucleases, but many nuclease technologies provide only limited control over genome editing outcomes. Adenine base editors (ABEs) and cytosine base editors (CBEs) enable precise and efficient nucleotide conversions of A:T-to-G:C and C:G-to-T:A base pairs, respectively. Therapeutic use of base editors (BEs) provides an avenue to correct approximately 30% of human pathogenic variants. Nonetheless, factors such as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) availability, accuracy, product purity, and delivery limit the full therapeutic potential of BEs. We previously developed Nme2Cas9 and its BE derivatives, including ABEs compatible with single adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivery, in part to enable editing near N4CC PAMs. Further engineering yielded domain-inlaid BEs with enhanced activity, as well as Nme2Cas9/SmuCas9 chimeras that target single-cytidine (N4C) PAMs. Here we further enhance Nme2Cas9 and Nme2SmuCas9 editing effectors for improved efficiency and vector compatibility through site-directed mutagenesis and deaminase linker optimization. Finally, we define the editing and specificity profiles of the resulting variants by using paired guide-target libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andosoria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panwala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazbec, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.620986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Design of Enhanced Nme2Cas9 and Nme2SmuCas9 Nucleases and Base Editors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the increased membrane fusion activity of the Ebola virus glycoprotein A82V variant from the 2013-2016 epidemic: insights from simulations and experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic in Western Africa, an A82V mutation emerged in the envelope glycoprotein (GP) that persisted in most circulating isolates. Previous studies demonstrated that A82V increased GP-mediated membrane fusion and altered its dependence on host factors. The mechanistic basis for these observations, in particular the impact of A82V on the conformational changes in GP that are needed for membrane fusion, has not been evaluated in molecular detail. Here, using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and a novel single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer imaging assay, we specify the molecular mechanism by which A82V alters GP conformation to enhance GP-mediated viral entry. In so doing, we identify an allosteric network of interactions that links the receptor-binding site to the fusion loop of GP. Thus, the naturally occurring A82V mutation can tune the conformational dynamics of EBOV GP to enhance fusion loop mobility and subsequent viral fusion and infectivity in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durham, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the increased membrane fusion activity of the Ebola virus glycoprotein A82V variant from the 2013-2016 epidemic: insights from simulations and experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative intracellular peptide binding assay reveals recognition determinants and context dependence of short linear motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient protein-protein interactions play key roles in controlling dynamic cellular responses. Many examples involve globular protein domains that bind to peptide sequences known as Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs), which are enriched in intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. Here we describe a novel functional assay for measuring SLiM binding, called Systematic Intracellular Motif Binding Analysis (SIMBA). In this method, binding of a foreign globular domain to its cognate SLiM peptide allows yeast cells to proliferate by blocking a growth arrest signal. A high-throughput application of the SIMBA method involving competitive growth and deep sequencing provides rapid quantification of the relative binding strength for thousands of SLiM sequence variants, and a comprehensive interrogation of SLiM sequence features that control their recognition and potency. We show that multiple distinct classes of SLiM-binding domains can be analyzed by this method, and that the relative binding strength of peptides in vivo correlates with their biochemical affinities measured in vitro. Deep mutational scanning provides high-resolution definitions of motif recognition determinants and reveals how sequence variations at non-core positions can modulate binding strength. Furthermore, mutational scanning of multiple parent peptides that bind human tankyrase ARC or YAP WW domains identifies distinct binding modes and uncovers context effects in which the preferred residues at one position depend on residues elsewhere. The findings establish SIMBA as a fast and incisive approach for interrogating SLiM recognition via massively parallel quantification of protein-peptide binding strength in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subbanna, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Örd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative intracellular peptide binding assay reveals recognition determinants and context dependence of short linear motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Pachytene piRNAs Cleave Hundreds of Transcripts,But Alter the Steady-State Abundance of Only a Minority of Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.02.621675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, 18-35-nt piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to regulate complementary RNAs. During male meiosis, mammals produce an exceptionally abundant class of piRNAs called pachytene piRNAs. Pachytene piRNAs are required for spermatogenesis and have been proposed to control gene expression by various mechanisms. Here, we show that pachytene piRNAs regulate targets predominantly, if not exclusively, by endonucleolytic cleavage. Remarkably, pachytene piRNAs slice hundreds of RNAs, yet a change in steady-state level is detectable for a small fraction of transcripts. Our data suggest that cleavage of the few targets whose abundance is reduced significantly by piRNAs is essential for male fertility. Other pachytene piRNA targets are enriched for highly transcribed genes, which may explain why piRNA cleavage is often inconsequential for the steady-state abundance of targets. We propose that the retention of pachytene piRNAs throughout mammalian evolution is driven by the selective advantage conferred by a tiny minority of piRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajaykumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.02.621675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Pachytene piRNAs Cleave Hundreds of Transcripts,But Alter the Steady-State Abundance of Only a Minority of Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.619693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of Huntington's Disease Somatic Instability by Transcriptional Repression and Direct CAG Repeat Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.619693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) arises from a CAG expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene beyond a critical threshold. A major thrust of current HD therapeutic development is lowering levels of mutant HTT mRNA (mHTT) and protein (mHTT) with the aim of reducing the toxicity of these product(s). Human genetic data also support a key role for somatic instability (SI) in HTTs CAG repeat - whereby it lengthens with age in specific somatic cell types - as a key driver of age of motor dysfunction onset. Thus, an attractive HD therapy would address both mHTT toxicity and SI, but to date the relationship between SI and HTT lowering remains unexplored. Here, we investigated multiple therapeutically-relevant HTT-lowering modalities to establish the relationship between HTT lowering and SI in HD knock-in mice. We find that repressing transcription of mutant Htt (mHtt) provides robust protection from SI, using diverse genetic and pharmacological approaches (antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, the Lac repressor, and virally delivered zinc finger transcriptional repressor proteins, ZFPs). However, we find that small interfering RNA (siRNA), a potent HTT-lowering treatment, lowers HTT levels without influencing SI and that SI is also normal in mice lacking 50% of total HTT levels, suggesting HTT levels, per se, do not modulate SI in trans. Remarkably, modified ZFPs that bind the mHtt locus, but lack a repressive domain, robustly protect from SI, despite not reducing HTT mRNA or protein levels. These results have important therapeutic implications in HD, as they suggest that DNA-targeted HTT-lowering treatments may have significant advantages compared to other HTT-lowering approaches, and that interaction of a DNA-binding protein and HTTs CAG repeats may provide protection from SI while sparing HTT expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathews, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaertner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantle, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fentz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwagarus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burch, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalenko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordasiewicz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchionini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.619693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of Huntington's Disease Somatic Instability by Transcriptional Repression and Direct CAG Repeat Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.621895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine, via ΔFosB, remodels gene expression and excitability in ventral hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.621895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral hippocampus (vHPC) CA1 pyramidal neurons send glutamatergic projections to nucleus accumbens (NAc), and this vHPC-NAc circuit mediates cocaine seeking and reward, but it is unclear whether vHPC-NAc neuron properties are modulated by cocaine exposure to drive subsequent behavior. The immediate early gene transcription factor {Delta}FosB is induced throughout the brain by cocaine and is critical for cocaine seeking, but its function in vHPC-NAc neurons is not understood. We now show that circuit-specific knockout of {Delta}FosB in vHPC-NAc neurons impaired cocaine reward expression and forced abstinence-induced seeking. We also found that vHPC-NAc excitability was decreased by experimenter-administered repeated cocaine and cocaine self-administration, and this cocaine-induced excitability decrease was mediated by {Delta}FosB expression. To uncover the mechanism of this change in circuit function, we used circuit-specific translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to assess cocaine-induced, {Delta}FosB-dependent changes in gene expression in vHPC-NAc. We found that cocaine causes a {Delta}FosB-dependent increase in the expression of calreticulin, an ER-resident calcium-buffering protein. Calreticulin expression mediated vHPC-NAc excitability and was necessary for cocaine reward. These findings uncover a novel, non-canonical mechanism by which cocaine increases calreticulin in vHPC leading to decreased vHPC-NAc excitability and drives cocaine seeking and reward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eagle, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugimoto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykstra, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazei-Robison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robison, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.621895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine, via ΔFosB, remodels gene expression and excitability in ventral hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A type-specific B cell epitope at the apex of Outer surface protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly protective immunity to the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi, is constrained by an overwhelming antibody response against type-specific epitopes on Outer surface protein C (OspC), a homodimeric helix-rich lipoprotein essential for early stages of spirochete dissemination in vertebrate hosts. However, the molecular basis for type-specific immunity has not been fully elucidated. In this report, we produced and characterized an OspC mouse monoclonal antibody, 8C1, that recognizes native and recombinant OspC type A (OspCA) but not OspC types B or K, and arrests B. burgdorferi motility independent of complement. Epitope mapping by HDX-MS localized 8C1s epitope to a protruding ridge on the apex of OspCA -helix 3 (residues 130-150) previously known to be an immunodominant region of the molecule. Alanine scanning pinpointed 8C1s core binding motif to a solvent exposed patch consisting of residues K141 H142 T143 D144. In parallel, analysis of 26 Lyme disease positive serum samples confirmed antibody reactivity with this region of OspCA, with residues E140 and D144 as being most consequential. Our results underscore the importance of -helix 3 as a target of type-specific epitopes on OspCA across mice and humans that should be taken into consideration in Lyme disease vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vance, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman-Gallant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorauer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muriuki, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANTIS, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A type-specific B cell epitope at the apex of Outer surface protein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borreliella burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A consensus variant-to-function score to functionally prioritize variants for disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying and functionally characterizing causal disease variants in genome-wide association studies remains a pressing challenge. Here, we construct a consensus variant-to-function (cV2F) score that assigns a single value to each common single-nucleotide variant in the genome, and helps to predict and characterize causal disease variants. The cV2F score leverages features reflecting variant-level experimentally and computationally predicted function (e.g. allelic imbalance and sequence-based deep learning models) and element-level function (e.g. predicted enhancers), and learns optimal combinations of features by training a gradient boosting model on GWAS fine-mapping results. The cV2F-annotated variants attained an AUPRC of 0.822 at identifying held-out fine-mapped variants. Variants with high cV2F scores are highly enriched for heritability (14.2x, s.e. 0.5) across 66 diseases/traits, are uniquely informative for disease heritability, and are highly predictive of variants implicated by reporter assays; cV2F substantially outperforms previous variant-to-function scores using all of these metrics. GWAS fine-mapping of 110 diseases/traits informed by cV2F identified 14.3% more confidently fine-mapped (PIP > 0.95) variants than non-functionally informed fine-mapping. We further constructed tissue/cell line-specific cV2F scores that prioritize variants based on regulatory potential in specific tissues/cell lines, attaining high heritability enrichment for tissue-related diseases/traits (15.6x, s.e. 2.3) while providing independent information (average correlation of 0.27 with the primary cV2F score). We highlight examples of GWAS loci for which cV2F pinpoints causal variants with high confidence and elucidates their functional role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabiha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boytsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gschwind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierstra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A consensus variant-to-function score to functionally prioritize variants for disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Fentanyl Reward in Male and Female Mice by the Circadian Transcription Factor NPAS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic opioids like fentanyl are highly potent and prevalent in the illicit drug market, leading to tolerance, dependence, and opioid use disorder (OUD). Chronic opioid use disrupts sleep and circadian rhythms, which persist even during treatment and abstinence, increasing the risk of relapse. The bodys molecular clock, regulated by transcriptional and translational feedback loops, controls various physiological processes, including the expression of endogenous opioids and their receptors. The circadian transcription factor NPAS2, highly expressed in the nucleus accumbens, may have a crucial function in opioid-related behaviors. Our study found sex-specific roles for NPAS2-mediated reward behaviors in male and female mice, including in fentanyl seeking and craving. We also identified specific cell types and transcriptional targets in the nucleus accumbens of both mice and humans by which NPAS2 may mediate the impact of fentanyl on brain physiology and in opioid reward-related behaviors. Ultimately, our findings begin to uncover the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm dysfunction and opioid addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePoy, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver-Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Fentanyl Reward in Male and Female Mice by the Circadian Transcription Factor NPAS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic cytoplasmic fluidity during morphogenesis in a human fungal pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular crowding of the cytoplasm impacts a range of cellular processes. Using a fluorescent microrheological probe (GEMs), we observed a striking decrease in molecular crowding during the yeast to filamentous growth transition in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. This decrease in crowding is due to a decrease in ribosome concentration that results in part from an inhibition of ribosome biogenesis, combined with an increase in cytoplasmic volume; leading to a dilution of the major cytoplasmic crowder. Moreover, our results suggest that inhibition of ribosome biogenesis is a trigger for C. albicans morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassilana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkowitz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic cytoplasmic fluidity during morphogenesis in a human fungal pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.622298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comamonas aquatica inhibits TIR-1/SARM1 induced axon degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.622298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence suggests the microbiome critically influences the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the identity of neuroprotective bacteria and the molecular mechanisms that respond within the host remain largely unknown. We took advantage of Caenorhabditis elegans well characterized nervous system and ability to eat uni-bacterial diets to determine how metabolites and neuroprotective molecules from single species of bacteria suppress degeneration of motor neurons. We found Comamonas aquatica significantly protects against degeneration induced by overexpressing a key regulator of axon degeneration, TIR-1/SARM1. Genetic analyses and metabolomics reveal Comamonas protects against neurodegeneration by providing sufficient Vitamin B12 to activate METR-1/MTR methionine synthase in the intestine, which then lowers toxic levels of homocysteine in TIR-1-expressing animals. Defining a molecular pathway between Comamonas and neurodegeneration adds significantly to our understanding of gut-brain interactions and, given the prominent role of homocysteine in neurodegenerative disorders, reveals how such a bacterium could protect against disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkema, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.622298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comamonas aquatica inhibits TIR-1/SARM1 induced axon degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Buprenorphine Induces Human Fetal Membrane Sterile Inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid-use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy has increased in the United States to critical levels and is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Untreated OUD is associated with pregnancy complications in particular, preterm birth. Medications for OUD, such as buprenorphine, are recommended with the added benefit that treatment during pregnancy increases treatment post-partum. However, the rate of preterm birth in individuals using illicit opioids or being treated with opioid agonist therapeutics is double that of the general population. Since inflammation in the placenta and the associated fetal membranes (FM) is a common underlying cause of preterm birth, we sought to determine if the opioid, buprenorphine, induces sterile inflammation in human FMs and to examine the mechanisms involved. Using an established in vitro human FM explant system, we report that buprenorphine significantly increased FM secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6; the neutrophilic chemokine IL-8; and the inflammasome-mediated cytokine IL-1{beta}, mirroring the inflammatory profile commonly seen at the maternal-fetal interface in preterm birth. Other factors that were elevated in FMs exposed to buprenorphine included the mediators of membrane weakening, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and matrix metalloproteinases, MMP1 and MMP9. Furthermore, this sterile inflammatory and weakening FM response induced by buprenorphine was mediated in part by innate immune Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the NLRP3 inflammasome, the -opioid receptor, and downstream NF{kappa}B and ERK/JNK/MAPK signaling. This may provide the mechanistic link between opioid use in pregnancy and the elevated risk for preterm birth. Since there are adverse consequences of not treating OUD, our findings may help identify ways to mitigate the impact opioids have on pregnancy outcomes while allowing the continuation of maintenance therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonkers, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahams, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Buprenorphine Induces Human Fetal Membrane Sterile Inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex is an important covariate in all genetic and epigenetic research due to its role in the incidence, progression and outcome of many phenotypic characteristics and human diseases. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with a sex bias towards higher incidence in males. Here, we report for the first time a blood-based epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis in 9274 individuals after stringent quality control (5529 males and 3975 females). We identified a total of 226 ALS saDMPs (sex-associated DMPs) annotated to a total of 159 unique genes. These ALS saDMPs were depleted at transposable elements yet significantly enriched at enhancers and slightly enriched at 3UTRs. These ALS saDMPs were enriched for transcription factor motifs such as ESR1 and REST. Moreover, we identified an additional 10 genes associated with ALS saDMPs through chromatin loop interactions, suggesting a potential regulatory role for these saDMPs on distant genes. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between DNA methylation at specific CpG sites and overall survival in ALS using Cox proportional hazards models. We identified two ALS saDMPs, cg14380013 and cg06729676, that showed significant associations with survival. Overall, our study reports a reliable catalogue of sex-associated ALS saDMPs in ALS and elucidates several characteristics of these sites using a large-scale dataset. This resource will benefit future studies aiming to investigate the role of sex in the incidence, progression and risk for ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoangeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwamborn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rheenen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eijk, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Vugt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Es, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotkine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panades, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Kheifat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution profiling reveals coupled transcriptional and translational regulation of transgenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concentrations of RNAs and proteins provide important determinants of cell fate. Robust gene circuit design requires an understanding of how the combined actions of individual genetic components influence both mRNA and protein levels. Here, we simultaneously measure mRNA and protein levels in single cells using HCR Flow-FISH for a set of commonly used synthetic promoters. We find that promoters generate differences in both the mRNA abundance and the effective translation rate of these transcripts. Stronger promoters not only transcribe more RNA but also show higher effective translation rates. While the strength of the promoter is largely preserved upon genome integration with identical elements, the choice of polyadenylation signal and coding sequence can generate large differences in the profiles of the mRNAs and proteins. We used long-read direct RNA sequencing to characterize full-length mRNA isoforms and observe remarkable uniformity of mRNA isoforms from the transgenic units. Together, our high-resolution profiling of transgenic mRNAs and proteins offers insight into the impact of common synthetic genetic components on transcriptional and translational mechanisms. By developing a novel framework for quantifying expression profiles of transgenes, we have established a system for comparing native and synthetic gene regulation and for building more robust transgenic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploessl, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanabria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabaria, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution profiling reveals coupled transcriptional and translational regulation of transgenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Raver1 links Ripk1 RNA splicing to caspase-8-mediated pyroptotic cell death, inflammation, and pathogen resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple cell death and inflammatory signaling pathways converge on two critical factors: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) and caspase-8. Careful regulation of these molecules is critical to control apoptosis, pyroptosis and inflammation. Here we discovered a pivotal role of Raver1 as an essential regulator of Ripk1 pre-mRNA splicing, expression, and functionality, and the subsequent caspase-8-dependent inflammatory cell death. Macrophages from Raver1-deficient mice exhibit altered splicing of Ripk1, accompanied by diminished cell death and reduced activation of caspase-8, Gasdermin D and E, caspase-1, as well as decreased interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1{beta} production. These effects were triggered by Yersinia bacteria, or by restraining TAK1 or IKK{beta} in the presence of LPS, TNF family members, or IFN{gamma}. Consequently, animals lacking Raver1 showed heightened susceptibility to Yersinia infection. Raver1 and RIPK1 also controlled the expression and function of the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Our study underscores the critical regulatory role of Raver1 in modulating innate immune responses and highlights its significance in directing in vivo and in vitro inflammatory processes.

SignificanceCaspase-8 and the kinase RIPK1 are at focal points of several inflammation and cell death pathways. Thus, a careful regulation of their actions is needed. Our work identifies the RNA splicing factor Raver1 as a critical factor directing the splicing of Ripk1 in order to modulate RIPK1/caspase-8-driven pyroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Raver1 is central for macrophage responses to Yersinia bacteria, initiated after blockade of kinases TAK1 and IKK, measured as activation of RIPK1, caspase-8, Gasdermin D, caspase-3, IL-1{beta} and IL-18. Importantly, Raver1 is necessary for host resistance to Yersinia infection in vivo. We propose that Raver1 is key for correct tuning of RIPK1-caspase-8 dependent processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ulloa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espevik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Raver1 links Ripk1 RNA splicing to caspase-8-mediated pyroptotic cell death, inflammation, and pathogen resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and developmental profiling of microRNAs in the acoel worm Hofstenia miamia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acoel worm Hofstenia miamia (H. miamia) has recently emerged as a model organism for studying whole-body regeneration and embryonic development. Previous studies suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms likely play important roles in whole-body regeneration. Here, we establish a resource for studying H. miamia microRNA-mediated gene regulation, a major aspect of post-transcriptional control in animals. Using small RNA-sequencing samples spanning key developmental stages, we annotated H. miamia microRNAs. Our analysis uncovered a total of 1,050 microRNA loci, including 479 high-confidence loci based on structural and read abundance criteria. Comparison of microRNA seed sequences with those in other bilaterian species revealed that H. miamia encodes the majority of known conserved bilaterian microRNA families and that several microRNA families previously reported only in protostomes or deuterostomes likely have ancient bilaterian origins. We profiled the expression dynamics of the H. miamia miRNAs across embryonic and post-embryonic development. We observed that the let-7 and mir-125 microRNAs are unconventionally enriched at early embryonic stages. To generate hypotheses for miRNA function, we annotated the 3 UTRs of H. miamia protein-coding genes and performed miRNA target site predictions. Focusing on genes that are known to function in the wound response, posterior patterning, and neural differentiation in H. miamia, we found that these processes may be under substantial miRNA regulation. Notably, we found that miRNAs in MIR-7 and MIR-9 families which have target sites in the posterior genes fz-1, wnt-3, and sp5 are indeed expressed in the anterior of the animal, consistent with a repressive effect on their corresponding target genes. Our annotation offers candidate miRNAs for further functional investigation, providing a resource for future studies of post-transcriptional control during development and regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler-Lublinsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and developmental profiling of microRNAs in the acoel worm Hofstenia miamia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.624972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct durable human class-switched memory B cell populations are induced by vaccination and infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.624972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory lymphocytes are durable cells that persist in the absence of antigen, but few human B cell subsets have been characterized in terms of durability. The relative durability of eight non-overlapping human B cell sub-populations covering 100% of all human class-switched B cells was interrogated. Only two long-lived B cell populations persisted in the relative absence of antigen. In addition to canonical germinal center-derived switched-memory B cells with an IgD-CD27+ CXCR5+ phenotype, a second, non-canonical, but distinct memory population of IgD-CD27- CXCR5+ DN1 B cells was also durable, exhibited a unique TP63-linked transcriptional and anti-apoptotic signature, had low levels of somatic hypermutation, but was more clonally expanded than canonical switched-memory B cells. DN1 B cells likely evolved to preserve immunological breadth and may represent the human counterparts of rodent extrafollicular memory B cells that, unlike canonical memory B cells, can enter germinal centers and facilitate B cell and antibody evolution.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/624972v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perugino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbourg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob-Dolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaseke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tano-Menka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senjobe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofoman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manickas-Hill, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesemann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nundel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larocque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iafrate, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranbhai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.624972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct durable human class-switched memory B cell populations are induced by vaccination and infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.625240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput discovery and deep characterization of cyclin-CDK docking motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.625240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclin-CDKs are master regulators of cell division. In addition to directly activating the CDK, the cyclin subunit regulates CDK specificity by binding short peptide "docking" motifs in CDK substrates. Here, we measure the relative binding strength of [~]100,000 peptides to 11 human cyclins from five cyclin families (D, E, A, B and F). Using a quantitative intracellular binding assay and large-scale tiled peptide screening, we identified a range of non-canonical binders that unveil a broader than anticipated repertoire of cyclin docking motif types. Structural and saturation mutagenesis studies revealed distinct binding modes and sequence features that govern motif recognition, binding strength, and cyclin preference. Docking motifs vary from highly selective to pan-cyclin, thereby fine-tuning the timing of CDK phosphorylation during cell cycle progression. Overall, these findings provide an unprecedented depth of understanding about the rules encoding specificity and affinity within a group of related but distinct protein domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ord, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbanna, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Martin Garrido, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cushing, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivarsson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryciak, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.625240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput discovery and deep characterization of cyclin-CDK docking motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pol II degradation activates cell death independently from the loss of transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pol II-mediated transcription is essential for eukaryotic life. While loss of transcription is thought to be universally lethal, the associated mechanisms promoting cell death are not yet known. Here, we show that death following loss of Pol II is not caused by dysregulated gene expression. Instead, death occurs in response to the loss of Pol II protein itself, specifically loss of the enzymatic subunit, Rbp1. Loss of Pol II exclusively activates apoptosis, and expression of a transcriptionally inactive version of Rpb1 rescues cell viability. Using functional genomics, we identify a previously uncharacterized mechanism that regulates lethality following loss of Pol II, which we call the Pol II Degradation-dependent Apoptotic Response (PDAR). Using the genetic dependencies of PDAR, we identify clinically used drugs that owe their efficacy to a PDAR-dependent mechanism. Our findings unveil a novel apoptotic signaling response that contributes to the efficacy of a wide array of anti-cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harper, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birdsall, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeywell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pol II degradation activates cell death independently from the loss of transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosome maturation is orchestrated by inside-out proton signaling through a Na+/H+ exchanger and pH-dependent Rab GTPase cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.09.627558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosome maturation requires progressive lumen acidification. To what extent is lumen acidification sensed by cytosolic-side molecules that drive endosome maturation? We show here that "inside-out" proton signaling through the endosomal Na+/H+ Exchanger 6 (NHE6) activates the late endosome master regulator Rab7. The mechanism involves potent inactivation of the Rab7 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) TBC1D5 with decreasing pH. NHE6 interacts with TBC1D5 in a complex with Rab7. Neurons from NHE6-null mice or mice engineered with a selective defect in NHE6 proton efflux exhibit blocked endosome maturation and decreased active Rab7, consistent with an overactive Rab7 GAP. Finally, epistatic knock-down of TBC1D5, thereby reducing Rab7 GAP activity, in NHE6-null neurons rescues Rab7 GTPase cycling and endosome maturation. Importantly, NHE6 is mutated in Christianson Syndrome underscoring the significance of these mechanisms to neurodegeneration. We conclude that lumen acidification regulates pH-dependent Rab GTPase cycling to coordinate late endosome maturation by a process involving proton signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupree, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambright, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosome maturation is orchestrated by inside-out proton signaling through a Na+/H+ exchanger and pH-dependent Rab GTPase cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-17A primes an early progenitor compartment to tune the erythropoietic feedback circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feedback control of erythropoiesis exemplifies conflicting goals in tissue homeostasis: maintaining fast reactivity to stress while minimizing proliferative burden on progenitors in the steady state. Here we show that these conflicting goals are tuned through the combinatorial action of cytokines. We find that IL-17A, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, mediates striking synergism with the negative feedback signal erythropoietin (Epo) in vivo, accelerating the erythropoietic response to hypoxia. A model of erythropoietic control shows increased reactivity may occur through two cell circuit designs, with one having far lower constitutive progenitor burden in normoxia. IL-17A acts through this optimal design by sensitizing progenitors to Epo, a model supported by multiple experimental observations. We suggest that IL-17A signals impending hypoxia during infections, tuning erythropoiesis in favor of a faster stress response. Our study highlights IL-17A as a potential erythropoietic therapeutic agent and serves as a model of homeostatic tuning in stem and progenitor cell circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-17A primes an early progenitor compartment to tune the erythropoietic feedback circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute infectious mononucleosis generates persistent, functional EBNA-1 antibodies with high cross-reactivity to alpha crystalline beta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infects over 95% of the worlds population and is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM). Epidemiologic studies have linked EBV with certain cancers or autoimmune conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies suggest that molecular mimicry between EBV proteins, particularly EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), and self-proteins is a plausible mechanism through which EBV infection may contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders. We used a systems immunology approach to investigate the magnitude, specificity, and functional properties of EBNA-1 specific antibodies in a cohort of 97 young adults with IM from presentation through 1-year post-primary infection compared to a control cohort of EBV-seropositive individuals. Levels of EBNA-1 specific IgG1 and IgG3 binding antibodies increased over the course of infection. EBNA-1 antibodies capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) were detected at or after 6 months. Binding and ADCP- and ADCD-leveraged antibodies primarily targeted a region of EBNA-1 known to elicit cross-reactive antibodies to several self-peptides in individuals with MS. Significantly higher binding and ADCD-active antibodies targeting EBNA-1 were observed in individuals with at least one HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele, a known genetic risk factor for MS; Importantly, high levels of antibodies capable of binding alpha crystalline beta (CRYAB) and mediating complement deposition were detected at 6 months and 1-year following IM; CRYAB antibodies were resistant to denaturing forces, indicating an affinity matured response. Blocking experiments confirmed that CRYAB antibodies were cross-reactive with EBNA-1. Altogether, these results demonstrate that high levels of functional antibodies targeting EBNA-1 are generated in early EBV infection, some of which are cross-reactive with CRYAB. Further investigation is warranted to determine how these antibody responses may contribute to the subsequent development of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganta, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandramouli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzuriaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute infectious mononucleosis generates persistent, functional EBNA-1 antibodies with high cross-reactivity to alpha crystalline beta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping histological and functional maturation of human endocrine pancreas across early postnatal periods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human endocrine cell differentiation and islet morphogenesis play critical roles in determining islet cell mass and function, but the events and timeline of these processes are incompletely defined. To better understand early human islet cell development and maturation, we collected 115 pediatric pancreata and mapped morphological and spatiotemporal changes from birth through the first ten years of life. Using quantitative analyses and a combination of complementary tissue imaging approaches, including confocal microscopy and whole-slide imaging, we developed an integrated model for endocrine cell formation and islet architecture, including endocrine cell type heterogeneity and abundance, endocrine cell proliferation, and islet vascularization and innervation. We also assessed insulin and glucagon secretory profiles in isolated islet preparations from pediatric donors aged 2 months to 10 years and found a temporal difference in the maturation of insulin secretion compared to glucagon secretion. This comprehensive summary of postnatal and pediatric pancreatic islet development provides a framework for future studies and integration of emerging genetic and genomic data related to islet biology and diabetes risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmaylov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duryea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haliyur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posgai, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusmartseva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aamodt, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping histological and functional maturation of human endocrine pancreas across early postnatal periods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.26.629296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian genomes contain millions of regulatory elements that control the complex patterns of gene expression. Previously, The ENCODE consortium mapped biochemical signals across many cell types and tissues and integrated these data to develop a Registry of 0.9 million human and 300 thousand mouse candidate cis-Regulatory Elements (cCREs) annotated with potential functions1. We have expanded the Registry to include 2.35 million human and 927 thousand mouse cCREs, leveraging new ENCODE datasets and enhanced computational methods. This expanded Registry covers hundreds of unique cell and tissue types, providing a comprehensive understanding of gene regulation. Functional characterization data from assays like STARR-seq, MPRA, CRISPR perturbation, and transgenic mouse assays now cover over 90% of human cCREs, revealing complex regulatory functions. We identified thousands of novel silencer cCREs and demonstrated their dual enhancer/silencer roles in different cellular contexts. Integrating the Registry with other ENCODE annotations facilitates genetic variation interpretation and trait-associated gene identification, exemplified by discovering KLF1 as a novel causal gene for red blood cell traits. This expanded Registry is a valuable resource for studying the regulatory genome and its impact on health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phalke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shedd, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattenberg, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.26.629296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of HTTex1p by western blot and immunostaining of HD human and mouse brain using neo-epitope antibody P90 highlights impact of CAG repeat expansion on its size, solubility, and response to MSH3 silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HTT1a was identified in human and mouse Huntingtons disease brain as the pathogenic exon 1 mRNA generated from aberrant splicing between exon 1 and 2 of HTT that contributes to aggregate formation and neuronal dysfunction.1 Detection of the huntingtin exon 1 protein (HTT1a) has been accomplished with fluorescence-based reporter assays (Meso Scale Discovery, Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence) and immunoprecipitation assays in Huntingtons disease knock-in mice but direct detection in homogenates by gel electrophoresis and western blot assay has been lacking. Subcellular fractions prepared from mouse and human Huntingtons disease brain were separated by gel electrophoresis and probed by western blot with neo-epitope monoclonal antibodies 1B12 and 11G2 directed to the C-terminal eight residues of HTT1a. In caudate putamen of an allelic series of 6 month old Huntingtons disease knock-in mice (Q50, Q80, Q111, Q140 and Q175) HTT1a migration was inversely correlated with CAG repeat length and appeared as a SDS soluble high molecular mass smear in Q111, Q140 and Q175 mice but weakly in Q80 and not in WT mice or Q50 indicating a CAG repeat size threshold for detecting HTT1a. HTT1a immunoreactivity diminished if 1B12 and 11G2 antibodies were preincubated with an eight amino acid peptide containing the C-terminus of HTT1a but not with unrelated peptide sequence. Migration of HTT1a and its high molecular mass smear changed with age in caudate putamen of Q111, Q175 and YAC128 mice. Treating Q111 mice with siRNA to MSH3, a modifier of CAG repeat expansion, significantly reduced levels of the high molecular mass smear indicating that the effects of curbing CAG repeat expansion were quantifiable. A prominent 56-60 kDa doublet detected by 1B12 and 11G2 antibodies in lysates from human Huntingtons disease brain was not blocked by preincubation with C-terminal HTT1a blocking peptide and also appeared in brains of Parkinsons disease patients. 1B12 and 11G2 antibodies did not immunoprecipitate HTT proteins from either Huntingtons disease mouse or human brain lysates using conditions that pulled down full length HTT with anti-HTT antibody 2B7. Altogether these data show that 11G2 and 1B12 antibodies can be used in western blot assays to track and quantify immunoreactive HTT1a levels, solubility, and subcellular localization in Huntingtons disease mouse brain.

Abbreviated SummarySapp et al., report that pathogenic exon 1 protein HTT1a is detected in brain of mouse models of Huntingtons disease by direct western blot assay using monoclonal antibodies 11G2 and 1B12. Lowering MSH3 mRNA in the caudate putamen to prevent CAG repeat expansion reduced levels of HTT1a.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwanowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kegel-Gleason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of HTTex1p by western blot and immunostaining of HD human and mouse brain using neo-epitope antibody P90 highlights impact of CAG repeat expansion on its size, solubility, and response to MSH3 silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained efficacy of CRISPR-Cas13b gene therapy for FSHD is challenged by immune response to Cas13b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a potentially devastating muscle disease caused by de-repression of the toxic DUX4 gene in skeletal muscle. FSHD patients may benefit from DUX4 inhibition therapies, and although several experimental strategies to reduce DUX4 levels in skeletal muscle are being developed, no approved disease modifying therapies currently exist. We developed a CRISPR-Cas13b system that cleaves DUX4 mRNA and reduces DUX4 protein level, protects cells from DUX4-mediated death, and reduces FSHD-associated biomarkers in vitro. In vivo delivery of the CRISPR-Cas13b system with adeno-associated viral vectors reduced acute damage caused by high DUX4 levels in a mouse model of severe FSHD. However, protection was not sustained over time, with decreases in Cas13b and guide RNA levels between 8 weeks and 6 months after injection. In addition, wild-type mice injected with AAV6.Cas13b showed muscle inflammation with infiltrates containing Cas13b-responsive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Our RNA-seq data confirmed that several immune response pathways were significantly increased in human FSHD myoblasts transfected with Cas13b. Overall, our findings suggest that CRISPR-Cas13b is highly effective for DUX4 silencing but successful implementation of CRISPR/Cas13-based gene therapies may require strategies to mitigate immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rashnonejad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chermahini, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COULIS, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained efficacy of CRISPR-Cas13b gene therapy for FSHD is challenged by immune response to Cas13b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.628021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional responses to prolonged oxidative stress require cholinergic activation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.628021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have evolved protective strategies that are geared toward limiting cellular damage and enhancing organismal survival in the face of environmental stresses, but how these protective mechanisms are coordinated remains unclear. Here, we define a requirement for neural activity in mobilizing the antioxidant defenses of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans both during chronic oxidative stress and prior to its onset. We show that acetylcholine-deficient mutants are particularly vulnerable to chronic oxidative stress. We find that extended oxidative stress mobilizes a broad transcriptional response which is strongly dependent on both cholinergic signaling and activation of the muscarinic G-protein acetylcholine coupled receptor (mAChR) GAR-3. Gene enrichment analysis revealed a lack of upregulation of proteasomal proteolysis machinery in both cholinergic-deficient and gar-3 mAChR mutants, suggesting that muscarinic activation is critical for stress-responsive upregulation of protein degradation pathways. Further, we find that GAR-3 overexpression in cholinergic motor neurons prolongs survival during chronic oxidative stress. Our studies demonstrate neuronal modulation of antioxidant defenses through cholinergic activation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways, defining new potential links between cholinergic signaling, oxidative damage, and neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukkila-Worley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.628021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional responses to prolonged oxidative stress require cholinergic activation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.630918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrastriatal delivery of a zinc finger protein targeting the mutant HTT gene obviates lipid phenotypes in zQ175DN HD mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.630918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reducing the burden of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) protein in brain cells is a strategy for treating Huntingtons disease (HD). However, it is still unclear what pathological changes can be reproducibly reversed by mHTT lowering and whether these changes can be measured in peripheral biofluids. We previously found that lipid changes that occur in brain with HD progression could be prevented by attenuating HTT transcription of the mutant allele in a genetic mouse model (LacQ140) with inducible whole body lowering. Here, we tested whether intrastriatal injection of a therapeutic capable of repressing the mutant HTT allele with expanded CAG can provide similar protection against lipid changes in HD mice with a deletion of neo cassette (zQ175DN). Wild-type or zQ175DN mice were injected with AAV9 bearing a cDNA for a zinc finger protein (ZFP) which preferentially targets mutant HTT (ZFP-HTT) to repress transcription (1). Proteins from brain tissues were analyzed using western blot, capillary electrophoresis, and nitrocellulose filtration methods. Lipid analyses of brain tissue and plasma collected from the same mice were conducted by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Somatic instability (SI) index was assessed using capillary gel electrophoresis of PCR products and was shown to be impeded by HTT-ZFP. Lowering mHTT levels by 43% for 4 months prevented loss of total lipid content including subclasses sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and others of caudate-putamen in zQ175DN mice. Moreover, LC-MS analysis of plasma demonstrated total lipid increases and lipid changes in monogalactosyl monoacylglyceride (MGMG) and certain phosphatidylcholine (PC) species were reversed with the therapy. In summary, our data demonstrate that analyzing lipid signatures of brain tissue and peripheral biofluids are valuable approaches for evaluating potential therapies in a preclinical model of HD.

FundingCHDI Foundation, Dake Family Fund

Disclosure statementThe authors have nothing to disclose.

Author contributionsAI and KS extracted lipids and performed computational and statistical analysis; AB and CS collected plasma and brain tissues; SL and ES performed protein chemistry; KC maintained mouse colonies, RM performed stereotaxic injections, RB subcloned ZFP cDNAs and prepared virus, MSE, NA, MD, and KKG planned experiments and wrote manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwanowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shing, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siena-Esteves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kegel-Gleason, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.630918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrastriatal delivery of a zinc finger protein targeting the mutant HTT gene obviates lipid phenotypes in zQ175DN HD mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAVone: A Cost-Effective, Single-Plasmid Solution for Efficient AAV Production with Reduced DNA Impurities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, the most common approach for manufacturing GMP-grade adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors involves transiently transfecting mammalian cells with three plasmids that carry the essential components for production. The requirement for all three plasmids to be transfected into a single cell and the necessity for high quantities of input plasmid DNA, limits AAV production efficiency, introduces variability between production batches, and increases time and labor costs. Here, we developed an all-in-one, single-plasmid AAV production system, called AAVone. In this system, the adenovirus helper genes (E2A, E4orf6, and VA RNA), packaging genes (rep and cap), and the vector transgene cassette are consolidated into a single compact plasmid with a 13-kb backbone. The AAVone system achieves a two- to four-fold increase in yields compared to the traditional triple-plasmid system. Furthermore, the AAVone system exhibits low batch-to-batch variation and eliminates the need for fine-tuning the ratios of the three plasmids, simplifying the production process. In terms of vector quality, AAVs generated by the AAVone system show similar in vitro and in vivo transduction efficiency, but a substantial reduction in sequences attributed to plasmid backbones and a marked reduction in non-functional snap-back genomes. In Summary, the AAVone platform is a straightforward, cost-effective, and highly consistent AAV production system - making it particularly suitable for GMP-grade AAV vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaijyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, P. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAVone: A Cost-Effective, Single-Plasmid Solution for Efficient AAV Production with Reduced DNA Impurities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Microphysiological Model of Progressive Human Hepatic Insulin Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsHepatic insulin resistance is a fundamental phenomenon observed in both Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The relative contributions of nutrients, hyperinsulinemia, hormones, inflammation, and other cues are difficult to parse in vivo as they are convoluted by interplay between the local and systemic events. Here, we used a well-established human liver microphysiological system (MPS) to establish a physiologically-relevant insulin-responsive metabolic baseline and probe how primary human hepatocytes respond to controlled perturbations in insulin, glucose, and free fatty acids (FFAs).

MethodsReplicate liver MPS were maintained in media with either 200 pM (normal) or 800 pM (T2D) insulin for up to 3 weeks. Conditions of standard glucose (5.5 mM), hyperglycemia (11 mM glucose), normal (20{micro}M) and elevated FFA (100 {micro}M), alone and in combination were used at each insulin concentration, either continuously or reversing back to standard media after 2 weeks of simulated T2D conditions. Hepatic glucose production, activation of signaling pathways, insulin clearance, transcriptome analysis, and intracellular lipid and bile acid accumulation were assessed.

ResultsHyperinsulinemia alone induces insulin resistance after one week of exposure, while hyperglycemia and increased FFAs significantly exacerbate this phenotype. Hyperinsulinemia, along with elevated glucose and FFAs, transcriptionally predisposes hepatocytes to insulin resistance through altered metabolic and immune signaling pathways. The phenotypes observed in hyperinsulinemia and nutrient overload are partially reversible upon return to normophysiologic conditions.

ConclusionsOur enhanced in vitro model, replicating multiple aspects of the insulin-resistant condition, offers improved insights into disease mechanisms with relevance to human physiology.

Lay SummaryThe many nutritional, hormonal, and systemic inflammatory factors that contribute to the loss of sensitivity to insulin in Type 2 Diabetes and other metabolic disorders are difficult to parse in human patients, and animal models fail to capture all the human dimensions of the relevant biology. We, therefore, developed a microphysiological systems model, involving a microfluidic platform that cultures a simulated human liver for weeks at a time, under controlled nutrient and hormone concentrations, to analyze how the effects of nutrition (glucose and free fatty acids) together with increased insulin cause pathological features seen in human liver in vivo. We found that continually high levels of insulin predispose the liver to some of these features, along with reversal when the nutritional and insulin levels were restored to healthy values.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hellen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleiger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tevonian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sphabmixay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chidley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeppesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demozay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Microphysiological Model of Progressive Human Hepatic Insulin Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Compensation in SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: The Interplay Between E166 and L50 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is essential for viral replication, and a primary target for COVID-19 antivirals. Direct-acting antivirals such as nirmatrelvir, the active component of Paxlovid, target the Mpro active site to block viral polyprotein cleavage and thus replication. However, drug resistance mutations at the active site residue Glu166 (E166) have emerged in in vitro selection studies, raising concerns about the durability of current antiviral strategies. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of drug resistance conferred by E166A and E166V mutations against nirmatrelvir and the related PF-00835231, individually and in combination with the distal mutation L50F. We found that E166 mutations reduce nirmatrelvir potency by up to 3000-fold while preserving substrate cleavage, with catalytic efficiency reduced by only up to 2- fold. This loss of catalytic efficiency was compensated for by the addition of L50F in the double- mutant variants. We have determined three cocrystal structures of the E166 variants (E166A, E166V, and E166V/L50F) bound to PF-00835231. Comparison of these structures with wild- type demonstrated that E166 is crucial for dimerization and for shaping the substrate-binding S1 pocket. Our findings highlight the mutability of E166, a prime site for resistance for inhibitors that leverage direct interactions with this position, and the potential emergence of highly resistant and active variants in combination with the compensatory mutation L50F. These insights support the design of inhibitors that target conserved protease features and avoid E166 side- chain interactions to minimize susceptibility to resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carias Martinez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Compensation in SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: The Interplay Between E166 and L50]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of a thermostable phage's Portal Vertex and Neck Complex illuminates its maturation process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses assemble from component parts inside their host cells, but the mechanisms coordinating this complex process are not completely understood. In tailed bacteriophages, the genome is packaged into its capsid shell through the portal complex. The portal complex then closes to retain DNA and connects to the tail, which is required for host recognition and infection. The trigger to stop pumping DNA and assemble the mature virus has been a longstanding conundrum in the field. We determined the structure of the portal, the proteins that connect it to the tail, and portal vertex in the hyperthermophilic phage Oshimavirus using cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM). We find highly intertwined loop structures, like in a wicker basket, stabilizing the portal vertex against high temperatures. Moreover, we observe that the portal protrudes from the capsid in mature virions. We propose that portal is repositioned by packaged DNA, forming a pressure-sensitive switch that terminates genome packaging and triggers tail attachment in headful phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedivy, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobaugh, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of a thermostable phage's Portal Vertex and Neck Complex illuminates its maturation process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tRNA-derived RNA processing in sperm transmits non-genetically inherited phenotypes to offspring in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The environment encountered by an organism can modulate epigenetic information in gametes to transmit non-genetically inherited phenotypes to offspring. In mouse models, the diet of males regulates specific tRNA-derived RNAs (tDRs) in sperm. After fertilization, tDRs regulate embryonic gene expression and generate metabolic phenotypes in adult offspring through uncharacterized changes during development. Here we demonstrate that in C. elegans, tDRs also accumulate in sperm and can similarly transmit epigenetically inherited phenotypes to offspring. We identify the RNaseT2 enzyme, rnst-2, as a regulator of C. elegans tDR accumulation. RNST- 2 processes or degrades tRNA-halves, leading to short <30 nt fragments. This rnst-2 dependent regulation of tDR length distribution modulates specific tDRs in sperm which, after fertilization, regulate early embryonic and developmental gene expression, leading to adaptive phenotypes in progeny. Our findings establish tDRs as a deeply conserved carrier of intergenerational epigenetic information and position the worm as a model for dissecting paternal non-genetic inheritance mechanistically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galambos, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allerton, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yukselen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucukural, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conine, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tRNA-derived RNA processing in sperm transmits non-genetically inherited phenotypes to offspring in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Archaeal SegAB forms a bipolar structure that promotes chromosome segregation in spherical cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeal segAB operons are thought to promote chromosome segregation, but their mechanism remains unknown. We employ comparative genomics, structural biology, genetic knockouts, and quantitative cell biology to investigate how SegA and SegB proteins work together to segregate chromosomes in the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In vitro, SegB binds a centromeric DNA sequence adjacent to the segAB operon, and in vivo forms a distinct focus on each segregating chromosome. SegA, a ParA-like ATPase, binds DNA non-specifically in vitro and promotes chromosome compaction and segregation in vivo. During division, SegA shifts from chromosome-associated puncta to form a single, elongated figure that runs between separating SegB foci. Late in division, SegA retreats to regions surrounding separated SegB foci. Elongated SegA figures appear in segB knockout cells but no longer lie perpendicular to the division plane. We propose that SegA and SegB interact to form a bipolar, DNA-segregating structure radically different from bacterial ParABS systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauskulage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wolferen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asper, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, S.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Archaeal SegAB forms a bipolar structure that promotes chromosome segregation in spherical cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted plasma proteomics uncover novel proteins associated with KIF5A-linked SPG10 and ALS spectrum disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KIF5A (Kinesin family member 5A) is a motor protein that functions as a key component of the axonal transport machinery. Variants in KIF5A are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, mainly spastic paraplegia type 10 (SPG10), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases share motor neuron involvement but vary significantly in clinical presentation, severity, and progression. KIF5A variants are mainly categorized into N-terminal variants associated with SPG10/CMT2 and C-terminal variants linked to ALS. This study utilized a novel multiplex NULISA targeted platform to analyze plasma proteome from KIF5A-linked SPG10, ALS patients and compared to healthy controls. Our results revealed distinct proteomic signatures, with significant alterations in proteins related to synaptic function, and inflammation. Notably, neurofilament light polypeptide, a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, was elevated in KIF5A ALS but not in SPG10 patients. Moreover, these findings can now be taken forward to gain mechanistic understanding of axonopathies linking to N-vs C-terminal KIF5A variants affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dulski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddapati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iruzubieta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlacchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Torron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo Trivino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez De M Arregui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vucic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaat, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakat, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudencio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weishaupt, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filosto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wszolek, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted plasma proteomics uncover novel proteins associated with KIF5A-linked SPG10 and ALS spectrum disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific transcriptional signatures of oxycodone persist during withdrawal and abstinence in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of heterogeneous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health issue. Sleep and circadian disruptions are recognized as hallmarks of opioid addiction, often emerging during withdrawal and lasting into abstinence. However, little is known about the impact of opioids on the brains primary circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We examined SCN transcriptomic changes in genetically diverse heterogeneous stock rats across different opioid physiological and behavioral states (naive, oxycodone intoxication, acute withdrawal, and prolonged abstinence), alongside behavioral assessments. In females, intoxication and withdrawal altered pathways related to neurotransmission, circadian rhythms, and inflammation, while in males, changes involved immune regulation, DNA damage, and metabolism. During abstinence, females showed enrichment in stress-related pathways, particularly those involved in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter function, whereas males exhibited enrichment in pathways related to cellular detoxification and oxidative stress, suggesting lasting, sex-specific effects of oxycodone administration during withdrawal and abstinence. Further, the highest proportion of sex-specific rhythmic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during abstinence compared to other states, suggesting sex differences in gene expression in the SCN during opioid abstinence. Co-expression network analysis identified a black module linked to synaptic signaling and a red module linked to ciliary function, which were positively and negatively associated with intoxication, respectively. Black module genes were positively correlated with addiction-related behaviors during abstinence, while red module genes inversely correlated with these behaviors during intoxication, linking opioid-induced alterations in the SCN to addiction-like phenotypes. These findings highlight the SCN as a dynamic, sex-specific target of opioid exposure and suggests that SCN alterations may contribute to long-term behavioral and physiological consequences of OUD.

HighlightsO_LIDistinct sex specific SCN gene patterns across opioid physiological and behavior
C_LIO_LIIntoxication in females increased synaptic, glutamatergic, and addiction pathways
C_LIO_LICircadian entrainment pathway enriched in females after intoxication
C_LIO_LIRhythmic DE genes may drive sex differences in abstinence
C_LIO_LISCN gene expression correlated with addiction-like behaviors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delorme, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg-Woods, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific transcriptional signatures of oxycodone persist during withdrawal and abstinence in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of heterogeneous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gonococcal vaccine candidate antigen NGO1701 is a N. gonorrhoeae periplasmic copper storage protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing worldwide trend of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies against this sexually transmitted pathogen, including a gonococcal vaccine. We previously designed a bioinformatics-based candidate selection pipeline (CASS) and identified potential novel gonococcal vaccine targets among hypothetical proteins expressed during natural human infection. One of these candidates, NGO1701, is a predicted periplasmic four-helix bundle protein with amino acid sequence homology to the copper storage protein 1 (Csp1) from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. In this study, we confirmed that purified NGO1701 binds 15 Cu(I) ions per monomer in vitro, supporting its function as Csp in N. gonorrhoeae. Using a ngo1701 deletion mutant generated in N. gonorrhoeae F62, we investigated its role in bacteria physiology. We showed that ablation of Csp was not limiting for bacterial growth and fitness in vitro, but the {Delta}csp strain became significantly more susceptible to copper mediated toxicity. This phenotype was rescued by csp gene complementation, indicating a role in protection against copper toxicity. Our results indicate that Csp participates in periplasmic copper homeostasis in N. gonorrhoeae, buffering excess copper to reduce toxicity and playing a putative role in copper delivery to important copper-enzymes. Csp does not appear to be involved in bacterial host cell interaction and activation in vitro, since no difference in the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to adhere/invade epithelial cells or induce IL-8 secretion was reported among wild type, csp deletion mutant and complemented strains. Furthermore, sera from mice immunized with NGO1701 failed to recognize {Delta}csp by dot blot and ELISA, and the seras ability to kill N. gonorrhoeae was abrogated against {Delta}csp. However, both functions were restored after gene complementation, supporting the relevance of Csp as a potential vaccine target. Allelic analysis of Neisseria species revealed that this gene is absent in N. meningitidis, thus making it a gonococcal-specific target.

Author SummaryCopper is essential for bacterial metabolism but can be toxic in excess. Here, we identify NGO1701 as a copper storage protein (Csp) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, capable of sequestering Cu(I) ions. Deletion of csp led to increased copper sensitivity, while overexpression restored resistance, suggesting a role in copper homeostasis. The {Delta}csp mutant also showed reduced growth in cobalt and manganese, likely due to metal interference by copper toxicity. Beyond detoxification, Csp may supply copper to essential cuproenzymes like cytochrome cbb3 oxidase and nitric oxide reductase, which support bacterial survival under host-imposed stress. Although Csp is not required for N. gonorrhoeae host cell interactions, it is a strong immune target. Immune recognition of N. gonorrhoeae {Delta}csp by anti- NGO1701 mouse sera was nearly abolished and the serum bactericidal activity was abrogated compared to N. gonorrhoeae F62 wild type bacteria, highlighting Csps potential as a target for therapeutic or vaccine strategies against N. gonorrhoeae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roe, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazgaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmaeeli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gonococcal vaccine candidate antigen NGO1701 is a N. gonorrhoeae periplasmic copper storage protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Degeneration of Nociceptive Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn all animals, the nervous system senses microbial signals to influence host defense. Despite emerging as important sensors of infection to regulate immunity and inflammation, the mechanisms by which pain-sensing nociceptor neurons can detect infections are poorly defined. Using C. elegans as a tractable model host that shares many features with mammalian systems, we investigated nociceptor function during bacterial infection.

ResultsIn vivo intracellular Ca2+ imaging of nociceptor ASH neurons revealed a drastic reduction in ASH responses to aversive stimuli in Staphylococcus aureus-infected animals compared to noninfected controls. Morphological examination showed that the ASH neurons lost integrity in the sensory processes that extend to the mouth, in a pathogen growth phase-dependent manner. Neighboring neurons did not exhibit this pathogen-induced neurodegeneration (PaIN) phenotype. Genetic analysis suggested that apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy are dispensable for the PaIN phenotype. In contrast, loss of the evolutionarily conserved stress-response transcription factor HLH-30/TFEB reduced the penetrance of ASH PaIN by about 50%. Moreover, infected animals showed defective ASH-mediated evasive behaviors, suggesting that the S. aureus- triggered drop in ASH activation and morphological degeneration are physiologically relevant.

ConclusionsCollectively, these findings reveal that nociceptor neurons lose functional and morphological integrity during infection with S. aureus, with severe consequences for animal behavior. Because S. aureus is a critical human pathogen, the induction of nociceptor PaIN may have important implications for human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiLoreto, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Degeneration of Nociceptive Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phosphatases TCPTP, PTPN22, and SHP1 play unique roles in T cell phosphotyrosine maintenance and feedback regulation of the TCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) TCPTP, PTPN22, and SHP1 are critical regulators of the activating phosphotyrosine (pY) site on the initiating T cell kinase, LckY394. Still, the broader implications of these phosphatases in T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and T cell biology remain unclear. By combining CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and mass spectrometry, we evaluate the protein- and pY-level effects of TCPTP, PTPN22, and SHP1 in the Jurkat T cell model system. We find that deletion of each phosphatase corresponds to unique changes in the proteome of T cells, with few large-scale changes to TCR signalling proteins. Notably, PTPN22 and SHP1 deletions have opposing effects on pY abundance globally, while TCPTP deletion modestly elevates pY levels. Finally, we show that TCPTP is indirectly involved in Erk1/2 positive feedback to the TCR. Overall, our work provides evidence for alternative functions of three T cell phosphatases long thought to be redundant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mroz, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puterbaugh, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phosphatases TCPTP, PTPN22, and SHP1 play unique roles in T cell phosphotyrosine maintenance and feedback regulation of the TCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Compact Base Editor Rescues AATD-associated Liver and Lung Disease in Mouse Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is commonly caused by a G-to-A mutation in the SERPINA1 gene (the PiZ mutation). The mutant PiZ AAT protein is sequestered in hepatocytes, causing lung emphysema due to insufficient AAT protein to inhibit neutrophil elastase in the lung. Here we show that a compact adenine base editor (ABE) with an evolved Cas9 nickase derived from Neisseria meningitidis (eNme2.C) can be packaged in a single AAV and correct the PiZ mutation in mouse models of AATD. An all-in-one eNme2.C-TadA8e/guide 2 plasmid achieved approximately 20% on-target editing in PiZ reporter cells. TadA9e, which has a narrower editing window than TadA8e, reduced bystander editing without significantly affecting the on-target edit. In PiZ transgenic mice, eNme2.C-TadA9e AAV showed approximately 23% editing efficiency after 8 weeks and reduced liver disease burden in treated mice. In a new AAT-null;PiZ transgenic mouse model, ABE restored serum levels of AAT to beyond the 570 g/mL therapeutic level. Moreover, ABE treatment was able to significantly correct lung functions in AAT-null;PiZ animals with emphysema. This study demonstrates the feasibility of an eNme2.C-based ABE in a single AAV to treat both AATD-associated liver and lung disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires-Ferreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destefano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruntman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flotte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Compact Base Editor Rescues AATD-associated Liver and Lung Disease in Mouse Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient centrosome loss in cultured prostate epithelial cells induces chromosomal instability to produce an oncogenic genotype that correlates with poor clinical outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of prostate cancer that strongly correlates with metastatic burden and appears prominently in both primary cancer and metastatic disease. Low Gleason score primary prostate tumors display pervasive centrosome loss, a known mechanistic driver of CIN, that disrupts normal spindle assembly and increases mitotic errors. Previously, we found that transient depletion of centrosomes in immortalized, non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) induced a burst of CIN, generating cell lines capable of forming xenograft tumors. Here, we use a multi-omics approach to identify the oncogenic alterations caused by transient centrosome loss. By integrating genomic and transcriptomic data of the prostate lines, we identified a consensus set of focal copy-number variations (CNVs) induced by centrosome loss in cultured cells that are also detectable within a subset of samples from a prostate cancer patient cohort. Using this CNV signature, we were able to derive a unique transcriptomic signature from prostate cancer patient samples that showed strong predictive value for adverse clinical outcomes. In summary, our experimental system uses centrosome loss to promote a punctuated burst of genomic crisis that is characteristic of genome evolution during prostate cancer progression. Consequently, this prostate cancer model produced recurrent structural variations that are detectable in patient samples and associate with worse outcomes.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/653266v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira Pessoa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryniawec, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coope, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buster, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loertscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient centrosome loss in cultured prostate epithelial cells induces chromosomal instability to produce an oncogenic genotype that correlates with poor clinical outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor NFYA directs male meiotic entry by facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic promoters in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic prophase I characterized by homologous recombination and synapsis is an intricate step for spermatogenesis. This process entails extensive changes to chromatin and transcription. Prior to prophase I, accessible chromatin bound by paused Pol II at meiotic gene promoters is essential for their timely activation later during meiosis. However, the factor responsible for promoting accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters before entry into prophase I is unknown. Here, we discovered that NFYA expressed in pre-meiotic germ cells promotes accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters including those regulated by STRA8/MEISON axis. Concordantly, conditional germline deletion of Nfya in male mice blocks meiotic entry. Functionally, our spatial and single-cell ATAC-seq data revealed that loss of NFYA in pre-meiotic cells disrupts accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters. Our study identifies a pioneer role for NFYA in facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic gene promoters before meiosis, thereby regulating the timely activation of meiotic genetic program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saflund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Östlund Farrants, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozata, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor NFYA directs male meiotic entry by facilitating accessible chromatin at meiotic promoters in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain chemosensory responses of both C. elegans sexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexually-dimorphic neural circuits play a critical role in shaping sex-specific animal behaviors. Maps of the structural dimorphisms in these circuits have been explored by analyzing "synaptic connectomes", electron micrograph reconstructions of synaptic connectivity. Nevertheless, recent studies in the model organism C. elegans have shown little to no correlation between the synaptic connectome and dynamic neural activity. Therefore, the extent of sexual dimorphism in functional neural activity remains unknown. To determine the extent of functional sexual-dimorphisms in C. elegans we compared activity, neuron-by-neuron, across all neurons in the heads of both sexes. To sample a broad view of responses to different sensory modalities, we tested a diverse panel of ethologically-relevant olfactory, gustatory, and chemical stimuli, representing both attractive and aversive cues. We found that nearly every sensory neuron responded dimorphically to at least one cue and monomorphically to other cues, indicating that sexually-dimorphic circuits are pervasive and stimulus dependent. This dimorphic and monomorphic activity was present to a lesser extent in downstream interneurons and even less so in motoneurons, implicating sensory neurons as the primary source and location of sexually-dimorphic activity. Comparing the functional activity we measured to the published synaptic connectomes of both sexes revealed that sexual dimorphism in functional connectivity was distinct from and complementary to sexual dimorphism in synaptic connectivity. Our results provide a first-of-its-kind comparison of whole-brain dynamics between sexes at the level of single neurons, serving as an extensive resource for further investigations of functional sex differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seyedolmohadesin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkashvand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain chemosensory responses of both C. elegans sexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering novel AAV capsids by global de-targeting and subsequent muscle-specific tropism in mice and NHPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are a potent tool, but their clinical application is restricted by insufficient target tissue transduction and liver toxicity. We employed a novel two-step engineering strategy to create novel rAAV capsids with global tissue de-targeting, then produced strong tissue-specific expression by adding a peptide sequence. We created a novel capsid, AAV.Zero1, with globally de-targeted transduction by loop swapping domains from AAV9 into AAV2. Making an R585A substitution (AAV.Zero2) re-targeted tissues but deleting residues 585-587 (AAV.Zero3) abrogated transduction. Inserting a myogenic peptide into AAV.Zero3 produced a novel capsid (AAV.eM) with strong muscle-specific transgene expression while maintaining minimal off-target expression, including in liver, which was conserved in two mouse strains and non-human primates. AAV.eM showed similar expression as the leading myotropic vector MyoAAV.4A but had a more favorable safety profile. Importantly, AAV.eM was able to functionally rescue a mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy following systemic delivery of a micro-dystrophin gene. Thus, AAV.eM is an improved myotropic rAAV capsid that de-targets other tissues, especially the liver, and proof-of-concept for a platform to create capsids with specific properties that translate across species by addition of peptides onto low transduction backbones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering novel AAV capsids by global de-targeting and subsequent muscle-specific tropism in mice and NHPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cryo-EM structure of mouse radial spoke 3 reveals a unique metabolic and regulatory hub in cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia are complex, microtubule-based organelles that protrude from many eukaryotic cells and have important roles in sensing, signaling, and motility. Recent studies have revealed the atomic structures of many multi-component ciliary complexes, providing new insights into their mechanisms of action that are vital for cilias biological functions. However, little is known about the structure, proteome, and function of full-length radial spoke 3 (RS3), which is distinct from the structurally well-characterized RS1 and RS2. Radial spokes are conserved megadalton complexes that transmit mechanochemical signals from the central pair of microtubules to the dynein motors, thereby coordinating ciliary motility. Here, we combined cryo-electron microscopic single-particle reconstruction, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), proteomic analysis, and computational modeling to determine the 3D structure and atomic model of RS3 from mouse respiratory cilia. Our structure reveals all protein components of RS3, including regulatory and metabolic enzymes, such as a protein kinase A subunit, adenylate kinases and malate dehydrogenases. We have confirmed the important role of adenylate kinase 7 in RS3 by cryo-ET analyses of respiratory cilia in AK7-deficient mice, which display primary ciliary dyskinesia. Our findings suggest that RS3 is an important regulatory hub and cluster of metabolic proteins that helps to maintain ATP at the levels required for sustained dynein motor activity and ciliary beating. This work advances our understanding of the structure and function of RS3 in ciliary motility and provides insights into the etiology of ciliopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzeja, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitsialis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cryo-EM structure of mouse radial spoke 3 reveals a unique metabolic and regulatory hub in cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte MKK3 Increases in Human Obesity protecting against Insulin Resistance by p38-beta activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major global health concern, and a key predisposing factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocytes play a critical role in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, with several signaling pathways influencing insulin sensitivity. Among these, p38 MAP kinases are essential for adipose tissue physiology and the regulation of processes such as differentiation, thermogenesis, and inflammation. p38 activation is mediated by the upstream kinases MKK3 and MKK6 in response to inflammatory signals. While MKK6 inhibition promotes browning and thermogenesis and protects against obesity, the role of MKK3 remains unclear.

Here, we investigated the function of MKK3 in adipose tissue. In human adipose tissue samples, MKK3 expression was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and negatively correlated with glycated hemoglobin, a marker of hyperglycemia.

Using whole-body and adipose-specific Mkk3 and p38{beta} knockout mice, we found that Mkk3 activation in adipose tissue during obesity enhances insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, adipose tissue from Mkk3- or p38{beta}-deficient mice exhibited elevated basal p70S6K activity compared with wild-type controls. This increased p70S6K activity was linked to higher serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and impaired insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, contributing to worsened insulin resistance.

Collectively, our data suggest that activation of the MKK3/p38{beta} signaling axis in adipocytes may protect against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernardo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matesanz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Melle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva-Vega, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cosido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueiras, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebreda, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte MKK3 Increases in Human Obesity protecting against Insulin Resistance by p38-beta activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xist Repeat A coordinates an assembly of SR proteins to recruit SPEN and induce gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lncRNA Xist represents a paradigm to understand the mechanisms of RNA-mediated gene silencing in mammals, which remain largely unresolved. To induce silencing, Xist recruits the RNA-binding protein SPEN through its 5'-proximal Repeat A domain. Yet, how Repeat A recruits SPEN and how SPEN coordinates silencing remain unclear. We report that sequences in Repeat A critical for SPEN recruitment directly bind SR-rich splicing factors. SRSF1, one such factor, is required for optimal SPEN recruitment and its RS-domain recruits SPEN when tethered to Xist. SPEN and SR-protein-binding motifs promote Repeat As association with many proteins, including the m6A machinery and elongating RNA polymerase II. SPEN also represses autosomal genes where its recruitment coincides with SR-protein binding. Our results reveal an unexpectedly essential role for splicing factors in coordinating silencing by Xist and suggest that the sensing of SR-protein-rich assemblies is a general mechanism through which SPEN targets genes for repression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trotman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schactler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhard, Q. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyson, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirik, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltejar, M.-C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Perez, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechner, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xist Repeat A coordinates an assembly of SR proteins to recruit SPEN and induce gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-6 Evades KSHV-Mediated Hyperadenylation repression via CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA turnover is critical for regulating cellular homeostasis, with nuclear export representing a key step in mRNA fate. During infection by Kaposis Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), widespread mRNA decay is mediated by the viral endonuclease SOX, which depletes cytoplasmic transcripts and induces secondary nuclear RNA processing defects. One such defect includes transcript hyperadenylation, which promotes nuclear retention and decay. However, a subset of mRNAs escapes both SOX degradation and nuclear retention, raising questions about their export mechanisms. Here, we investigate how KSHV infection impacts mRNA poly(A) tail length and nuclear export dynamics using poly(A)-sequencing in KSHV-positive cells. Our data confirm a global increase in poly(A) tail length during KSHV infection, yet we identified a group of hyperadenylated transcripts that remain localized in the cytoplasm, suggesting active evasion of nuclear retention. Notably, we focused on interleukin-6 (IL-6), an mRNA known to escape SOX-mediated decay. Using G/I tailing and sPAT assays, we show that IL-6 is hyperadenylated yet, exported. We demonstrate that its export is dependent upon the CRM1 nuclear export pathway, rather than through the canonical NXF1-NXT1 pathway. Inhibition of CRM1 impairs IL-6 nuclear export and reduces steady-state mRNA levels, implicating CRM1 export in the stabilization of this transcript. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which select host mRNAs like IL-6, bypass KSHV-imposed nuclear export block, thereby preserving their cytoplasmic function during infection. This study highlights viral manipulation of RNA processing and export pathways as a critical determinant of transcript fate and identifies CRM1 as a key mediator of selective transcript preservation during KSHV infection.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) globally disrupts host gene expression by inducing host shutoff which triggers a global repression of the host transcriptome via widespread RNA decay, RNA, nascent transcript hyperadenylation and nuclear export blocks, yet a subset of transcripts escape this repression. This study reveals that despite acquiring long poly(A) tails, select host mRNAs such as IL-6 evade nuclear retention by using the alternative CRM1-dependent export pathway and remain stable in the cytoplasm. These findings challenge the prevailing model that hyperadenylation alone dictates nuclear decay and uncover a selective mechanism by which crucial host transcripts bypass KSHV-mediated gene repression. Understanding this selective escape provides new insights into host-virus interactions and highlights CRM1 as a potential therapeutic target in KSHV-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacVeigh-Fierro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-6 Evades KSHV-Mediated Hyperadenylation repression via CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene therapies alleviate absence epilepsy associated with Scn2a deficiency in DBA/2J mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN2A, which encodes the NaV1.2 channel, cause severe epileptic seizures. Patients with SCN2A loss-of-function (LoF) mutations, such as protein-truncating mutations, often experience later-onset and drug-resistant epilepsy, highlighting an urgent unmet clinical need for new therapies. We previously developed a gene-trap Scn2a (Scn2agt/gt) mouse model with a global NaV1.2 reduction in the widely used C57BL/6N (B6) strain. Although these mice display multiple behavioral abnormalities, EEG recordings indicated only mild epileptiform discharges, possibly attributable to the seizure-resistant characteristics associated with the B6 strain. To enhance the epileptic phenotype, we derived congenic Scn2agt/gt mice in the seizure-susceptible DBA/2J (D2J) strain. Notably, we found that these mice exhibit prominent spontaneous absence seizures, marked by both short and long spike-wave discharges (SWDs). Restoring NaV1.2 expression in adult mice substantially reduced their SWDs, suggesting the possibility of SCN2A gene replacement therapy during adulthood. RNA sequencing revealed significant alterations in gene expression in the Scn2agt/gt mice, in particular a broad downregulation of voltage-gated potassium channel (KV) genes, including KV1.1. The reduction of KV1.1 expression was further validated in human cerebral organoids with SCN2A deficiency, highlighting KV1.1 as a promising therapeutic target for refractory seizures associated with SCN2A dysfunction. Importantly, delivery of exogenous human KV1.1 expression via adeno-associated virus (AAV) in D2J Scn2agt/gt mice substantially reduced absence seizures. Together, these findings underscore the influence of mouse strain on seizure severity and highlight the potential of targeted gene therapies for treating SCN2A deficiency-related epilepsies.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=91 SRC="FIGDIR/small/657652v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (18K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@35374eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c22197org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2b4582org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e06e68_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In briefScn2a deficiency leads to absence seizures in D2J mice and neuronal hyperexcitability with compensatory KV reduction; restoring NaV1.2 or introducing human KV1.1 reduces seizure burden.

HighlightsO_LIScn2a deficiency induces robust absence seizures in the DBA/2J but not the C57BL/6N strain.
C_LIO_LICortical neurons in adult DBA/2J mice with Scn2a deficiency exhibit intrinsic hyperexcitability.
C_LIO_LISevere Scn2a deficiency leads to downregulation of multiple potassium channel genes.
C_LIO_LIGenetic restoration of NaV1.2 expression alleviates spike-wave discharges (SWDs).
C_LIO_LIAAV-mediated human KV1.1 delivery substantially reduced absence seizures, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of targeted gene therapy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothandaraman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SanMiguel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halurkar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeyaratna, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykema, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegtmeyer, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Reyes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene therapies alleviate absence epilepsy associated with Scn2a deficiency in DBA/2J mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer cachexia is mediated by PTHrP-driven disruption of adipose de novo lipogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer patients have the highest rates and most severe forms of cancer cachexia, yet cachexia etiologies remain largely elusive, leading to a lack of effective intervening therapies. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been clinically implicated as a putative regulator of cachexia, with serum PTHrP levels correlating with increased weight loss in PDAC patients. Here we show that cachectic PDAC patients have high expression of tumor PTHrP and use a genetically engineered mouse model to functionally demonstrate that loss of PTHrP blocks cachectic wasting, dramatically extending overall survival. The re-expression of PTHrP in lowly cachectic models is sufficient to induce wasting and reduce survival in mice, which is reversed by the conditional deletion of the PTHrP receptor, Pth1r, in adipocytes. Mechanistically, tumor-derived PTHrP suppresses de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes, leading to a molecular rewiring of adipose depots to promote wasting in the cachectic state. Finally, the pharmacological disruption of the PTHrP-PTH1R signaling axis abrogates wasting, highlighting that a targeted disruption of tumor-adipose crosstalk is an effective means to limit cachexia.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the prototypical cancer type associated with cancer cachexia, a debilitating wasting syndrome marked by adipose tissue loss and muscle atrophy. Herein, we establish that PTHrP is a tumor-derived factor that facilitates cachexia by downregulating de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes and that blocking PTHrP is an effective means to limit wasting in preclinical mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogoti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobkina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klute, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandgenett, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUILHERME, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic cancer cachexia is mediated by PTHrP-driven disruption of adipose de novo lipogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lowering the HTT1a transcript as an effective therapy for Huntingtons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lowering the levels of HTT transcripts has been a major focus of therapeutic development for Huntingtons disease (HD), but which transcript should be lowered? HD is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the HTT gene, and the rate of somatic expansion of this CAG repeat throughout life is now known to drive the age of onset and rate of disease progression. As the CAG repeat expands, the extent to which the HTT mRNA is alternatively processed to generate the HTT1a transcript and highly aggregation-prone and pathogenic HTT1a protein increases. Several HTT-lowering modalities have entered clinical trials that either target both HTT and HTT1a together, or full-length HTT alone. We have developed siRNAs that target the Htt1a mouse transcript (634/486) and used these, together with a potent Htt-targeting siRNA (10150) to compare the efficacy of lowering either full-length Htt or Htt1a. zQ175 and wild-type mice were treated with 10150 or 634/486 alongside control groups at 2 months of age with treatment to 6 or 10 months, or at 6 months with treatment to 10 months. The siRNA potency and durability were most effective in the hippocampus. Whilst both strategies showed benefits, despite the greater potency of 10150, targeting Htt1a was more effective at delaying HTT aggregation and transcriptional dysregulation than targeting full-length Htt. These data support HTT-lowering strategies that are designed to target the HTT1a transcript, either alone, or together with lowering full-length HTT.

One Sentence SummaryLowering HTT1a transcript levels delays the onset of molecular and neuropathological phenotypes in a knock-in mouse model of Huntingtons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulou, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canibano-Pico, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nita, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldous, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondulich, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Paredes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathasivam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobkov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lowering the HTT1a transcript as an effective therapy for Huntingtons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotating the X-ray diffraction pattern of vertebrate striated muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-angle X-ray diffraction is a powerful technique for analyzing the molecular structure of the myofilaments of striated muscle in situ. It has contributed greatly to our understanding of the relaxed, 430-[A]-repeating organization of myosin heads in thick filaments in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Using X-ray diffraction, changes in filament structure can be detected on the [A] length scale and millisecond time scale, leading to models that are the foundation of our understanding of the structural basis of contraction. As with all X-ray fiber diffraction studies, interpretation requires modeling, which has previously been based on low-resolution knowledge of thick filament structure and is complicated by the contributions of multiple filament components to most X-ray reflections. Here, we use an atomic model of the human cardiac thick filament C-zone, derived from cryo-EM, to compute objectively the contributions of myosin heads, tails, titin, and cMyBP-C to the diffraction pattern, by including/excluding these components in the calculations. Our results support some previous interpretations but contradict others. We confirm that the myosin heads are responsible for most of the intensity on the myosin layer-lines, including the M3 meridional. Contrary to expectation, we find that myosin tails contribute little to the pattern, including the M6 meridional; this reflection arises mainly from heads and other components. The M11 layer line (39 [A] spacing) arises mostly from the curved and kinked structure of titin, which allows eleven [~]42-[A]-long domains to fit into the 430 [A] repeat. The M11 spacing can be used as a measure of strain in the myosin filament backbone as there is negligible head contribution. These insights should aid future understanding of the X-ray pattern of intact muscle in different conditions such as contraction and drug treatment.

Significance statementX-ray diffraction is widely used to study the structure of striated muscle, revealing the molecular organization of the thick and thin filaments in situ. Changes in the X-ray pattern during contraction provide insights into contractile mechanisms on the [A] length scale and millisecond timescale. Interpretation of X-ray patterns is based on modeling, which is complicated by contributions of multiple filament components to different reflections and the lack of a reliable thick filament model. Here, we use a cryo-EM-based atomic model of the thick filament to compute contributions of different filament components to the diffraction pattern, by including/excluding these components in the calculations. The insights gained will aid interpretation of the X-ray pattern in relaxation and contraction and following drug treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koubassova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaturyan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotating the X-ray diffraction pattern of vertebrate striated muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KRAS withdrawal in Cholangiocarcinoma leads to immune infiltration and tumor regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a liver cancer with poor survival rates. Current treatments, including targeted therapies for specific mutations, are limited and benefit only a small subset of patients. KRAS mutations are found in 15-40% of CCA, representing a new potential treatment target. Whether KRAS inhibition leads to CCA tumor regression is unknown partly due to the lack of conditional animal models.

Approach and ResultsWe engineered a conditional KrasG12D-driven CCA mouse model by co-delivering plasmids encoding the Sleeping Beauty transposase with a luciferase reporter, a transposon-borne inducible KrasG12D transgene and Cas9 and Trp53 guide RNA into mouse liver by hydrodynamic tail-vein injection. In vivo bioluminescent imaging showed that KrasG12D withdrawal resulted in 99% tumor regression by day 7. KrasG12D withdrawal resulted in infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells by IHC and IF staining. Single cell RNA-Seq result also validated the enrichment of activated CD8+ T cells subpopulation in KrasG12D-withdrawn tumor. RNA-Seq suggested that KrasG12D withdrawal stimulated transforming growth factor beta pathway and induced senescence. We used cytokine array to characterize the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-15 and Ccl17, upon KrasG12D withdrawal. Lentiviral overexpression of murine CCL17 delayed CCA tumor progression in a xenograft model, and overexpression of murine IL-15 resulted in tumor regression in a transplant model. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that IL-15 and CCL17 recruited and activated CD8+ T cells in CCA tumor. Expression of IL-15 resulted in blockade of tumor progression in our TKP CCA model.

ConclusionsKrasG12D withdrawal results in rapid tumor regression, highlighting the importance of oncogenic Kras in CCA tumor maintenance. KrasG12D withdrawal induces p53-independent senescence, secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and immune surveillance by activated CD8+ T cells. We identified two secreted factors IL-15 and CCL17 that could recruit and activate T cells and control CCA tumor progression. This study underscores KRAS inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for CCA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KRAS withdrawal in Cholangiocarcinoma leads to immune infiltration and tumor regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.659978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prime assembly with linear DNA donors enables large genomic insertions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.659978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted insertion of large DNA fragments has promising applications for genome engineering and gene therapy1,2. Twin prime editing (PE) guide RNAs (pegRNAs) have enabled relatively large insertions, but the efficiency remains low for insertions greater than 400 base pairs3-6. Here we describe a Prime Assembly (PA) approach for the insertion of large DNA donor fragments, whose ends are designed to overlap with the flaps generated by twinPE. We used PA to insert one, two, or three overlapping DNA fragments, with total insertion sizes ranging from 0.1 to 11 kilobase pairs. An inhibitor of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) enhanced both the efficiency and precision of insertions. PA relies on DNA templates that are easily produced and does not require co-delivery of exogenous DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Our study demonstrates that PA can initiate "Gibson-like" assembly in cells to generate gene insertions without double-stranded DNA breaks or recombinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prime assembly with linear DNA donors enables large genomic insertions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-loops shape chromatin architecture to promote balanced lineage allocation during differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R-loops--RNA:DNA hybrids that often form co-transcriptionally--are emerging as key regulators of genome function, yet their roles in shaping chromatin architecture and developmental potential remain incompletely defined. Here, we use inducible Rnaseh1 expression in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to achieve acute, global R-loop depletion and systematically interrogate their impact on chromatin structure and lineage specification. We find that R-loop loss has minimal effect on steady-state gene expression or self-renewal. Instead, it leads to a striking reduction in H2A.Z occupancy at both active and bivalent promoters, accompanied by increased nucleosome density--revealing a previously unrecognized role for R-loops in maintaining promoter architecture. During gastruloid differentiation, R-loop-depleted mESCs exhibit a pronounced bias toward ectodermal fates, along with dysregulation of lineage-specific transcription factors and impaired cell-cell signaling. Consistent with these alterations, R-loop-depleted cells show widespread perturbations in gene regulatory networks across several early cell types. These findings uncover a critical role for R-loops in shaping the H2A.Z chromatin landscape and preserving balanced lineage trajectories during early development, offering new insights into the epigenomic regulation of stem cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-loops shape chromatin architecture to promote balanced lineage allocation during differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blocking somatic repeat expansion and lowering huntingtin via RNA interference synergize to prevent Huntingtons disease pathogenesis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no approved therapies. Two major molecular drivers--somatic expansion of inherited CAG repeats and toxic mutant HTT (mHTT) variants--lead to neuronal dysfunction. Despite multiple trials, HTT-lowering strategies have not shown meaningful clinical benefit. Using therapeutic divalent siRNAs, we assessed the long-term impact of silencing MSH3 (a key regulator of somatic expansion), HTT, or both. In Q111 HD mice (>110 CAGs), which exhibit robust expansion, mHTT inclusions, and transcriptional dysregulation by 12 months, long-term MSH3 silencing blocked expansion, reduced inclusions, and reversed gene expression changes. HTT silencing alone had limited effect, but combined MSH3/HTT targeting synergistically eliminated inclusions and restored transcriptomic profiles. Parallel treatment in wild-type mice showed no toxicity, supporting the safety of long-term intervention. These findings position somatic expansion as a promising therapeutic target and demonstrate the potential of RNAi-based co-silencing of MSH3 and HTT as a disease-modifying strategy for HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OReilly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFiglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blocking somatic repeat expansion and lowering huntingtin via RNA interference synergize to prevent Huntingtons disease pathogenesis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global genetic interaction map of a human cell reveals conserved principles of genetic networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We generated a genome-scale, genetic interaction network from the analysis of more than 4 million double mutants in the haploid human cell line, HAP1. The network maps [~]90,000 genetic interactions, including thousands of extreme synthetic lethal and genetic suppression interactions. Genetic interaction profiles enabled assembly of a hierarchical model of cell function, including modules corresponding to protein complexes, pathways, biological processes, and cellular compartments. Comparative analyses showed that general principles of genetic networks are conserved from yeast to human cells. A genetic interaction network mapped in a single genetic background complements the DepMap gene co-essentiality network, recapitulating many of the same biological connections and also capturing unique functional information to reveal roles of uncharacterized genes and molecular determinants of specific cancer cell line genetic dependencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aregger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masud, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Uribe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulakh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhojoo, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkadze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budijono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caumanns, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clinie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drazic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Echenique, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacesa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granda Farias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habsid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horecka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantautas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global genetic interaction map of a human cell reveals conserved principles of genetic networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PCNA is a Nucleotide Exchange Factor for the Clamp Loader ATPase Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All life requires loading ring-shaped sliding clamp protein complexes onto DNA. The sliding clamp loader is a conserved AAA+ ATPase that binds the sliding clamp, opens the ring, and places it onto DNA. While recent structural work on both the canonical and  alternative clamp loaders has shed light into how these machines perform their task once, it remains unclear how clamp loaders are recycled to load multiple sliding clamps. Here, we present structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae clamp loader Replication Factor C (RFC) in absence of sliding clamp or supplemented nucleotide. Our structures indicate that RFC holds onto ADP tightly in at least two of its four ATPase active sites, suggesting that nucleotide exchange is regulated. Our molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical data indicate that binding of the sliding clamp PCNA causes rapid exchange of tightly bound ADP. Our data suggests that PCNA acts as a nucleotide exchange factor by prying apart adjacent subunits, providing a pathway for ADP release. We propose that, by using its own substrate as a nucleotide exchange factor, RFC excludes off-pathway states that would arise from binding DNA prior to PCNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pajak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeck, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PCNA is a Nucleotide Exchange Factor for the Clamp Loader ATPase Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis reveals pathways important for the development and maturation of excitatory synaptic connections to GABAergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A high degree of cell and circuit-specific regulation has presented challenges for efforts to precisely define molecular mechanisms controlling synapse formation and maturation. Here, we pursue an unbiased forward genetic approach to identify C. elegans genes involved in the formation and maturation of cholinergic synaptic connections with GABAergic motor neurons as indicated by the distribution of GFP-tagged postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on GABAergic dendrites. We identified mutations in 3 genes that identify key processes in synapse/circuit maturation. Mutation of the RUN domain (RPIP8, UNC-14, and NESCA) cargo adaptor gene unc-14 dramatically impacts overall GABAergic neuron morphology and dendritic spines. Mutation of the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha subunit gene unc-63 causes a failure in AChR assembly in GABAergic neurons but does not significantly alter dendritic spine structure or abundance. Finally, a mutation in the Liprin- synaptic scaffold gene syd-2 severely disrupts both dendritic spines and AChR localization. The identification of these three genes from our screen highlights how mechanisms for cargo trafficking, receptor assembly, and synapse structural organization each make distinct contributions to synapse assembly and circuit connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKillop, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemons, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.663213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis reveals pathways important for the development and maturation of excitatory synaptic connections to GABAergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting Clarinet/CLA-1 restores function to injured motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.663315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To regain function, injured axons need to both regenerate and reform synapses with appropriate postsynaptic cells. We found that inhibiting the scaffolding protein Clarinet/CLA-1, a C. elegans ortholog of Piccolo and Fife, robustly improves axon regeneration. Despite the importance of CLA-1 during synapse development, disrupting the medium isoform of CLA-1 increases the number of axons that regenerate to the neuromuscular junction without significantly influencing synapse reformation. Consequently, the axons that do regenerate are capable of regaining function. Mechanistically, the enhanced axon regeneration observed in cla-1(-) mutants depends on the function of PTRN-1, a microtubule minus-end binding protein. Our data supports a model where loss of CLA-1 promotes PTRN-1 function, which speeds trafficking of injury-related cargo to and from the lesion, thus improving repair. Together, our results reveal a highly conserved synaptic active zone protein that can be manipulated to enhance axon regeneration without sacrificing the function of the repaired axons.

HighlightsO_LIClarinet/CLA-1 is a robust inhibitor of C. elegans GABAergic axon regeneration
C_LIO_LILoss of CLA-1 function improves both axon regeneration and functional repair
C_LIO_LICLA-1 isoforms differentially regulate axon regeneration and synaptic transmission
C_LIO_LICLA-1 regulates axon regeneration via microtubule minus-end protein PTRN-1/Patronin
C_LIO_LICLA-1 knockdown improves cargo trafficking during the early injury response
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.663315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting Clarinet/CLA-1 restores function to injured motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sterols regulate ciliary membrane dynamics and hedgehog signaling in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary cilium is a specialized signaling hub whose function depends on a tightly regulated membrane composition. While its protein content is well-characterized, its lipid identity, particularly regarding sterols, remains poorly defined. Here, we used mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to map the sterol profile of isolated primary cilia from MDCK cells. We found that ciliary membranes are enriched in cholesterol and desmosterol while excluding precursors like 7-lathosterol and limiting others, suggesting a selective sterol barrier. Inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis at distinct enzymatic steps led to sterol accumulation, altered ciliary membrane fluidity, and impaired Hedgehog signaling, including defective Smoothened (Smo) retention-- even in the presence of a constitutively active form of Smo. These findings link sterol homeostasis to ciliary membrane properties and signaling fidelity. Our work provides a molecular framework for understanding Hedgehog-related phenotypes in disorders like Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, highlighting the importance of membrane lipid composition in developmental signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eguether, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamaziere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kozlowski, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala-Sanmartin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belaid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Certain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trugnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deseille, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sterols regulate ciliary membrane dynamics and hedgehog signaling in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Cell Expression of STINGV154M Gain-of-Function Mutation Delays the Resolution of UVB-induced Skin Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain-of-function mutations in STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) cause STING-Associated Vasculopathy with Onset in Infancy (SAVI), a rare autoinflammatory disease characterized by debilitating inflammatory lung disease and hallmark skin manifestations, such as chilblains and progressive, non-healing ulcers. Mice expressing the most common SAVI-associated variant STINGV154M (VM) recapitulate many clinical features of SAVI, including inflammatory lung disease, but do not develop spontaneous skin lesions. In this study, we show that a single low dose of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, which induces only transient skin inflammation in wild-type (WT) mice, causes severe and progressive skin injury in VM mice. Notably, this phenotype persisted in VM mice depleted of hematopoietic cells and reconstituted with WT bone marrow, demonstrating that STINGV154M expression in non-hematopoietic cells is sufficient to drive persistent skin inflammation. Further analysis identified endothelial cells expressing STINGV154M as the primary driver of the cutaneous phenotype. Flow cytometry and bulk RNA sequencing showed that VM mice exhibited reduced early skin infiltration of macrophages and dendritic cells after UVB exposure. These findings establish a critical link between endothelial STING activation, impaired recruitment of skin myeloid cells, and defective resolution of acute inflammation, offering new insights into the pathogenesis of SAVI-associated skin disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuprin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koupenova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshak-Rothstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Cell Expression of STINGV154M Gain-of-Function Mutation Delays the Resolution of UVB-induced Skin Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIPL-1 and LIPL-2 are TCER-1-regulated Lysosomal Lipases with Distinct Roles in Immunity and Fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproduction and immunity are fundamental, energy intensive processes that often compete for resources, leading to trade-offs observed across diverse species. Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in integrating these processes, particularly during stressful conditions such as pathogenic infections. Yet the molecular mechanisms governing this integration remain poorly understood. TCER-1, the C. elegans homolog of mammalian TCERG1, suppresses immunity and promotes fertility, especially upon maternal infection. Here, we show that TCER-1 regulates two conserved lysosomal lipases, lipl-1 and lipl-2, to balance reproduction, immunity and lifespan. Using transcriptomic, lipidomic, and molecular-genetic analyses, we demonstrate that while both lipl-1 and lipl-2 mediate infection-induced lipid remodeling, lipl-1 enhances immunity and catalyzes the accumulation of ceramide species linked to stress response and longevity, whereas, lipl-2 unexpectedly does not. Both lipases contribute towards fertility outcomes, but lipl-2 is especially critical for maintaining embryonic-eggshell integrity during maternal infection and aging. Strikingly, expression of human lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), the ortholog of lipl genes, rescues the immune defects triggered by lipl-l loss and enhances immune resilience. Together, these findings uncover functionally distinct roles for lipl-1 and lipl-2 in modulating lipid species that shape immune fitness, healthspan and reproductive health, and suggest a potentially conserved mechanism by which lipid metabolism links fertility and immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahr, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrit, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvia, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayhs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irazoqui, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIPL-1 and LIPL-2 are TCER-1-regulated Lysosomal Lipases with Distinct Roles in Immunity and Fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of IRS2 with PLK1 protects cells from mitotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study we identify a role for IRS2 in the protection of cells from mitotic stress through its interaction with PLK1. IRS2 is an adaptor protein for the insulin and IGF-1 receptors that mediates their signaling functions. In this capacity, IRS2 is tyrosine phosphorylated to recruit signaling effectors that control cellular outcomes. A role for IRS2 in mitotic regulation has been reported, but the mechanism of IRS2 action in this regulation has not been determined. Here we report that IRS2 interacts with PLK1 in a CDK1-dependent manner, and they co-localize at centrosomes in mitotic cells. In response to mitotic stress, cells that lack IRS2 or express a PLK1-binding deficient mutant exhibit reduced centrosome separation and a shortened mitotic arrest that leads to reduced tumor cell viability. In contrast, cells expressing an IRS2 mutant that is not tyrosine phosphorylated display normal mitotic function. Together, our findings establish a mechanistic connection between IRS2 and mitotic regulation that is distinct from its function as a signaling adaptor protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of IRS2 with PLK1 protects cells from mitotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.664930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rag GTPases Suppress Renal Cystic Disease by Inhibiting TFEB Independently of mTORC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.664930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant mTORC1 activation in renal tubular epithelial cells (rTECs) is implicated as a critical driver of renal cystic diseases (RCDs), including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and tuberous sclerosis (TSC), yet its precise role remains unclear. Rag GTPases recruit mTORC1 to lysosomes, its intracellular activation site. Unexpectedly, we found that deleting RagA/B in rTECs, despite inhibiting mTORC1, triggers renal cystogenesis and kidney failure. We identify TFEB as the key driver of cystogenesis downstream of RagA/B loss and show that Rag GTPases, rather than mTORC1, are the primary suppressors of TFEB in vivo. We further highlight increased nuclear TFEB as a shared feature of several RCD models, whereas differences in mTORC1 activity may explain the variable efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors. Finally, we provide evidence that nuclear TFEB, rather than mTORC1 activation, is a more consistent biomarker of cyst-lining epithelial cells in ADPKD. Overall, these findings challenge the prevailing view that mTORC1 hyperactivation is required for renal cystogenesis, which has important translational implications.

TeaserA serendipitous finding uncovers the Rag GTPases as strong suppressors of renal cystogenesis with important disease implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Fatima Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobkina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.664930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rag GTPases Suppress Renal Cystic Disease by Inhibiting TFEB Independently of mTORC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baseline expression of c-Myc defines the tissue specificity of oncogenic K-Ras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KRAS is among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer. Yet, mutations in KRAS are common only in tumors originating from a subset of tissues. It is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this oncogene tissue specificity. Utilizing genetically engineered mouse models carrying a conditional oncogenic allele of Kras, we expressed activated K-Ras in adult tissues to investigate its specificity. We discovered that the ability of K-RasG12D to influence the fitness of cells in a given tissue is not determined by its canonical signaling through MAPK. Instead, low baseline expression of c-Myc renders tissues non-permissive to oncogenic K-Ras, a context that can be reversed in the liver by ectopically expressing c-Myc. This functions independently of the proliferative index of the tissue or the induction of cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Our findings reveal the importance of the basal state of the tissue-inherent signaling network for determining oncogene specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popow, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paweletz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baseline expression of c-Myc defines the tissue specificity of oncogenic K-Ras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperativity and Communication between the Active Sites of the Dimeric SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coronaviral main protease (Mpro) is essential for the replication of the virus, and has been the subject of various biochemical, structural and enzymatic studies, as well as a drug target against SARS-CoV-2 infections. SARS-CoV-2 Mpro is known to be active as a dimer, with the N terminus of one protomer completing a key active site pocket of the other protomer. Despite apparent cooperativity in catalytic activity, how the two distal active sites in the dimer communicate and might be modulating binding and/or catalysis at the other remain to be clarified. Here, we have investigated the interplay between cooperativity, dimerization, and substrate cleavage in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro through a combination of enzymatic assays, crystal structures, and protein characterization. To disentangle the contribution of each active site to the observed enzymatic activity, we developed a cleavage assay involving heterodimers of active and inactive (C145A or inhibitor-bound) monomers. Strikingly, we found that heterodimerization increased cleavage efficiency per active monomer. Additionally, we mapped a network of critical residues bridging the two active sites and probed this network through engineered mutations. By dissecting the cooperativity and communication between the active sites, we provide new insights into the Mpro reaction cycle and functional significance of its dimeric architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvornicanin, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaqra, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Intravaia, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt Yilmaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperativity and Communication between the Active Sites of the Dimeric SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic delivery of albumin-binding siRNA targeting IRS2 to diverse cell types reduces mammary tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligonucleotide therapeutics are a new class of drugs that enable robust and sustained modulation of gene expression. However, achieving efficient delivery of siRNAs to tumors is a challenge for therapy. Here, we demonstrate that fully chemically modified siRNAs conjugated with an albumin-binding dendrimer are efficiently delivered to both neoplastic and stromal/immune cells within primary TNBC mammary tumors. siRNAs were designed to selectively target IRS2, a signaling adaptor of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling that has been implicated in aggressive breast cancers. These siRNAs reduced Irs2 expression in tumor and stromal cells without causing hyperglycemia, resulting in reduced tumor growth that was associated with decreased vascularization and alterations in macrophage polarization and the expression of EMT proteins. This work demonstrates that siRNAs can be delivered to neoplastic and specific stromal populations in mammary tumors and that they can effectively and specifically silence a driver of aggressive breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tocheny, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlke, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakih, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercurio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic delivery of albumin-binding siRNA targeting IRS2 to diverse cell types reduces mammary tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone Acetylation Differentially Modulates CTCF-CTCF Loops and Intra-TAD Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cohesin complex structures the interphase genome by extruding loops and organizing topologically associating domains (TADs). While cohesin engages chromatin in context- dependent modes, the regulatory influence of chromatin state on these interactions remains unclear. Here, we show that histone hyperacetylation, induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), preferentially disrupts short-range interactions within TADs but spares CTCF-anchored loops, despite reduced cohesin occupancy at these sites. These findings point to two functionally distinct cohesin populations: a TSA- sensitive pool within TADs, likely representing extruding, non-topologically bound cohesin, and a TSA-resistant population at CTCF-CTCF anchors that maintains loops through topological entrapment. Using a semi-in vitro system with TEV-cleavable RAD21, we show that TSA-resistant cohesin at CTCF sites becomes TSA-sensitive after proteolytic cleavage that opens the cohesin ring, showing that it is the topological engagement with DNA that makes cohesin, and CTCF-CTCF loops, TSA-resistant. Notably, we also detect TSA-sensitive cohesin at CTCF sites, suggesting the presence of transient, non-encircling cohesin that either precedes conversion to the stable form or is halted by pre-existing encircling cohesin. Together, our results suggest that cohesin exists in distinct biochemical states: an extruding form found within TADs and at CTCF sites, that is sensitive to hyperacetylation, and a topologically bound form specifically at CTCF-CTCF loops that is insensitive. The former may allow dynamic changes in chromatin loops, while latter ensures robustness of CTCF-anchored loops in response to chromatin state changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiela, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadegan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whetstine, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone Acetylation Differentially Modulates CTCF-CTCF Loops and Intra-TAD Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.666925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UCP1 Mitigates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Independent of Cold Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.666925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-shivering thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising target for anti-obesity therapies, making its regulatory mechanisms of significant translational interest. While cold-induced BAT thermogenesis (CIT) is well characterized, certain high-calorie diets can also activate BAT in the absence of cold, a process known as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Despite its potential relevance to modern human diets and lifestyles, the mechanisms and physiological relevance underlying DIT remain poorly understood. Here, we show that DIT reduces adiposity and protects against hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in males but not female mice. Moreover, adipose tissue-specific ablation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) reveals that BAT is the primary mediator of DIT but that non-adipocyte UCP1 also contributes to body weight regulation. Transcriptome analysis suggests that DIT is triggered by intrinsic metabolic stress, distinguishing it from CIT, which is driven by sympathetic tone. Finally, BAT-specific arteriovenous metabolomics identifies glucose as the predominant circulating fuel for DIT. These findings uncover distinct molecular and metabolic features of DIT, highlighting opportunities to harness BAT activity for treating obesity and metabolic diseases without requiring cold exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobkina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Fatima Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbons, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluharty, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.666925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UCP1 Mitigates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Independent of Cold Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of plasma and bone marrow nutrient levels in pediatric B-ALL patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient availability in the tumor microenvironment is a key determinant of cancer progression and therapeutic response, yet the physiological nutrient environment for most cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated nutrient levels in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients across different subtypes undergoing chemotherapy, focusing on both bone marrow and circulation. Our analysis revealed distinct differences in nutrient profiles between leukemic and healthy plasma and among B-ALL subtypes, with hyperdiploid B-ALL exhibiting pronounced alterations in arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine metabolism. Bone marrow and blood plasma exhibited largely similar metabolite profiles, even after chemotherapy, indicating these environments are metabolically comparable. Comparisons with renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer highlighted a unique enrichment of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the circulation of B-ALL patients. These findings provide a comprehensive view of nutrient dynamics in pediatric B-ALL and identify metabolic alterations that could guide biomarker discovery and new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munim, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggers, C. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoechel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of plasma and bone marrow nutrient levels in pediatric B-ALL patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B. pertussis tracheal cytotoxin biases NOD signaling to suppress IL-1 mediated inflammation and evade adaptive immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bordetella pertussis releases the monomeric peptidoglycan (PGN) fragment tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) due to inefficient recycling by the permease AmpG. Releasing this PGN is metabolically costly and potentially immune alarming and the benefits to B. pertussis are unclear. While TCT has been characterized as a potent NOD1 agonist capable of causing the extrusion of ciliated cells, in vitro, the consequences of its release have yet to be studied in vivo. Here we show that selective PGN release by B. pertussis biases host PGN sensing toward NOD1 and away from NOD2, suppressing IL-1{beta}-driven inflammation and blunting adaptive immune recruitment. Mice infected with a TCT over-releasing strain (TCT(+)) exhibit reduced pulmonary immunopathology relative to wild type (WT) and a TCT-under-releasing strain (TCT(-)), despite similar bacterial burdens. NOD reporter assays demonstrate that TCT release enhances NOD1 activation and inversely correlates with NOD2 activation. Bulk transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs shows that B. pertussis PGN release dampens pro-inflammatory transcriptional programs. Single-cell transcriptomic determined Nod2 expression is limited to inflammatory myeloid subsets. IL-1 family genes were highly enriched in Nod2- but not Nod1 expressing alveolar macrophages. Upstream regulator analysis predicted IL-1{beta} as a major driver of B. pertussis inflammation, which was enhanced by the absence of PGN release. Flow cytometry shows that PGN release skews macrophages polarization toward M2 and away from M1 in a NOD1 dependent manner. Finally, extracellular release of PGN and subsequent reduced IL-1 production facilitated the suppression fibroblast chemokine programs (e.g., CXCL13, CCL19), diminished recruitment of B and T cells, reduced iBALT formation, and limited immune memory development. Conversely, IL-1R1 deficiency impairs adaptive recruitment and bacterial clearance despite similar innate infiltration. Together, these data suggest PGN release by B. pertussis is an immune-evasion strategy, favoring NOD1 activation over NOD2, reducing IL-1-dependent fibroblast reprogramming, and curtailing chemokine-driven adaptive responses.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=114 SRC="FIGDIR/small/669383v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ada335org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b61a0eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@68c66eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bb6e54_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 8.C_FLOATNO Graphic Abstract

B. pertussis can produce both NOD1 and NOD2 activating PGNs. Release of TCT promotes NOD1 activation and diminishes NOD2 activation. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells drives M1 polarization of macrophages and IL-1 family cytokine production. IL-1 family cytokines skew fibroblasts towards an inflammatory phenotype, leading to chemokine release, extracellular remodeling, and recruitment of lymphocytes. Therefore, TCT release tempers long-term immunity to B. pertussis.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rickert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelberger, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajbanshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergamin De Castro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetti, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B. pertussis tracheal cytotoxin biases NOD signaling to suppress IL-1 mediated inflammation and evade adaptive immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of tension-dependent localization of LATS1 and LATS2 to adherens junctions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LIM domain protein LIMD1 is a critical regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, acting to sequester the kinases LATS1/2 to adherens junctions (AJs) in response to mechanical strain. Here, we identify the molecular basis for LIMD1 binding and recruitment of LATS1/2 to AJs. We show that while the LIM domains of LIMD1 are sufficient for AJ localization and binding to LATS1/2, recruitment of LATS1 to AJ requires both the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in the N-terminus as well as the LIM domains. We further dissected the LIM domains and found that LIM1 and LIM2, but not LIM3, are necessary for LATS1 AJ localization. Point mutations that disrupt strain sensitivity in either the first or second LIM domain disrupt both binding and recruitment of LATS1/2 to AJs. Mechanistically, LIMD1 binds LATS1/2 through a conserved linear motif, the LATS-LATCH, which we identified by AlphaFold modeling and confirmed by biochemical and localization assays. The LATS-LATCH is both necessary and sufficient for strain-dependent recruitment of LATS1/2 to AJs. Mutation of predicted contact residues within the LATS-LATCH both disrupts its binding to LIMD1 and localization to AJs. These findings define a bipartite mechanism for LIMD1-dependent recruitment of LATS1/2 involving LIM domain-LATCH interactions and N-terminal IDR functions, providing insight into how mechanical signals are transduced through the Hippo pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCollum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of tension-dependent localization of LATS1 and LATS2 to adherens junctions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An electrostatic repulsion model of centromere organisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cell division, chromosomes reorganise into compact bodies in which centromeres localise precisely at the chromatin surface1-4 to enable kinetochore-microtubule interactions essential for genome segregation5-8. The physical principles guiding this centromere positioning remain unknown. Here, we reveal that human core centromeres are directed to the chromatin surface by repulsion of centromere-associated proteins - independent of condensin-mediated loop extrusion and microtubule engagement. Using cellular perturbations, biochemical reconstitution, and multiscale molecular dynamics simulations, we show that chromatin surface localisation emerges from repulsion between condensed chromatin and both the kinetochore and the highly negatively charged centromere protein, CENP-B. Together, these elements form a centromeric region composed of two domains with opposing affinities, one favouring integration within the mitotic chromosome and the other favouring exposure to the surrounding cytoplasm, thereby driving surface positioning. Tethering synthetic negatively charged proteins to chromatin was sufficient to recapitulate this surface localisation in cells and in vitro, indicating that electrostatic repulsion is a key determinant of surface localisation. These findings demonstrate that centromere layering is not hardwired by chromatin folding patterns but instead emerges from phase separation in chromatin. Our work uncovers electrostatic polarity as a general and programmable mechanism to spatially organise chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristany, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaukopf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Lopez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, C. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinacker, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doolittle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collepardo-Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlich, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An electrostatic repulsion model of centromere organisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BMP9 regulates the endothelial secretome to drive pulmonary hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BMP9, a pleiotropic growth factor cytokine that regulates endothelial function, is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Loss-of-function mutations in GDF2 are found in heritable PAH, suggesting its function as an endothelial quiescence factor, while agonizing or antagonizing BMP9 signaling are both reported to ameliorate experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH). This study sought to resolve the contribution of BMP9 to pulmonary vascular disease and its status as a potential therapeutic target. The function of BMP9 in experimental PH was interrogated using recombinant BMP9, BMP9/BMP10 ligand trap ALK1-Fc, two anti-BMP9 neutralizing antibodies, and the activin/GDF/BMP ligand trap ACTRIIA-Fc (a.k.a., sotatercept). Disulfide-linked, prodomain complexed BMP9 was not protective in SUGEN-hypoxia or monocrotaline-induced PH models, in contrast to previous studies using incompletely disulfide-linked BMP9. In comparison, selective and non-selective BMP9 antagonism exerted prophylactic and therapeutic effects across PH models. Anti-BMP9 and ACTRIIA-Fc had comparable impact on hemodynamics, RV hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling, while single nucleus RNA-Seq revealed similar inhibition of SMAD1/5 and SMAD2/3 transcriptional activity, and highly overlapping DEGs, particularly in the endothelial compartment (r=0.83, p=2.54e-43, Spearman), suggesting overlap of mechanism in targeting BMP9. A multi-omic approach using lung tissues from human PAH, experimental models of pulmonary hypertension, and transcriptomic analysis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells from PAH patients revealed that BMP9 is critical for regulating several endothelial gene products that are overexpressed in human and experimental disease and implicated in disease pathogenesis including CXCL12, PDGF-BB, EDN1, COL18A1, and IGFBP4, and are inhibited by administering anti-BMP9 neutralizing antibodies or ligand traps. Co-culture studies revealed paracrine effects of BMP9-stimulated PMVEC on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotypic plasticity, which could be attributed in large part to endothelial-derived CXCL12. In summary, endothelial BMP9 signaling is a key coordinator of vasoactive endothelial gene products that modulate PASMC phenotype and appears to be a shared target of anti-BMP9 and ACTRIIA-Fc. Selective targeting of endothelial BMP9 angiogenic signaling represents a potential therapeutic strategy for human PAH.

One sentence summaryInhbiition of BMP9 signaling via different selective and non-selective strategies, including ACTRIIA-Fc/sotatercept, attenuates endothelial expression of vasoactive secreted factors that drive pulmonary vascular remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalenko, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fast, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumelty, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covington, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeghibe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benard, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quazi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worst, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocobo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulcek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaard, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Hackert, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berasi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BMP9 regulates the endothelial secretome to drive pulmonary hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF2-driven PTHrP Causes Cachexia and Hypercalcemia in Kidney Cancer: Treatment with HIF2 Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidney cancer frequently causes paraneoplastic syndromes, including hypercalcemia and cachexia, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The most common form of kidney cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, is frequently caused by loss of the pVHL tumor suppressor protein and the resulting upregulation of the HIF2 transcription factor. We show that PTHLH, which resides on a ccRCC amplicon on chromosome 12p, is a direct HIF2 transcriptional target in ccRCC. Further, we show that the increased PTHLH expression is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of hypercalcemia and cachexia in preclinical orthotopic cell line tumor models. Consistent with these observations, two different allosteric HIF2 inhibitors, belzutifan and NKT2152, rapidly ameliorated hypercalcemia and cachexia in ccRCC patients, including in some patients who did not exhibit objective tumor shrinkage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abu-Remaileh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirole, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machaalani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigeant, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldemichael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enomoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelin, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF2-driven PTHrP Causes Cachexia and Hypercalcemia in Kidney Cancer: Treatment with HIF2 Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARM1, the executioner of axon degeneration, is an ADP-ribosyl transferase and autoMARylation negatively regulates its activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon degeneration is a hallmark of nearly all neurodegenerative diseases. SARM1 plays a central role in this process by degrading NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADPR or cADPR. SARM1 also catalyzes a base exchange reaction between NAD+-phosphate (NADP+) and nicotinic acid (NA) to generate NAADP. These second messengers (i.e., ADPR, cADPR, and NAADP), and NAD+ consumption, are thought to drive axon degeneration. Herein, we identify a fourth reaction catalyzed by SARM1: mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation). Specifically, we show that SARM1 MARylates itself and other proteins with a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) higher than its NAD+ hydrolase activity. We further show that auto-MARylation promotes a phase transition and renders SARM1 responsive to regulation by NMN. Notably, endogenous SARM1 is MARylated at mitochondria, suggesting that MARylation may regulate SARM1 localization. Together, these findings uncover new regulatory mechanisms and expand the known signaling functions of SARM1.

SignificanceSARM1 is an NAD+ hydrolase that executes axon degeneration in myriad neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to NAD+ hydrolysis, SARM1 catalyzes NAD+ cyclization and a base exchange reaction with NADP+ and nicotinic acid. These studies show that SARM1 also catalyzes the transfer of single ADPR moieties to proteins, including itself. Notably, we show that this auto-modification regulates SARM1 activity, allowing the protein to respond to NMN and to permit the phase transition. We also show that endogenous SARM1 is modified at the mitochondria, suggesting that this post-translational modification regulates SARM1 subcellular localization. These findings offer valuable mechanistic insights into SARM1 regulation that will ultimately inform the development of inhibitors targeting SARM1 for neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Icso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeOrsey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARM1, the executioner of axon degeneration, is an ADP-ribosyl transferase and autoMARylation negatively regulates its activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-Generation Multiplexed Targeted Proteomics Quantifies Post-Translational Modifications, Compound-Protein Interactions, and Disease Biomarkers with High Throughput 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The GoDig platform enables sensitive, multiplexed targeted pathway proteomics without manual scheduling or synthetic standards. Here we present GoDig 2.0, which increases sample multiplexing to 35-fold, improves time efficiency and reduces scan delays for higher success rates, and allows flexible spectral and elution library generation from different mass spectrometry data types. GoDig 2.0 measures 2.4x more targets than GoDig 1.0, quantifying >99% of 800 peptides in a single run. We compiled a library of 23,989 human phosphorylation sites from a phosphoproteomic dataset and used it to profile kinase signaling differences across cell lines. In human brain tissue, we established a hyperphosphorylated tau assay including pTau127, revealing potential biomarkers for Alzheimers disease. We also quantified diglycyl-lysine peptides to assess polyubiquitin branching. Finally, we built a library of 20,946 reactive cysteines and profiled covalent compound-protein interactions spanning diverse pathways. GoDig 2.0 enables high-throughput analyses of site-specific protein modifications across many biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuken, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beard, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canterbury, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gassaway, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNerney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-Generation Multiplexed Targeted Proteomics Quantifies Post-Translational Modifications, Compound-Protein Interactions, and Disease Biomarkers with High Throughput]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved cryo-EM reconstruction of sub-50 kDa complexes using 2D template matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing the structures of small proteins and complexes has been a longstanding challenge in single-particle cryo-EM. Some of these targets have been successfully resolved by binding to antibody fragments (Fabs) or fusing with external scaffolds to increase their size. Recent advances in conventional single-particle techniques have enabled the determination of an increasing number of structures smaller than 100 kDa, achieving resolutions relevant to drug research. Compared to X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM preserves the near-native states of biomolecules, can resolve structural heterogeneity, and has the potential to apply to a wide range of targets. In this work, we demonstrate that the alignment and reconstruction of small macromolecular complexes can be improved using high-resolution structures as priors combined with 2D template matching. Using this method, we reconstructed a previously intractable [~] 43 kDa protein kinase and improved the density of its ligand-binding site. Our theoretical analysis predicts that this method can further extend single-particle cryo-EM to important drug-binding complexes well below 50 kDa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved cryo-EM reconstruction of sub-50 kDa complexes using 2D template matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic function of the Argonaute protein Aubergine is essential for neuromuscular development and function in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is the primary defense against the deleterious activity of transposable elements (TEs), a role classically assigned to the germline. We recently discovered that the retrotransposon Copia is a negative regulator of synaptogenesis at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (LNMJ) [1]. Here, we investigated whether the piRNA pathway regulates Copia in this somatic context.

MethodsAnalysis of existing sequencing data revealed the expression of piRNA pathway components in somatic tissues [2]. We focused on Aubergine (aub), a core PIWI-clade Argonaute. We utilized CRISPR generated aub reporter lines and confocal microscopy to confirm the enrichment of AUB at the LNMJ and next generation sequencing coupled with digital PCR to validate the upregulation of TEs in aub knockdown larvae and adult tissues.

ResultsData from genetic reporters and antibody staining show that AUB is expressed and localized to the LNMJ. Tissue-specific knockdown of aub at the LNMJ resulted in increased TE expression, including Copia. In contrast to the synaptic overgrowth seen with Copia depletion [1], aub reduction caused a decrease in synapse number and impaired motor function and lifespan. These phenotypes are consistent with the upregulation of Copia, a negative regulator of synapse growth.

ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that AUB functions somatically at the LNMJ to repress TEs, thereby ensuring proper neuromuscular development and function. This work establishes a physiological role for the piRNA pathway in a somatic tissue, linking TE repression to neuromuscular development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Angale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graslie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinkevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic function of the Argonaute protein Aubergine is essential for neuromuscular development and function in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
esBAF and INO80C fine-tune subcompartments and differentially regulate enhancer-promoter interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is compacted in the nucleus through a hierarchical chromatin organization, ranging from chromosome territories to compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and individual nucleosomes. Nucleosome remodeling complexes hydrolyze ATP to translocate DNA and thereby mobilize histone proteins. While nucleosome remodeling complexes have been extensively studied for their roles in regulating nucleosome positioning and accessibility, their contributions to higher-order chromatin architecture remain less well understood. Here, we investigate the roles of two key nucleosome remodelers, esBAF and INO80C, in shaping 3D genome organization in mouse embryonic stem cells. Using Hi-C, we find that loss of either remodeler has minimal effects on global compartment or TAD structures. In contrast, subcompartment organization is notably altered, suggesting that esBAF and INO80C contribute to finer-scale chromatin topology. To overcome the limited resolution of Hi-C for detecting regulatory loops, we employed promoter capture Micro-C (PCMC), which revealed that the loss of esBAF or INO80C alters a subset of promoter anchored looping interactions. Although these changes occur at distinct genomic loci for each remodeler, the affected sites are commonly enriched for bivalent chromatin regions bound by OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG (OSN), as well as BRG1 and INO80 themselves. Together, our findings reveal that esBAF and INO80C selectively influence subcompartment identity and enhancer-promoter communication at key regulatory loci, highlighting a previously underappreciated role for nucleosome remodelers in higher-order chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazzio, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[esBAF and INO80C fine-tune subcompartments and differentially regulate enhancer-promoter interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective chr21 homolog silencing reveals polymorphisms influence the epigenetic silencing and functional dosage of RWDD2B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymorphisms that affect chr21 gene expression have significance for both variable severity in Down syndrome and common multifactorial conditions. Results here demonstrate "selective homolog silencing" in cells from even one individual can provide a valuable complement to large studies. In trisomic iPSC subclones that silence different chr21 homologs (via XIST-based silencing), we discovered unusually large, homolog-specific, differences in RWDD2B in iPSCs, cortical organoids and endothelial cells. RNA FISH showed RWDD2B transcription almost entirely from the H1 homolog, correlated with CpG promoter methylation differences. Polymorphisms different on H1 versus H2/H3 had strongest eQTLs in GTEx, especially in brain. Collective results indicate RWDD2B functional dosage is more frequently disconnected from copy number even compared to neighboring genes. RWDD2B function is unknown, but nearby methyl-eQTLs are implicated in osteoarthritis, and potential roles in inflammation or immune response merit consideration. This study has significance for RWDD2B regulation and demonstrates a cell-based methodology to study polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larsen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective chr21 homolog silencing reveals polymorphisms influence the epigenetic silencing and functional dosage of RWDD2B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gli3R-mediated inhibition of hedgehog signaling alters the embryonic transcriptome in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hedgehog signaling is a conserved developmental pathway that patterns diverse tissues during vertebrate embryogenesis. In zebrafish, disruptions to the hedgehog pathway cause well-characterized defects in specific cell types including neurons and glia derived from the ventral neural tube. We inhibited hedgehog signaling by overexpressing the Gli3 repressor ubiquitously and performed bulk RNA-seq of 30 hours post-fertilization zebrafish embryos. Consistent with known roles of hedgehog signaling, we observed reduced expression of genes marking lateral floor plate, motor neurons, Kolmer-Agduhr cells, dopaminergic neurons, slow muscle cells, and anterior pituitary. Gene set enrichment analysis using marker genes derived from the Daniocell atlas also revealed downregulation of genes marking H+-ATPase-rich and Na+-K+-ATPase-rich ionocytes, which are located in the embryonic skin and are responsible for osmotic homeostasis. Reduced expression of ionocyte-specific transporter genes and the transcription factor foxi3a suggests that Gli activity may play a previously unrecognized role in the development of this cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyme, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gli3R-mediated inhibition of hedgehog signaling alters the embryonic transcriptome in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in chromosome and nuclear architecture during maturation of normal and ALS C9orf72 motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have investigated changes in chromosome conformation, nuclear organization, and transcription during differentiation and maturation of control and mutant motor neurons harboring hexanucleotide expansions in the C9orf72 gene that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using an in vitro reprogramming, differentiation and neural maturation protocol, we obtained highly purified populations of post-mitotic motor neurons for both normal and diseased cells. As expected, as fibroblasts are reprogrammed into iPSCs, and as iPSCs differentiate into motor neurons, chromatin accessibility, chromosome conformation, and nuclear organization change along with large-scale alterations in transcriptional profiles. We find that the transcriptome changes extensively during the first three weeks of post-mitotic neuronal maturation, with thousands of genes changing expression, but then is relatively stable for the next three weeks. In contrast, chromosome conformation and nuclear organization continue to change over the entire 6-week maturation period: chromosome territoriality increases, long-range interactions along chromosomes decrease, compartmentalization strength increases, and centromeres and telomeres increasingly cluster. In motor neurons derived from ALS patients such changes in chromosome conformation were much reduced. Chromatin accessibility changes also showed delayed maturation. The transcriptome in these cells matured relatively normally but with notable changes in expression of genes involved in lipid, sterol and mitochondrial function. We conclude that neural maturation is associated with large scale post-mitotic changes in gene expression, chromosome conformation and nuclear organization, and that these processes are defective in motor neurons derived from ALS patients carrying C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belaghzal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akgol-Oksuz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uslu, Z. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in chromosome and nuclear architecture during maturation of normal and ALS C9orf72 motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiation stage-specific use of cap-independent and cap-dependent translation initiation in hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell stress can increase the use of m7G-cap-independent, IRES-mediated translation initiation relative to cap-dependent translation (IRES/Cap). Reporters that quantify IRES/Cap have demonstrated differential activity across cultured cell types and stress conditions. By generating an IRES/Cap reporter mouse, we were able to systematically evaluate IRES/Cap across distinct tissues and cell types during physiological stresses and lineage commitment. Caloric stress invoked the expected boost in IRES/Cap translation regardless of differentiation state, but unexpectedly IRES/Cap progressively increased during hematopoietic and epithelial (hair follicle) differentiation under normal, homeostatic conditions. This was independent of total protein output or cell cycle. Even within cells of a given differentiation state, cells with lower relative-IRES utilization had markedly higher multipotent capability in vivo. The RNA processing protein PTBP1 is a mediator of this translation initiation preference. Therefore, low IRES/Cap is a signature of high stemness and suggests modulation of translation initiation participates in cell differentiation state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzola, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristiansen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott-Solomon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahlberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forward, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assita, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiroli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kfoury, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukushima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, S. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadreyev, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scadden, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiation stage-specific use of cap-independent and cap-dependent translation initiation in hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal dysfunction is a well-recognized feature of aging, yet its systematic molecular investigation remains limited. Here, we employ a suite of tools for rapid lysosomal isolation to construct a multi-tissue atlas of the metabolite changes that murine lysosomes undergo during aging. Aged lysosomes in brain, heart, muscle and adipose accumulate glycerophosphodiesters and cystine, metabolites that are causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders like Batten disease. Levels of these metabolites increase linearly with age, preceding organismal decline. Caloric restriction, a lifespan-extending intervention, mitigates these changes in the heart but not the brain. Our findings link lysosomal storage disorders to aging-related dysfunction, uncover a metabolic lysosomal "aging clock," and open avenues for the mechanistic investigation of how lysosomal functions deteriorate during aging and in age-associated diseases.

One-Sentence SummaryAging in mice is tracked by a lysosomal "clock", where glycerophosphodiesters and cystine - metabolites causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders - gradually accumulate in lysosomes of the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puszynska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cangelosi, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprenger, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedir, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajderowicz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esantsi, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmission network for foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Mar Chiquita - Argentina: A spatial modeling analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease with major implications for livestock production, food security, and economic stability. In this study, we investigate the transmission dynamics of the 2001 FMD outbreak in Mar Chiquita, Argentina, using a spatially explicit modeling framework. Transmission kernels based on inter-farm Euclidean distances are developed to estimate the probability of between-farm transmission and to reconstruct the likely transmission network. Several kernel formulations are evaluated, and parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood estimation techniques. We further assess the influence of isolation interventions by incorporating time-dependent kernel modifications that reflect reduced transmission risk following farm visits. Local transmission potential is quantified through farmspecific reproduction numbers, and transmission pathways are inferred using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Our results show that controlling geographic proximity alone does not reliably mitigate transmission risk and that delayed intervention can sustain epidemic spread. The reconstructed transmission network reveals spatial clusters of infections and temporal patterns consistent with field observations. These findings highlight the importance of timely isolation, active surveillance, and spatial risk assessment for effective outbreak control.

HighlightsO_LISpatial transmission modeling captures FMD spread across 65 farms in Mar Chiquita, Argentina.
C_LIO_LIDistance-based kernel functions estimated from epidemic data quantify between-farm infection risk.
C_LIO_LIMCMC simulations reconstruct high-resolution farm-to-farm transmission networks.
C_LIO_LIIntervention strategies (e.g., isolation) effectively reduce transmission probability and local R0.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musa, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>König, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colubri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmission network for foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Mar Chiquita - Argentina: A spatial modeling analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imp, a key regulator of transposable elements, cell growth, and differentiation genes during embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imps are a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins involved in embryonic development, cancer progression, and neurogenesis. However, the molecular pathways and RNAs regulated by Imp to control these processes remain poorly understood. Embryos derived from Imp mutant germline clones arrest development, and transcriptome analysis revealed significant dysregulation of genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, tube morphogenesis, neuronal projection development, and RNA metabolism, along with de-repression of transposable element (TE) RNAs. Consistent with these findings, Imp mutant embryos display TE-overexpression phenotypes, are smaller in size, and exhibit defective organ development, including impaired tracheal branching and gastrulation. Reduced levels of Imp at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) impair synaptic bouton formation and decrease adult longevity. RIP-seq experiments showed that Imp-associated RNAs are enriched for TE RNAs. Proteomic analyses confirmed that several TE-encoded proteins are upregulated in Imp mutant embryos. Specifically, the Ty1 family retrotransposon Copia was derepressed. Consistent with recent findings that Copia is a potent inhibitor of synaptogenesis, its upregulation likely contributes to the impaired NMJ formation and broader embryonic defects observed in Imp mutants. Moreover, Imp associates with piRNA pathway proteins, ensures Piwi nuclear localization, and--like piwi mutants--its loss disrupts TE silencing and causes position-effect variegation (PEV) defects. The analysis of Imp complexes further points to potential mechanisms by which Imp may regulate TE expression. Overall, these results indicate that Imp maintains genome stability and ensures proper developmental progression and neuronal activity by regulating post-transcriptional processes and suppressing transposons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez Pianzola, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuchle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M'Angale, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imp, a key regulator of transposable elements, cell growth, and differentiation genes during embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thick filament molecular interfaces play a critical role in pathogenesis of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy variants in genes encoding the myosin heavy chain (MYH7), myosin light chains (MYL2 and MYL3), and cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C, MYBPC3) lead to cardiac hypertrophy or dilatation, with abnormal contractility, relaxation, and energy consumption. Here we defined the structural consequences of >200 pathogenic and benign missense variants in these genes by mapping variants onto a cryo-EM-based atomic model of the human cardiac thick filament. We identified HCM variants residing in 31 molecular interfaces of the complex thick filament interactome, including the two main interfaces of the myosin interacting-heads motif (IHM), and interfaces involving the myosin heavy chain, essential and regulatory light chains, and cMyBP-C. Pathogenic DCM missense variants are rare, and altered only interfaces involving the myosin IHM and tails. None of the 21 variants classified as benign were within interfaces. We demonstrate earlier disease onset and adverse outcomes in HCM patients with pathogenic variants within versus outside of molecular interfaces, emphasizing their importance in normal thick filament function and improving risk stratification of patients. The dissimilar distribution of DCM and HCM variants could explain the different features of the two phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SHaRE Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thick filament molecular interfaces play a critical role in pathogenesis of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal Escherichia coli colonization triggers Peyer's patch development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in shaping mucosal immunity, yet the specific microbes contributing to lymphoid tissue development remain poorly defined. Here, we identify Escherichia coli, a pioneer commensal bacterium, as a key driver of naive B cell accumulation in gut Peyers patches and lamina propria via a CXCR2-dependent mechanism. We show that E. coli promotes B cell recruitment through the production of curli amyloid fibers, which signal via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Notably, this effect extends beyond the neonatal period, revealing a broader temporal window for microbial modulation of mucosal immune development. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for a defined gut commensal bacterium and its molecular products in orchestrating the formation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and B cell recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerner, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albicoro, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Terrazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransohoff, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reboldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tukel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal Escherichia coli colonization triggers Peyer's patch development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational scan of self-cleavage by HIV-1 protease provides new views of a conformationally dynamic mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism of conformationally dynamic proteins remains understudied because they are difficult to analyze structurally. For HIV-1 protease the mechanism of cleavage by mature protease is well understood in large part because it forms a stable structure that is amenable to x-ray crystallography. However, self-cleavage or autoproteolysis of protease from the viral polyprotein involves transiently populated structures and is poorly understood. We probed autoproteolysis in HIV-1 using a yeast reporter and mutational scanning. We compared our results with mutational scanning of protease on viral fitness, which integrates both autocleavage and cutting by mature enzyme. We identified 220 mutations that were well tolerated for self-cleavage but not fitness. We analyzed three of these mutations (D30E, W42M and P44L) using independent approaches. All three were capable of efficient self-cleavage in a bacterial assay of autoproteolysis, but had strong defects in mature form for cleavage of a peptide substrate. These separation of function mutations from the mutational scan clustered at hot-spot locations that do not impact autoproteolysis likely because they are conformationally dynamic during self-cleavage. We used the mutational scanning results and molecular simulations to provide models of autoproteolysis conformations. These models provide new views of a structurally dynamic mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nachum, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quansah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.680924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational scan of self-cleavage by HIV-1 protease provides new views of a conformationally dynamic mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel post-translational modification of fimbriae drives pathogenicity in Klebsiella pneumoniae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp), are a public health emergency. The predominant CRKp sequence type worldwide is ST258. However, the factors underlying ST258s epidemic success are not well defined. The understudied two-component system CrrAB is a genomic feature of ST258 and has been hypothesized to contribute to its global dominance. Despite this, the molecular details underpinning CrrABs contribution to ST258 pathogenicity are not well understood. We used RNA-sequencing to identify the regulon of CrrA and found that CrrAB induces the expression of a novel gene, encoding Crr-regulated fimbriae modifying protein (CfmP). CfmP post-translationally modifies fimbriae to significantly increase host cell adhesion and high bacterial loads within the host, consequently increasing ST258 virulence. CrrAB also drives high antibiotic resistance in CRKp. Thus, our data places CrrAB at the intersection of virulence and antibiotic resistance supporting its function as an important regulatory system driving the pathogenicity of ST258.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobihal, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trent, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel post-translational modification of fimbriae drives pathogenicity in Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic targeting of MCL1 and caspases for enhanced anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer remains largely unresponsive to immunotherapy due to its immunologically "cold" nature, marked by low cytolytic activity and a paucity of neoantigens. To overcome this, we developed a novel therapeutic approach to activate the cGAS-STING pathway, a critical mediator of the type I interferon response essential for effective anti-tumor immunity. We demonstrate that combined inhibition of MCL1 and caspases robustly triggers a type I IFN response in breast cancer cells, effectively remodeling the tumor microenvironment by increasing immune cell infiltration and enhancing antigen presentation. In immunocompetent syngeneic mouse models, this combination therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth, an effect that was reversed upon blockade of the IFN signaling axis. Mechanistically, our findings reveal that co-targeting MCL1 and caspases reprograms the tumor microenvironment enhancing immune surveillance. Given the established safety profiles of both drug classes, this strategy offers a promising and rapidly deployable approach to sensitize breast tumors to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spektor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic targeting of MCL1 and caspases for enhanced anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytokines of the Interleukin-1 superfamily and Interleukin-6 are associated with neuroinflammation and brain injury in Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the leading cause of encephalitis, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Dysregulated immune responses have been associated with poor outcomes in small series, driving interest in immunotherapies. However, the key mediators of neuropathology, their cellular sources, and responsiveness to corticosteroid treatment remain unknown. We present findings from an RCT of dexamethasone in 55 adults with HSV encephalitis, alongside a representative murine model. Clinical severity and adverse outcomes were associated with neuroglial injury biomarkers (GFAP, tau, UCH-L1), increased cerebral oedema on MRI, and higher IL-1RA, IL-18, and IL-6. These mediators were more abundant in matched CSF than serum, and were not reduced by dexamethasone. In the model, neurons, astrocytes and microglia robustly expressed IL-1 and IL-6, supporting their CNS origin. These findings identify IL-1 and IL-6 signalling as key drivers of immunopathology in HSV encephalitis and potential therapeutic targets to mitigate neuroinflammation and improve outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egbe, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetherington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldenby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurt-Jones, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luster, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellul, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytokines of the Interleukin-1 superfamily and Interleukin-6 are associated with neuroinflammation and brain injury in Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QuickStainer: a rapid negative staining device for improved preservation of molecular structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative staining is a widely used technique for observing macromolecules and their assemblies by transmission electron microscopy. It is commonly employed to optimize specimens for cryo-EM. The stain, typically a uranyl salt, surrounds the structure, providing an outline view at about 20 [A] resolution. Many macromolecules are relatively stable and rigid, and negative stain images provide a good representation of their structure. However, some are labile or flexible and their structure or assembly state is altered by binding to the carbon substrate on the grid before specimen staining. In these cases, the negatively stained appearance does not faithfully represent the structure in solution. This problem is reduced when samples are incubated on the carbon surface for short times (5 s) rather than typical times (30-60 s) before staining. To reduce disruption to a minimum, we have developed a rapid negative staining device (QuickStainer) using 3D-printed components, a stepper motor for precisely timed movements, and an Arduino-controlled interface to execute commands. QuickStainer produces consistent, reproducible results, achieving sample incubation times as low as 10 ms before staining. Tests show rapid adherence of molecules to the grid and greatly improved structural preservation of labile specimens compared with standard preparation protocols. The design of QuickStainer can accommodate inclusion of additional steps, such as timed incubation with enzyme substrate, before staining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somavarapu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QuickStainer: a rapid negative staining device for improved preservation of molecular structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed cytokine and antigen mRNA administration generates durable anti-tumor immunity against pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a devastating malignancy characterized by limited therapeutic options for advanced disease. Immunotherapy, in particular, has had dismal success rates in the PDAC due to a tumor microenvironment (TME) that contributes to immune exclusion and poor drug delivery. Many cytokines necessary for Natural Killer (NK) and T cell chemotaxis, activation, and cytotoxicity are absent in the PDAC TME. Despite their early success, cytokine therapies have largely failed in the treatment of solid tumors as a result of the lack of efficacy of single cytokine administration and toxicities from systemic delivery. To overcome these limitations, we designed multiplexed mRNA cocktails encoding diverse interleukins, chemokines, and interferons for intratumoral delivery. Administration of a cytokine-encoding mRNA mixture into mice with orthotopically transplanted PDAC tumors achieved robust yet transient cytokine expression locally in the PDAC TME, leading to NK cell and CD8+ T cell immunity and reduced tumor growth and fibrosis in multiple mouse models. Combining cytokine mRNAs with those encoding tumor-associated antigens further activated CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor control and enhanced survival after just a single dose in PDAC-bearing mice. Remarkably, lipid-based nanoparticle (NP) encapsulation of an all-in-one cytokine and antigen mRNA cocktail allowed safe systemic administration and local delivery of these immunogenic signals to autochthonous PDAC tumors in genetically engineered mouse models, culminating in complete tumor responses in 50% of animals. These results suggest that multiplexed mRNA approaches to delivering cytokine signals and antigens generally absent in the TME could pave the way for an effective immunotherapy for PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarco, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnell, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giwa, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atukorale, P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruscetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed cytokine and antigen mRNA administration generates durable anti-tumor immunity against pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Malaria-Induced Neutrophil Subset Shift and a Link to Burkitt Lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that remains a leading cause of childhood cancer mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the epidemiological link between Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria and BL has been established, our understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms conducive to tumorigenesis is incomplete. To address a noted gap in our knowledge of the immune landscape, we profiled neutrophil subsets from children with different exposure histories to Pf-malaria and children diagnosed with BL from Western Kenya, along with healthy malaria-naive Kenyan adults. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we characterized neutrophils by expression of CD15, CD16, CD10, CD11b, CD182, CD184, and CD62L and found that malaria-exposed children exhibited increased frequencies of aged neutrophil subsets, accompanied by a reduction in the mature subset frequencies compared to malaria-naive children. Malaria-exposed children also had neutrophil profiles that closely resembled those seen in the adults. Notably, a positive correlation (rs = 0.7; p < 0.0001) was observed in immature neutrophils between malaria-exposed healthy and BL children, indicating a similar expansion pattern of this subset in both groups. This finding suggests a malaria-driven expansion of the immature subset, potentially promoting a permissive environment for BL. Our data suggests that the observed shift in neutrophil profiles could contribute to the malaria-induced immunopathology associated with BL

Visual abstractCreated in BioRender. Forconi, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/oz60qvq



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/681992v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okoth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonui, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maina, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agwati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njuguna, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keitany, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chepsiror, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayieko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forconi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Malaria-Induced Neutrophil Subset Shift and a Link to Burkitt Lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine Toll-like receptor 8 is a nucleic acid multi-sensor detecting 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate guanosine as well as combinations of ribo-, deoxy-, cyclic nucleotides, and nucleosides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) in humans senses RNA degradation products and elicits an inflammatory immune response. In contrast, the ligand specificity and function of its murine counterpart mTLR8, long considered non-functional, remain poorly defined. Here, we established an agonist combination model of poly-deoxythymidine (poly-dT) DNA and TLR7/8 binding site 1 agonists such as uridine or the benzazepine compound TL8-506, which activates mTLR8, while suppressing mTLR7 signaling. Extensive agonist analysis based on this model revealed that 2,3-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (2,3-cGMP) serves as a natural ligand for mTLR8, suggesting functionality of its binding site 1 without engagement of site 2. In addition, 2,3-cyclic uridine monophosphate, bacterial single-stranded (ss) DNA, double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments, microRNAs, ssRNA derived from HIV1, SARS-CoV-2, or bacterial sources all potentiate mTLR8 sensing of site 1 agonists. All these stimuli induce distinct inflammatory responses from murine macrophages and microglia via TLR8. In vivo, intrathecal administration of TL8-506 and poly-dT led to microglial accumulation and neuronal injury in the murine cerebral cortex through TLR8, highlighting the potential neuropathological consequences of mTLR8 activation.

Taken together, our study defines mTLR8 as a nucleic acid sensor detecting 2,3-cGMP as well as combinations of ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA fragments, 2,3-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates, and nucleosides, with implications for host defense and neuroinflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinkelmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brehm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbol, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGurran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheerer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golenbock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehnardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine Toll-like receptor 8 is a nucleic acid multi-sensor detecting 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate guanosine as well as combinations of ribo-, deoxy-, cyclic nucleotides, and nucleosides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The shared selection landscape of dog and human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers in pet dogs are prevalent, progress rapidly, and closely resemble human cancers, positioning them as powerful models for precision oncology. While genetic drivers of human cancer often transcend histologic boundaries, most comparative studies have focused on matched cancer types, leaving the broader scope of genomic similarity unresolved. We performed the first exome-wide, histology-agnostic comparison of canine and human cancers, analyzing 429 dog and 14,966 human tumors across 39 types. Mutational signatures and genes under selection are widely shared between species, and cancer types are as genomically similar between species as within species, with no greater similarity within dog breeds than between breeds. Machine-learning models identify genetic features shared by dog and human tumors of different histologies, mirroring cross-histology patterns in human cancer. These findings establish dog cancer as a powerful system for genomics-informed precision oncology and support pan-cancer approaches to discover translationally relevant models beyond histologic classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MEGQUIER, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner-Maier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohrab, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husted, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The shared selection landscape of dog and human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.682962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
αTAT1 defines a microtubule mechanosensing axis that drives fibroblast durotaxis and fibrosis across organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.682962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Durotaxis, the directed migration of cells along gradients of extracellular stiffness, drives tissue fibrosis by recruiting fibroblasts to stiffened injury sites where hey differentiate into myofibroblasts and deposit scar tissue. While actin cytoskeletal tension and focal adhesion dynamics have been implicated in this process, the contribution of microtubules to cellular mechanosensing and durotaxis has remained undefined. Here, we uncover TAT1-mediated microtubule acetylation as a master regulator of fibroblast mechanosensing and stiffness-directed durotaxis. By catalyzing -tubulin K40 acetylation, TAT1 confers the structural flexibility required for directional microtubule alignment and persistent polarity along stiffness gradients, enabling fibroblasts to sense mechanical cues and initiate profibrotic programs. Loss of TAT1 abolishes K40 acetylation, disrupts focal adhesion FAK signaling, and suppresses YAP nuclear localization, thereby uncoupling extracellular matrix stiffness from downstream mechanotransduction. Global or fibroblast-specific deletion of TAT1 markedly reduces fibroblast durotaxis and myofibroblast accumulation, and protects mice from lung, dermal, and kidney fibrosis in experimental models, without affecting inflammation or vascular integrity. Together, our findings define TAT1-dependent microtubule mechanosensing as a central cytoskeletal pathway coupling fibroblast mechanobiology to organ fibrosis in vivo, positioning the TAT1 catalytic domain as a novel mechano-therapeutic target in fibrotic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysovergi, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auernheimer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hilal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagares, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.682962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[αTAT1 defines a microtubule mechanosensing axis that drives fibroblast durotaxis and fibrosis across organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 dysfunction leads to impaired proteostasis and predisposes mice to worse neurological outcomes after brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPathological TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) dysfunction is associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanistic link between TDP-43 dysfunction and neurodegeneration is poorly understood and likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. A major risk factor for neurodegenerative disease is exposure to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we investigated the synergistic interplay between TDP-43 dysfunction and TBI in a murine model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

MethodsA model of TDP-43 dysfunction caused by a knock-in Q331K mutation in Tardbp was combined with a mild model of TBI. Control conditions included both WT mice and mice with sham surgery. Animals were evaluated for behavioral deficits at timepoints pre- and post-surgery. Additionally, post-mortem brain tissues were examined using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics together with histological and biochemical analyses.

ResultsExpression of dysfunctional TDP-43 in vivo caused deficits in multiple branches of the proteostasis network, including protein folding, protein synthesis, and protein turnover. Examples include mis-expression of chaperones and genes within the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway in mutant TDP-43 versus WT mice. Further, mutant TDP-43 expression correlated with reduced thermostability of proteins associated with the ribosome and the chaperonin containing TCP-1 complex. In response to TBI, mutant TDP-43 mice exhibited significantly worse neurological outcomes relative to WT animals. Heightened neurological deficits in mutant TDP-43 mice following TBI coincided with a robust upregulation of proteostasis- and stress-related genes at the transcript level. However, this upregulation was not detected at the protein level.

ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that expression of dysfunctional TDP-43 leads to deficits within the proteostasis network in vivo at baseline. Despite an upregulation of proteostasis-related genes at the transcript level in mutant TDP-43 mice after TBI, mutant TDP-43 mice exhibit an impaired response to, and recovery from, brain trauma relative to their WT counterparts. Restoring proteostasis is expected to protect against the detrimental effects of TDP-43 dysfunction, especially under stress conditions that promote neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotunno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEachern, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anadolu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 dysfunction leads to impaired proteostasis and predisposes mice to worse neurological outcomes after brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus-like particle capture reveals coordination of actin remodeling during Shigella flexneri entry by host proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigella spp. are intracellular bacterial pathogens that enter the host via plasma membrane insertion of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) translocon, which triggers signaling cascades that include modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, resulting in bacterial uptake. To better understand translocon insertion-induced host processes, we adapted a method to capture in virus-like particles (VLP) host proteins that are recruited to the cytosolic face of natively delivered S. flexneri translocons. Proteomic analyses reveal enrichment of 14-3-3{zeta}, a signaling protein, and CAP2, a regulator of actin turnover. 14-3-3{zeta} and CAP2 are necessary for host entry by T3SS pathogens. 14-3-3{zeta} dimers function as molecular scaffolds in the formation of bacterial-associated membrane ruffles. Concurrently, CAP2 localizes to membrane ruffles and cooperates with 14-3-3{zeta} to enable the formation of membrane ruffles that function efficiently in bacterial uptake. The findings define a coordinated role for 14-3-3{zeta} and CAP2 in cytoskeletal dynamics during T3SS pathogen infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Marques, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, L. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharbanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus-like particle capture reveals coordination of actin remodeling during Shigella flexneri entry by host proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exacerbation of a Subset of Behavioral Phenotypes by Early Treatment with AAV FOXG1 Gene Replacement Therapy in a Mouse Model of FOXG1 Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FOXG1 syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, profound intellectual disability with communication deficits including lack of speech, impaired social interaction, increased anxiety, hyperkinetic/dyskinetic movements, seizures and abnormal sleep patterns. Mutations in a single allele of the FOXG1 gene cause disease, likely due to loss-of-function. However, current therapies do not target this root cause of FOXG1 syndrome and have little to modest therapeutic benefit on only a small subset of symptoms. Recently, we reported the beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) human FOXG1 gene replacement therapy administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection at postnatal day 6 (P6) on several behavioral deficits that are relevant to key features of human FOXG1 syndrome, in male FOXG1 mice that were engineered with a highly prevalent, patient-specific Q84P mutation. Here, we report the behavioral effects of AAV human FOXG1 gene replacement therapy administered by ICV injection in female as well as male mice and at an earlier age - postnatal day 2 (P2). Although the earlier studies had suggested that AAV FOXG1 gene replacement therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of a subset of functional deficits in human FOXG1 syndrome with no toxicity observations, our current study shows that certain motor behaviors can be negatively impacted or exacerbated by P2 treatment with AAV FOXG1 gene replacement therapy, in female but not male FOXG1 mice. Given these results, the risk-benefit balance of AAV FOXG1 gene replacement therapy in patients with FOXG1 syndrome should be carefully considered, especially in female patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torturo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrave, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramboz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, D. W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exacerbation of a Subset of Behavioral Phenotypes by Early Treatment with AAV FOXG1 Gene Replacement Therapy in a Mouse Model of FOXG1 Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.683957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR interference screen identifies Clip2 as a novel regulator of osteocyte maturation and morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.683957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteocytes play critical roles in bone, making them attractive targets for therapeutics to improve bone mass and strength. The genes driving osteocyte maturation and function are not fully understood. Here we aimed to identify novel genes responsible for osteocyte differentiation and dendrite development by performing a genome-wide CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) screen in the Ocy454 osteocyte-like cell line. We identify CD61 (integrin {beta}3) as a marker of osteocyte maturation: surface CD61 expression increases during osteocyte maturation, and CD61high cells express higher levels of osteocyte marker genes. We then developed a flow cytometry-based assay to quantify surface CD61 protein levels as a phenotypic endpoint for functional genomic screening. In a genome-wide screen, we identified Clip2, which encodes a microtubule binding protein, as one of dozens of genes necessary for CD61 expression. Clip2 inhibition decreased surface CD61 expression, reduced expression of osteocyte-specific genes Dmp1 and Sost, and impaired dendrite morphology in vitro. Together, these results highlight the utility of surface CD61 as a marker of osteocyte maturity and identify a role of the microtubule cytoskeleton for osteocyte differentiation, form, and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazur, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsalidis, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surface, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wein, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.683957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR interference screen identifies Clip2 as a novel regulator of osteocyte maturation and morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Reveals How Cardiomyopathy Therapeutic Drugs Modulate the Myosin Motors of the Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic mutations in myosin, the motor protein that powers the heartbeat, are linked to inherited hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Mavacamten and omecamtiv mecarbil are therapeutic, myosin-targeted drugs designed to treat these myopathies, but their mechanism of action has remained unclear. Using single-particle cryo-EM, we determined near-atomic resolution structures of wild-type, mavacamten-bound, and omecamtiv mecarbil-bound myosin molecules. Across all conditions, two conformations of myosin were observed. We show how mavacamten stabilizes one conformation by reinforcing key electrostatic interfaces in the molecule, whereas omecamtiv mecarbil weakens these interfaces, favoring the second structure. This remodeling elucidates previously unclear allosteric mechanisms through which these drugs either inhibit or enhance myosin activity, countering the deleterious impacts of disease. These findings reveal how drugs modulate myosin structure to control cardiac contractility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somavarapu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Reveals How Cardiomyopathy Therapeutic Drugs Modulate the Myosin Motors of the Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCG vaccination elicits protection against Mtb infection mediated by two phases of T cell immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryVaccine development for tuberculosis is a global priority. Our studies using Collaborative Cross (CC) mice show that genetic diversity influences the efficacy of BCG, the most widely used TB vaccine. BCG vaccination of CC042 mice reduces their lung bacillary burden and increases their survival following low-dose aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTBI), despite impaired T cell trafficking from a defective Itgal gene. Early protection requires the presence of T cells at the time of BCG vaccination but is not mediated by B cell or T cell recall responses following MTBI. In contrast, T cell depletion following BCG vaccination reduces survival after MTBI. Thus, CC042 mice reveal two phases of immunity induced by BCG that require T cells: an early phase mediated by innate responses and a later phase mediated by effector CD4 and/or CD8 T cells. Although measurement of vaccine-induced protection 30 days after MTBI is a standard measure of vaccine efficacy in the murine TB model, we find this time point is independent of memory T cells. Our results suggest that vaccine-elicited innate responses have a larger role in protection than previously considered. The concordance between lung CFU, pathology, and survival make CC042 mice a useful model for vaccine evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogunsola, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beamer, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCG vaccination elicits protection against Mtb infection mediated by two phases of T cell immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VadK, a Non-Canonical Kinase that Regulates the Methylcitrate Cycle and is Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of new enzymatic functions is constrained and guided by the architecture of an organisms metabolic and regulatory networks as well as by environmental constraints. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized kinase that has evolved from pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK). Through biochemical and systems-level analyses, we show that this enzyme, encoded by Rv1127c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has diverged from its ancestral role in central carbon metabolism to function as a histidine kinase in pathogenic mycobacteria and related species. We designate this enzyme Virulence Associated DiKinase (VadK), reflecting its ability to autophosphorylate and role in coordinating metabolism and virulence. VadK is essential for the utilization of exogenous carbon sources critical for survival within the host and is required for Mtb pathogenicity in murine models of tuberculosis. Furthermore, VadK interacts with key enzymes of the methylcitrate cycle, and 13C-metabolic flux analysis indicates that it fine-tunes flux through this pathway, with elevated flux proving growth limiting. Together, these findings identify VadK as a previously unrecognized regulatory kinase that integrates metabolic control with virulence in Mtb, revealing a new facet of metabolic regulation in bacterial pathogenesis and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pascoe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birua, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendum, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavinasasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrouy-Maumus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beste, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VadK, a Non-Canonical Kinase that Regulates the Methylcitrate Cycle and is Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CFDP1 is required for histone variant H2A.Z deposition by the human SRCAP chromatin remodeling complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Craniofacial Developmental Protein 1 (CFDP1) is a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of Bucentaur (BCNT) proteins and was originally classified as a protein required for cell survival and differentiation during tooth development. Yeast Swc5, a BCNT family member, is an essential subunit of the yeast SWR1C chromatin remodeling complex that catalyzes the deposition of histone variant H2A.Z. Direct connections between CFDP1, H2A.Z deposition, and the mammalian SWR1 homolog, Snf2-Related CREBBP Activator Protein (SRCAP), have not been identified. Here, we perform detailed biochemical reconstitution and characterization of the human SRCAP complex (SRCAP-C). We find that CFDP1 weakly interacts with SRCAP-C in a salt concentration-dependent manner. SRCAP-C purified under a high-salt condition does not co-purify with CFDP1 and is inactive in H2A.Z dimer exchange reaction, but the addition of exogeneous CFDP1 restores the H2A.Z deposition activity of SRCAP-C, demonstrating that CFDP1 is required for H2A.Z dimer exchange by SRCAP-C. We show that CFDP1 stimulates the basal ATPase activity of reconstituted SRCAP-C, suggesting a requirement for CFDP1 in regulating intrinsic catalytic ATPase activity. Consistent with this idea, CFDP1 deficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) leads to a genome-wide reduction of H2A.Z, H3K27me3, and H3K4me3 deposition, accompanied by the upregulation of developmental genes normally marked by these modifications. Taken together, our results provide mechanistic insights into how CFDP1 regulates histone variant H2A.Z deposition by SRCAP-C. Given mutations in the SRCAP gene cause Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS), a rare, dominant developmental disorder, our study provides an additional link between craniofacial defects and SRCAP-mediated H2A.Z deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butty, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CFDP1 is required for histone variant H2A.Z deposition by the human SRCAP chromatin remodeling complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components inhibit herpes simplex virus infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of the mucosal microbiome in viral infections remains unclear. Genital herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Despite evidence linking vaginal Lactobacillus to protection against sexually transmitted viruses, the specific microbial components and mechanisms that mediate this defense are not well understood. Here, we show that multiple cell wall components from diverse gram-positive bacteria, including lactobacilli, inhibit HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in cells and in a mouse model of genital herpes infection. Peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), both major components of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall, significantly reduced HSV infectivity in vitro and improved survival and disease outcomes in mice. We further showed that Lactobacillus crispatus surface layer proteins SlpA and SlpB bind HSV-1 and inhibit infection. Antiviral effects of cell wall components were dose-dependent, relied on intact PG structure, and, in the case of PG and LTA, were independent of TLR2-mediated host signaling. Collectively, our findings identify a species-independent antiviral function for gram-positive bacterial cell wall components against HSV and suggest that the composition of the mucosal microbiome may play an underappreciated role in suppressing mucosal herpes infection in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Causey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond-Buccola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzalli, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components inhibit herpes simplex virus infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil Transcriptomics in SLE: Exploring Intrinsic, Ex Vivo Adaptation, and CAR T-Cell Therapy-Induced Changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dysregulation of the adaptive and innate immunityThis study aimed to identify transcriptomic differences in neutrophils from SLE patients and healthy individuals, analyze ex vivo adaptation dynamics, and evaluate the impact of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy on neutrophil transcriptomic profiles.

MethodsNeutrophils were isolated via negative selection from seven SLE patients and three healthy individuals. RNA sequencing was performed to assess transcriptomic differences, ex vivo dynamics over 60 minutes, and responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Additionally, longitudinal transcriptomic data from an SLE patient undergoing KYV-101 anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy were evaluated.

ResultsWe identified 258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) consistently distinguishing SLE from healthy neutrophils; they spanned multiple clusters, enriched in interferon-related and DNA damage repair genes (upregulated), and ribosomal protein genes (downregulated). Ex vivo adaptation revealed shared activation pathways, such as NF-{kappa}B and apoptosis, in both groups. LPS stimulation highlighted overlapping inflammatory responses, demonstrating retained functional capacities in SLE neutrophils. Following CAR T-cell therapy of an SLE patient,neutrophil transcriptomic profiles realigned with healthy controls by three months post-treatment.

ConclusionsNeutrophils in SLE exhibit intrinsic, disease-specific transcriptomic alterations while sharing ex vivo adaptation dynamics with healthy individuals. The disease-specific alterations appear to be modifiable through targeted therapeutic intervention, as anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy resets neutrophil gene expression toward healthy patterns despite targeting B cells rather than neutrophils directly. These findings provide insights into SLE pathogenesis and highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting both adaptive and innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dehdashtian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schett, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caricchio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil Transcriptomics in SLE: Exploring Intrinsic, Ex Vivo Adaptation, and CAR T-Cell Therapy-Induced Changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPARK: in silico simulations for benchmarking nascent RNA sequencing experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.687082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nascent RNA sequencing offers profound insights into transcriptional dynamics, yet there are substantial challenges to analyzing these data. The development of proper computational tools necessitates realistic benchmarking datasets that reflect biological variability and technical biases. We present simulated pre-mRNA and RNA kinetics (SPARK), a versatile in silico framework for generating reads across nascent RNA sequencing approaches. SPARK simulates the process of transcription -- allowing for variable elongation rates and pausing events -- and key experimental features. SPARK provides a comprehensive platform for computational development and benchmarking in nascent RNA genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Roitberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPARK: in silico simulations for benchmarking nascent RNA sequencing experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of gene output by intron RNA structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mRNA biogenesis, RNA folding can promote or antagonize transcript processing. The effects of intron structure on mRNA and protein levels remain largely unexplored, although introns account for the bulk of nascent RNA. Here we systematically probe the effect of intron structure using massively parallel reporter assays. We show that base pairing modulates gene expression across orders of magnitude through inhibitory RNA structures at splice sites and at newly identified regions. Conversely, poor splicing of human {beta}-globin pre-mRNA could be improved by sequence alterations that reduce base pairing. For large libraries of RNA structures differing in stability, machine learning models could nearly fully explain observed gene output. Structure destabilizing mutations emerge rapidly under selective pressure. Thus, formation of RNA structures as dictated by intron sequence provides a simple, powerful means to adjust gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schärfen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bech, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podszywałow-Bartnicka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of gene output by intron RNA structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion and recovery of IgG following treatment with Rozanoliximab and Imlifidase in pigtail macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are central players in adaptive immunity, providing protection against a wide array of pathogens through mechanisms such as neutralization, opsonization, recruitment of effector immune cells, complement activation and engagement. However, in other contexts, these same effector functions can contribute to immunopathology, particularly when antibodies are developed against self-antigens, resulting in autoimmunity. Understanding the role antibodies play in preventing or causing disease is often supported by studies in model systems wherein manipulation of IgG levels can be used as an experimental tool. Here, we report in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) the capacity of two orthogonal strategies to systemically deplete IgG - treatment with a neonatal Fc receptor blocking antibody (Rozanolixizumab) that restricts IgG rescue and recycling, and administration of the IgG protease Imlifidase (IdeS) that cleaves the Fc domain. Under the conditions evaluated, we observed more rapid and effective, although not necessarily more durable, IgG depletion mediated by IdeS, reducing levels by 74.1-95.1%, compared to a lesser reduction of 31.3-66.9% with anti-FcRn treatment. We observed a similar degree of depletion, comparable kinetics of rebound among SIV antigen-specific fractions as total IgG, but differential balance among IgG subclasses following treatment in some cases. In sum, this study in a nonhuman primate model describes the efficacy and downstream impacts of new tools to modify humoral immune states providing insight into the balance between protective and pathological effects of IgG antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rzasa, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiro, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle-Meyers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veazey, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoxie, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion and recovery of IgG following treatment with Rozanoliximab and Imlifidase in pigtail macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-dimensional regulation of LIN-28 temporal expression dynamics in the C. elegans heterochronic gene cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LIN-28 is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in regulating pluripotency and cell fate determination during animal development. In Caenorhabditis elegans, lin-28 is an integral component of the heterochronic (developmental timing) gene regulatory cascade. Loss-of-function mutations in lin-28 result in precocious cell fate determination during larval development. Previous studies showed that the proper progression of stage specific cell fates during larval development depends on the progressive downregulation of LIN-28, which is negatively regulated by the lin-4 microRNA through complementary sequences located in the lin-28 3 UTR. In this study, we employ CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the endogenous lin-28 locus to demonstrate that the robust developmental downregulation of LIN-28 involves contributions from multiple inputs. These include a convergent action of the let-7 family and lin-4 microRNAs via adjacent complementary sites in the lin-28 3 UTR, in conjunction with the previously described post-translational inhibition of LIN-28 by the lep-5 long non-coding RNA, which all together account for virtually the entirety of LIN-28 repression. Furthermore, through the systematic testing of a series of truncations of the lin-28 3 UTR, we identify three positive regulatory regions that enhance LIN-28 expression, thereby counterbalancing the negative effects of the let-7 and lin-4 microRNAs and the lep-5 long non-coding RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-dimensional regulation of LIN-28 temporal expression dynamics in the C. elegans heterochronic gene cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable repurposing of antibody interactome inside the cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In biology proximity is paramount and eighty-five percent of the human proteome has at least one documented interacting monoclonal antibody. These molecules penetrate the cytoplasm poorly and are very often non-functional within the cell. Sequence analysis of 106 antibody variable domains alongside the cytoplasmic human proteome shows charge and isoelectric point are characteristics ill adapted to intracellular monodispersity. Characterisation of forty-five single-chain variable fragment (scFv) intrabodies expressed in human cells confirmed charge to have the greatest impact on solubility. We created new interdomain linkers, optimised scFv domain orientation and found variable heavy domain framework sites to be generally positively charged, and promote insolubility, but be amenable to optimisation. This is applied in combination to reduce the search space and refine the products of AI-led inverse folding to create highly soluble, abundant and thermally stable intrabodies that maintain parent antibody epitope recognition. Over six hundred intrabody sequences are described targeting sixty cytoplasmic proteins with linear, conformational, post-translational modification or oligomeric state specificity. Interactions were validated for p53, -synuclein, SOD1, polyQ, FUS/TLS, UCHL1 and GFP. This approach removes obstacles hindering intracellular repurposing of the vast sequenced antibody interactome with applications relevant to many human disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahzad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghasoleimani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panmanee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalkwyk, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujisawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichijo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cashman, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable repurposing of antibody interactome inside the cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring binding specificities of human transcription factors with the wisdom of crowds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.16.688692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA motif discovery and, particularly, computational modeling of transcription factor binding motifs, has been a mecca of algorithmic bioinformatics for several decades. Here, we report the results of the largest open community challenge in Inferring BInding Specificities (IBIS), where participants all over the world were invited to construct binding specificity models from multi-assay experimental data for poorly studied human transcription factors. The submissions were rigorously tested against a rich held-out dataset. Benchmarking demonstrated a consistent advantage of properly designed deep learning models over traditional positional weight matrices and other machine learning methods. Yet, the positional weight matrices displayed a surprisingly strong performance out of the box, being only slightly behind the best deep learning models. A post-challenge assessment of a selection of other deep learning methods further solidified this finding. IBIS highlights the power of benchmarking in finding adequate DNA motif representations, emphasizes the pros and cons of various machine learning methods applied to DNA motif modeling, and establishes a rich dataset, benchmarking protocols, and computational framework for a fair cross-platform evaluation of future models of transcription factor binding motifs in DNA sequences.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/688692v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gryzunov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenets, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyaltsev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliseeva, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozdrin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorontsov, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushuev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strekalovskikh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinkevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedarew, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lariushina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimshoviz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tziony, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IBIS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRECO-BIT/Codebook Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornes, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolpakov, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makeev, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulakovskiy, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring binding specificities of human transcription factors with the wisdom of crowds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin chromatin association is regulated by SMC head and hinge engagement and phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.17.688780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SMC condensin complex is essential for normal mitotic chromosome structure in eukaryotes. Here, we analyze how ATP binding and hydrolysis, SMC hinge stability, and condensin subunit phosphorylation influence condensin chromatin association in budding yeast. We show that mutations predicted to destabilize ATP binding and head-to-head engagement impair condensin chromatin association as assayed by ChIP. In contrast, mutations that inactivate the complex by destabilizing the hinge domain interaction, enhance chromatin association at known condensin loading sites. We find that condensin phosphorylation is enriched in enzymatic states associated with elevated chromatin binding. Moreover, phosphorylation and Aurora/Ipl1 kinase activity--but not Cdc5--are required to maintain condensin association with mitotic chromatin in early metaphase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalbetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minchell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin chromatin association is regulated by SMC head and hinge engagement and phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epo and hypoxia accelerate a pattern of gradual cell cycle shortening in BFU-e and CFU-e erythroid progenitors in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.688855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of the earliest erythroid progenitors is not well understood, yet it is relevant to some types of anemia that are refractory to treatment with Erythropoietin (Epo). Recent work shows that early erythroid BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors form a developmental continuum characterized by gradual increase in the proportion of cells in S phase of the cycle. Here we proposed two distinct hypotheses to explain this finding, either the presence of quiescent progenitors or the gradual shortening of G1 and the cycle with differentiation. Using a mouse expressing a timer -protein transgene that reports cell cycle duration, we determined that, in vivo, early erythroid progenitors undergo orderly gradual shortening of the cycle as they mature and approach terminal differentiation. There was no evidence of quiescent BFU-e or CFU-e progenitors in tissue. We found that BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors are highly responsive to hypoxic stress and to its Epo and glucocorticoid mediators. Epo and hypoxia accelerated the pattern of gradual cell cycle shortening throughout early erythropoiesis, while conversely, dexamethasone prolonged the cycle specifically in proerythroblasts. Further, Epo and hypoxia generated rapid increase in early progenitor cell size and dynamic changes in cell surface marker expression. Our data suggest that high Epo or hypoxic stress promote rapid increase in the rate of growth in biomass across the entire erythroid trajectory including in the earliest BFU-e progenitors, and indicates that stress progenitors are of the same type and lineage as those sustaining basal erythropoiesis.

Key PointsO_LIA maturational process of gradual cell cycle shortening and increasing cell size in BFU-e and CFU-e is accelerated by Epo and hypoxia
C_LIO_LIThere are no quiescent BFU-e and CFU-e in tissue. Stress CFU-e arise from the same cell type and lineage as CFU-e in the basal state.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epo and hypoxia accelerate a pattern of gradual cell cycle shortening in BFU-e and CFU-e erythroid progenitors in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In extracto cryo-EM reveals eEF2 as a major hibernation factor on 60S and 80S particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) made impressive progress in resolving cellular macromolecules and their detailed interactions. Single-particle cryo-EM traditionally relies on purified macromolecules and lacks the complexity of cellular environments, whereas in situ cryo-EM or cryo-ET require extensive sample preparation and data acquisition, presenting challenges in achieving high resolution. We describe cryo-EM of cellular lysates--in extracto cryo-EM--allowing the flexibility and high-resolution of cryo-EM in the context of cellular components. High-resolution 2D template matching (2DTM) yields [~]2.2 [A] maps of the mammalian translational apparatus. Elongating ribosome abundances in primate cell lines (MCF-7 and BSC-1) and rabbit reticulocyte lysates range from [~]70% to [~]10%, reflecting translational stress responses. Non-translating (hibernating) ribosomes carrying no mRNA, feature numerous proteins shielding ribosomal functional centers. Elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is the most abundant hibernation factor bound to >95% of ribosomes and, unexpectedly, to 60S subunits. eEF2*GDP is stabilized by interactions with the sarcin-ricin loop and protein uL14. Hibernating ribosomes also feature LARP1 involved in initiation and mTOR signaling; eIF5A implicated in elongation and termination; and other factors, exposing the variety of hibernation scenarios. Our work underscores the efficiency and potential of in extracto cryo-EM to discover native cellular complexes and mechanisms at near-atomic resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seraj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zottig, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In extracto cryo-EM reveals eEF2 as a major hibernation factor on 60S and 80S particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autoimmunity and H. pylori infection cooperatively promote epithelial tumorigenic differentiation and systemic immune modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsGastric cancer (GC) demographics have shifted, with a growing impact on younger populations, particularly women. Chronic Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the leading risk factor for GC; however, decreasing HP prevalence means it is unlikely the cause of rising incidence of early-onset GC. Autoimmunity, which is more prevalent in women, has been proposed as a contributing factor. As autoimmunity prevalence increases, HP and gastric autoimmunity are likely to converge within one individual. This study aimed to examine how combinatorial HP infection and autoimmunity affect tumorigenesis and the immune landscape.

MethodsA mouse model mimicking human CTLA4 insufficiency and its risk of autoimmunity-driven GC development, CTLA4KD, was infected with HP strain PMSS1 by oral gavage. Tumorigenesis was histologically assed. Hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells were analyzed using 40-color spectral flow cytometry. Human PBMCs were co-cultured with HP, followed by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR for gene expression of sorted PBMC subsets.

ResultsHP infection in CTLA4KD mice advanced dysplasia and increased tertiary lymphoid structures within the gastric mucosa. Loss of E-Cadherin and DMBT1 was exacerbated in the combinatorial setting of autoimmunity and HP infection. In the innate immune system HP and autoimmunity showed an additive effect in systemic NK cell decreases. In the adaptive immune system, HP and autoimmunity cooperatively elevated the proportion of CD4+Foxp3- cells expressing the transcription factor Helios, persisting 6-8 months post infection. The Helios-expressing CD4 cells co-expressed inhibitory markers PD-1, CD200 and CD39.

ConclusionAutoimmunity and HP infection cooperatively elicit long-lasting suppression of innate and adaptive immunity while promoting epithelial tumorigenic differentiation in the stomach.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=77 SRC="FIGDIR/small/690054v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1096623org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1099e7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e8493forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@120e5d3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Background and contextAutoimmunity is emerging as a contributing factor for early-onset gastric cancer especially in young women, but it is unknown how it interacts with the most prevalent etiology factor, Helicobacter pylori.

New findingsThis study provides the initial evidence that Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity cooperatively cause long-lasting suppression of innate and adaptive immunity while promoting epithelial tumorigenic differentiation in the stomach.

LimitationsEven with the murine-adapted Helicobacter pylori strain PMSS1, a human pathogen, the mouse modeling remains technically and conceptually challenging and can only capture some aspects of human Helicobacter pylori infection.

Clinical research relevanceThis study showcases how autoimmunity predisposed by host genetics may cooperate with a prevalent environment factor, Helicobacter pylori, to promote gastric cancer development, with cellular and histopathological changes in the stomach, as well as local and systemic alteration of immune profiles. The lasting effects long after the elimination of Helicobacter pylori suggest the necessity of remedies besides Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Basic research relevanceThis study provides molecular and cellular clues for how a convergence of autoimmunity and Helicobacter pylori cooperatively downregulates tumor suppressors in gastric epithelial cells while causing long-lasting suppression of innate and adaptive immunity. More studies are needed for better understanding of the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity, to help develop interventions against the alarming trend of early-onset gastric cancer.

Lay summaryThis study provides initial insight into how autoimmunity and Helicobacter pylori in combination may impinge on multi-pronged effect on the stomach and the immune system to accelerate gastric cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaika, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Rifai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.690054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autoimmunity and H. pylori infection cooperatively promote epithelial tumorigenic differentiation and systemic immune modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pos-1 3' untranslated region governs germline specification and proliferation to ensure reproductive robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During fertilization, haploid gametes combine to form a zygote. The male (sperm) and female (oocyte) gametes contribute a similar amount of DNA, but the oocyte contributes nearly all the cytoplasm. Oocytes are loaded with maternal mRNAs thought to be essential for embryonic patterning after fertilization. A conserved suite of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulates the spatiotemporal translation and stability of maternal mRNAs. POS-1 is a CCCH-type tandem zinc finger RBP expressed in fertilized Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes from maternally supplied mRNA. POS-1 accumulates in the posterior of the embryo where it promotes posterior cell fate. Here, we show that the pos-1 3' untranslated region (UTR) is essential for POS-1 patterning and contributes to maximal reproductive fecundity. We engineered a pos-1 mutant where most of the endogenous pos-1 3'UTR was removed using CRISPR genome editing. Our results show that the 3'UTR represses POS-1 expression in the maternal germline but increases POS-1 protein levels in embryos after fertilization. In a wild-type background, POS-1 repression via the 3'UTR has little impact on fertility. In a sensitized background, the deletion mutant has a complex pleiotropic phenotype where most adult homozygous progeny lack either one or both gonad arms. Most phenotypes become more penetrant at elevated temperature. Together, our results support an emerging model where the 3'UTRs of maternal transcripts, rather than being essential, contribute to reproductive robustness during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varderesian, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utaegbulam, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velcani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pos-1 3' untranslated region governs germline specification and proliferation to ensure reproductive robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of ADAMTS9 results in Nephronophthisis like polycystic kidneys by disrupting ciliogenesis and ECM dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADAMTS9 mutations cause the ciliopathies nephronophthisis and Joubert syndrome. Here we show that deletion of ADAMTS9 in the proximal nephron leads to polycystic kidney development in mice. In males, Adamts9 deletion cause kidneys to become highly cystic but remain small without undergoing enlargement, causing early postnatal lethality. Female mice on the other hand, develop cystic kidneys but progress slowly. ADAMTS9 deletion disrupted ciliogenesis by the loss of ciliary transition zone (TZ) protein TMEM67 cleavage, leading to loss of the MKS/B9 module - a key component of the ciliary gate. Functional analysis of all eight ciliopathy patient variants of ADAMTS9 identified to date, showed TMEM67 C-terminus failed to localize to the transition zone, thus disrupting a key regulatory mechanism in patient renal ciliogenesis. Modeling ADAMTS9-mediated TMEM67 cleavage utilizing our novel TMEM67-cleavage deficient mice revealed loss of TZ formation but not elevated canonical Wnt signaling as the underlying mechanism driving cystogenesis. We show that Adamts9 deletion leads to comparatively intense interstitial collagen deposition, which likely restricts kidney enlargement resulting in the characteristically small kidney phenotype in nephronophthisis and increased immune response. By comparative analysis of four interconnected polycystic kidney models in addition to Pkd1 and Pkd2 deleted kidneys, we identify differential collagen homeostasis is the principle determining factor deciphering cystic kidney size and type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atukorale, P. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of ADAMTS9 results in Nephronophthisis like polycystic kidneys by disrupting ciliogenesis and ECM dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SP140 limits type I interferon-driven pathology, preserving T cell motility and promoting resistance in tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells are robustly activated during tuberculosis but how their responses differ in susceptible hosts remains unclear. Using mice lacking the transcriptional repressor Sp140, we assessed the magnitude and diversity of pulmonary CD8 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We show that control mice develop a robust CD8+ T cell response following infection, characterized by a diverse pool of effector and memory subsets and strong TNF and IFN{gamma} production, whereas Sp140-/-mice display a profound reduction in T cell numbers across all subsets. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed redistribution and skewing of CD8+ T cell clusters in Sp140-/- mice, with overrepresentation of gene expression programs associated with exhaustion and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Blockade of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) restored CD8+ T cell numbers, diversity, cytokine production, spatial localization, and coincided with substantially reduced bacterial burden and lung pathology. Similarly, CD4+ T cell numbers were also rescued. Intravital microscopy of infected lungs further showed that T cell dynamics and motility within lesions were restricted under exuberant IFN-I signaling but fully restored by IFNAR blockade. Together, these findings reveal that SP140 sustains host resistance in mice by restraining IFN-I-driven pathology, coinciding with preserved T cell immunity and lesion surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caouaille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul Hamid, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazeres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duverge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorreyte, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefrancais, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyrolles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudrisier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SP140 limits type I interferon-driven pathology, preserving T cell motility and promoting resistance in tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Albumin-binding dendrimer-conjugated siRNA enables safe and effective gene silencing throughout the central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improving siRNA delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major focus for treating the numerous debilitating neurological conditions which have a genetic basis. Here, we present an albumin-binding siRNA based on an amphiphilic dendrimer conjugate (D-siRNA). We demonstrate that D-siRNA achieves effective and homogeneous delivery throughout the CNS following administration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In mice, a single CSF administration of D-siRNA resulted in potent and durable gene silencing across various brain regions, with effects lasting six months without detectable toxicity. We validate its utility in larger rodents (rats) using intrathecal administration--a clinically relevant route--showing effective and broad delivery and robust silencing. Benchmarking against other clinically relevant siRNA delivery scaffolds revealed that D-siRNA provides comparable delivery and efficacy, with more efficient conversion of gross uptake to functional uptake. These findings support the use of albumin-binding conjugates for brain delivery, and position D-siRNA as a safe, effective, and durable platform for gene silencing in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakih, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramato, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Albumin-binding dendrimer-conjugated siRNA enables safe and effective gene silencing throughout the central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insertion of rare autism variants in synaptic genes induce novel behavioral phenotypes in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental conditions and disorders, including autism, involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Despite this complexity, genetic studies have identified more than 150 candidate genes that increase risk for autism and related neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. Unsurprisingly, synaptic genes are a large proportion of these genes, likely due to their roles in the formation and maintenance of synaptic architecture, function, and the plasticity of neurons and circuits. The association of synaptic genes with autism and similar conditions is driven by all types of genetic variation, including inherited and de novo rare variants that have unknown impacts on the function of the gene. Here we insert 4 conserved rare variants in the C. elegans orthologs of NLGN4X, NRXN1, and SHANK3, and define their impact on gene function compared to known loss of function variants using behavioral assays. We find that the rare variants impact multiple foraging behaviors, with each gene and variant having a unique pattern of behavioral changes and functional impact. The NLGN4X(A283T) variant induced clear loss of function, while NLGN4X(G84R) induces a loss of function in one behavior, but a gain of function in another behavior. The NRXN1(L18Q) variant induced remarkable loss and gain of functions with distinct impacts across each behavior. The SHANK3(L143P) variant induced partial loss of function in a single behavior. We also identify for the first time that loss of function of shn-1/SHANK3 alters social feeding and food response behaviors. We uncover a remarkably complex impact of rare variants in synaptic genes, with differential impacts across behaviors, highlighting the importance of broad behavioral analysis and the nuanced effects of missense variants compared to loss of function alleles. Together, we define the complex functional impact of each variant on gene function, compare the impact of variants and genes across multiple behaviors, and provide further support for the use of C. elegans to define the impact of genetic variation derived from human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haskell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haury, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granato, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastien, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insertion of rare autism variants in synaptic genes induce novel behavioral phenotypes in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive design of tissue-specific mammalian enhancers that function in vivo in the mouse embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers control tissue-specific gene expression across metazoans. Although deep learning has enabled enhancer prediction and design in mammalian cell lines and invertebrate systems, it remains unclear whether such approaches can operate within the regulatory complexity of mammalian tissues in vivo. Here, we present a general strategy for designing tissue-specific enhancers that function reliably in mice. We use deep learning to train compact convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on genome-wide chromatin accessibility and fine-tune them via transfer learning on validated human and mouse enhancers. Guided by these models, we design fifteen synthetic enhancers for the heart, limb, and central nervous system (CNS) in mouse embryos, all of which are active in their intended target tissue. Our work establishes a generalizable framework for programmable control of mammalian gene expression in vivo, opening new avenues in functional genomics, synthetic biology, and gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHEN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loubiere, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacinto, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dizehchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvon, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive design of tissue-specific mammalian enhancers that function in vivo in the mouse embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prime Editing Models the MTARC1 A165T Variant in Human Liver Organoids, Demonstrating Reduced Steatosis, Inflammation, and Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease. MASLD is a progressive and multifactorial disease marked initially by hepatic steatosis, which can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Genetic factors influence the development, progression, and complications in MASLD, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with altered risk. Mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 (MTARC1) rs2642438 (p.A165T) variant has been identified as protective, but the role of MTARC1 and the impact of this variant in hepatocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we applied prime editing to create the rs2642438 variant in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) before differentiation into human liver organoids (HLOs) to investigate the effect of the variant under conditions of steatotic and fibrotic injury. Compared to HLOs formed from hPSCs containing the MTARC1 reference sequence, HLOs with the rs2642438 variant show lower levels of MTARC1 protein and triglycerides and are protected from steatotic and fibrotic injury, as predicted by the phenotype observed in patients carrying the variant. The observed decrease in triglyceride level with the variant appears to be driven more by suppression of de novo lipogenesis rather than stimulation in {beta}-oxidation in the HLO model. While resmetirom, the thyroid hormone receptor-beta (THRB) agonist approved to treat patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) was effective in reducing triglyceride levels in the setting of steatotic injury in HLOs with the reference sequence, HLOs containing the variant did not show further reduction in triglyceride levels with exposure to resmetirom, despite increased expression of THRB. Together, this study establishes an approach to model disease-related SNPs in HLOs and provides further insights into the activity of the MTARC1 variant, and suggests that profiling SNPs may be a path to identify patients more likely to respond to therapies for MASLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Saad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weilheimer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arghiani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toles, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin Sayed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandraker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prime Editing Models the MTARC1 A165T Variant in Human Liver Organoids, Demonstrating Reduced Steatosis, Inflammation, and Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV Nef amplifies mechanical heterogeneity to promote immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogens must evade cytotoxic immunity to establish persistent infection. Although immune escape is typically viewed through a biochemical lens, the ability of certain pathogens to alter the mechanical properties of infected cells suggests that biophysical mechanisms may also contribute to the process. Here, we show that a subset of CD4+ T cells infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resist elimination through a soft phenotype that inhibits killing by mechanosensitive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This phenotype arises from the combined effects of the HIV virulence factor Nef, which remodels the actin cytoskeleton, and intrinsic heterogeneity in the basal cytoskeletal properties of infected T cells. Pharmacological or genetic perturbations that reverse Nef signaling to the cytoskeleton or that stiffen the filamentous-actin cortex sensitize infected cells to CTL-mediated lysis. Taken together, these findings define a novel, biophysical paradigm of immune evasion with implications for HIV cure strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustapha, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV Nef amplifies mechanical heterogeneity to promote immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term high throughput agitation culturing with real-time metabolic profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism relies on the dynamic coordination between glycolytic flux in the cytosol and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) within the mitochondria. To study the metabolic profiles of cells, researchers apply a monitoring system for measurements of critical parameters, e.g., pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), to understand underlying energy production tendencies, dictating the performance, resilience and growth of cells. However, implementing sensitive, non-invasive sensors into long-term culturing environments remains a technical bottleneck. Here, we describe the DolphinQ bioanalyzer, a novel culturing platform designed for high-throughput, real-time monitoring of cellular metabolism states under physiologically relevant conditions. We validate the system across multiple cell types and experimental set-ups, demonstrating its ability to resolve subtle metabolic shifts that are typically obscured in end-point assays. Notably, we utilize the system to characterize the metabolic impact of heteroplasmy in a mitochondrial disease model with affected ATP synthase. Our results underscore the utility of continuous, minimally disruptive monitoring for revealing the complexities of cellular metabolic adaptation. The DolphinQ framework therefore offers a robust tool for optimizing culture conditions across a wide range of applications and advancing fundamental research into metabolic flux and mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lenzen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term high throughput agitation culturing with real-time metabolic profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for non-AUG translation regulation by 5MPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular proteome is regulated by translation initiation on AUG or non-canonical (non-AUG) start codons1-3. Non-AUG initiation remodels proteome during stress and is implicated in cancer and other diseases4-6. The eIF5-mimic proteins (5MPs) restrict non-AUG start codon usage and thereby reprogram proteoform expression from mRNAs with alternative start sites, such as the oncogenic c-Myc7-10. The mechanism by which 5MPs induce such translational reprogramming remains unknown. Here, using in extracto cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and biochemical assays, we report that translational repression by 5MP strongly depends on the sequence context near the AUG or non-AUG codons. Cryo-EM structures of 5MP-bound 48S pre-initiation complexes (PICs) from native cell extracts reveal that 5MP binds at the A site of the small ribosomal subunit, stabilizing an expanded open-head conformation of the PIC scanning along mRNA. The N-terminal region of 5MP blocks the A site, whereas the C-terminal domain docks at eIF2{beta} and the initiator tRNAMet outside the P site (i.e., Pout). These findings indicate that 5MP protein directly biases the initiating 48S complexes toward the open conformation, promoting mRNA scanning and inhibiting initiation at suboptimal start codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zottig, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seraj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for non-AUG translation regulation by 5MPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for hydrolytic splicing of a circularly permuted group II intron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group II introns are self-splicing ribozymes that are considered the ancestors of the eukaryotic spliceosome. Unlike canonical group II introns that self-splice to generate linear exons and lariats, circularly permuted (CP) group II introns identified in various bacterial phyla perform back-splicing, resulting in the production of circular RNAs and branched products via branching pathway. Furthermore, CP introns may switch to a hydrolysis pathway resulting in distinct products to differentially regulate retrotransposition. In this study, we present biochemical data and high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of a CP group II intron from Comamonas testosteroni KF-1 (Cte 1), allowing mechanistic dissection of the switch from the branching pathway to the hydrolysis pathway, and enabling reconstruction of both steps of the hydrolysis pathway. The structures reveal that CP group II intron undergoes the hydrolysis pathway upon mutations of the branch point or splice sites (SS) due to rearrangements in the active site. Here, the branching nucleotide in domain D6 is retracted from its catalytically competent conformation, giving way to the nucleophilic water molecule to attack the 5' splice site. Furthermore, we visualized the intermediates of the second splicing step, which reveal the movement of domain D6 out of the way for the 3'-splicing to occur, closely resembling the second-step structures of the branching pathway. Finally, our structures provide direct evidence for domains D1-D3 acting as a scaffold in group II introns. Together, these findings visualize the complete hydrolysis pathway and offer a new strategy to engineer CP group II introns for circular RNA production, with potential applications in both basic research and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinbiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for hydrolytic splicing of a circularly permuted group II intron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal choroid plexus pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain barriers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, and peripheral factors are implicated as significant contributors to Alzheimers disease (AD). The choroid plexus (ChP) is a blood-brain interface that produces CSF and forms the blood-CSF barrier. However, how ChP pathology develops across the lifespan and contributes to AD has not been systematically characterized. Here, we report a multi-modal ChP atlas integrating single-nucleus transcriptomics from 49 individuals, AI-assisted quantitative histopathology across >500 postmortem samples age 16 to 105, spatial transcriptomics, and functional studies in 5xFAD mice. We identify fibrosis, calcification, and macrophage abnormalities as hallmarks of ChP aging, with AD pathology conferring additional effects, including expansion of a pro-inflammatory fibroblast-macrophage signaling niche. In 5xFAD mice, macrophage dysfunction is associated with impaired epithelial barrier maintenance and repair. Together, these data provide a foundational resource for understanding ChP dysfunction in aging and AD and propose the macrophage-fibroblast-epithelial barrier axis as a driver of ChP pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberhauser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byer, L. I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wihlman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colangelo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okar, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thommana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puttonen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mäyränpää, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuimala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrosa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberberger, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alimukhamedov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pragana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DurantLaforet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. B.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prater, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isakova, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimäki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karhunen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordovas-Montanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal choroid plexus pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.696394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Birth by Cesarean Section Remodels Neonatal Brain Barriers and Associated Immune and Metabolic Pathways in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.696394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mode of delivery shapes early-life physiology through multiple pathways, including stress and hormonal signalling, neonatal oxygenation, and exposure to maternal microbes. Cesarean section (CS) bypasses several of these processes and has been associated with altered immune maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in humans and animal models. Given that CS is also known to disrupt gut barrier integrity and that gut and brain barriers operate as a coordinated network, we investigated whether CS-associated changes extend to early postnatal brain barriers.

Using a mouse model, we compared CS-delivered pups with vaginally born (VB) controls at postnatal days 8-9. Brain barrier permeability and cellular architecture were assessed using tracer extravasation and vascular and tight junction analysis, choroid plexus immune populations were profiled, and metabolomic profiling was performed in cortex and plasma. Blood-brain barrier structural readouts in the medial prefrontal cortex were mostly preserved. In contrast, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) exhibited structural alterations in both its vascular and epithelial tight junction compartments. These barrier changes were accompanied by immune remodelling, including expansion of antigen-presenting border-associated macrophages and reduced parenchymal microglia density. CS delivery increased brain tracer accumulation, consistent with altered barrier function during this developmental window. Metabolomic profiling further identified lower levels of key brain metabolites, including N-acetylaspartate, a marker of neuronal metabolic state.

Together, these findings demonstrate that CS delivery induces early alterations in brain barrier function, BCSFB structure, immune landscape, along with brain and plasma metabolic profiles in mice. This identifies delivery mode as a key perinatal variable shaping neonatal brain physiology and establishes a framework for dissecting how birth context may influence long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turpin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morael, J. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cergneux, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratsika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzetta, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Silva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shearer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armitage, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cryan, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburto, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.696394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Birth by Cesarean Section Remodels Neonatal Brain Barriers and Associated Immune and Metabolic Pathways in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlphaFold3-based modeling uncovers the dynamic structural interface between full-length IAP antagonists and DIAP1 for apoptosis regulation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apoptosis in Drosophila is governed by caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and IAP antagonists. Using AlphaFold3, we modeled full-length 3D structures of the IAP antagonists Reaper, Hid, Grim, Sickle, and Jafrac2, as well as DIAP1 and dBruce, and their binary and higher-order complexes. We uncover a paradoxical role for the N-terminal methionine of Reaper in stabilizing Reaper/Hid complexes and inhibiting DIAP1 binding. Our models reveal that Reaper uniquely engages both BIR1 and BIR2 domains of DIAP1, guided by -helical residues in its backbone, while all other IAP antagonists preferentially target BIR2. Higher-order assemblies show how Reaper and Hid cooperatively engage DIAP1 and allosterically modulate its E3 ligase activity. We present the first full-length model of dBruce and its inhibitory interaction with Rpr. These findings provide a comprehensive structural framework for apoptosis regulation in Drosophila, and offer new insights into conserved mechanisms of caspase control and IAP antagonism across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlphaFold3-based modeling uncovers the dynamic structural interface between full-length IAP antagonists and DIAP1 for apoptosis regulation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Death Induced by Homoisoflavonoid Brazilin and its Semi-synthetic Derivates on MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that have been extensively explored as scaffolds for drug development due to their diverse biological activities. Brazilin, a homoisoflavonoid with reported antitumoral properties, does not fully meet pharmaceutical criteria, and chemical modification of natural compounds is often required to enhance bioactivity and efficacy. Here, we evaluated the pro-apoptotic activity of Brazilin and its semi-synthesized methoxylated (OMe)3 and acetylated (OAc)3 derivatives in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and luminal A MCF7 breast cancer cell lines.

We assessed cell viability, proliferation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial integrity, and analyzed apoptotic features using confocal microscopy, western blotting, and RT-qPCR. In addition, RNA sequencing was performed to characterize transcriptomic changes in MDA-MB-231 cells following treatment with unmodified Brazilin or its derivatives. Brazilin and Brazilin-(OAc)3 significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas MCF7 cells exhibited increased viability and growth in response to Brazilin-(OMe)3. In MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment with Brazilin and Brazilin-(OAc)3 induced apoptosis-associated features, including chromatin condensation, {gamma}H2AX accumulation, and PARP cleavage. These effects were accompanied by a modest increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Notably, no cytotoxic or apoptotic features were detected in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells.

Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Brazilin treatment upregulated genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, including ATF3, in MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, our results indicate that Brazilin and its acetylated derivative selectively induce mitochondrial stress and cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells, potentially involving ER stress pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuniga-Eulogio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinteros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Moreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Moreno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste-Sanchez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Tito, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Death Induced by Homoisoflavonoid Brazilin and its Semi-synthetic Derivates on MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA analysis reveals unexpected hemocyte plasticity and immune cell specialization in a Drosophila overgrowth model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cells play essential roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to abnormal growth, but how innate immune cells adapt to chronic apoptotic signaling remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes, particularly plasmatocytes, are recruited to tumor-like overgrowths, yet their transcriptional diversity and lineage dynamics under these conditions remain undefined. Here, we apply single-cell RNA sequencing to nearly 50,000 circulating and sessile hemocytes from larvae bearing undead overgrown eye discs, a model of regenerative overgrowth driven by sustained caspase activity. We resolve 17 transcriptionally distinct hemocyte clusters, including known lineages and 13 previously unrecognized plasmatocyte subtypes. Interestingly, specific plasmatocyte populations are differentially expanded or depleted under overgrowth conditions. Notably, we identify a matrix-remodeling plasmatocyte population marked by high expression of Jonah-family serine proteases. Pseudotime analysis reveals unexpected plasmatocyte plasticity and two novel terminally differentiated effector states. These findings define the immune landscape of tumor-like overgrowth and establish Drosophila as a platform for dissecting innate immune responses to tissue stress and dysregulated growth in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarikipati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA analysis reveals unexpected hemocyte plasticity and immune cell specialization in a Drosophila overgrowth model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hypothalamus-liver-skeletal muscle axis controlled by JNK1 and FGF21 mediates olanzapine-induced insulin resistance in an intraperitoneal treatment in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.698937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOlanzapine (OLA), a widely prescribed second-generation antipsychotic, is associated with adverse metabolic effects. We recently showed that oral OLA treatment in male mice induces weight gain and hepatic steatosis, whereas intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration leads to weight loss due to higher hypothalamic OLA levels and activation of brown adipose tissue. Since clinical studies report insulin resistance in individuals treated with OLA, here we investigated the impact of OLA i.p. treatment on insulin sensitivity, focusing on the liver- skeletal muscle axis.

Material and MethodsWild-type male mice were treated with OLA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 8 weeks or received a single intrahypothalamic injection (15 nmol). Glucose homeostasis parameters were assessed. Mechanistic studies were performed in vagotomized mice, mice lacking JNK in either the hypothalamus or liver, mice overexpressing hepatic FGF21, and PTP1B-deficient mice (PTP1B-KO).

ResultsOLA i.p. treatment induced systemic insulin resistance, pyruvate intolerance, and reduced insulin signaling in both liver and skeletal muscle. These effects were accompanied by increased hepatic JNK phosphorylation and IRS1 serine phosphorylation. A single intrahypothalamic OLA injection similarly impaired peripheral insulin action and activated hepatic JNK. Deletion of hypothalamic or hepatic JNK1, as well as vagotomy, prevented these defects. OLA reduced hepatic Fgf21 expression, an effect reversed by hypothalamic JNK1 deletion or vagotomy. Hepatic FGF21 overexpression prevented OLA-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle but not in liver. PTP1B-KO mice were protected from all metabolic impairments.

ConclusionAlthough OLA i.p. treatment prevents weight gain, it decreases peripheral insulin sensitivity through a hypothalamus-liver axis driven by hypothalamic JNK1, which activates hepatic JNK via the vagus nerve, suppresses hepatic FGF21 and ultimately impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Importantly, the protection conferred by PTP1B deficiency against OLA-induced insulin resistance strongly suggests that targeting PTP1B might prevent metabolic comorbidities in patients under OLA treatment in a personalized manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folgueira, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitos, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montes-San Lorenzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevez-Salguero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valverde, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.698937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hypothalamus-liver-skeletal muscle axis controlled by JNK1 and FGF21 mediates olanzapine-induced insulin resistance in an intraperitoneal treatment in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NR4A1 limits CD8⁺ T Cell effector responses and protection in tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, CD8+ T cells exhibit dysfunction with impaired cytotoxicity and limited localization to granuloma cores. Using knockout mice, adoptive-transfer models and validation in macaque and human datasets, we identified the nuclear receptor NR4A1 as a key restrainer of CD8+ T cell immunity in tuberculosis (TB). Mtb-infected Nr4a1-/- mice displayed reduced bacterial burden, attenuated pathology, higher lung CD8+/CD4+ T cell ratios, and enhanced CD8+ T cell effector functions. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed suppression of gene expression program linked with exhaustion, and expansion of Nkg7+ and Granzyme+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cell subsets in Nr4a1-/- mice. Spatial analyses demonstrated increased infiltration of Nkg7+ activated CD8+ T cells in Nr4a1-/- lesions. ChIP-qPCR showed NR4A1 binding to Nkg7 promoter, and Nkg7 knockdown abrogated the enhanced cytotoxicity of Nr4a1-/- CD8+ T cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of NR4A1 reduced Mtb burden and pathology, and restored Nkg7 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration in the lung. Together, these findings identify NR4A1 as a negative regulator of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in TB and suggest the NR4A1-NKG7 axis as a novel host-directed therapeutic target.

A one-sentence summary of your paperNR4A1 suppresses CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity in TB lesions, and its inhibition enhances host resistance to Mtb infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fatima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smulan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shihui, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmathulla, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NR4A1 limits CD8⁺ T Cell effector responses and protection in tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics reveals epigenetic control of fibroblast activity after myocardial infarction and a key role for RUNX transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAfter myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac fibroblasts proliferate and undergo a sequential differentiation process. They first transition into cardiac myofibroblasts, a transient and highly contractile state, and ultimately into matrifibrocytes, a more stable state that partially resembles chondrocytes. These dynamic transitions are essential for infarct healing and scar formation. While insufficient fibroblast activation can compromise infarct integrity, excessive activation promotes pathological fibrosis that impairs cardiac function. Despite its clinical importance, the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of these transitions remain poorly understood. Elucidating underlying mechanisms is critical for developing strategies to fine-tune fibroblast activity during cardiac repair.

MethodsWe performed bulk RNAseq, ATACseq, CUT&Tag, CUT&RUN, EMseq, and Hi-C on cardiac fibroblasts from uninjured and post-MI mouse hearts. In parallel, we conducted single-nucleus multiomic (snRNAseq and snATACseq) profiling across multiple time points after MI. Subsequent integrated analysis explored epigenetic mechanisms regulating cardiac fibroblast gene expression and activity. Using an improved computational strategy, we constructed gene regulatory networks to identify key transcription factors and biological processes regulated by these transcription factors. To assess the role of Runx1 specifically, we used tamoxifen-inducible, fibroblast-specific Runx1 knockout mice to evaluate transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional outcomes with the same genomic tools and additional complementary assays.

ResultsCardiac fibroblasts undergo extensive chromatin remodeling after MI, which is highly correlated with changes in transcriptomic profiles. In contrast, the role of DNA methylation is relatively minor. Gene regulatory network analysis identified Runx1 as a central regulator of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and matrifibrocyte differentiation. In vitro and in vivo validation confirmed Runx1 as a key modulator of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in cardiac fibroblasts. Runx1 KO reduced cardiac fibroblast proliferation, disrupted the myofibroblast-to-matrifibrocyte transition, and affected macrophage cytokine expression through altered cardiac fibroblast-macrophage communication. Fibroblast-specific Runx1 knockout mice showed improved post-MI survival and reduced cardiac dilatation, especially in males. Simultaneous Runx2 deletion further enhanced the effects of Runx1 knockout.

ConclusionsCardiac fibroblast activation and differentiation after MI are regulated by dynamic epigenetic changes. Runx1 plays a pivotal role in modulating cardiac fibroblast activities, and its deletion improves cardiac repair by mitigating maladaptive fibroblast responses. By illuminating the centrality of Runx1 in post-MI repair, this study identifies an actionable pathway for therapeutically steering fibroblast responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakoori, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhayaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simintiras, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics reveals epigenetic control of fibroblast activity after myocardial infarction and a key role for RUNX transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ift43 Controls the Ciliary Levels of Gli2 and Gli3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) drives the bidirectional movement of trains composed of IFT-A, IFT-B, and BBSome complexes that build and maintain cilia while supporting their signaling functions. Over evolution, IFT became integral to Hedgehog signaling by directing the dynamic movements of receptors and Gli transcription factors that fine-tune pathway output. The IFT-A complex contains six subunits, but the smallest, Ift43, remains poorly characterized and is absent from many ciliated species, suggesting specialized roles in signaling rather than core ciliogenesis. Here we show that loss of Ift43 in mice causes mid-gestation lethality with severe craniofacial defects, exencephaly, abdominal wall defects with exposed viscera, edema, and limb patterning defects. At the cellular level, Ift43 deficiency reduces both the number and length of cilia and blocks induction of Gli1 following pathway activation by the agonist SAG. Although Smoothened relocalizes to cilia normally, Ift43 mutants abnormally accumulate Gli2 and Gli3 at ciliary tips before stimulation and continue to generate repressor forms after activation. Conversely, Ift43 overexpression increases basal Gli2 cleavage, revealing an unanticipated role for Ift43 in regulating Gli processing. Together, these findings identify Ift43 as a key IFT-A component that links ciliary assembly to Hedgehog signal transduction and helps set the balance between Gli activator and repressor forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuck, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anuszczyk, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ift43 Controls the Ciliary Levels of Gli2 and Gli3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UnionLoops: a workflow for calling chromatin loops across related Hi-C datasets with improved specificity, precision, and sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin loop calling from Hi-C data often exhibits substantial variability across related samples, limiting reproducibility and complicating comparative biological analyses. Conventional loop callers such as HiCCUPS are optimized for single-sample loop detection and are not designed for consistent comparison of loop positions across multiple datasets, e.g., across conditions or time points. Here, we present UnionLoops, a computational workflow for reproducible chromatin loop calling across multiple related samples. UnionLoops integrates information across datasets to determine positions and dataset-specificity of looping interactions. It constructs a unified candidate loop set, applies consistent filtering and aggregation, and evaluates loop support across samples to distinguish shared looping interactions from dataset-specific loop calls. Using time-course Hi-C datasets, we demonstrate that UnionLoops increases sensitivity for detecting shared chromatin loops, reduces spurious sample-specific calls, and improves concordance with independent genomic features, including CTCF and cohesin occupancy. These improvements support more reliable downstream analyses and enable improved biological interpretation of chromatin loop organization and dynamics across related experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UnionLoops: a workflow for calling chromatin loops across related Hi-C datasets with improved specificity, precision, and sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C4BP occludes the non-opsonic interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with human neutrophil CEACAMs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, an urgent public health concern. Gc infection elicits a robust neutrophil response and serum leakage, but Gc has developed specialized defenses to evade both complement and neutrophils. We recently reported that the classical complement pathway inhibitor C4b-binding protein (C4BP) binds to Gc and reduces phagocytic killing by neutrophils in a complement-independent manner. Here, we used a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) expression system and engineered C4BP constructs to define the underlying molecular mechanisms. C4BP inhibited interactions between opacity protein (Opa)-expressing Gc and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), receptors that drive non-opsonic phagocytosis of Gc by neutrophils. The degree of C4BP-mediated inhibition varied among CEACAMs. By using wild-type and chimeric CEACAMs, we found C4BP was more inhibitory towards the granulocyte-restricted CEACAM3 than the ubiquitously expressed CEACAM1, which we ascribed to CEACAM3s shorter extracellular domain. C4BP also inhibited the association between Opa-expressing Gc and the GPI-anchored CEACAM6. Molecules containing C4BP domains 1 and 2 fused to IgM (C4BP-IgM) or to a hexameric IgG Fc construct (C4BP-Hexa-IgG), proteins similar in diameter and degree of multimerization to native C4BP, inhibited the association of Opa-expressing Gc with CEACAM3-CHO cells to the same degree as C4BP, while C4BP domains 1 and 2 fused to dimeric Fc (C4BP-IgG) did not. C4BP-IgM, but not C4BP-IgG bearing mutations to abrogate Fc gamma receptor interactions, blocked Opa-mediated phagocytosis by primary human neutrophils. These results support a model in which C4BP occludes Opa-CEACAM interactions, which protects Gc from phagocytic killing by neutrophils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broden, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaughnessy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohlin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criss, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C4BP occludes the non-opsonic interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with human neutrophil CEACAMs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tceal7 is a BRG1-regulated target of calcineurin signaling that promotes myoblast differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional control of skeletal muscle differentiation requires the coordinated activity of lineage-defining transcription factors, signal-responsive regulators, chromatin modifiers, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. Here, we identify TCEAL7, a member of the X-linked, poorly characterized TCEAL family of proteins, as a direct downstream target of BRG1-containing mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) complexes and calcineurin signaling during myoblast differentiation.

Analyses of previously published datasets showed that pharmacological inhibition of mSWI/SNF bromodomains or knockdown of the BRG1 ATPase, but not knockdown of the homologue BRM ATPase, significantly reduced Tceal7 expression in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. We demonstrate that BRG1 occupancy at the Tceal7 promoter increased during differentiation, paralleling the induction of Tceal7 expression and nuclear accumulation of TCEAL7 protein. BRG1 functions in part by integrating calcium-dependent cues via the phosphatase calcineurin (Cn); we also determined that Cn knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Cn suppressed Tceal7 expression and impaired myoblast differentiation. The data suggest that both BRG1-driven chromatin remodeling and Cn signaling converge on Tceal7 regulation. Functionally, Tceal7 knockdown altered cell proliferation and disrupted myoblast differentiation, at least in part due to reduced expression of Myogenin, which encodes a transcription factor that is an essential differentiation determinant. RNA-seq analysis revealed broad dysregulation of myogenic, metabolic, and cell-cycle gene programs in Tceal7-deficient cells, including changes in cyclin-dependent kinase-regulated pathways consistent with prior reports linking TCEAL7 to cell-cycle control. Together, these findings identify TCEAL7 as a necessary component of the myogenic regulatory network whose expression is controlled by BRG1-dependent chromatin remodeling and Cn activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tceal7 is a BRG1-regulated target of calcineurin signaling that promotes myoblast differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reciprocal regulation between the protein arginine deiminases and mSWI/SNF chromatin remodelers controls skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) post-translationally convert arginine to citrulline on target proteins and serve as regulators of multiple cellular functions. PAD enzymes have been implicated in autoimmune disorders, cancer, and other diseases. Inhibiting PAD activity is currently being pursued clinically for therapeutic purposes. However, little is known about PAD function in normal developmental or homeostatic processes. Here we show that multiple PAD isoforms contribute to primary myoblast differentiation by binding to regulatory regions of target genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate a novel, reciprocal requirement for PADs and mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling enzymes; PAD enzymes are required for the expression and binding of specific mSWI/SNF enzyme subunits to target gene regulatory sequences while mSWI/SNF enzymes are required for the expression and binding of PAD enzymes. In vivo, the PADs contribute to mouse skeletal muscle regeneration after injury, with PAD4 specifically identified as a required regulator. This work identifies the PADs as critical cofactors in the initiation of skeletal muscle differentiation and reveals previously unappreciated connections between two major co-activator families during normal tissue development. Moreover, the results reveal important considerations for ongoing therapeutic approaches to myriad human diseases that utilize inhibitors of each enzyme family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olea-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barasa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbalzano, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reciprocal regulation between the protein arginine deiminases and mSWI/SNF chromatin remodelers controls skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StrIPETrack: a real-time, ROI-flexible tracking platform for high-throughput zebrafish behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative phenotyping is essential to studies of animal behavior, enabling systematic analysis of variation arising from natural diversity or experimental manipulation. High-throughput behavioral assays that can simultaneously test multiple animals support sufficiently powered studies of behavioral variation, but accurate tracking of each animal is critical. Furthermore, behavioral tasks and experimental arenas span a wide range of complexity, from the reaction of a single larval zebrafish to an acoustic stimulus to associative conditioning in cue-rich environments. Here, we developed and validated StrIPETrack (Structural similarity-based Image Processing for Estimation and Tracking), a Python-based, modular animal tracking software designed for flexible region-of-interest (ROI) definitions and extensibility across assays. We show that StrIPETrack measures activity comparably to our previous LabVIEW-based zebrafish tracking software and detects similar behavioral differences between wild-type clutches. In addition, StrIPETrack accurately captures behavior in a complex arena: the Y-maze. Our approach for analyzing Y-maze navigation yields an expanded set of metrics beyond turn count and direction, revealing more subtle behavioral variation. Overall, this versatile software can be applied to monitor the activity of multiple animals in parallel in both simple high-throughput and more complex assays, and can be readily adapted to new paradigms.

SummaryOur open-source tracking software provides rich behavioral phenotyping of animals in many behavioral tasks. The flexible ROI design and live tracking makes the software adaptable to diverse paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cummings, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastien, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyme, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StrIPETrack: a real-time, ROI-flexible tracking platform for high-throughput zebrafish behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Annotation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus has the greatest density of disease-associations in the human genome, including links to over 100 polygenic disorders. Its complex haplotype structure, rich gene density, and high degree of linkage disequilibrium combine to make deciphering the gene regulatory logic of the MHC locus extremely challenging. Employing complementary high-throughput CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) epigenetic screens coupled with single-cell transcriptome profiling across three distinct human cell types, we identified hundreds of new connections between cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and their target genes in this locus. These CRE-gene links are largely cell type-specific and act as enhancers. Additionally, some CREs have complex features, including harboring both active and repressive histone marks, lacking chromatin accessibility, targeting multiple genes, or acting as silencers. Computational methods fail to predict a majority of these CRE-gene connections. These findings emphasize the potential for functional perturbation experiments to dissect complex loci and reveal shared and cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms relevant to genomics of complex diseases. Collectively, this study provides a unique resource for understanding the complex regulatory landscape within the MHC locus and supports the need for creating new models that encompass CRE-gene interactions, cell type-specific gene expression, and disease genetics in the noncoding genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bounds, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Weele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venukuttan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.703124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Annotation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mismatch tolerance of a gRNA for CRISPR-based gene activation confers broad activity critical for cell reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.703129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR activation and interference systems (CRISPRa/i) are widely used for programmable transcriptional control. Although these technologies are capable of highly specific single-gene activity, some applications of transcriptional network reprogramming require broad, genome-wide effects. Here, we identify a CRISPRa gRNA that robustly reprograms astrocyte transcriptional state. Unexpectedly, this activity arises from extensive off-target binding that induces expression changes in thousands of genes, unlike neighboring gRNAs targeting the same intended on-target site. We leverage this promiscuous gRNA to dissect determinants of gRNA-driven off-target dCas9 binding in the context of transcriptional reprogramming. Using ChIP-seq, high-throughput protein-binding microarrays, and gRNA-variant library screening in cells, we demonstrate that PAM-proximal bases are primary determinants of genomic binding, mismatch tolerance is both gRNA- and base-specific, and targeted mutations within the PAM-proximal region can tune gRNA specificity. We further demonstrate that CRISPRa-driven phenotypes can reflect combined contributions from widespread off-target activity and dose-dependent on-target effects. These findings highlight the potentially widespread impacts of CRISPRa off-target activity, underscore the need to account for cryptic effects when selecting and evaluating gRNAs for programming cell phenotypes, and demonstrate that multi-site binding by CRISPRa systems can be exploited as a feature for network-level perturbations in cell reprogramming.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/703129v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reisman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangvai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.703129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mismatch tolerance of a gRNA for CRISPR-based gene activation confers broad activity critical for cell reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CD8 immgenT framework as a universal reference of mouse CD8 Tαβ cell differentiation states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse CD8 T cell differentiation has been studied extensively in models of infections and cancer, yet no unified framework spans the full spectrum of immunological contexts. We present the CD8 immgenT framework, integrating >200,000 single-cell transcriptomes and 128-plex surface proteomes from 734 samples spanning multiple perturbations, tissues, and timepoints. Unbiased analysis identifies 21 states encompassing naive, effector, circulating memory, tissue-resident memory, progenitor-exhausted, and terminally-exhausted compartments, among others. These states re-emerge with striking molecular convergence across acute/chronic infections, cancer, autoimmunity, aging, and homeostasis, showing that near-identical transcriptional programs support protective or dysfunctional outcomes depending on developmental history and microenvironment. Classic archetypes map to discrete clusters but exhibit unappreciated heterogeneity and overlap, cautioning against rigid nomenclature. We provide validated combinatorial markers, flow cytometry gating strategies, and immgenT reference-based integration for reproducible annotation of new datasets. This universal coordinate system harmonizes fragmented CD8 T cell literature and clarifies relationships across diverse immune challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borys, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patravali, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharping, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takehara, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spranger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ImmgenT Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CD8 immgenT framework as a universal reference of mouse CD8 Tαβ cell differentiation states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can lead to neuropsychiatric sequelae in children, yet the mechanisms driving post-infectious brain pathology remain poorly defined. In a mouse disease model, Th17 lymphocytes induce microglial activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural circuit impairment; however, the transcriptional programs underlying these effects, and the specific Th17-derived cytokines involved are unclear. Using mouse genetics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics, we show that GAS infections induce inflammatory gene programs in microglia and brain endothelial cells (BECs), accompanied by downregulation of BBB-associated transcripts in BECs. Spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal that GAS-responsive microglia are enriched near infiltrating T cells. Several chemokines upregulated in microglia following GAS infection in mice are elevated in sera from affected patients. Conditional ablation of GM-CSF in CD4+ T cells partially attenuates microglial chemokine gene expression, but does not restore BBB integrity. Neutralization of IL-17A partially rescues BBB transcriptional changes in BECs and reduces microglial chemokine expression; however, compensatory peripheral immune responses associated with persistent infection exacerbate BBB disruption. In contrast, microglia/macrophage-specific deletion of IL-17 receptor A partially rescues BBB deficits following GAS infection. Together, these findings identify IL-17A-IL-17RA signaling in microglia as a critical driver of BBB dysfunction after GAS infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Laforet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamoul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ampatey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciric, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swedo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutforth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific rescue of neurexin behavioral phenotypes by monoamine-targeting compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurexins are synaptic adhesion molecules associated with vast neurologic changes in humans, including neurodevelopmental delay, autism, schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and seizures. The NRXN1 gene produces >100 protein isoforms through alternative promoters and extensive splicing, which are differentially impacted by NRXN1 deletions found in patients. Yet pharmacologic targeting of NRXN1 isoforms or deletions has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we developed a behavioral screening approach in C. elegans to identify small molecule compounds that modify decreased activity levels caused by isoform-specific deletions of neurexin (nrx-1). Screening 190 compounds, we discovered that monoamine-targeting drugs differentially improve behavioral phenotypes depending on which nrx-1 isoforms are disrupted. Broad modulation of monoamine signaling or antagonism of specific serotonin receptors are required to increased activity of both alleles tested. Modulation of adrenergic signaling uniquely improved loss of -isoform, and additional antagonism of dopamine signaling was required to increase activity with loss of {gamma} isoform. The FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic olanzapine was the sole validated compound achieving Z-scores >2 in both screens. In Drosophila Nrx-1 mutants, olanzapine, but not the related compound asenapine maleate, significantly improved activity deficits, demonstrating evolutionary conservation of the neurexin-monoamine relationship. Multi-behavior testing revealed pharmacological specificity: olanzapine improved both activity and social feeding phenotypes of nrx-1 alleles, while asenapine maleate improved activity, but worsened social feeding, indicating distinct modifier impacts across behavioral domains. Our findings establish monoamine modulation as a conserved compensatory mechanism for neurexin loss, identify olanzapine as a lead compound for targeting neurexin loss, and demonstrate that allele stratification and pharmacogenomic approaches are needed for precision intervention in behavioral conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smisko, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haury, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastien, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilchak, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongens, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.703315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific rescue of neurexin behavioral phenotypes by monoamine-targeting compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential sex-dependent responses of circulating steroid hormones and cortical gene expression in a preclinical traumatic brain injury model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence supports sex differences in traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes, however the underlying processes that lead to sex differences are not well understood. TBI results in the initiation of molecular and cellular responses that facilitate the progression of neurodegeneration. Importantly, little is known about how the circulating hormone profile is altered in response to TBI, and whether sex differences in endocrine responses might shape secondary injury pathologies. Using intact male and female mice in a preclinical TBI model, we assessed changes in plasma hormone concentrations and cortical gene expression at 24 and 72 hours after TBI. We demonstrate that males and females exhibit sex-specific alterations in circulating levels of progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in response to TBI. We also identified sex differences in the expression of genes that are involved in immune responses and tissue remodeling after injury. Moreover, we report divergent circulating hormone and gene expression correlations between sexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilferd, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagnuolo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimonte-Nelson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirianni, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaisier, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabenfeldt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.703864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential sex-dependent responses of circulating steroid hormones and cortical gene expression in a preclinical traumatic brain injury model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EBV Type 1 versus Type 2: A determinant of NK cell anti-tumor activity in Burkitt lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminally differentiated CD56negCD16pos NK cells have been described after chronic viral and malaria infections, and in children diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Despite CD56neg NK cells appearing to be poor at direct cytotoxicity, they express high levels of cytotoxic granules (i.e. granzymes, perforin), activation markers, and Fc-{gamma} receptors (CD32 and CD16) that are typically engaged in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, the abundance of CD56neg NK cells strongly correlates with IgG1 and IgG3 plasma levels, which are essential subclasses for ADCC. To determine whether CD56neg NK cells have superior ADCC capacity relative to CD56dim NK cells, we performed ADCC assays using effector cells from pediatric cancer patients and healthy children from malaria endemic regions of Kenya, targeting in vitro rituximab-treated commercial and newly established BL cell lines. We found that CD56neg NK cells were indeed capable of in vitro ADCC, showing a significant increase of CD107a-mediated degranulation in the presence of rituximab; however, they were not as efficient as CD56dim NK cells. Moreover, we found that the ADCC magnitude was significantly lower against EBV-Type 2 (EBV-T2) BL lines compared to EBV-Type 1 (EBV-T1). EBV-T2 tumor cell lines expressed significantly more lytic viral proteins than EBV-T1, making them more sensitive to direct cytotoxicity. Results from this study highlight the importance of assessing inter-patient variation in NK cell profiles in conjunction with ADCC sensitivity and EBV type within tumor cells when evaluating clinical outcomes for NK-mediated immunotherapies.

SignificanceEBV type dictates NK cytotoxicity: EBV-T1 BL cells require rituximab for NK killing, while EBV-T2 BL cells are eliminated without antibody assistance, highlighting target-specific immune response to EBV-associated cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forconi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racenet, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M'Bana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oduor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oluoch, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odwar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otieno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vik, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'juguna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moormann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EBV Type 1 versus Type 2: A determinant of NK cell anti-tumor activity in Burkitt lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput quantification of huntingtin mRNA expression and aggregation in mouse brain using automated RNAscope imaging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a repeat-associated neurodegenerative disorder traditionally characterized by toxic protein pathology resulting from expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. In recent years, however, studies have identified repeat expansion-driven RNA pathology as an additional and potentially independent contributor to disease. In particular, mutant HTT transcripts containing expanded CAG repeats accumulate in the nucleus and form discrete RNA clusters, a feature shared with several other repeat-associated disorders. While protein aggregation and its downstream consequences have been extensively studied, our current understanding of the composition, organization, and dynamics of these nuclear mRNA clusters remains limited. Progress in this area has been constrained in part by the lack of robust methods to detect and quantify expanded HTT transcripts at single-molecule resolution within intact tissue. As a result, the contribution of RNA clustering to disease mechanisms, its relationship to repeat length, and its interaction with other pathological features of HD remain poorly defined. Here we present a high-throughput RNAscope pipeline that combines automated confocal imaging with rigorous microscope characterization to quantify both single mRNA molecules and multi-transcript clusters in fixed mouse brain tissue. Using 3D Gaussian point-spread function (PSF) fitting calibrated on 200 nm fluorescent beads and pointilistic image features from tissue data, we establish per-slide intensity thresholds from negative controls and normalize experimental signals to single-molecule reference intensities. The critical validation of our approach operates at two scales: for single molecules, the linear relationship between spot size and intensity (r2 > 0.90) reflects variable probe binding along transcripts; for clusters, the linear scaling between cluster volume and mRNA content (R2 > 0.98) confirms uniform probe accessibility and enables quantitative conversion of fluorescence intensity to absolute mRNA counts. Applied to HttQ111+/- knock-in mice across multiple ages, we analyzed thousands of fields of view (FOVs), detecting >900,000 single mRNA molecules and segmenting >1.9 million mRNA clusters using two probes targeting mouse huntingtin (Htt): one detecting the spliced transcript that uses early cryptic polyadenylation sites in intron 1 (HTT1a), and one detecting full-length Htt (fl-HTT). Our analysis reveals considerable heterogeneity in mRNA accumulation: 16-63% of Q111 FOVs are classified as "extreme" (exceeding the 95th percentile of wildtype clustered mRNA levels), with striatum showing higher prevalence than cortex for both probes (HTT1a: 63% striatum, 31% cortex; fl-HTT: 44% striatum, 16%cortex). Extreme FOVs are characterized by elevated cluster numbers (2-6x more clusters per nucleus) and higher cluster density (1.3-1.7x more mRNA per {micro}m3). Cluster localization shows nuclear bias ([~]68%) in normal FOVs, but extreme FOVs exhibit a shift toward cytoplasmic localization, particularly for fl-HTT (48% nuclear vs 68% in normal FOVs), though the interpretation of this shift requires further investigation. Despite the large dataset at the cellular level, our study included only 11 mice (9 Q111, 2 wildtype), and this limited sample size precluded robust statistical inference at the animal level. Nevertheless, these quantitative metrics provide a framework for investigating disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic interventions using RNAscope in future studies with larger cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Velde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput quantification of huntingtin mRNA expression and aggregation in mouse brain using automated RNAscope imaging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organyl 5'-Phosphates in siRNA Guide Strands: Structure-Function Relationships Governing Anchoring in Argonaute 2 and Metabolic Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient siRNA loading into Argonaute2 (AGO2) requires a 5'-phosphate (5'-P) on the guide strand, yet this group is vulnerable to metabolic degradation in vivo. Although numerous chemical mimics of 5'-P have been reported, structural principles governing AGO2 interactions with organyl substituents on the 5'-P remain unclear. Moreover, structural determinants of 5'-P mimic recognition by known degradative enzymes (principally phosphatases and 5'-exonucleases) are also poorly understood. The 5'-P binding site of the AGO2 MID domain contains a stack of aromatic residues (Y527/F811/Y815), presenting a structural basis for augmenting canonical anchoring interactions. Herein, we systematically synthesized and characterized a diverse panel of organyl 5'-phosphates (5'-POR; R = 35 variable substituents) as guide strand 5'-P mimics designed to engage this unique hydrophobic pocket. Among the compounds evaluated, 5'-POR guide strands bearing methyl (Me) or phenylpropargyl (PhPrp) substituents are well-tolerated by AGO2 in cells. Previously uncharacterized 5'-P mimics, including 5'-phosphorothioate (5'-PS), phenylpropargyl 5'-phosphorothioate (5'-PS-PhPrp), and 5'-mesylphosphoramidate (5'-MsPA), maintain comparable AGO2 compatibility. All examined 5'-P mimics are markedly resistant to phosphatase, while 5'-POR variants and 5'-PS-PhPrp are also resistant to 5'-exonuclease degradation due to masking a negative charge of 5'-P. A crystal structure of a 5'-PO-PhPrp guide strand loaded into AGO2 reveals an unexpected network of {pi}-{pi} interactions between the rigid phenylpropargyl group and the targeted hydrophobic pocket of the MID domain. Collectively, these findings expand the functional chemical space of 5'-P mimics and define new modes for metabolically stabilizing the guide strand 5'-end while augmenting AGO2 MID anchoring.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/705631v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e6f88forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c87dfaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c6e68corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14a1f60_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrigan-Broda, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebert, L. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khvorova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organyl 5'-Phosphates in siRNA Guide Strands: Structure-Function Relationships Governing Anchoring in Argonaute 2 and Metabolic Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline Blastomeres transcriptomics in the presence or absence of PIE-1 during C. elegans early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) embryos, specification of the germ lineage relies on the maternal protein PIE-1. Here, we isolated somatic and germline blastomeres and performed specific transcriptomics in the presence or absence of PIE-1. These experiments enforce that PIE-1 maintains the identity of germline blastomeres by downregulating the accumulation of somatic RNAs but they also reveal a role for PIE-1 in sustaining the steady-state level of both maternally contributed as well as de novo transcribed germline-specific mRNAs in the early embryo. The present dataset represents a first blastomere-specific transcriptomic analyses of PIE-1 role and will serve as a comprehensive resource to highlight the mechanistic details of PIE-1 function in defining germline blastomere transcriptional identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponsard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbe, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricquet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline Blastomeres transcriptomics in the presence or absence of PIE-1 during C. elegans early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breaking β-sheets in FUS prion-like domain preserves phase separation and function but prevents aggregation and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) undergoes phase separation associated with RNA processing. However, the prion-like low complexity (LC) domain of FUS forms solid-like aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether the formation of {beta}-sheet structure associated with pathology is also physiologically/functionally relevant is debated. Similarly, if mislocalization alone or concomitant aggregation is responsible for FUS gain-of-function toxicity remains to be probed. Here, we introduce {beta}-sheet breaking proline residues into FUS LC with the goal of preventing cross-{beta}-driven aggregation without disrupting essential functions and phase separation. {beta}-sheet-deficient FUS variants maintain native-like global motions, disorder, and phase separation, but no longer show a liquid-to-solid transition (LST). Biochemical partitioning, cellular localization, and auto- and cross-regulatory functions of FUS all remain essentially unchanged. Conversely, FUS-induced neurodegeneration in several Drosophila models is drastically reduced. These findings suggest a strategy for mitigating disease-related toxicity through backbone structure modulation to prevent prion-like domain protein aggregation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/706410v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d15f63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cd6221org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e58126org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@181ec67_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG SUMMARYThe RNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) undergoes phase separation as part of its physiological function but can aberrantly aggregate into solid-like assemblies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. To dissect the role of {beta}-sheets in both function and pathological transition, we engineered {beta}-sheet-preventing FUS variants via targeted proline residue insertions in the prion-like disordered region. These variants retained native structure, motions, and phase behavior yet showed dramatically reduced aggregation, both as an isolated prion-like domain and in full-length FUS. Crucially, these variants maintained a panel of FUS cellular functions that depend on FUS condensation but prevented FUS toxicity in fly models of neurodegeneration. Our findings implicate {beta}-sheets as key drivers of FUS condensate maturation and neuronal toxicity, highlighting {beta}-sheet modulation as a therapeutic strategy against FUS-related neurodegeneration.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITargeted proline additions disrupt {beta}-sheet formation in FUS without altering native conformations, dynamics, or phase separation behavior
C_LIO_LI{beta}-sheet-deficient FUS variants prevent aggregation and liquid-to-solid transitions while retaining key biological functions
C_LIO_LIIn vivo models reveal attenuated toxicity of {beta}-sheet-deficient FUS in Drosophila
C_LIO_LI{beta}-sheets are identified as central drivers of condensate maturation and neuronal death, offering a therapeutic entry point for modulating prion-like domain pathology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wake, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jutzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puterbaugh, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruepp, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breaking β-sheets in FUS prion-like domain preserves phase separation and function but prevents aggregation and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrafish screen of schizophrenia risk genes reveals convergent dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare coding variants provide a tractable entry point for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia risk. Here, we generated and characterized zebrafish lines with mutations in the orthologs of >20 human schizophrenia-associated genes, including eight of the top ten SCHEMA genes, genes disrupted in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), and genes located within recurrent copy number variants. Whole-brain phospho-Erk activity mapping and behavioral profiling identified phenotypes in multiple mutant lines. We prioritized a protein-truncating mutation in sp4, which encodes an activity-dependent transcription factor, and a COS-associated missense mutation in atp1a3a, which encodes a Na+/K+ ATPase pump, for additional characterization. Both knockout and point mutations in atp1a3a disrupted brain activity and behavior in larvae and impaired navigation of a Y-maze in juveniles. Bulk RNA sequencing data from adult sp4 and atp1a3a brains highlighted convergent upregulation of sterol biosynthesis pathways, including increased expression of srebf2 and msmo1. Analysis of previously published telencephalon single-cell data demonstrated that cholesterol synthesis genes are enriched in astrocyte-like cells and increase in expression during post-larval development. Consistent with transcriptomic findings, filipin staining indicated increased free cholesterol in juvenile sp4 and atp1a3a mutant brains. Our findings identify dysregulation of glial and sterol-associated programs as a shared molecular consequence of two distinct schizophrenia risk mutations. Although whether sterol pathway dysregulation represents a primary pathogenic mechanism or a secondary response to changes in neuronal activity requires further investigation, the convergence observed between genetic models and developmental stages suggests that disruptions to lipid homeostasis could represent a shared feature of schizophrenia disease biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capps, M. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastien, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannaway, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kioschos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torija-Olson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, C. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyme, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrafish screen of schizophrenia risk genes reveals convergent dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolytic Specialization Shapes Neuronal Physiology and Function in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons perform diverse functions that impose distinct energetic demands, but how energy-metabolic pathways are matched to these functions in vivo remains unknown. Here we show that two functionally divergent sister chemosensory neurons in C. elegans, ASEL and ASER, exhibit asymmetric glycolytic flux, with ASER exhibiting high and ASEL having low levels of glycolysis. Metabolic imaging, metabolic network modeling, and electrophysiology measurements reveal that ASERs elevated glycolysis supports a hyperpolarized resting potential, low input resistance, and rapid repolarization that enable a distinct functional role compared to ASEL. Impairing glycolysis collapses these electrophysiological specializations without abolishing neuronal excitability, and selectively disrupts ASERs calcium responses while leaving ASEL largely unaffected. These findings demonstrate that neuron-specific glycolytic programs shape core biophysical properties and are required for functional identity in vivo, establishing metabolism as an active determinant of neuronal physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhout, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolytic Specialization Shapes Neuronal Physiology and Function in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 suppresses cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
tRNAs play a critical role in protein synthesis, influencing mRNA translation dynamics to shape proteomes. Emerging evidence links dysregulated tRNA activity to cancer progression, with tRNA-Arg-TCT identified as an oncogenic driver when ectopically overexpressed in non-malignant cells. The requirement of endogenous tRNA-Arg-TCT in cancer biology, however, remains untested. Moreover, considering that the tRNA-Arg-TCT family comprises six genes in humans, the importance of an individual tRNA isodecoder in cancer remains unknown. Here, we find elevated levels of tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 isodecoder are associated with poor patient prognosis across multiple cancer types. We demonstrate that, using different antisense RNA strategies, specific inhibition of tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 suppresses the growth of glioblastoma (GBM) and liposarcoma (LPS) cancer cells. Mechanistically, we find that tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 inhibition leads to a codon-biased remodeling of mRNA translation and the proteome, preferentially suppressing expression of growth-promoting genes and pathways encoded by mRNAs enriched in arginine AGA codons. Strikingly, intratumoral delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 suppresses tumor growth and extends survival in mouse xenograft experiments performed using either a human LPS cell line or a patient-derived soft tissue sarcoma model. This study provides a foundation for targeting tRNA dysregulation as a novel therapeutic approach for cancer.

One Sentence SummaryThis study identifies tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 as a new anti-cancer therapeutic target and demonstrates that an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting this tRNA effectively suppresses tumorigenesis and extends survival in mouse xenograft models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orellana, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting tRNA-Arg-TCT-4-1 suppresses cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time in shells: Complex interaction between biological clock and biomineralisation in Mytilus galloprovincialis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of bivalve shells is neither homogeneous nor continuous in time, resulting in the formation of growth patterns that correspond to the alternation of growth lines and increments deposited at regular intervals of time. The control of periodic increment formation is poorly understood and several hypotheses have been proposed. It has been proposed that environmental factors directly impact shell growth patterns, although it occasionally fails to adequately explain the observed shell growth patterns. The present study investigates the alternative hypothesis that the process of shell biomineralisation is controlled by biological clocks. This study demonstrates the existence of a functional circadian clock in M. galloprovincialis, as evidenced by molecular and behavioural results. Core circadian clock genes and biomineralisation genes have been observed to be expressed in the same cells of the mantle as revealed by in situ hybridisation experiments. However, the expression of core circadian clock genes and biomineralisation genes tested in situ and in aquaria exhibited different rhythmic profiles. This finding suggests that the clock does not directly activate the expression of the targeted biomineralisation genes in the mantle. Nevertheless, a significant rhythm of expression of biomineralisation-related genes was observed in mussels reared under free-running conditions, revealing the endogenous nature of the rhythm. The present study suggests that biological clocks play a role in controlling shell biomineralisation in M. galloprovincialis, although the precise underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peru, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lartaud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besseau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time in shells: Complex interaction between biological clock and biomineralisation in Mytilus galloprovincialis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevating Neuronal CYLD Causes Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)-Relevant Behavioral and Physiological Deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a leading form of presenile dementia disrupting behavior, language and/or movement, is linked to mutations of a number of genes, including CYLD that encodes a Lys63 (K63) deubiquitinating enzyme. Among several CYLD variants found in FTD patients, a gain-of-function missense mutant, M719V, has been proposed to be pathogenic, but its pathogenicity in vivo and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Here, we have developed transgenic mice that express either wildtype (WT) or M719V-CYLD in neurons throughout the mouse brain using adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated somatic brain transgenesis. We show that somatic M719V-CYLD transgenic mice display profound FTD-associated behavioral impairments, including risk-taking, reduced social interaction, and loss of empathy that emerge from early stages and worsen with aging. Furthermore, M719V-CYLD mice also show significant early neurophysiological impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including depolarized resting membrane potential, decreased synaptic transmission, and reduced neuronal excitability. Surprisingly, however, M719V-CYLD mouse brain exhibits elevated autophagy activity and decreased Akt-mTOR signaling without overt neuronal cell loss or microgliosis even at 12 months of age. Most M719V-CYLD-associated cellular and behavioral phenotypes are also recapitulated but to a lesser extent in WT-CYLD mice, suggesting CYLD activation is responsible for the observed neural circuit deficits and the M719V mutation is gain-of-function in nature. Our results uncover important roles of neuronal CYLD in PFC function and social behaviors and establish a unique animal model to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of FTD, in particular its social behavioral deficits, at molecular, cellular, synaptic and circuit levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevating Neuronal CYLD Causes Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)-Relevant Behavioral and Physiological Deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.706090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transition from infectivity and immune escape to pure escape as an evolutionary strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.706090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New SARS-CoV-2 variants have undergone repeated selective sweeps since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the fitness advantages and mechanisms driving these sweeps are not fully understood. We developed a probabilistic modeling framework to analyze pandemic growth, infectivity, and immune escape, explicitly accounting for seven immune exposure histories in 5,732 experiments and estimating the effects of 835 mutations. We found infectivity was important for early variants, but as gains became zero-sum, growth became driven by consistent increase in immune escape conferred by a primarily additive effect of mutational accumulation. While phenotypic tradeoffs exist for individual mutations, successful viral strains boast assemblages of mutations that do not sacrifice infectivity for escape. Thus, during an apparent transition to endemicity, SARS-CoV-2 evolution ascended along an evolutionary ridge in the mutational space defined by infectivity and escape, with infectivity reaching an early peak and antigenicity continuing to evolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotzen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.706090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transition from infectivity and immune escape to pure escape as an evolutionary strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene conversion is a key driver of diversity hotspots in M. tuberculosis antigens and virulence-associated loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the long-held view of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as a genetically conserved pathogen, many genomic regions remain poorly resolved due to high sequence homology and repetitive content. Using complete genome assemblies generated from long-read sequencing of 151 globally representative clinical isolates, we comprehensively analyzed genome-wide patterns of genetic diversity and evolution across the Mtb genome. Our analysis uncovers pronounced diversity hotspots within paralogous regions generated by recurrent gene conversion between homologous genes. In many cases, these hotspots exhibit more than an order of magnitude greater genetic diversity than the rest of the Mtb genome, which is otherwise characterized by remarkably low variation. Mutations within these regions display clustered substitution patterns, excess paralog-matching variants, and distinct mutational spectra consistent with ongoing gene conversion. Our analysis identifies over 300 individual gene conversion events distributed throughout the Mtb phylogeny. These gene conversion events occur predominantly within gene families associated with virulence and host-pathogen interactions, including the PE, PPE, and ESX families. Several of the most pronounced diversity hotspots occur in antigens encoded within paralogous regions. Among these, the vaccine candidate PPE18 harbors mutations in validated epitope sequences and predicted alterations in HLA-II binding. Together, these findings demonstrate that gene conversion actively shapes antigenic and virulence-associated diversity in Mtb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Olvera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene conversion is a key driver of diversity hotspots in M. tuberculosis antigens and virulence-associated loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core circadian clock genes control molecular and behavioral circatidal rhythms in Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine organisms exhibit 12.4-hour rhythms of gene expression, physiology and behavior synchronized by tidal cues. The mechanism underlying these circatidal rhythms, and its overlap with the circadian clockwork, has remained elusive. However, recent studies showed that the core circadian gene BMAL1 sustains circatidal behavior in crustaceans. Therefore, we mutagenized the other three core circadian clock genes (PhCry2, PhPer and PhClk) in P. hawaiensis, a marine amphipod. We found that they are necessary for both circadian and circatidal behaviors. Moreover, all four core circadian genes are critical for 24-h oscillations of mRNA levels in circadian brain neurons and 12.4-h mRNA rhythms in circatidal neurons. Unexpectedly, the mutants indicate that PhCLK represses PhPer expression independently of PhBMAL1 specifically in circatidal neurons. Our study thus reveals that circadian and circatidal clocks share four core molecular components, but their transcriptional wiring differs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellido, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfenbein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, J. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core circadian clock genes control molecular and behavioral circatidal rhythms in Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cbfb2 gene dosage programs the differential lymphoid lineage developmental potential of fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate-like lymphocyte subsets are generated predominantly during early-life windows, yet the mechanisms that restrict their development in adulthood remain unclear. Here we identify Cbfb2 gene dosage as a quantitative regulator of stage-specific lymphoid potential. We show that reduction of CBF{beta}2 levels unlocks fetal-like competence in adult hematopoietic progenitors, enabling robust generation of IL-17-producing {gamma}{delta} T (T{gamma}{delta}17) cells. Although Cbfb2 haploinsufficiency minimally alters steady-state transcription, chromatin profiling of H3K4me3 revealed promoter-level changes in adult lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors consistent with altered developmental priming. In adult bone marrow chimeras, Cbfb+/2m progenitors efficiently generated functional V{gamma}2+ T{gamma}{delta}17 cells in lymph nodes and skin, and restoring Cbfb2 expression suppressed this capacity, establishing a dosage-dependent mechanism. Using an optimized in utero transplantation system, we further demonstrate that fetal niches amplify this latent competence and selectively favor IL-17-committed {gamma}{delta} T cell differentiation over conventional {beta} T cell output. Notch1 haploinsufficiency enhanced T{gamma}{delta}17 generation and phenocopied the effect of CBF{beta}2 dosage reduction, linking quantitative NOTCH1 signaling to innate-like lymphocyte developmental programming. Together, these findings reveal that fetal versus adult lymphopoiesis is governed by quantitative tuning of RUNX:CBF{beta} activity and uncover unexpected plasticity in adult hematopoiesis controlled by transcription factor dosage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berthelette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniuchi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frascoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cbfb2 gene dosage programs the differential lymphoid lineage developmental potential of fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arc Capsids Facilitate the Transfer of Muscleblind. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.708592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (dArc1) can facilitate viral-like synaptic transfer of its own mRNA through dArc1 capsid formation. This transfer promotes synaptic maturation at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction and shows conservation to the mammalian neural synapse through the dArc1 mammalian ortholog, Arc. Recently, we established that dArc1 can interact with several transcripts other than its own in Drosophila including the transcript of muscleblind (Mbl), an RNA splicing factor known to be involved in neuronal and muscle development. Here, we demonstrate this interaction is further conserved to Arc and the mammalian Mbl ortholog Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 1 (Mbnl1). In the mouse neuro2a (N2A) cell line, immunoprecipitation of Arc protein enriches for both the Arc and Mbnl1 transcript. Upon differentiation of N2A cells, the ability of Arc to bind its own transcript and Mbnl1 are abolished while potassium stimulation of these cells restored Arc interactions with both transcripts, indicating that this interaction is enhanced by neuronal activity. This interaction is further conserved to the mammalian central nervous system, where Mbnl1 shows increased colocalization with Arc protein in the dentate gyrus of foot-shocked mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both Arc and Mbnl1 RNA can be detected in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and that Mbnl1, unlike the Arc transcript, is not directly encapsulated by Arc protein. We additionally observe MblA crosses the Drosophila NMJ, likely within EVs, and postsynaptic MblA accumulation is dependent on presynaptic pools of dArc1. Taken together, our data suggest that Arc protein interacts with Mbnl1 RNA in an activity-dependent manner and this interaction may facilitate transsynaptic transfer of Mbnl1 RNA through EVs with implications for neurodevelopment.

SignificanceThe immediate early gene Arc is known to play roles in LTP, LTD, memory and is dysregulated in diseases of the CNS in addition to forming a viral-like capsid to allow for intercellular transfer of its own mRNA in a pathway referred to as the Viral-Like Synaptic Transfer of RNA (ViSyToR). Investigating additional members of the ViSyToR pathway will help increase our understanding of how Arc can play such diverse roles in the CNS. In this study, we establish that transcript for Muscleblind is an additional ViSyToR member in both Drosophila and the mammalian CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M'Angale, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao-Shea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.708592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arc Capsids Facilitate the Transfer of Muscleblind.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving thyroid lineage cell trajectories merging into a dual endocrine gland in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.710917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thyroid has a remarkable evolution, first appearing in invertebrate chordates as an integral exocrine constituent of the pharyngeal endostyle that is transformed into an endocrine gland during metamorphosis in basal vertebrates. In mammals, the thyroid acquires a second endocrine cell type, calcitonin-producing C-cells, which for long were inferred a neural crest origin, shuttled to the embryonic thyroid by the ultimobranchial bodies. However, recent lineage tracing experiments firmly establish these neuroendocrine cells also derive from foregut endoderm. Key questions remaining unanswered are how thyroid primordia independently develop and, unlike in all non-mammalian vertebrates, merge into a dual endocrine organ. Here, by leveraging a single-cell transcriptome atlas derived from mouse pharyngeal endoderm and its subsequent cell fates, we characterize the global gene expression profile of thyroid- and ultimobranchial-derived progenitor cells and identify comprehensive gene regulatory networks of lineage-specific transcription factors and novel target genes predicted to differentially regulate cell proliferation, plasticity and differentiation during development. Spatiotemporal analyses reveal C-cell precursors are triggered to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell-autonomously down-regulate collagen IV and degrade laminin that delineates the ultimobranchial body epithelium. However, the EMT program is not fully deployed until both cell lineages are mixed and propagate conjointly thus forming the typical thyroid histoarchitecture of follicles and parafollicular C-cells, every follicle/C-cell unit being enveloped by a renewed basement membrane. Mixed-type thyroid carcinoma recapitulates a synchronous lineage growth pattern but only the neuroendocrine tumor cells are able to escape the compound follicle boundaries and become invasive adopting a C-cell precursor-like migratory phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoultz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlinder, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Felice, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guibentif, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.710917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving thyroid lineage cell trajectories merging into a dual endocrine gland in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired Endosomal Recycling of Signaling Receptors Activates an Extracellular UPR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction and extracellular protein aggregation occur in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD). However, it remains unclear if these processes are functionally linked. Here, we identify a signaling pathway that is activated upon accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins in the extracellular space. We find that the transcription factor ATFS-1, which regulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, also regulates transcripts required for endosomal recycling, multiple plasma membrane-localized signaling receptors, and secreted proteins that bind aggregation-prone proteins in the extracellular space, including transthyretin and A{beta}, and promote their degradation. Interestingly, A{beta}(1-42) aggregation induces atfs-1-dependent transcription by promoting degradation of the bZIP protein ZIP-3, which antagonizes ATFS-1. ZIP-3 accumulates in the cytosol when it is phosphorylated by kinases that function downstream of plasma membrane-localized signaling receptors, including the WNT and glutamate receptors. Upon ligand binding, the signaling receptors stimulate the cognate kinase, many of which we found phosphorylate ZIP-3, impeding ZIP-3 degradation, allowing it to antagonize atfs-1-dependent transcription. However, accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins such as A{beta}(1-42) causes endosomal swelling, which impairs endosomal recycling, instead diverting signaling receptors to lysosomes for degradation. In turn, the depletion of signaling receptors reduces the level of ZIP-3 phosphorylation, resulting in ZIP-3 degradation and activation of atfs-1-dependent transcription, which promotes extracellular proteostasis. Our findings uncover an unexpected coupling between endocytic quality control and mitochondrial signaling, revealing a circuit that preserves extracellular proteostasis and promotes organismal resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired Endosomal Recycling of Signaling Receptors Activates an Extracellular UPR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nidogen/NID-1 guides regenerating motor axons in the mature nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Restoring function to injured axons requires not only regeneration, but also accurate guidance and synapse reformation. Our understanding of how regenerating axons navigate the mature nervous system remains limited, as growth cones confront a cellular and molecular landscape distinct from development. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that the basement membrane protein Nidogen (NID-1) promotes local guidance of regenerating motor axons in the mature nervous system by facilitating their growth alongside neighboring intact neuronal processes. Regenerating cholinergic axons preferentially track the branched dendrites of the PVD mechanosensory neuron or, in the absence of PVD dendrites, are guided alongside GABAergic commissures instead. Loss of nid-1 disrupts this guidance, reducing axon-PVD colocalization, increasing displacement from the pre-injury point of contact with the dorsal nerve cord, and disrupting synapse reformation and functional recovery. Tissue-specific rescue indicates that NID-1 expressed by body wall muscles or the hypodermis is sufficient to guide regenerating axons, whereas muscle-derived NID-1 is required to restore synapse reformation. Genetic data indicate that NID-1 function guides regenerating axons in coordination with laminin and integrin. Although this complex primarily directs cholinergic motor axons, ectopic integrin expression in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to reroute their regenerating axons alongside PVD dendrites in a NID-1-dependent manner. Together, these findings identify a NID-1-dependent post-developmental mechanism for directing regenerating axons and promoting functional repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nidogen/NID-1 guides regenerating motor axons in the mature nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of C3 and CD14 reduces region-specific neuroinflammation in a murine polytrauma model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) together with non-cerebral injuries characterizes the TBI-polytrauma (P-TBI) constellation, which is associated with acute neurological deterioration, delirium and unfavourable prognosis. It is hypothesized that systemic inflammatory mediators my enhances the focal, cerebral neuroimmune reaction with overall detrimental consequences, in particular in terms of acute microglial reactivity.

MethodsWe explored the role of the Complement factor 3 (C3) and of the TLR-co receptor cluster of differentiation (CD14) in a murine polytrauma model that involves a mild TBI together with femur fracture, blunt thorax trauma and resuscitated haemorrhagic shock, making use of mice genetically lacking either C3, CD14 or both.

ResultsWe show that P-TBI results in a rapid (4h) and brain-wide induction of inflammatory cytokines, although with distinct profiles (TNF and CCL2 having brain-wide involvement and IL-1{beta} restricted to ipsilateral cortex and striatum). TNF and CCL2 mRNA as well as protein synthesis were upregulated in microglia upon P-TBI in cortex, hippocampus and striatum which was fully abolished in the C3-/-CD14-/-animals. The analysis of single-KO animals revealed that induction of TNF and CCL2 was prevented in animals lacking C3, but not CD14, in the contralateral cortex and striatum, with an abolishment in hippocampus in mice lacking both C3 and CD14. In the cortical area of focal lesion neither C3 nor CD14 affected the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

ConclusionThus, C3 and CD14 are dispensable for the acute cytokine response to P-TBI in the site of injury but play differential roles across the cortex, hippocampus and striatum for the induction of cytokines in the non-injured parenchyma and in particular in microglia. Thus, interventions on C3 (mainly) and/or CD14 may reduce the encephalopathy risk associated with P-TBI but not the acute response in the injury site, where additional DAMP signalling may offer redundant activation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olde Heuvel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbgebauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollnes, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber-Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of C3 and CD14 reduces region-specific neuroinflammation in a murine polytrauma model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The glp-1 3' untranslated region regulates germline proliferation and promotes reproductive fecundity through multiple mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline development and successful embryogenesis depend upon the post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNAs. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Notch-like receptor glp-1 is necessary for germline progenitor cell proliferation in adults and anterior cell fate determination in embryos. The spatiotemporal patterning of GLP-1 protein has long served as a paradigm of maternal mRNA regulation in metazoans. The glp-1 3'UTR has been shown to be sufficient to pattern the expression of reporter genes, and multiple regulatory regions and RNA-binding protein interaction sites have been mapped. The RNA-binding proteins POS-1 and GLD-1 directly regulate glp-1 mRNA via sequence specific interactions with motifs found in the glp-1 3'UTR. The impact of mutating the endogenous glp-1 3'UTR has not been studied, and the mechanism by which POS-1 and GLD-1 mediate repression is not understood. Here, we investigate the post-transcriptional mechanisms that govern glp-1 expression, revealing that GLD-1 and POS-1 regulate this pattern through different pathways requiring different co-factors. Remarkably, mutations in the endogenous locus that disrupt either POS-1 or GLD-1 binding to the glp-1 3'UTR have minimal impact on reproductive fecundity. By contrast, a larger deletion that eliminates the binding of both has a strong effect on brood size, hatch rate, and displays an increase in the length of the germline mitotic region that corresponds with enhanced mitotic activity. Together, our results show that multiple post-transcriptional mechanisms work in concert to ensure robust GLP-1 patterning and thus maximize reproductive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coskun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The glp-1 3' untranslated region regulates germline proliferation and promotes reproductive fecundity through multiple mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Folate Receptor α Contributes to Radiation Resistance in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer by Regulating Redox Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation can be an effective therapy for prostate cancer. Unfortunately, however, more aggressive prostate cancers such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) are often radiation resistant, which contributes to their high degree of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we used an unbiased approach to identify novel mechanisms that contribute to resistance to radiation and that are associated with neuroendocrine differentiation. Specifically, we compared the expression of cell surface proteins by mass spectrometry in prostate cancer cell lines that had been either untreated or treated with radiation to induce resistance, a process that also promotes neuroendocrine differentiation. Among the proteins identified by this screen, we focused on folate receptor  (FR) because of its known biological functions and the fact that it is a validated therapeutic target. Our data reveal that FR has a causal role in enabling prostate cancer cells to resist radiation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the expression of FR is regulated by HIF-1, which also has a causal role in radiation resistance and neuroendocrine differentiation. Given that the ability of cells to resist damage and death in response to ionizing radiation depends largely on their ability to buffer the substantial increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is generated by radiation, we also demonstrate that the folate-FR axis promotes radiation resistance by sustaining intracellular glutathione levels that buffer this increase in ROS. In summary, the data reported here highlight a novel role for FR in resistance to ionizing radiation that is intimately associated with the hypoxic microenvironment of NEPC and the ability of the folate-FRa axis to maintain redox homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goel, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercurio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Folate Receptor α Contributes to Radiation Resistance in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer by Regulating Redox Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.714974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Inheritance Patterns of Allelic Imbalance, using Integrative Modeling and Bayesian Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.714974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interpreting the effects of novel mutations on phenotypic traits remains challenging, particularly for cis-regulatory variants. For rare variants, individuals typically possess at most one affected copy of the causal allele, leading to allelic imbalance, and thus the ability to infer inheritance of allelic imbalance can inform genetic studies of phenotypic traits. While many methods for detection of allele-specific expression (ASE) exist, they largely focus on ASE in one individual. We show that performing joint inference across multiple individuals in a trio allows for simultaneously improving estimates of ASE and identifying its likely mode of inheritance. Our Bayesian approach has the benefit of being able to (1) aggregate information across individuals so as to improve statistical power, (2) estimate uncertainty in estimates, and (3) rank modes of inheritance by posterior probability. We demonstrate that this model is also applicable to other forms of imbalance such as allele-specific chromatin accessibility. Applying the model to ATAC-seq and RNA-seq from several trios, we uncover examples in which ASE can be linked to imbalance in chromatin state of cis-regulatory elements and to potential causal variants. As the cost of sequencing continues to decrease, we expect that powerful methodologies such as the one presented here will promote more routine collection of samples from related individuals and improve our understanding of genetic effects on gene regulation and their contribution to phenotypic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majoros, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.28.714974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Inheritance Patterns of Allelic Imbalance, using Integrative Modeling and Bayesian Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle encapsulation enhances spatial distribution of Panobinostat to treat metastatic medulloblastoma via the intrathecal route 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive central nervous system (CNS) malignancy that primarily affects children and frequently exhibits metastasis to the leptomeninges of the brain and spinal cord. We developed a {beta}-Cyclodextrin-poly({beta}-Amino Ester) nanoparticle system to deliver the histone deactylase inhibitor (HDACi) Panobinostat to MB by the intrathecal route. Various imaging methods were utilized to study nanoparticle and payload fate following infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice via cisterna magna or lumbar access points. Nanoparticles dramatically improved penetration of hydrophobic small molecules into distal regions of the spinal cord. Panobinostat-loaded nanoparticles were effective at treating patient-derived MB, activating pharmacodynamic targets, slowing growth of the primary tumor, decreasing incidence of metastasis at the time of death, and ultimately prolonging survival. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms mediating transport of colloids and therapeutic molecules in the subarachnoid space and highlight new approaches for treating metastatic disease in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babayemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valesquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sablatura, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevick-Muraca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wechsler-Reya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirianni, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle encapsulation enhances spatial distribution of Panobinostat to treat metastatic medulloblastoma via the intrathecal route]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
